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Uitwerkingen
vwo B deel 3
ELFDE EDITIE, 2015

J.H. Dijkhuis
C.J. Admiraal
J.A. Verbeek
G. de Jong
H.J. Houwing
J.D. Kuis
F. ten Klooster
S.K.A. de Waal
J. van Braak
J.H.M. Liesting-Maas
M. Wieringa
M.L.M. van Maarseveen
R.D. Hiele
J.E. Romkes
M. Haneveld
S. Voets
I. Cornelisse

Noordhoff Uitgevers Groningen

1
 Inhoud

9 Exponentiële en logaritmische
functies 4

10 Meetkunde met vectoren 35

11 Integraalrekening 73

12 Goniometrische formules 106

K Voortgezette integraalrekening 137

Wiskunde Olympiade 171

Gemengde opgaven 178

Voor sommige (computer)opgaven is geen

uitwerking opgenomen.
Deze zijn aangegeven met een *.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv
 9 Exponentiële en logaritmische functies

Voorkennis Exponenten

Bladzijde 9
x ௘translatie (0, 3) x
1 a y = (112 ) f (x) = (112 ) í 3
x ௘translatie (1, 2)
y = ( 35 ) ௘g(x) = ( 35 )x í1 + 2
b y

g
y=2

x
O

y = –3

B f = 8í3, m 9 en Bg = 82, m 9.
c De optie zero (TI) of ROOT (Casio) geeft x § 2,71.
f࣠(x) • 0 geeft x • 2,71
d g(0) = ( 35 )í1 + 2 = 53 + 2 = 323
Voor x • 0 is 2 < g(x) ” 323 .
e Intersect geeft x § 4,07.
f௘(x) ” g(x) geeft x ” 4,07
f B f = 8í3, m 9, dus f௘(x) = p heeft geen oplossingen voor p ” í3.
g AB = g(2) í f௘(2) = 2,6 í í0,75 = 3,35
9 h Voer in y3 = 5.
Intersect met y1 en y2 geeft x = 5,128...
Intersect met y1 en y3 geeft x = í1,150...
CD = 5,128... í í1,150... § 6,28

2 a y = 4x
translatie (1, 3)
f (x) = 4x í 1 + 3
De horizontale asymptoot is de lijn y = 3.
x
b y = ( 12 )
verm. x-as, 6
x
y = 6 Â ( 12 )
translatie (0, í1)
x
g(x) = 6 Â ( 21 ) í 1
De horizontale asymptoot is de lijn y = í1.
c y = 6x
verm. x-as, 12
y = 12 6x
Â
translatie (í3, í2)
y = 12 6 x + 3 í 2
Â
verm. y-as, í1
y = 12 6 íx + 3 í 2
Â
Dus g(x) = 12 63 í x
 í 2.
De horizontale asymptoot is de lijn y = í2.

4 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

3 a 2 + 3 Â 22x í 1 = 98 f 2x + 1 í 2x í 1 = 96
3  22x í 1 = 96 2x  21 í 2x  2í1 = 96
22x í 1 = 32 2 Â 2x í 12 Â 2x = 96
22x í 1 = 25 112 Â 2x = 96
2x í 1 = 5 2x = 64
2x = 6 2x = 26
x=3 x=6
b 34x í 1 = 27 1
冑3 1 2 2
g 4x + 22= 8x í 1 2
3 4x í 1
= 3 Â 32
í3
1
( 2 2) = ( 2 3) x í 1
x + 2

4x 1 2 2
3 í
= 3í22 22x + 4 = 23x í 3
4x í 1 = í212 2x2 + 4 = 3x2 í 3
4x = í112 íx2 = í7
x = í 38 x2 = 7
c 4  2x í 3 = 8x x = 冑7 – x = í冑7
x
2 2 Â 2 x í 3 = ( 2 3) h 25 Â 5x í 1 = 5 Â 0,2x
x
2x í 1 = 23x 52 Â 5x í 1 = 5 Â ( 15 )
x í 1 = 3x x
5x + 1 = 5 Â ( 5í1)
í2x = 1
5x + 1 = 51 Â 5íx
x = í 12
x 5x + 1 = 51 í x
d 3 Â 9x = 9 Â ( 13 )
1
x x x+1=1íx
3í1 Â ( 32) = 32 Â ( 3í1)
2x = 0
3í1 Â 32x = 32 Â 3íx
x=0
32x í 1 = 32 í x
i 32 Â 2x í 1 = 14 Â 8x
2x í 1 = 2 í x x
25 Â 2x í 1 = 2í2 Â ( 23)
3x = 3
2x + 4 = 2í2 Â 23x
x=1
2x + 4 = 23x í 2
e 2x + 1 + 2x í 1 = 80
x + 4 = 3x í 2
2x  21 + 2x  2í1 = 80
í2x = í6
2 Â 2x + 12 Â 2x = 80
x=3
212 Â 2x = 80
2x = 32
2x = 25
x=5

Bladzijde 10 9
4 a gdag = 1,3
gweek = 1,37 § 6,27
Het groeipercentage per week is 527%.
b gdag = 1,3
1
guur = 1,324 § 1,011
Het groeipercentage per uur is 1,1%.

5 a gdag = 0,95
gweek = 0,957 § 0,698
De afname is 30,2% per week.
b gjaar = 1,0475
g10 jaar = 1,047510 § 1,591
De toename per 10 jaar is 59,1%.
c gweek = 2,4
1
gdag = 2,47 § 1,133
De toename per dag is 13,3%.

600 1
6 N = b  gt met g3 dagen = = 1,2, dus gdag = 1,23 = 1,0626...
500
N = b  1,062...t
r b  1,062...2 = 500
t = 2 en N = 500
500
b= § 443
1,062...2
Dus N = 443 Â 1,063t.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 5

 1000 2 1
7 N = b  gt met g7 dagen = = , dus gdag = (23) 7
= 0,943...
1500 3
N = b  0,943...t
r b  0,943...8 = 1500
t = 8 en N = 1500
1500
b= § 2384
0,943...8
Dus N = 2384 Â 0,944t.

9.1 Logaritmen

Bladzijde 11
c 22 = 冑2
1
1
1 a 23 = 8 e 3í3 = 27
f 35 = 冑
1
b 2í2 = 14 d 32 = 9 5
3

2 a 5log(125) = 5log(53) = 3 d 7log(49) = 7log(72) = 2 g 4log(0,25) = 4log(4í1) = í1

e 2log (冑2 ) = 2log (22 ) = 12
1
b 10log(0,1) = 10log(10í1) = í1 h 4log(4) = 4log(41) = 1
c 2log(4) = 2log(22) = 2 f 2log(0,5) = 2log(2í1) = í1 i 4log(1) = 4log(40) = 0

Bladzijde 12
a 2log ( 64冑2) = 2log ( 26 Â 22 ) = 2log ( 262 ) = 612
1 1
3

b 3log ( 19 冑3) = 3log ( 3í2 Â 32 ) = 3log ( 3í12 ) = í112

1 1

c 3log(321,5) = 21,5
d 5log ( 125
1
) = 5log(5í3) = í3
log ( 27 ) = 3 log (( 13 ) )=3
1
1 1 3
e 3

log ( )=) )=2 log (( 1 2

1 1
1
f 2
4
2
2
2log ( 1 冑
32 Â 2) = log ( 2 Â 2 ) = log ( 2 ) = í43
1 2
3 2 2 2
g í5 í4 3 3

h 5log(1) = 5log(50) = 0
i 3log ( 81 Â 冑5 27) = 3log ( 34 Â 冑5 33) = 3log ( 34 Â 3 ) = 3log ( 34 ) = 435
3
5
3
5

4 a 2log(x) = 3 b 3log(x) = í2 c 5log(x) = 12

1
9 x = 23 x = 3í2 x = 52
x=8 x = 19 x = 冑5
1
5 a 3log(x + 2) = 2 c 3log(2x + 1) = 4 e log(x í 1) = 3
2

x í 1 = ( 12 )
3
x + 2 = 32 2x + 1 = 34
1
x+2=9 2x + 1 = 81 xí1=8
x=7 2x = 80 x = 118
1
b 1 + 2 log(x) = 4 x = 40 f 2log(x2 í 4) = 5
1
2 log(x) = 3 d 5 + 4log(x) = 3 x2 í 4 = 25
x = ( 12 )
3 4log(x) = í2 x2 í 4 = 32
x = 18 x = 4í2 x2 = 36
1
x = 16 x = 6 – x = í6

6 a 4 Â 3log(x) = 2 c 3 + 2log(x) = í1 e 3log(0,4x í 5) = 2

3log(x) = 1 2log(x) = í4 0,4x í 5 = 32
1
2
x = 32 x = 2í4 0,4x í 5 = 9
x = 冑3 1
x = 16 0,4x = 14
b 3log(4x í 1) = í2 5
d log(3x + 2) = 1 x = 35
4x í 1 = 3í2 3x + 2 = 51 f 4 + 2 Â 2log(x) = 7
4x í 1 = 19 3x + 2 = 5 2 Â 2log(x) = 3
4x = 119 3x = 3 2log(x) = 11
2
1
5
x = 18 x=1 x = 2 12
1
x = 21 Â 22
x = 2冑2

6 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 13
7 a
x í3 í2 í1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1
y = 2x 8 4 2 1 2 4 8

1 1 1
x 8 4 2 1 2 4 8
y = 2log(x) í3 í2 í1 0 1 2 3

b y

y = 2x y=x
4

3
y = 2log(x)

x
–2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5

–1

–2

c De gra¿ek van h(x) = 2log(x) ontstaat uit de gra¿ek van f௘(x) = 2x bij spiegelen in de lijn y = x.

