PRACTICAL RESEARH - It must succeed in expressing its central point

or discoveries by using simple, direct and

Nature of inquiry and research correct knowledge.
RESEARCH SYSTEMATIC
- Systematic inquiry that is design to collect, - It must take place in an organized or orderly
analyze, and interpret data to understand manner.
describe, or predict phenomenon.
- Carried out for a specific purpose to answer
specific question to solve a particular problem Types of research
or issue.
- Seeks new knowledge and provides useful Based on purpose of research
information in the form of variable data.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
RE + SEARCH
- Aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or
(again) (examine closely or carefully) picture of a person, thing, event, group
situation etc.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Importance of research
- Shows relationships or connectedness of two
1. THINK – develop critical thinking skills factors, circumstances or agents call variables
2. UNDERSTAND – understand situation that affect your research.
3. EXPLAIN – explain series of observation
4. DISCOVER – Expand our knowledge EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
5. IMPROVE – improve certain processes
- Elaborates or explains not just the reason
behind the relationship of wo factors but also
the ways by which such relationship exists.
Characteristics of a research
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
ACCURACY
- To find out how reasonable or possible it is to
- It must give correct or accurate data, which conduct a research study on a certain topic.
the footnotes, notes and bibliographical
entries should honestly and appropriately ACTION RESEARCH
documented or acknowledged.
- A type of research studies an ongoing practice
OBJECTIVENESS of a school, organization, community or
institutions for the purpose of obtaining
- It must deal with facts, note with mere results that will bring improvements in the
opinions, arising from assumptions, system.
generalizations, predictions or conclusions.
RESPONDENTS
TIMELINESS
- They only respond to the questions in the
- It must work on a topic that is fresh, new and survey; their answers are limited.
interesting to present society.
PARTICIPANTS

- They participate during interview; they can

RELEVANCE give many insights on what you need in your
- Its topic must be instrumental in improving research.
society or in solving problems affecting the
lives of people in a community.
Introduction to research
CLARITY
RESEARCH
 - Process of executing various mental acts for - Is the act of copying
discovering and examining facts and
FALSIFICATION
information to prove the accuracy or
truthfulness of your claims or conclusions - Is the act of maneuvering data
about the topic of your research.
- Is the process of knowledge FABRICATION

INQUIRY - Is the act of inventing/making up data

- A learning process that motivates you to

obtain knowledge or information about QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
people, things, places or event. You do this by
investigating or asking questions about - Basically answer the questions how, why or
something you are inquisitive about. what about a particular phenomenon.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

RESEARCH PROCESS - Are usually characterized by a numerical

measurement which is usually obtained
- A research study is developed by following the through experimentations or test.
research process
- Research is methodological and follow a
specific set procedure.

RESEARCH DESIGN ETHNOGRAPHY

- Is a plan reflecting the series or set of - Ethnography research is a qualitative research
activities that must be accomplished until the method that aims to gain holistic
completion of research study. understanding of a specific group, society
- It guides a researcher as to how he/she should institution, or culture.
conduct and complete it.

PHENOMENOLOGY
Steps in conducting research
- Refers to the study of phenomena involving
1. Define your topic humans, events, situations, concepts,
2. Formulate your problem statement. experiences or needs.
3. Conduct a review of related literature. - It explores the world of the research
4. Determine the theoretical framework for your participants by learning the meaning of their
study. feelings, thoughts insights and perceptions
5. Develop research strategy or design. regarding the particular phenomena.
6. Collect your data. - Aims to investigate the personal experiences
7. Validate your research design and analyze of the individual and then attempts to find
your data. common ground between personal
8. Write and revise your research paper. experiences of all his/her participants
9. Defending and disseminating the results of response.
your study.

NARRATIVE RESEARCH
ETHICS
- This approach narrates the life experiences of
- Is a set of moral principles that distinguish an individual as told to the researcher or
between acceptable and inacceptable gathered by the researcher from the available
behavior. documents or materials.
PLAGIARISM
 - As defined by CZARNIAWSKA (2004), is a  Tabular – tables organize and compress data
spoken or written chronological account of an into standardized forms.
event or series of events. - Facilitate the study and interpretation.