Bladzijde 14
8 a 1 1
9
x 9 3 1 3 9
f (x) í2 í1 0 1 2
y
b
ƒ
2

1
y = 12
1

x
O 1 2 3 4 3 3 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

c f (x) = 112 geeft 3log(x) = 112

1
x = 3 12
x = 3冑3
f (x) ” 112 geeft 0 < x ” 3冑3
d f (冑3 ) = 3log (冑3 ) = 12
f (27) = 3log(27) = 3
Voor 冑3 ” x ” 27 is 12 ” f (x) ” 3.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 7

 9 a
x 6 4 3 212 214
f௘(x) í2 í1 0 1 2
b y

2
ƒ

x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3
y = –3

x=2

c f ( ) = log (218 í 2) = 2 log ( 18 ) = 3

1 1
218 2

Voor x • 218 is f (x) ” 3.

1
d f (x) = í3 geeft 2 log(x í 2) = í3
x í 2 = ( 12 )í3
x í 2 = (2í1)í3
x í 2 = 23
xí2=8
x = 10
f (x) • í3 geeft 2 < x ” 10
2
10 a 2 log(8) = 23 = 8
3
3 log(9) = 32 = 9
2 log ( 2 ) = 2í1 = 12
2 1

9
b log(100) = 2 en log(1000) = 3
Bij deze toets hoort het grondtal 10 omdat 10log(100) = 2 en 10log(1000) = 3.

Bladzijde 15
11 a 3log(5)
§ 1,46
1
b log(18) § í1,49
7

c 2log(20) í 2log(6) § 1,74

3 log(10) + log ( ) § í2,57

1
1
d 3
e 2
3 Â log(7) § 8,42
5
f 4 § 2,79
log(12)

Bladzijde 16
12 a f௘(2) = 2log(2) = 1, dus bestaat.
g(2) = 2log(0) bestaat niet.
h(2) = 2log(7) § 2,81, dus bestaat.
k(2) = 2log(í1) bestaat niet.
b Omdat het domein van f௘(x) = 2log(x) het interval 80, m 9 is, kun je alleen logaritmen nemen van
positieve getallen.
Dus g(2) = 2log(0) en k(2) = 2log(í1) bestaan niet.

8 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 17
13 a 5x í 8 > 0 geeft 5x > 8, dus x > 135 en D f = 135 , m ­.
De verticale asymptoot is de lijn x = 135 .
Voer in y1 = í3 + 2log(5x í 8).
x 2 3 4 6 8 12
f௘(x) í2 í0,2 0,6 1,5 2 2,7
y

x = 1 53

x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

–1

–2

b f (x) = 0 geeft í3 + 2log(5x í 8) = 0

2log(5x í 8)
=3
5x í 8 = 8
5x = 16
x = 315
f (x) ” 0 geeft 135 < x ” 315
c f (8) = 2
Voor x ” 8 is f௘(x) ” 2.

14 a y = 3log(x)
translatie (í2, í1) 9
f (x) = í1 + 3log(x + 2)
y = 2log(x)
translatie (4, 0)
g(x) = 2log(x í 4)
b x + 2 > 0 geeft x > í2, dus de verticale asymptoot is de lijn x = í2 en Df = 8í2, m 9.
x í 4 > 0 geeft x > 4, dus de verticale asymptoot is de lijn x = 4 en Dg = 4, m ­.
x = –2 y x=4

ƒ
x
O

c Voer in y1 = í1 + 3log(x + 2) en y2 = 2log(x í 4).

Intersect geeft x § 5,83 en y § 0,87, dus het snijpunt is (5,83; 0,87).
d f (x) • g(x) geeft 4 < x ” 5,83

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 9

 1
15 a f௘(x) = 5 geeft 2 log(x + 3) = 5
x+3= (12)5
1
x + 3 = 32
x = í231
32
b íx + 5 > 0 geeft íx > í5 ofwel x < 5, dus de verticale asymptoot is de lijn x = 5 en Dg =  k , 5 ­.
y x=5

g
x
−4 O

g(í4) = 2
Voor x • í4 is g(x) ” 2.
1
c f௘(x) = 1 geeft 2 log(x + 3) = 1
x + 3 = 12
x = í212
x + 3 > 0 geeft x > í3, dus de verticale asymptoot is de lijn x = í3 en Df = í3, m ­.
y

1
x
−2 2
1 O

x = –3

f௘(x) • 1 geeft í3 < x ” í212

1
d Voer in y1 = 2 log(x + 3) = 5 en y2 = 3log(íx + 5).
Intersect geeft x § í2,72 en x § 4,96.
y x=5
9

g
4,96
x
−2,72 O

x = −3
f௘(x) ” g(x) geeft í2,72 ” x ” 4,96
e Voer in y3 = 2,5.
Intersect met y1 en y3 geeft x = í2,823...
Intersect met y2 en y3 geeft x = í10,588...
Dus AB = í2,823... í í10,588... § 7,77.

16 3x = 50 wil zeggen dat x de exponent is van het grondtal 3 die als uitkomst van de macht 50 geeft.
Dus geldt volgens de de¿nitie van logaritme dat x = 3log(50).

Bladzijde 18
17 a 2x í 1 = 15 c 4 + 3x + 1 = 25 e 7 + 42x = 12
x í 1 = 2log(15) 3x + 1 = 21 42x = 5
x = 1 + 2log(15) x + 1 = 3log(21) 2x = 4log(5)
b 1 + 2x = 15 x = í1 + 3log(21) x = 12 Â 4log(5)
2x = 14 d 14 í 2x + 3 = 2 f 3 Â 52x + 1 = 60
x = 2log(14) í2x + 3 = í12 52x + 1 = 20
2x + 3 = 12 2x + 1 = 5log(20)
x + 3 = 2log(12) 2x = í1 + 5log(20)
x = í3 + 2log(12) x = í 12 + 12 Â 5log(20)
10 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv
18 7 + p  3x í 1 = 57 3
r 7 + p  3 log(10) í1 = 57
x = 3log(10) 3log(10)
pÂ3 Â 3í1 = 50
p  10  13 = 50
p = 15

19 y = 3x í 1 geeft x í 1 = 3log(y) en hieruit volgt x = 1 + 3log(y).

Bladzijde 19
20 a y = 2x í 4 d y = 10 Â 52x í 3 g y = 500 í 100,1x + 1,5
2x í 4 = y 10 Â 52x í 3 = y 500 í 100,1x + 1,5 = y
1
x í 4 = 2log(y) 52x í 3 = 10 y í100,1x + 1,5 = í500 + y
x = 4 + 2log(y) 2x í 3 = log ( 10
5 1
y) 100,1x + 1,5 = 500 í y
b y = 8 Â 3x í 2 0,1x + 1,5 = log(500 í y)
2x = 3 + 5log ( 10
1
y)
8 Â 3x í 2 = y 0,1x = í1,5 + log(500 í y)
3x í 2 = 18 y x = 112 + 12 Â 5log ( 10
1
y) x = í15 + 10 Â log(500 í y)
x í 2 = 3log ( 18 y) e y = 5 Â 10 2x í 3 h y = 20 + 5 Â 100,2x í 0,6
5 Â 102x í 3 = y 20 + 5 Â 100,2x í 0,6 = y
x = 2 + 3log (18 y)
102x í 3 = 15 y 5 Â 100,2x í 0,6 = y í 20
c y = 45x í 1
2x í 3 = log ( 15 y) 100,2x í 0,6 = 15 y í 4
45x í 1 = y
0,2x í 0,6 = log ( 15 y í 4)
5x í 1 = 4log(y) 2x = 3 + log ( 15 y)
5x = 1 + 4log(y) 0,2x = 0,6 + log ( 15 y í 4)
x = 112 + 12 Â log ( 15 y)
x = 15 + 15 Â 4log(y)
f y = 100 + 20,25x í 1 x = 3 + 5 Â log ( 15 y í 4)
100 + 20,25x í 1 = y
20,25x í 1 = y í 100
0,25x í 1 = 2log(y í 100)
0,25x = 1 + 2log(y í 100)
x = 4 + 4 Â 2log(y í 100)

21 a N = 50 Â 24t í 1
50 Â 24t í 1 = N
50 Â 22 ( 2t í 2) = N
1

1
50 Â 42t í 2 = N
1 1
42t í 2 = 50 N 9
2t í 2 = 4log ( 50
1 1
N)
2t = 12 + 4log ( 50
1
N)
t = 14 + 12 Â 4log ( 50
1
N)
b K = 60 + 40 Â 102F í 0,8
60 + 40 Â 102F í 0,8 = K
40 Â 102F í 0,8 = K í 60
102F í 0,8 = 0,025K í 1,5
2F í 0,8 = log(0,025K í 1,5)
2F = 0,8 + log(0,025K í 1,5)
F = 0,4 + 0,5 Â log(0,025K í 1,5)
c A = 500 í 50 Â 1,75B í 2,5
50 Â 1,75B í 2,5 = 500 í A
1,75B í 2,5 = 10 í 0,02A
B í 2,5 = 1,75log(10 í 0,02A)
B = 2,5 + 1,75log(10 í 0,02A)

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 11

 9.2 Rekenregels en vergelijkingen

Bladzijde 21
22 a

De formules van y2 en y3 komen op hetzelfde neer.

b

De formules van y2 en y3 komen op hetzelfde neer.

c

De formules van y1 en y3 komen op hetzelfde neer.

Bladzijde 22
23 a 2log(6) + 2log(10) = 2log(6 Â 10) = 2log(60)
b 3log(30) í 3log(6) = 3log (30
6 ) = log(5)
3

c 2 Â 5log(3) + 5log ( 12 ) = 5log(32) + 5log ( 12 ) = 5log (9 Â 12 ) = 5log (412 )

d 2 log(15) í 4 Â 2 log(3) = 2 log(15) í 2 log(34) = 2 log ( 15
81 ) = log ( 27 )
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
5

9 e í2 Â 4log(6) + 4log(12) = 4log(6í2) + 4log(12) = 4log ( 36

1
 12) = 4log ( 13 )
f log(50) í 2 Â log(5) = log(50) í log(52) = log ( 50
25 ) = log(2)

24 a 4 + 2log(3) = 2log(24) + 2log(3) = 2log(16 Â 3) = 2log(48)

( )
1
b 3 í 2 log(10) = 2 log (( 12 )3 ) í 2 log(10) = 2 log 8
= 2 log ( 80 )
1 1 1 1 1
1
10
c 2 í log(5) = log(102) í log(5) = log (100
5 ) = log(20)

d 2log(12) í 3log(9) = 2log(12) í 2 = 2log(12) í 2log(22) = 2log (12

4 ) = log(3)
2

+ 2 log(8) = 3log (162 ) í 3 = 3log(4) í 3log(33) = 3log ( 27 )

1 1
1 3 4
e 2 log(16)
Â
f log(500) í 5log(125) = log(500) í 3 = log(500) í log(103) = log (1000
500
) = log (12)
25 a 3log(6) + 3log (112 ) = 3log ( 6 Â 112 ) = 3log(9) = 2
b 5log(2) í 5log(50) = 5log ( 502
) = 5log ( 251 ) = 5log ( 5í2) = í2
+ 3 Â 2log ( 16 ) = 2log(27) + 2log (( 16 )
) = 2log ( 27 Â 216 ) = 2log ( 18 ) = 2log(2í3) = í3
2log(27) 3
1
c
d 2 Â 4log(6) í 2 Â 4log(3) = 4log(62) í 4log(32) = 4log ( 36
9 ) = log(4) = 1
4

()
g
g log(a) a a
= g log ( b), dus glog(a) í glog(b) = glog
glog(a) í glog(b) g a
26 a g = glog(b) = .
g b b
b gn  log(a) = ( g )n = an = g log(a ), dus n  glog(a) = glog(an).
g glog(a) g n

27 a 3 + 2log(3) = 2log(23) + 2log(3) = 2log(8 Â 3) = 2log(24)

b 2log(x + 1) = 3 + 2log(3)
2log(x + 1) = 2log(24)

x + 1 = 24
x = 23
12 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv
 Bladzijde 23
28 a 5log(x) = 3 Â 5log(2) í 2 Â 5log(3) c 2log(x + 3) = 3 + 2log(x)
5log(x) 2log(x + 3) = 2log(23) + 2log(x)
= 5log(23) í 5log(32)
5log(x)
= 5log ( 89 ) 2log(x + 3) = 2log(8x)
8
x=9 x + 3 = 8x
vold. í7x = í3
b 2log(x) = 4 í 2log(3) x = 37
2log(x)
= 2log(24) í 2log(3) vold.
2log(x)
= 2log (163) d 3log(2x) = 1 + 3log(x + 1)
1 3log(2x) = 3log(3) + 3log(x + 1)
x = 53
vold. 3log(2x) = 3log(3x + 3)

2x = 3x + 3
íx = 3
x = í3
vold. niet

29 a 5 Â log(x) = 5 í log(3125) c 3log(x + 2) = 1 í 3log(x)

5 Â log(x) = 5 í log(55) 3log(x + 2) = 3log(3) í 3log(x)

5 Â log(x) = 5 í 5 Â log(5)
log(x) = 1 í log(5)
3log(x + 2)
= 3log() 3
x
log(x) = log(10) í log(5) 3
x+2=
log(x) = log (10
5) x
x=2 x2 + 2x = 3
vold. x2 + 2x í 3 = 0
1 1
b 2 log(2x í 1) = 2 + 2 log(x + 2) (x í 1)(x + 3) = 0
x = 1 – x = í3
log(2x í 1) = 2 log ((12 ) )+
1 1 2 1
2 2 log(x + 2)
vold. vold. niet
log(2x í 1) = log ( 14 (x + 2))
1 1
2 2 d 2 Â 3log(x) + 1 = 3log(5x í 2)
3log(x2) + 3log(3) = 3log(5x í 2)
log(2x í 1) = 2 log (14 x + 12 )
1 1
2
3log(3x2) = 3log(5x í 2)
2x í 1 = 14 x + 12
3x2 = 5x í 2
134 x = 112
3x2 í 5x + 2 = 0
x = 67
D = (í5)2 í 4 Â 3 Â 2 = 1
vold.
5í1 2 5+1
x= =3 –x= =1 9
6 6
vold. vold.

30 a 5log(x)
= 2 + 12 Â 5log(3) c 2log(2x) í 2log(x + 3) = 2log(x) í 2
= 5log(52) + 5log (32 )
( )
1
5log(x) 2x
2log
= 2log(x) í 2log(22)
x+3
5log(x)
= 5log(25) + 5log (冑3 )
= 5log (25冑3 )
5log(x)
2log
( )2x
x+3 ()
= 2log
x
4
x = 25冑3 2x x
=
vold. x+3 4
b 3log(x + 4) + 1 = 2 Â 3log(x í 2) x2 + 3x = 8x
3log(x + 4) + 3log(3) = 3log((x í 2)2) x2 í 5x = 0
3log(3(x + 4)) = 3log(x2 í 4x + 4) x(x í 5) = 0
3x + 12 = x2 í 4x + 4 x=0 – x=5
x2 í 7x í 8 = 0 vold. niet vold.
(x + 1)(x í 8) = 0 d 3log(x) = 2 í 3log(x í 1)
3log(x)
x = í1 – x = 8 = 3log(32) í 3log(x í 1)
vold. niet vold. 3log(x)
( )
= 3log
9
xí1
9
x=
xí1
x2 í x = 9
x2 í x í 9 = 0
D = (í1)2 í 4 Â 1 Â í9 = 37
1 í 冑37 1 + 冑37
x= – x=
2 2
x = 12 í 12 冑37 – x = 12 + 12 冑37
vold. niet vold.
© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 13
 log(5)
log(5) log(3) 3log(5)
2log(5)
31 = = = 3
log(2) log(2) log(2)
log(3)

Bladzijde 25
1 1 1
32 a 3log(3x
í 5) + 3 log(x í 1) = 0 c 2x  3 log(3x + 5) = 3 log(3x + 5)
1
3log(3x í 5) í 3log(x í 1)
=0 3 log(3x + 5) = 0 – 2x = 1

3log(3x í 5)
= 3log(x í 1) 3x + 5 = 1 – x = 12
3x í 5 = x í 1 3x = í4 – x = 12
2x = 4 x = í113 – x = 12
x=2 vold. vold.
vold. 2 4
d log(x) = log(x + 20)
1 2log(x + 20)
b 5log(3x) + 2 Â 5 log(x) = 0 2log(x)
1
5log(3x) + 5 log(x2) = 2
=0 log(4)
5log(3x) í 5log(x2) 2log(x + 20)
=0 2log(x)
5log(3x) =
= 5log(x2) 2
3x = x2 2 Â log(x) = 2log(x + 20)
2

x2 í 3x = 0 2log(x2)
= 2log(x + 20)
x(x í 3) = 0 x2 = x + 20
x=0 – x=3 x2 í x í 20 = 0
vold. niet vold. (x + 4)(x í 5) = 0
x = í4 – x = 5
vold. niet vold.
1
33 a í2  2 log(x) = 2 + 2log(3 í x) c 4x  4log(2x í 1) + 3  4log(2x í 1) = 0
2 Â 2log(x) = 2log(22) + 2log(3 í x) (4x + 3) Â 4log(2x í 1) = 0
2log(x2)
= 2log(4(3 í x)) 4x + 3 = 0 – 4log(2x í 1) = 0
x2 = 12 í 4x 4x = í3 – 2x í 1 = 1
x2 + 4x í 12 = 0 x = í 34 – 2x = 2
(x í 2)(x + 6) = 0 x = í 34 – x = 1
x = 2 – x = í6 vold. niet vold.
1
vold. vold. niet d x2 Â 5log(2x + 1) + 9 Â 5 log(2x + 1) = 0
b 9log(2x) = 3log(x í 4) x2 Â 5log(2x + 1) í 9 Â 5log(2x + 1) = 0
3log(2x)
(x2 í 9) Â 5log(2x + 1) = 0
9 = 3log(x í 4)
3log(9) x2 í 9 = 0 – 5log(2x + 1) = 0
3log(2x) x2 = 9 – 2x + 1 = 1
= 3log(x í 4) x = 3 – x = í3 – 2x = 0
2 x = 3 – x = í3 – x = 0
3log(2x)
= 2 Â 3log(x í 4)
3log(2x) vold. vold. niet vold.
= 3log((x í 4)2)
2x = (x í 4)2
2x = x2 í 8x + 16
x2 í 10x + 16 = 0
(x í 2)(x í 8) = 0
x=2 – x=8
vold. niet vold.

34 a (2log(x))2 í 2  2log(x) í 8 = 0 b 2log(x) = í2 – 2log(x) = 4

Stel 2log(x) = u. x = 2í2 = 14 – x = 24 = 16
u2 í 2u í 8 = 0 vold. vold.
(u + 2)(u í 4) = 0
u = í2 – u = 4

35 a (2x)2 + 2  2x = 8 b 2x = 2 – 2x = í4
Stel 2x = u. x=1 geen oplossing
u2 + 2u = 8
u2 + 2u í 8 = 0
(u í 2)(u + 4) = 0
u = 2– u = í4