GROUNDED THEORY Table includes:

- STRAUSS AND CORBIN (1998), defined TITLE – should identify table briefly
grounded theory as a qualitative research
- omits the word frequency and percentage
design in which the researchers generate
distribution of/ distribution of/ according to.
theories that are “grounded” in data from the
field, arising from the actions, interactions, NUMBER – number all tables with Arabic numerals.
and social processes undertaken by the
participants. HEADING – generally expressed in phrase or clause
form.
CASE STUDY
BODY – contains all the quantitative and proportional
- Is a documented study of a particular person, information presented in the table in rows and in
group, institution or event intended to analyze columns.
constructs or themes.
NOTES – if there are items in the table that are not
(Qualitative vs. Quantitative) easily understood.
Qualitative Types of notes:
 Less participants  general notes
 Experiences  specific notes
 Open-minded questions  probability notes
 More words

Quantitative
 Graphical – a chart representing the
 More respondents quantitative variation of a variables itself or in
 Opinions and perceptions comparison with those of another variables.
 Close-ended questions
 More numbers o BAR GRAPH – a graph which consist of
parallel bars…
 Aka column bar chart
o LINE GRAPH – displays information in
a series of data…
Chapter 4
 Connected by a line
Preparing presentation, analysis and interpretation of o CIRCLE GRAPH OR PIE CHART – a circle
data divided into sections…
o PICTOGRAM – using symbolic figures
Presentation
or pictorial resemblance…
A. TABULAR PRESENTATION o MAP GRAPH OR CARTOGRAM – a
- Constructing a table: title, number heading, distribution of statistical data in
body, notes geographical distribution map.
B. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA  Textual – involves statements with number
- Bar graph, line graph, circle graph, picture describes a given idea.
graph, map graph - Aims to highlight some important data and
- PRESENTATION – is a way of arranging data supplement tabular presentations.
into a logical, chronological and significant
categories and classification.
ANALYSIS OF DATA

- Only important results…

Three ways of presenting a data:
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

- Follows the textual presentations of each in

the research.

Elements presented by CALDERON and GONZALES:

….
EMTECH - Refers to the physical arrangement of the
content and elements on a website.
Web designs principles and elements - There are various ways on how to do an
Principles and elements effective layout on a web site, typically, these
ways are determined by the creator or
developer.
PURPOSE Ex: grid, f-patter, mobile
- A website can be categorized primarily in GRID
terms of the goal it aims to fulfill.
- Web sites can be categorized into different - Grid layouts can be useful because they will
types and function depending on the purpose enable the user to create sections or groups of
they serve the user or audience. related information
o
Ex. Facebook, youtube, Lazada, shopee o F-PATTERN
 Based on studies, human
vision flows like the letter F.
COMMUNICATION  This means that humans tend
to look heavily at the left side
- Typefaces deals with text format, text style
of a visual material more than
and text.
the right side
- The appearance of text can greatly contribute
o MOBILE
to the perception of the visitors to the web
 The display devices vary
site.
depending on the system an
COLOR individual uses.
 The developer ten should
- These enhance the experience of visitors of
consider the layout for mobile
the web site.
and work stations
- The appropriate combination of the
o LOAD TIME
foreground color and background color can
 Another basis for the success
produce a better viewing experience not only
of a website is the time that
in the images and pictures but also in the text.
the website will load or
IMAGES appear onto the viewers’
display device.
- Alone placed on the web site can deliver a  Nowadays, people demand
complete message that the web site wishes to information at a very fast
communicate to the audience. pace
- With proper balance, color, and contra
accompanied by text can deliver great impact
information to the audience
Online tools for content development
NAVIGATION
ONLINE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS
- Refers to the facility that the audience can use
- The term “platform” refers to a program
to go through the web site and its subpages.
created by developers that can be modified or
- There are several ways on how to create an
reprogrammed by outside users.
effective and good navigation system on a
web site. ONLINE PLATFORMS
- One of the these includes a hierarchical
- Online platforms are online websites created
organization of information, so that users can
to aid users in creating their web content and
logically anticipate the location of
cater to different kinds of information such as
information.
texts, images and videos.
LAYOUTS PROGRAMMABLE E-COMPUTERS
 - the demand in computational function and - These APIs are platforms for developing
administrative facilities in computing different application, wherein programs or
machines intended to perform different application codes are evaluated and compiled
applications gave birth to the field of platform in the said APIs.
development and creation.
SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
FORTRAN
- For website developers and bloggers, plug-in
- Formula translating system the first successful APIs are the most popular because they are
commercial programming language compiler, simple and easy to integrate.
helped humans give instructions and interact
YOUTUBE
with computers without altering the hardware
component of the computer. - Is a website dedicated to hosting video clips.
- Its successors were operated offline or Users can create an account on YouTube and
without connectivity with other computing upload videos for public and private viewing.
device.
FLICKR

- Is a website that caters to the hosting of

WORLD WIDE WEB images.
- Users of the site create a private account
- This offline feature was broken when TIM
wherein they can upload images and
BERNERS-LEE introduced the world wide web.
categorized the images as to whether they are
- The sudden demand for online information
viewed privately or publicly.
grew.
- The demand in creation of online content X (TWITTER)
started to spread.
- Is a social networking service that enables
APIs users to send and read short messages with
140 characters.
- The application programming interface is a set
of governing protocol or rules on how FACEBOOK
software elements should communicate and
interact with one another for building - A social networking web site that requires the
software applications. user to register an account and create a user
- APIs are also subroutine definitions and actual profile.
tools and programs as well. GOOGLE MAPS
- Commonly used in developing the GUI.
- Are used to indicate a location of an
ACCESS API establishment described on a website.
- This type of API runs in a remote machine
server, or computer and application is
accessed. Principles of design
- The development of this type of API requires BALANCE
financial capabilities and technical capabilities.
- This describes the placement of elements,
PLUG-IN API shapes, or lines throughout the image.
- Most of the time, this API is used in the user - Unconsciously, humans are always looking for
end. Generally, different developers create balance.
different applications that can be integrated  FORMAL BALANCE
or “plugged in” to a core application and/or - When objects are placed symmetrically and
the GUI of these application. are properly distributed.
 INFORMAL BALANCE
RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT - Includes a non-symmetrical distribution of
elements but is compensated in different
aspects such as colors and lines.
CONTRAST combination of colors. can catch the attention
of a passerby or even glancing viewers.
- The arrangement of elements in an image
- Combining colors and having a good
may be done by combining elements with
command on color mixtures and combinations
different properties and characteristics.
can catch the attention of the viewers.
UNITY
SHAPES
- It is when all of the elements seem to be a
- Combining colors and having a good
singular element in unison. This makes the
command on color mixtures and combinations
design pleasing to the viewers.
can catch the attention of the viewers.
PROPORTION - Shapes express different psychological
influences on the audience especially when
- This is the correlation of all the elements with combined with different colors.
one another. The practice of having - Shapes express different psychological
proportion among the elements ensures influences on the audience especially when
balance and unity. combined with different colors.
RHYTHM

- This describes the product of having the Multimedia and ict

elements placed in harmony with one
another.
- Rhythm can be done by using patterns and by
MULTIMEDIA
repeating various elements.
- A mixture of different content forms such as
texts, music, photos, interactive content and
Visual design: imaging and layout design videos.
- Also referred to as rich content because of its
Basic principles of graphics and layout abundance of variation in presenting
information.

INFOGRAPHICS Types of multimedia

- Is a shot term for information graphic, which LINEAR PRESENTATION

refers to an image that combines information, - Is a multimedia type wherein the flow of the
storytelling and perceptions that help the content is predetermined by the creator.
cause of an individual or an institution to
communicate a message to viewers. NONLINEAR PRESENTATION

- Is a multimedia type that uses navigation

components to provide the users freedom to
Basic elements of layouts move around the application and seek the
LINES information they want.

- Are the most basic of all the elements. Different forms of multimedia
- Can define the characteristics of an
infographic.
- Lines can form shapes that can catch the MULTIMEDIA GAMES AND SIMULATION
attention of a viewer.
- Information is presented to the audience by
imitating a real-life information source into its
digital environment equivalent.
COLOR
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
- is one of the powerful and influential
elements in an infographic. Using the right - This information is navigated in a sequence of
slideshows and uses an application player.
MULTIMEDIA NAVIGATION ICT projects for awareness

- This type of multimedia uses different CONCEPTUALIZING AND PLANNING ICT PROJECTS FOR
graphical elements and is linked to different SOCIAL CHANGE
pages.
- An ICT project for social change is only a small
part of scheme of an organization with a
common interest.
Application of embedded multimedia
- The main purpose of an ICT project in the
ADVERTISEMENT bigger picture is to offer a facility for easy
dissemination of information, a platform for
- Different forms of advertisement use volunteers and the leaders of the
multimedia formats. organization.
ENTERTAINMENT - The group should devise a careful and specific
plan that will address the objective or goal or
- Is considered as one of the most popular the project so that everything needed is
among multimedia applications. included in the project.

What should be included in the plan?

EDUCATION  Define key individuals.
- Multimedia is now used as unconventional  Summarize the general goals.
method of teaching and learning.  Have a summary of the existing ICT facility.
 List the concerns and issues of the
INDUSTRIAL organization.
- Multimedia in corporate and industrial fields  Include the capability of the plan.
play a major role in different aspects of the  Classify the type of ICT service that the group
industry from management to sales. will develop.