14 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 26
36 a 2log2(x) = 2 Â 2log(x) + 3 c 2 Â 3log2(x) + 2 = 5 Â 3log(x)
Stel 2log(x) = u. Stel 3log(x) = u.
u2 = 2u + 3 2u2 + 2 = 5u
u2 í 2u í 3 = 0 2u2 í 5u + 2 = 0
(u + 1)(u í 3) = 0 D = (í5)2 í 4 Â 2 Â 2 = 9
u = í1– u = 3 5í3 1 5+3
2log(x) u= =2–u= =2
= í1 – 2log(x) = 3 4 4
1
x=2 –x=3 3log(x)
= 12 – 3log(x) = 2
vold. vold. x = 冑3 – x = 9
1 1
b 2 log 2(x + 2) + 3 Â 2 log(x + 2) = 0 vold. vold.
1 1
Stel 2 log(x + 2) = u. d 5log 2(x) + 3 Â 5 log(x) + 2 = 0
u2 + 3u = 0 5log 2(x) í 3 5log(x) + 2
 =0
u(u + 3) = 0 Stel 5log(x) = u.
u = 0 – u = í3 u2 í 3u + 2 = 0
1 1
2 log(x + 2) = 0 – 2 log(x + 2) = í3 (u í 1)(u í 2) = 0
x + 2 = 1– x + 2 = 8 u = 1– u = 2
5log(x)
x = í1– x = 6 = 1– 5log(x) = 2
vold. vold. x = 5 – x = 25
vold. vold.
x
37 a 3x í 2 = 8 Â ( 13 ) c 9x = 4 + 3x + 1
1 (32)x = 4 + 3x  3
3x í 2 = 8 Â x
3 (3x)2 = 4 + 3 Â 3x
Stel 3x = u. Stel 3x = u.
1 u2 = 4 + 3u
u í 2 = 8Â
u u2 í 3u í 4 = 0
u2 í 2u = 8 (u + 1)(u í 4) = 0
u2 í 2u í 8 = 0 u = í1– u = 4
(u + 2)(u í 4) = 0 3x = í1 – 3x = 4
u = í2 – u = 4 geen opl.– x = 3log(4)
3x = í2 – 3x = 4 d 2x = 24 í 22x í 1
geen opl. x = 3log(4) 2x = 24 í 22x  2í1
x
b 2x = 6 í 5 Â ( 12 ) 2x = 24 í (2x)2 Â 12
1 Stel 2x = u. 9
2x = 6 í 5 Â x
2 u = 24 í 12 u2
1 2
Stel 2x = u. 2 u + u í 24 = 0
1 u2 + 2u í 48 = 0
u = 6 í 5Â
u (u í 6)(u + 8) = 0
u2 = 6u í 5 u = 6– u = í8
u2 í 6u + 5 = 0 2x = 6 – 2x = í8
(u í 1)(u í 5) = 0 x = 2log(6) geen opl.
u = 1– u = 5
2x = 1– 2x = 5
x = 0 – x = 2log(5)

38 a 32x í 1 = 10 b 5 Â 4x í 2 = 16
2x í 1 = 3log(10) 4x í 2 = 315
2x = 1 + 3log(10) x í 2 = 4log (315 )
x = 12 + 12 Â 3log(10) § 1,55
x = 2 + 4log (315 ) § 2,84

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 15

 c 9x = 2 Â 3x + 6 d 2x + 2íx = 3
x
(32) = 2 Â 3x + 6 1
2 2x + x = 3
(3x) = 2 Â 3x + 6 2
Stel 3x = u. Stel 2x = u.
u2 = 2u + 6 1
u+ =3
u2 í 2u í 6 = 0 u
D = (í2)2 í 4 Â 1 Â í6 = 28 u2 + 1 = 3u
2 í 冑28 2 + 冑28 u2 í 3u + 1 = 0
u= –u=
2 2 D = (í3)2 í 4 Â 1 Â 1 = 5
u = 1 í 12 冑28 – u = 1 + 12 冑28 3 í 冑5 3 + 冑5
u= –u=
3x = 1 í 12 冑28 – 3x = 1 + 12 冑28 2 2
u = 112 í 12 冑5 – u = 112 + 12 冑5
geen opl. – x = 3log (1 + 12 冑28 ) § 1,18
2x = 112 í 12 冑5 – 2x = 112 + 12 冑5
x = 2log (112 í 12 冑5 ) – x = 2log (112 + 12 冑5 )
x § í1,39 – x § 1,39

39 a 3x + 2 + 3x = 600 c 5x í 1 + 52x í 1 = 4
32 Â 3x + 3x = 600 5í1 Â 5x + 5í1 Â 52x = 4
9 Â 3x + 3x = 600 1 x 1 x 2
5 Â 5 + 5 Â (5 ) = 4
2
10 Â 3x = 600 x x
5 + (5 ) = 20
3x = 60 Stel 5x = u.
x = 3log(60) u + u2 = 20
u2 + u í 20 = 0
b 3x + 5 Â (13 )
xí2
= 18
(u í 4)(u + 5) = 0
3x + 5 Â ( ) Â (13)x = 18
1 í2
3 u = 4 – u = í5
5x = 4 – 5x = í5
1
3x + 5 Â 9 Â = 18 x = 5log(4) geen opl.
3x
d 3x + 2 Â (13 )
xí2
Stel 3x = u. =9
45 1 x
u+ = 18 3x + 2Â ( ) Â( )
1 í2
3 =9 3
u
1
u2 + 45 = 18u 3x + 2 Â 9 Â x = 9
u2 í 18u + 45 = 0 3
Stel 3x = u.
(u í 3)(u í 15) = 0
9 18
u = 3 – u = 15 u+ =9
u
3x = 3 – 3x = 15
u2 + 18 = 9u
x = 1 – x = 3log(15)
u2 í 9u + 18 = 0
(u í 3)(u í 6) = 0
u=3–u=6
3x = 3 – 3x = 6
x = 1 – x = 3log(6)

9.3 Exponentiële en logaritmische formules

Bladzijde 28
40 a 21,7 Â 1,026t = 43,4
1,026t = 2
t = 1,026log(2) = 27,00…
Dus na 27 jaar is het aantal verdubbeld.
b 19,6 Â 1,026t = 39,2
1,026t = 2
t = 1,026log(2) = 27,00…
Dus na 27 jaar is het aantal verdubbeld.

Bladzijde 29
41 a gjaar = 1,131
1,131T = 2
T = 1,131log(2) = 5,630...
De verdubbelingstijd is 5 jaar en (0,630 Â 12 = 7,567.. §) 8 maanden.

16 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 b gweek = 0,915
0,915T = 12
T = 0,915log ( 12 ) = 7,802...
De halveringstijd is 7 weken en (0,802... Â 7 = 5,620... §) 6 dagen.

42 a gjaar = 1,011
1,011T = 2
T = 1,011log(2) = 63,359...
De verdubbelingstijd is 63 jaar.
b g10 jaar = 1,083
1,083T = 2
T = 1,083log(2) = 8,693...
De verdubbelingstijd is 8,693... Â 10 jaar § 87 jaar.

43 a gdag = 0,917
0,917T = 12
T = 0,917log ( 12 ) = 7,999...
De halveringstijd is 8 dagen.
b 0,917T = 0,
T = 0,917log(0,1) = 26,574...
Na 27 dagen is nog 10% van de beginhoeveelheid over.
1
44 a gdag = 210 = 1,0717...
Het groeipercentage per dag is 7,2.
b g25 jaar = 2
1
gjaar = 225 = 1,0281...
Het groeipercentage per jaar is 2,8.
c g28 jaar = 12
1
gjaar = ( 12 ) 28 = 0,9755...
De hoeveelheid radioactieve stof neemt met 2,4% per jaar af.

45 a gdag = 0,81
gweek = 0,817 = 0,2287...
De afname per week is 77,1%. 9
b gweek = 0,38
1
gdag = 0,387 = 0,8709...
De afname per dag is 12,9%.
c De groeifactor per dag is 0,845.
Dus BZV = 300 Â 0,845t.
d 0,845T = 12
T = 0,845log ( 12) = 4,1156...
De halveringstijd is 4 dagen en (0,1156... Â 24 = 2,77... §) 3 uur.
300 Â 0,845t = 10
10
e 0,845t = = 1
300 30
t = 0,845log (301
) = 20,1948...
Dus na ruim 20 dagen is het BZV afgenomen tot 10 mg/Liter.
f T = 10 geeft h = 7,6 Â 0,9610 = 5,0527...
Bij 10 °C is de groeifactor per dag 0,8709... (zie vraag b).
0,8709...5,0527... = 0,4973... § 0,5, dus de formule klopt voor T = 10.
T = 20 geeft h = 7,6 Â 0,9620 = 3,3592...
Bij 20 °C is de groeifactor per dag 0,81 (zie vraag a).
0,813,3592... = 0,4926... § 0,5, dus de formule klopt voor T = 20.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 17

 Bladzijde 30

46 a
ster lichtkracht logaritme van de lichtkracht
Wolf 359 0,00002 í4,7
Ster van Barnard 0,0004 í3,4
Lalande 0,0016 í2,8
Epsilon Eridani 0,28 í0,6
Zon 1 0
Sirius A 23 1,4
Spica 830 2,9
Polaris 4900 3,7
Betelgeuze 22 900 4,4
Rigel A 75 850 4,9
75 850
= 3297,82...
23
Dus de lichtkracht van Rigel A is ongeveer 3300 keer zo groot als die van Sirius A.
75 850
= 3,7925 Â 109
0,00002
Dus de lichtkracht van Rigel A is ongeveer 3,8 miljard keer zo groot als die van Wolf 359.
75 850
b = 7,585 Â 109
0,00001
Dus de getallenlijn moet dan ongeveer 7,6 miljard mm = 7600 km lang worden.
75 850
c = 75,85
1000
Dus de getallenlijn moet dan ongeveer 76 mm = 7,6 cm lang worden.
Het bezwaar hiertegen is dat sterren met een lichtkracht van minder dan 1000 allemaal binnen
1 mm geplaatst worden en dus niet meer van elkaar zijn te onderscheiden.

Bladzijde 31
47 a
Ster van Barnard

Epsilon Eridani

Betelgeuze
Wolf 359

Lalande

Sirius A

Rigel A
Polaris
Spica
Zon

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10 000

b log(L) = í4,3 geeft L = § 0,00005 10í4,3

Dus de lichtkracht van Proxima Centauri is ongeveer 0,00005.
log(L) = 3,8 geeft L = 103,8 § 6310
Dus de lichtkracht van Bellatrix is ongeveer 6310.