ICT and social Responsibility DEMOGRAPHICS

ICT FOR ADVOCACY AND DEVELOPMENT - Is described as factual information that is

COMMUNICATION gathered from users of the ICT application.
- The information can be categorized into
- ICT for development or ICT4D is the use of different labels such as age, gender, income,
information and communication technology in religion and profession.
the field of international development,
socioeconomic development and human right.
- ICT can be used to channel the benefits PSYCHOGRAPHICS
directly to less privileged people through
efforts of the government, NGs, business and - Is described as qualitative information from
other institutions. people such as interest, opinions and insights.

THE POWER OF SOCIAL MEDIA DESIGNING AND COPY WRITING FOR ICT PROJECTS

- Development and improvement of - Upon creation of content in an ICT application,

communication is continuously evolving. there are various processes that must be done
- Issues and post shared in a social media before it is published or uploaded.
website can reach million of users within a - The most important process in post-
short period of time as compared to development is quality check and error
conventional methods. checking.

ICT PROJECTS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

 - Online applications are used for information SCALABLE FEATURE SETS
dissemination such as advertising, marketing,
- This refers to modules or plug-ins that can be
and spreading news
installed or referenced in the construction of
Web sites to enable different functions not
offered by the system.
Publishing online
WEB STANDARDS UPGRADE

- This facility is used in a periodic manner.

UPLAODING AND WEBSITE MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
Updates on the software function and new
- Website content management is a features are provided.
combination of process and technologies that
WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT
saves the creation, development, publishing
and maintenance of website. - This is a facility that accommodates parallel
- Content refers to the information that a web work for every content creator. Designs, texts,
site offers. images, and videos can be placed and
- Content can take the form of text, images, arranged by everyone at the same time.
videos and audio files.
COLLABORATION
WEB CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- Updates, layouts, and content can be
- Software application for the creation, editing, retrieved and edited by the content creators.
publishing, and management of digital Web The changes made are noted so that other
content. content creators can track every change done.
- Software application for the creation, editing,
DELEGATION
publishing, and management of digital Web
content. - Upon adding several content developers, the
delegation function can be used. This is a
ADMINISTERING TOOLS
facility wherein restrictions and limited
- Software application for the creation, editing, privilege can be set so that there is a control
publishing, and management of digital Web for updates and reviews before publishing.
content.
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT
AUTOMATED TEMPLATES - This is a facility that tracks the flow of documents,
from their creation, to review and revisions, and to
- Software application for the creation, editing,
archiving and deletion.
publishing, and management of digital Web
content. CONTENT VIRTUALIZATION

ACCESS CONTROL - This refers to the function wherein a dummy

website can be edited and tested by the
- A number of systems are capable of
content developers.
accommodating different users in a single
project.

CONTENT SYNDICATION

SCALABLE EXPANSION - This is a facility to market and disseminate the

existence of the website.
- It is the capability to expand the Web site by
adding pages linked into the main page. MULTILINGUAL

EASY EDITABLE CONTENT - This is a function of the website to accept

multiple languages for input and display.
- This is the ability of the system that can
provide ease in changing the layout, texts, and VERSIONING
elements of the Web site.
 - This is a function or capability of a website to COMPOSER
be edited and created in different software
- This is a tool that is formerly part of Netscape
development tool versions.
and Mozilla web browsers. Simple changes
such as texts and images can be easily done
using this tool.
Analytics and maintenance of ict
FTP COMMANDER
UPDATING CONTENT AND MAINTAINING TRAFFIC TO
AN ICT PROJECT FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. - FTP is an acronym for “file transfer protocol”.
The files found on the websites are tiled and
- Regular website maintenance is essential to
arranged in organized manner.
keep the viewers of the Web site satisfied and
its content error free. XENU’S LINK SLEUTH

Parameters for update - One of the essential maintenance targets

should be the links of the website. Website
PRODUCT UPDATES
should be done regularly to ensure that none
- Items or services offered by the Web site are is broken.
referred to as products. Announcement of
new products will surely encourage new
viewers and will certainly increase the number TOOLS FOR FIXING AND OPTIMIZATION OF IMAGES
of visitors of the Web site.
- Use photo editing tolls to enhance and
DISCONTINUATION OF A PRODUCT accommodate these problems. The solution
can be applied in the maintenance cycle of the
- Similar to the announcement of new
website.
products, viewers should be informed that a
certain service or product offered by the Web TOOLS FOR INCREASING NUMBER OF IMAGES.
site has already been phased out or no longer
- In updating the website, increasing number of
exists.
images can cause layout and management
CHANGE IN PRICE problems.