48
planeet omlooptijd logaritme van de
omlooptijd
Mercurius 88 dagen 1,9
Venus 225 dagen 2,4
Aarde 365 dagen 2,6
Mars 687 dagen 2,8
Jupiter 11,86 jaar 3,6
Saturnus 29,46 jaar 4,0
Uranus 84,08 jaar 4,5
Neptunus 164,8 jaar 4,8
Pluto 248,4 jaar 5,0

10 102 103 104 105

Me Ve Aa Ma Ju Sa Ur Ne Pl

18 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 32
49 a c
letter y-waarde letter y-waarde
A 1,3 A 1300
B 7,5 B 7500
C 23 C 23 000
D 55 D 55 000
E 150 E 150 000
F 2400 F 2 400 000
b Wel bij 550, 210, 9,5 en 2,4.
Niet bij 310, 49, 1,25 en 0.

Bladzijde 33
50 a
x 0 2 4 6 8
y = 3x 1 9 81 729 6561
b y
6 7 8 9 104
5

4 ∙3 x
4

y=
3
2

∙4 x
y=3
6 7 8 9 103
5
4
3

9
2

y=
6 7 8 9 102

50
00

∙
0,
6
x
5
4

3x
y=
3
2
6 7 8 9 101
5
4
3
2

x
1

0 2 4 6 8 10

De punten liggen op een rechte lijn.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 19
 c
x 0 2 4 6 8
y = 4 Â 3x 4 36 324 2916 26 244
y = 3 Â 4x 3 48 768 12 288 196 608
y = 5000 Â 0,6x 5000 1800 648 233 84

Zie de gra¿eken bij b.

d y = 4 Â 3x geeft log(y) = log(4 Â 3x)
log(y) = log(4) + log(3x)
log(y) = log(4) + x  log(3)
log(y) = log(3) Â x + log(4)
e log(y) = log(3) Â x + log(4) is een lineaire functie van x, dus de gra¿ek van log(y) als functie van x is een rechte lijn.
Omdat op logaritmisch papier log(y) is uitgezet tegen x, is de gra¿ek van y = 4 Â 3x op
logaritmisch papier een rechte lijn.

Bladzijde 34
51 a Rechte lijn op logaritmisch papier, dus N = b  gt.
400
Lijn door (1, 30) en (7, 400), dus g6 dagen = .
30

( )
1
400 6
gdag = = 1,539...
30
N = b  1,539...t
r b  1,539...1 = 30
voor t = 1 is N = 30
30
b=
1,539...
b § 19
Dus N = 19 Â 1,540t.
b Rechte lijn op logaritmisch papier, dus N = b  gt.
9
Lijn door (2, 100) en (8, 9), dus g6 dagen = = 0,09.
100
1
gdag = 0,096 = 0,6694...
N = b  0,6694...t
r b  0,6694...2 = 100
voor t = 2 is N = 100
9 100
b=
0,6694...2
b § 223
Dus N = 223 Â 0,669t.

52 a C
7 8 9 101
6
5
4
3
2

t
7 8 9 100

1 3 7 9 11 17 19
uur
6
5
4
3
2
10– 1

20 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 b Rechte lijn op logaritmisch papier, dus C = b  gt.
0,5
Lijn door (1, 10) en (19; 0,5), dus g18 uur = = 0,05.
1
10
guur = 0,0518 = 0,8466...
C = b  0,8466...t
r b  0,8466...1 = 10
voor t = 1 is C = 10
10
b=
0,8466...
b § 11,8
Dus C = 11,8 Â 0,847t.
60
c Bij x liter bloed is de concentratie op t = 0 gelijk aan mg/L.s 60
x = 11,810...
x
Op t = 0 is C = 11,810... mg/L.
60
x= §5
11,810...
Dus de patiënt heeft ongeveer 5 liter bloed.

Bladzijde 35
53 a y = 2x
translatie (í3, 0)
f (x) = 2x + 3
b f (x) = 2x + 3 = 2x  23 = 8  2x
Dus de gra¿ek van f ontstaat ook uit de gra¿ek van y = 2x door de vermenigvuldiging met 8 ten
opzichte van de x-as.

54 a y = 2log(x)
verm. x-as, 18
f (x) 2log(8x)
=
b f (x) = 2log(8x) = 2log(8) + 2log(x) = 3 + 2log(x)
Dus de gra¿ek van f ontstaat uit de gra¿ek van y = 2log(x) bij de translatie (0, 3).

Bladzijde 36
55 a y = 2x
translatie (5, 0)
y = 2x í 5 9
1
Er geldt 2x í 5 = 2x  2í5 = 32  2 x.
1
Dus de vermenigvuldiging met 32 ten opzichte van de x-as levert dezelfde beeld¿guur op.
b y=4 x

verm. x-as, 2
y = 2 Â 4x
Er geldt 2 Â 4x = 冑4 Â 4x = 42 Â 4x = 4x + 2 .
1 1

Dus de translatie ( í 2 , 0) levert dezelfde beeld¿guur op.

1

c y = 2log(x)
1
verm. y-as, 32
y= 2log(32x)

Er geldt 2log(32x) = 2log(32) + 2log(x) = 5 + 2log(x) = 2log(x) + 5.

Dus de translatie (0, 5) levert dezelfde beeld¿guur op.
d y = 4log(x)
translatie (0, 12 )
y = 4log(x) + 12
Er geldt 4log(x) + 12 = 4log(x) + 4log (42 ) = 4log(x) + 4log(2) = 4log(2x).
1

Dus de vermenigvuldiging met 12 ten opzichte van de y-as levert dezelfde beeld¿guur op.

56 a f (x) = 2log(x)
translatie (3, 0)
g(x) = 2log(x í 3)
b g(x) = 2log(x í 3)
verm. y-as, 14
h(x) 2log(4x
= í 3)
Er geldt h(x) = 2log(4x í 3) = 2log (4 ( x í 34 )) = 2log(4) + 2log ( x í 34 ) = 2 + 2log ( x í 34 ) .
Dus p = í 34 en q = 2.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 21

 9.4 Het grondtal e

Bladzijde 38
57 a

c § 0,6931
c

y2
Dus ook hier is constant en wel ongeveer 1,0986.
y1

f (x + h) í f (x) 2x + h í 2x 2x  2h í 2x 2x  (2h í 1) 2h í 1 x
58 a f'(x) = lim = lim = lim = lim = lim Â2
h m0 h hm0 h hm0 h hm0 h hm 0 h
2h í 1 0 2h í 1
b f'(0) = lim  2 = lim
h m0 h h m0 h
2h í 1 x
c f'(x) = lim  2 = f '(0)  2x
9 h m0 h

Bladzijde 39
59 a

1
b Voor x = 0 bestaat de exponent niet.
x
c
x y1
0,01 2,7048
0,001 2,7169
0,0001 2,7181
0,00001 2,7183

d Voor het getal a § 2,718 geldt f (x) = ax geeft f'(x) = ax.

22 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 40
60 a 2e2 í e2 = e2 g 5 ex í 3 ex = 2ex
b 4冑e í 冑e = 3冑e h ex(e2 + 1) = ex + 2 + ex
c 5e2 Â 3e3 = 15e5 i ex(ex + 1) = e2x + ex
12e6 j (ex + 1)2 = (ex)2 + 2  ex  1 + 1 = e2x + 2ex + 1
d = 3e4
4e2 k (e3x + 3)2 = (e3x)2 + 2  e3x  3 + 9 = e6x + 6e3x + 9
e e5x  ex = e6x 6 e2x í ex
l = 6ex í 1
f ex  e2 = ex + 2 ex

Bladzijde 41
a ( 2 + 3e2 x)2 = 4 + 2 Â 2 Â 3e2 x + (3e 2 x)2 = 4 + 12e2 x + 9ex
1 1 1 1
61
b (ex + eíx)2 = (ex)2 + 2  ex  eíx + (eíx)2 = e2x + 2 + eí2x
e2x í 4 (ex + 2)(ex í 2)
c x = = ex + 2
e í2 ex í 2

62 a (2x + 4)ex = 0 d e3x í ex = 0

2x + 4 = 0 e3x = ex
2x = í4 3x = x
x = í2 2x = 0
b x2 e x = 3x ex x=0
x2 = 3x e e4x í 1 = 0
x=0–x=3 e4x = 1
c x2 e x = e x e4x = e0
x2 = 1 4x = 0
x = 1 – x = í1 x=0
f ex  ex = e6
e2x = e6
2x = 6
x=3

63 a e x + e x = 2e6 e e2x + ex = 2
2ex = 2e6 (e x)2 + ex = 2
e x = e6 Stel e x = u.
x=6 u2 + u = 2 9
e5x u2 + u í 2 = 0
b x =e
e (u í 1)(u + 2) = 0
e4x = e1 u = 1 – u = í2
4x = 1 ex = 1 – e x = í2
x = 14 x = 0 geen opl.
c 2x ex + ex = 0 f e6x + 1 = 2 e3x
ex(2x + 1) = 0 (e3x)2 + 1 = 2 e3x
2x + 1 = 0 Stel e3x = u.
2x = í1 u2 + 1 = 2u
x = í 12 u2 í 2u + 1 = 0
d ex + 2 í 冑e = 0 (u í 1)2 = 0
ex + 2 = 冑e u=1
1
ex + 2 = e2 e 3x = 1
x + 2 = 12 3x = 0
x = í112 x=0

64 a f௘(x) = x ex geeft f '(x) = 1  ex + x  ex = (x + 1)ex

ex (x + 1)  ex í ex  1 xex
b g(x) = geeft g'(x) = =
x+1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
c h(x) = e2x + 3 geeft h'(x) = e2x + 3 Â 2 = 2e2x + 3

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 23

 Bladzijde 44
65 a f (x) = ex + 2 geeft f '(x) = ex
1 1
b f (x) = 2 ex + = 2ex + xí1 geeft f '(x) = 2ex í xí2 = 2ex í 2
x x
c f (x) = x ex + 4 geeft f '(x) = 1  ex + x  ex = (x + 1)ex
x ex  1 í x  ex (1 í x)ex 1 í x
d f (x) = geeft f '(x) = = = x
e x (ex)2 (ex)2 e
2ex (x í 1)  2ex í 2ex  1 2x ex í 2 ex í 2ex (2x í 4)ex
e f (x) = geeft f '(x) = = =
xí1 (x í 1)2 (x í 1)2 (x í 1)2
f f (x) = (2x í 4)ex geeft f '(x) = 2 Â ex + (2x í 4) Â ex = (2x í 2)ex
2 2
66 a f (x) = ex + x geeft f '(x) = (2x + 1)ex + x
b g(x) = x2 + 2e3x geeft g '(x) = 2x + 2 Â 3e3x = 2x + 6e3x
2 2 2 2
c h(x) = x ex geeft h '(x) = 1  ex + x  2x  ex = (2x2 + 1)ex
2eíx í 1 x2 Â 2 Â í eíx í 1 í 2eíx í 1 Â 2x í2x2 eíx í 1 í 4x e íx í 1 í2x(x + 2)eíx í 1 í2(x + 2)eíx í 1
d j(x) = geeft j '(x) = = = =
x2 x4 x4 x4 x3
e k(x) = 3x e2x í 1 geeft k '(x) = 3  e2x í 1 + 3x  2e2x í 1 = (6x + 3)e2x í 1
e2x (e2x + 1)  2e2x í e2x  2e2x 2e4x + 2e2x í 2e4x 2e2x
f l(x) = geeft l '(x) = 2 = 2 =
e2x + 1 (e2x + 1) (e2x + 1) (e2x + 1)2

67 a e + 3 § 5,718 3e
d § 0,366
1 (e + 2)2
b í 2 § í0,135
e e 113 e 2 § 9,852
c e3 § 20,086
e2
f § í26,229
e í3

68 a f௘(x) = íx ex geeft f '(x) = í1  ex + íx  ex = (íx í 1)ex

f '(x) = 0 geeft (íx í 1)ex = 0
íx í 1 = 0
íx = 1
9 x = í1
y

ƒ
x
–1 O

1
max. is f (í1) = eí1 =
e
b f '(x) = (íx í 1)ex geeft f Ǝ(x) = í1 Â ex + (íx í 1) Â ex = (íx í 2)ex
f Ǝ(x) = 0 geeft (íx í 2)ex = 0
íx í 2 = 0
íx = 2
x = í2
1
Stel k: y = ax + b met a = f '(í2) = (2 í 1) eí2 = 2
e
y

ƒ
x
–2 O

24 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 1
y= x+b
e2 1 2
2
t 2 Â í2 + b = 2
f (í2) = 2eí2 = 2 e e
e í2 2
+b= 2
e2 e
4
b= 2
e
1 4
Dus k: y = x + 2.
e2 e

69 a f௘(x) = 0 geeft (x2 í 3) ex = 0

x2 í 3 = 0
x2 = 3
x = 冑3 – x = í冑3
De nulpunten zijn 冑3 en ௘í冑3.
b f (x) = (x2 í 3)e x geeft f '(x) = 2x  ex + (x2 í 3)  e x = (x2 + 2x í 3)ex
f '(x) = 0 geeft (x2 + 2x í 3)ex = 0
x2 + 2x í 3 = 0
(x í 1)(x + 3) = 0
x = 1 – x = í3
y

x
–3 O 1

6
max. is f (í3) = (9 í 3) e í3 =
e3
min. is f (1) = (1 í 3)e1 = í2e 9
c f '(x) = (x2 + 2x í 3) ex geeft f Ǝ(x) = (2x + 2) Â ex + (x2 + 2x í 3) Â ex = (x2 + 4x í 1)ex
f Ǝ(x) = 0 geeft (x2 + 4x í 1)ex = 0
x2 + 4x í 1 = 0
D = 42 í 4 Â 1 Â í1 = 20
í4 í 冑20 í4 + 冑20
x= –x=
2 2
í4 í 2冑5 í4 í 2冑5
x= –x=
2 2
x = í2 í 冑5 – x = í2 + 冑5
y

–2 + 5
x
–2 – 5 O

De x-coördinaten van de buigpunten zijn í2 í 冑5 en 2 + 冑5.

d Voor x < í3 geldt f ƍ(x) > 0, dus de gra¿ek van f is stijgend voor x < í3.
Omdat f௘(x) > 0 voor x < í3 moet er een asymptoot zijn voor x m í `.
f௘(í100) § 3,72 Â 10í40, dus het ligt voor de hand dat de lijn y = 0 de asymptoot is.
6
e De vergelijking f௘(x) = p heeft precies twee oplossingen voor í2e < p ” 0 – p = 3 .
e

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 25

 70 a f (x) = 12 e2x geeft f '(x) = 12 Â 2 Â e2x = e2x
Stel k: y = ax + b met a = f '(í1) = eí2
y = eí2x + b
r e í2 Â í1 + b = 12 eí2
f (í1) = 12 eí2, dus A (í1, 21 eí2)
íeí2 + b = 12 eí2
b = 112 eí2
1 í2
Dus k: y = e x + 12 e .
í2

1
g(x) = x + 3 = eíx í 3 geeft g'(x) = íeíx í 3
e
Stel l: y = ax + b met a = g'(í1) = íe1 í 3 = íeí2
y = íeí2x + b
r íeí2 Â í1 + b = eí2
g (í1) = e1 í 3 = eí2, dus B(í1, eí2) í2
e + b = eí2
b=0
Dus l: y = íeí2x.
k en l snijden geeft eí2x + 112 eí2 = íeí2x
2eí2x = í112 eí2
2x = í112
x = í 34
1
b h(x) = f (x) + g(x) = 12 e2x + x + 3 = 12 e2x + eíx í 3 geeft h'(x) = e2x í eíx í 3
e
h'(x) = 0 geeft e2x í eíx í 3 = 0
e2x = eíx í 3
2x = íx í 3
3x = í3
x = í1
y

9
x
–1 O

1 1 2 3
min. is h(í1) = 12 e í2 + = + =
e 2 2e 2 2e 2 2e 2
3
Het bereik is dus B h = c , m i.
2e 2

9.5 De natuurlijke logaritme

Bladzijde 46
a 2 x = (e log(2)) = e log(2) Â x
e x e
71
b c 2 x d ' = c e log(2) Â x d ' = elog(2) Â e log(2) Â x = elog(2) Â 2x
e e

Bladzijde 47
72 a ln(e) = 1 f ln2(e3) = 32 = 9
b ln(e 冑e ) = ln(e12) = 112
1
g ln3(e2) = 23 = 8

()
2
1 h eln(7) + e2ln(7) = 7 + eln(7 ) = 7 + 72 = 56
c ln = ln(e í1) = í1 ( ) = 52 = 冑5
1
1 1
i e2 ln(5) ln 5
e =e 2

d ln(1) = 0 j eln(10) Â eln(3) = 10 Â 3 = 30

e 3 ln (e  冑
3 )
e = 3ln (e13 ) = 3 Â 113 = 4
1

26 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

73 a e3x = 12 c 6 + e0,5x = 10
3x = ln(12) e0,5x = 4
x = 13 ln(12) 0,5x = ln(4)
b 5e2x = 60 x = 2 ln(4)
e2x = 12 3
d 2x = 10
2x = ln(12) e
x = 12 ln(12) 10 Â e2x = 3
3
e2x = 10
2x = ln (10
3
)
x = 12 ln (10
3
)
74 a 2 ln(3) + ln(4) = ln(32) + ln(4) = ln(9 Â 4) = ln(36)
b ln(20) í 3ln(2) = ln(20) í ln(23) = ln(20) í ln(8) = ln (208 ) = ln (22 )
1

c 4
4 + ln(3) = ln(e ) + ln(3) = ln(3e )4

d 1 + ln(10) = ln(e) + ln(10) = ln(10e)

2 + 2 ln(6) = ln (e ) + ln(6 ) = ln (冑e ) + ln(36) = ln (36冑e )
1
1 2
e 2

f e + ln(2) = ln(e ) + ln(2) = ln(2ee)

e

75 a ln(x) = í1 d ln(íx + 2) = í2
1 íx + 2 = eí2
x = e í1 =
e 1
íx = 2 í 2
b 4 ln(x) = 2 e
ln(x) = 12 1
x=í 2+2
x = e 2 = 冑e
1
e
c ln(3x) = 3 e ln 2(x) = 14
3x = e3 ln(x) = 12 – ln(x) = í 12
x = 13 e3 1
x = e 2 = 冑e – x = eí2 =
1 1

冑e
f ln(x) = 1 + ln(5)
ln(x) = ln(e) + ln(5)
ln(x) = ln(5e)
x = 5e
2
76 a 4 e1 í 3x = 20 b e x = 100 9
e1 í 3x = 5 x2 = ln(100)
1 í 3x = ln(5) x = 冑ln(100) – x = í冑ln(100)
í3x = í1 + ln(5) x § 2,146 – x § í2,146
x = 13 í 13 ln(5) § í0,203

Bladzijde 48
77 a 3x ln(x) = 2 ln(x) d ln2(x) í 2 ln(x) í 3 = 0
ln(x) = 0 – 3x = 2 Stel ln(x) = u.
x = 1 – x = 23 u2 í 2u í 3 = 0
vold. vold. (u + 1)(u í 3) = 0
b ln2(x) í ln(x) = 0 u = í1 – u = 3
ln(x)(ln(x) í 1) = 0 ln(x) = í1 – ln(x) = 3
ln(x) = 0 – ln(x) = 1 1
x = eí1 = – x = e3
x=1– x=e e
vold. vold. vold. vold.
c x2 ln(x + 1) = 4 ln(x + 1) e ln(x + 3) í ln(x í 1) = ln(2)
ln(x + 1) = 0 – x2 = 4
x + 1 = 1 – x = 2 – x = í2
ln ( )
x+3
xí1
= ln(2)
x = 0 – x = 2 – x = í2 x+3
=2
vold. vold. vold. niet xí1
2x í 2 = x + 3
x=5
vold.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 27

 f 2 ln(x) = ln(2) + ln(x + 4)
ln(x2) = ln(2(x + 4))
x2 = 2x + 8
x2 í 2x í 8 = 0
(x + 2)(x í 4) = 0
x = í2 – x = 4
vold. niet vold.