- The change in prices should be announced on MONITORING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF ADVOCACIES
the website so that costumers will not be
- Social media targeting is a term that describes
caught unaware when purchasing items on
online advertising using social media and its
your website.
networking services.
COMPANY OR ORGANIZATION NEWS - Social media targeting is a method of using
the information given by the networking site
- This update ensures that the viewers of the
to specifically pinpoint a certain group with
website are aware of what is happening to the
common demographics characteristics.
company or organization that owns the
website.

FEATURE ADDITION Government Provisions for Online Courtesy and

Etiquette
- Upon the creation of the website, there are
times where activities are deadline bound. Republic Act 10621 - Anti-Bullying Act of 2013

LINK CHECKING - This law protects others from bullying through

electronic means.
- Links are most prone to errors and that is why
it is a must to check and maintain them and Republic Act 10175 – Cybercrime Prevention Act of
used the website or pages they are directed
2012
to.

Tools for maintenance and updates

GRAPHIC
 - Images that combine information,
storytelling, and perceptions that help
communicate a message to viewers.

Image File Formats

1.) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG or JPG)

• Compression method that complies with

the

JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF).

• Uses a “lossy” compression method to

image files, meaning a huge number of

pixels are lost in storing the image.

• The information is not lost, but a great space

for storage is saved.

2.) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)

• Less common file format supported by Web

browsers.

• Can use the lossless or lossy compression

method.

3.) Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)

• Popular file format for storing graphical

images with fewer colors.

• Supports 256 colors only.

• Uses lossless compression techniques.

4.) Portable Network Graphics (PNG)

• The intention for the creation of this file

format is to be a free and open source

substitute for GIF.

• Expected to be fully compatible with online

applications.

• Uses lossless compression method; thus, it

is

also used in editing applications.

GEN. CHEM. SOLID – strong molecular forces, very close

Intermolecular forces of attraction LIQUIDS – intermediate molecular forces, father

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES GAS – weak intermolecular forces, very far apart

- Are attractive forces present in between

molecules. SURFACE TENSION
Four types: - Is the tendency of a liquid to acquire the least
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES and DIPOLE-DIPOLE possible surface area.
FORCES are collectively known as VAN DER WAALS COHESION
forces of attraction.
- Attraction between like molecules

ADHESION
ION-ION INTERACTION
- Attraction between unlike molecules
- Is the interaction between two opposite
charged particles VISCOSITY
- Aka IONIC BONDS.
- Measure of fluid’s resistance to flow
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

- Describes as dipoles.
“for liquids, viscosity decreases with increasing
- Strong type of IMFA
temperature”
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

- Weakest type of IMFA and are present in

VAPORIZATION
between all electrically neutral molecules.
- German-american phycist FRITZ LONDON - Process where a fraction of the kinetic energy
of a liquid escapes from the surface to enter
HYDROGEN BONDING
the vapor phase.
- H + F/O/N
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION ( )

- Aka heat of vaporization

IONIC COMPOUNDS – ion-ion interaction - Is the heat required to induce this phase
change.
COVALENT COMPOUNDS – depend on polarity
VAPOR PRESSURE

- Is the pressure exerted by a vapor…

COVALENT – involve sharing electron (nonmetal)
SOLUBILITY

- Refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve

POLAR COVALENT COMPOUND in a given amount of solvent at a specified
- Dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding. temperature.

NONPOLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS MISCIBLE LIQUIDS

- Molecules with zero dipole… - If two liquids dissolve or mix together

POLARIZABILITY IMMISIBLE LIQUIDS

- Is the measure of how easy it is to distort the - If two liquids do not dissolve of mix together
electron distribution of a molecule. HYDROPHILIC

- Water loving
HYBROPHOBIC

- Water fearing

AMPHIPATHIC MOLECULE

- Both hydrophilic & hydrophobic

BOILING POINT

- Temperature which a substance changes from

solid to liquid

Percentage by mass, volume and mass/volume

CONCENTRATION

- Represents the proportion of a substance with

respect to the whole solution.

PROOF

- Is a commonly used unit…

Concept of equilibrium

IRREVERSIBLE REACTION

- One-way type of reaction

-

REVERSIBLE REACTION

- Two-way type
-

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

- Occurs when there is no further change in

concentrations of reactants or product, but
the forward and reverse reaction occurs
continuously at the molecular level.

EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT Keq

- Measures the extent of reaction at

equilibrium conditions.