78 a f (x) = 34x í 2 geeft f '(x) = 34x í 2 Â ln(3) Â 4 = 4 Â 34x í 2 Â ln(3)

b g(x) = (2x í 1)  2x geeft g'(x) = 2  2x + (2x í 1)  2x  ln(2) = (2 + (2x í 1) ln(2))2x
2x + 1 (2x í 1)  2x  ln(2) í (2x + 1)  2x  ln(2) (2x í 1 í 2x í 1)  2x  ln(2) í2  2x  ln(2)
c h(x) = geeft h'(x) = = =
2x í 1 (2x í 1)2 (2x í 1)2 (2x í 1)2

79 a f (x) = 22x í 2x geeft f '(x) = 22x  ln(2)  2 í 2x  ln(2) = (22x  2 í 2x) ln(2) = (22x + 1 í 2x) ln(2)
f '(x) = 0 geeft (22x + 1 í 2x)ln(2) = 0
22x + 1 í 2x = 0
22x + 1 = 2x
2x + 1 = x
x = í1
y

–1
x
O

min. is f (í1) = 2í2 í 2í1 = 14 í 12 = í 14

Dus B f = c í 14 , m 9.
b lim f (x) = lim (22x í 2x) = lim ((2x)2 í 2x) = 02 í 0 = 0
x m í` x m í` x m í`
Dus de horizontale asymptoot is de lijn y = 0.
y
y = ax
y = ax
9

x
O
ƒ

y = ax

y = ax

f (x) = ax heeft twee oplossingen als 0 < a < f'(0) – a > f '(0).
f'(0) = (21 í 20 )ln(2) = (2 í 1)ln(2) = ln(2)
Dus f (x) = ax heeft twee oplossingen als 0 < a < ln(2) – a > ln(2).

Bladzijde 49
80 a eln(x) = x geeft [eln(x)]' = x'
eln(x) Â [ln(x)]' = 1
b e ln(x) Â [ln(x)]' = 1
x  [ ln(x)]' = 1
1
[ln(x)]' =
x
ln(x) 1 1 1 1
c g(x) = 2log(x) = = Â ln(x) geeft g'(x) = Â =
ln(2) ln(2) ln(2) x x ln(2)

28 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 50
1 1
81 a [ln(6x)]' = Â6 =
6x x
1
b f (x) = ln(2x) geeft f '(x) =
x
1
g(x) = ln ( x冑2 ) geeft g'(x) =
x
1
h(x) = 2log(3x) geeft h'(x) =
x ln(2)
1 6x5 6
c [ln(x6)]' = 6 Â 6x5 = 6 =
x x x
2
d f (x) = ln(x2) geeft f '(x) =
x
1
( )
g(x) = ln 3 = ln(xí3) geeft g'(x) =
x
í3
x
h(x) = ln
1
x ()= ln(xí1) geeft h'(x) =
í1
x

1
x  í í (1 í ln(x))  1
1 í ln(x) x í1 í 1 + ln(x) ln(x) í 2
82 a f (x) = geeft f '(x) = = =
x x 2 x2 x2
1
b f௘(x) = x ln(x) geeft f '(x) = 1  ln(x) + x  = ln(x) + 1
x
1 4
c f࣠(x) = 2log(4x í 1) geeft f '(x) = Â4 =
(4x í 1)ln(2) (4x í 1)ln(2)
1
x  í ln(3x)  1
ln(3x) x 1 í ln(3x)
d f (x) = geeft f '(x) = =
x x 2 x2
3
e f௘(x) = x ln(x3) geeft f '(x) = 1  ln(x3) + x  = ln(x3) + 3
x
1 2x + 1
f f௘(x) = ln(x2 + x) geeft f '(x) = 2 Â (2x + 1) = 2
x +x x +x

83 a f௘(x) = ln(2x) = x ln(2) geeft f '(x) = ln(2)

1 2x 9
b f௘(x) = 2log(x2 + 1) geeft f '(x) = 2 Â 2x = 2
(x + 1) ln(2) (x + 1) ln(2)
1
c f௘(x) = x ln2(x) geeft f '(x) = 1  ln 2(x) + x  2 ln(x)  = ln 2(x) + 2 ln(x)
x
1 x
d f௘(x) = x2  3log(4x) geeft f '(x) = 2x  3log(4x) + x2  = 2x  3log(4x) +
x ln(3) ln(3)
1 2 log(4x)
e f௘(x) = log2(4x) geeft f '(x) = 2 Â log(4x) Â =
x ln(10) x ln(10)
1 16x ln(4x2 + 1)
f f௘(x) = ln2(4x2 + 1) geeft f '(x) = 2ln(4x2 + 1) Â Â 8x =
4x2 +1 4x2 + 1

a xn = (eln(x)) = en ln(x)
n
84
1 n
b [e n ln(x)]' = e n ln(x)  n  = e n ln(x) Â
x x
n n xn
c [ xn]' = [e n ln(x)]' = e n ln(x)  = xn  = n  = nx n í 1
x x x
Er is geen gebruik gemaakt van enige beperking van n, dus de regel geldt ook voor elke niet-
gehele n uit \.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 29

 1
ln(x)  1 í x  x
x ln(x) í 1
85 a f (x) = geeft f '(x) = =
ln(x) ln2(x) ln2(x)

() ln
1
í1
Stel k: y = ax + b met a = f ' () 1
=
e
=
í1 í 1
= í2.
()
e
ln 2
1
e
(í1)2

y = í2x + b
1 1
f ()
1
=
e
=
e 1 1 1
= í , dus A , í ( ) y 1
í2 Â +b=í
1
e
ln
1
e ()
í1 e e e
b=
e
1
e
e

1
Dus k: y = í2x + .
e
ln(x) í 1
b f '(x) = í6 geeft = í6
ln2(x)
ln(x) í 1 = í6 ln2(x)
Stel ln(x) = u.
u í 1 = í6u2
6u2 + u í 1 = 0
D = 12 í 4 Â 6 Â í1 = 25
í1 í 5 í1 + 5 1
u= = í 12 – u = =3
12 12
ln(x) = í 12 – ln(x) = 13
1 1
x = eí2 – x = e 3
vold. vold.

(冑 )
1 1
e í e í 1 2
f (e í 2 ) = 1 = í2eí2 , dus raakpunt (eí2 , í2eí2 ) =
1 2 2 1 1 1
= ,í .
ln ( e 2 ) í 2 e 冑e
1
í
1 1
e3 e3
f (e 3 ) =
1
= 1 = 3e 3 , dus raakpunt ( e 3 , 3e 3 ) =
1 1 1
(冑3 e, 3 Â 冑3 e ) .
ln (e 3 ) 3
1

9
1
x  10  í 10 ln(x)  1
10 ln(x) x 10 í 10 ln(x)
86 f (x) = geeft f '(x) = =
x x 2 x2
10 í 10 ln(x)
f '(x) = geeft
x2
1
x2 Â í10 Â í (10 í 10 ln(x)) Â 2x
x í10x í 20x + 20x ln(x) í30 + 20 ln(x)
f Ǝ(x) = = =
x4 x4 x3
f Ǝ(x) = 0 geeft í30 + 20 ln(x) = 0
20 ln(x) = 30
ln(x) = 112
1
x = e 12
10 í 10 ln (e12 )
1
10 í 10 Â 112 5
Stel k: y = ax + b met a = f ' ( )=
1
e12 = = í 3.
(e )2112 e 3 e
5
y=í x+b
e3 5 11 15
10 ln (e12 ) 10  112 15  í e3  e 2 + b = 112
1

f (e 2 ) =
1
1
1 = 11 = 11 e
e12 e2 e2 5 15
í 11 + b = 11
e 2 e2
20 20
b= 1 =
e12 e冑e
5 20
Dus k: y = í x+ .
e 3
e冑e

30 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Diagnostische toets

Bladzijde 52
a 3log ( 3冑3) = 3log ( 31 Â 32 ) = 3log ( 312 ) = 112
1 1
1
1
( )
b 2log ( 14 冑8 ) = 2log 2 Â 冑23 = 2log ( 2í2 Â 212 ) = 2log ( 2í2 ) = í 12
2
1 1

c 2log ( 16 冑2) = 2log ( 2í4 Â 23 ) = 2log ( 2í33 ) = í323

1 2
1 3

1
2 a 4log(2x í 3) = 2 b 2 log(x í 3) = í4 c 5 + 3 Â 2log(x) = 20
2x í 3 = 42 x í 3 = ( 12 )í4 3 Â 2log(x) = 15
2x í 3 = 16 x í 3 = (2í1)í4 2log(x)
=5
2x = 19 x í 3 = 24 x = 25
x = 912 x í 3 = 16 x = 32
x = 19

c 10 Â ( 12 )
2x í 1
3 a 7x í 3 = 20 b 6 Â 2x + 5 = 23 = 600
x í 3 = 7log(20) 6 Â 2x = 18
x = 3 + 7log(20) 2x = 3
()
1 2x í 1
2 = 60
1
2x í 1 = 2 log(60)
x = 2log(3) 1
2x = 1 + 2 log(60)
1
x = 12 + 12 Â 2 log(60)

c A = 5 + 212 Â ( 12 )
1 p+2
4 a K = 60 + 10 Â 22a + 1 b W = 40 í 2 Â 10q í 5
1
60 + 10 Â 22a + 1 = K 2 Â 10q í 5 = 40 í W p +2
1 5 + 212 Â ( 12 ) =A
10 Â 22a + 1 = K í 60 10q í 5 = 20 í 12 W
1 p +2
1
22a + 1 = 10 Kí6 q í 15 = log ( 20 í 12 W) 212 Â ( 2 ) = Aí5
p +2
2a + 1 = 2log ( 1
10 K í 6) q = + log ( 20 í
1
5
1
2W ) ( )
1
2
2
=5A í2
2a = í1 + 2log ( 10 K í 6) p + 2 = log ( 25 A í 2)
1
1 2

a = í 12 + 12 Â 2log ( 10 K í 6) p = í2 + 2 log ( 25 A í 2)
1
1

5 a 3log(5) + 2 Â 3log(2) = 3log(5) + 3log(22) = 3log(5 Â 22) = 3log(20)

b 3 í 2log(5) = 2log(23) í 2 log(5) = 2 log ( 85 ) = 2log (135 ) 9

c 2 log(8000) + 3 Â 2log ( 15 ) = 2log ( 8000) + 2log ( ( 15 )3 ) = 2 log ( 8000) + 2 log ( 125

1
) = 2log ( 8000 Â 125
1
) = 2log(64) = 6
6 a 2 Â 2log(x í 1) = 1 + 2log(18) c 2log(2x í 1) = 4log(x) e 2log(x) = 3 í 2log(x + 2)
2log(x í 1) 2
= 2log(2) + 2log(18) 2log(x)
2log(x) + 2log(x + 2)
= 2log(23)
2log(x í 1) 2
= 2log(2 Â 18) 2log(2x í 1) = 2log(4)
2log(x(x + 2))
= 2log(8)
2
(x í 1) = 36 x2 + 2x = 8
2log(x)
x í 1 = 6 – x í 1 = í6 2log(2x x2 + 2x í 8 = 0
í 1) =
x = 7 – x = í5 2 (x í 2)(x + 4) = 0
vold. vold. niet 2  2log(2x í 1) = 2log(x) x = 2 – x = í4
1
b 3log(2x í 1) + 3 log(x + 2) = 0 2log(2x í 1) 2
= 2log(x) vold. vold. niet
3log(2x í 1) í 3log(x + 2) 2 f log (x) + 12 = 7 Â 2log(x)
2 2
=0 4x í 4x + 1 = x
3log(2x í 1)
= 3log(x + 2) 4x2 í 5x + 1 = 0 Stel 2log(x) = u.
2x í 1 = x + 2 D = (í5)2 í 4 Â 4 Â 1 = 9 u2 + 12 = 7u
x=3 5í3 1 5+3 u2 í 7u + 12 = 0
x= =4 – x= =1
vold. 8 8 (u í 3)(u í 4) = 0
vold. niet vold. u=3 – u=4
d log 2(x) = log(x) + 2 2log(x)
= 3 – 2log(x) = 4
Stel log(x) = u. x = 8 – x = 16
u2 = u + 2 vold. vold.
u2 í u í 2 = 0
(u + 1)(u í 2) = 0
u = í1 – u = 2
log(x) = í1 – log(x) = 2
1
x = 10 – x = 100
vold. vold.

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 31

 x
g 3x + 6 Â ( 13 ) = 5 h 9x = 3x + 12
1 (32)x = 3x + 12
3x + 6 Â x = 5
3 (3x)2 = 3x + 12
Stel 3x = u. Stel 3x = u.
1 u2 = u + 12
u + 6Â = 5
u u2 í u í 12 = 0
u2 + 6 = 5u (u + 3)(u í 4) = 0
u2 í 5u + 6 = 0 u = í3 – u = 4
(u í 2)(u í 3) = 0 3x = í3 – 3x = 4
u=2 – u=3 geen opl. x = 3log(4)
3x = 2 – 3x = 3
x = 3log(2) – x = 1

7 a gmaand = 1,002 b gweek = 0,8

1,002T = 2 0,8T = 12
T = 1,002log(2) = 346,92... T = 0,8log ( 12 ) = 3,106...
346,92... De halveringstijd is 3,106... Â 7 § 22 dagen.
De verdubbelingstijd is § 29 jaar.
12

8 a N
7 8 9 106
6
5
4
3
2
7 8 9 105

9
6
5
4
3
2
104

t
0 3 5 9 14 15

b Rechte lijn op logaritmisch papier, dus N = b  gt.

Lijn door (0, 15 000) en (15, 4300) dus
4300 1
g15jaar = = 0,286... en gjaar = 0,286...15 = 0,920...
15 000
N = b  0,920...t
r b = 15 000
t = 0 en N = 15 000
Dus N = 15 000 Â 0,920t.

32 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv

 Bladzijde 53
3e3 í e3 2e3
9 a = 2 = 2e
e2 e
e3x í ex
b = e2x í 1
ex
c (e3x í 5)2 = (e3x)2 í 2  e3x  5 + 25 = e6x í 10 e3x + 25
c e2x + 2 ex = 3
10 a 3x ex í ex = 0 b e2x í 1 í 冑3 e2
=0
2 (e x)2 + 2 ex í 3 = 0
(3x í 1) ex = 0 e 2x í 1
= e3
Stel ex = u.
3x = 1 2x í 1 = 23
u2 + 2u í 3 = 0
x = 13 2x = 123
(u í 1)(u + 3) = 0
x = 56
u = 1 – u = í3
e x = 1 – e x = í3
x=0 geen opl.

11 a f (x) = 2 e x í 3x2 geeft f'(x) = 2 e x í 6x

x2 + 1 ex  2x í (x2 + 1)  ex (2x í x2 í 1) ex íx2 + 2x í 1
b f (x) = geeft f '(x) = = =
ex (ex)2 e2x ex
c f (x) = (x2 + 1) ex geeft f '(x) = 2x  ex + (x2 + 1)  ex = (x2 + 2x + 1) ex
ex (x2 + 1)  ex í ex  2x (x2 í 2x + 1) ex
d f (x) = geeft f '(x) = =
x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
e f (x) = x2  e2x í 1 geeft f '(x) = 2x  e2x í 1 + x2  e2x í 1  2 = (2x2 + 2x) e2x í 1
2 2 2
f f (x) = ex + 9 geeft f '(x) = ex + 9 Â 2x = 2x ex + 9

ex x  ex í ex  1 (x í 1) ex
12 a f (x) = geeft f '(x) = =
x x2 x2
f '(0) geeft (x í 1) ex = 0
xí1=0
x=1
y

ƒ 9

x
O 1

e1
min. is f (1) = =e
1
b Stel l: y = ax + b.
(2 í 1) e2 1 2
a = f '(2) = = 4e
22
1 2
y=4e x +b
e2 ¶ 1 e2 Â 2 + b = 12 e2
f (2) = = 12 e2, dus A ( 2, 12 e 2) 4
2 1 2 1 2
2 e +b=2e
b=0
Dus l: y = 14 e 2x.

13 a 4 + ln(3) = ln(e 4) + ln(3) = ln(3e 4)

b ln(10) í 4ln(2) = ln(10) í (ln 24) = ln(10) í ln(16) = ln ( 10
16 ) = ln ( 8 )
5

© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Exponentiële en logaritmische functies 33

 14 a 2 e5x = 16 c 2 ln 2(x) í ln(x) = 0
e5x = 8 Stel ln(x) = u.
5x = ln(8) 2u2 í u = 0
x = 15 ln(8) u(2u í 1) = 0
b ln 2(5x) = 16 u = 0 – 2u = 1
ln(5x) = 4 – ln(5x) = í4 u = 0 – u = 12
5x = e4 – 5x = eí4 ln(x) = 0 – ln(x) = 12
1
x = e 0 = 1 – x = e 2 = 冑e
1
x = 15 e4 – x = 15 eí4 = 4
5e vold. vold.
vold. vold.
d ln(9x + 1) í ln(x + 2) = ln(4)
ln(9x + 1) = ln(x + 2) + ln(4)
ln(9x + 1) = ln(4(x + 2))
ln(9x + 1) = ln(4x + 8)
9x + 1 = 4x + 8
5x = 7
x = 125
vold.
15 a f (x) = 23x í 4 geeft f '(x) = 23x í 4 Â ln(2) Â 3 = 3 Â 23x í 4 Â ln(2)
b f (x) = x  3x geeft f '(x) = 1  3x + x  3x  ln(3) = (1 + x ln(3)) 3x
113 4
c f (x) = ln ( x  冑
3 x)
= ln ( x  x3 ) = ln ( x13 ) geeft f '(x) =
1 1
=
x 3x
1
d f (x) = 2log(4x) geeft f '(x) =
x ln(2)
1 5
e f (x) = 3log(5x í 6) geeft f '(x) = Â5 =
(5x í 6) ln(3) (5x í 6) ln(3)
1 6x 2x
f f (x) = ln(3x2 + 3) geeft f '(x) = Â 6x = 2 =
3x2 + 3 3x + 3 x2 + 1

16 f (x) = 3x í 1 + 3íx + 1 geeft f '(x) = 3x í 1 Â ln(3) + í1 Â 3íx + 1 Â ln(3) = 3x í 1 Â ln(3) í 3íx + 1 Â ln(3)
f '(x) = 0 geeft 3x í 1 Â ln(3) í 3íx + 1 Â ln(3) = 0
3x í 1 Â ln(3) = 3íx + 1 Â ln(3)
3x í 1 = 3íx + 1
9 x í 1 = íx + 1
2x = 2
x=1
y

x
O 1

f (1) = 30 + 30 = 1 + 1 = 2
Dus B f = [2, m 9.

17 a f (x) = 0 geeft ln(x) = 0 b f '(x) = 0 geeft 1 í ln(x) = 0

x = e0 = 1 ln(x) = 1
Dus het snijpunt met de x-as is (1, 0). y
x=e
1
x  í ln(x)  1
ln(x) x 1 í ln(x) ƒ
f (x) = geeft f ' (x) = =
x x2 x2
x
1 í ln(1) O e
Stel k: y = ax + b met a = f '(1) = = 1.
1
y=x+b ln(e) 1
1+b=0
door (1, 0) r f (e) = =
b = í1 e e
Dus k: y = x í 1.
1
Dus Bf = h k , R.
e
34 Hoofdstuk 9 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv
 10 Meetkunde met vectoren

Voorkennis Lijnen en afstanden

Bladzijde 56
1 a y = 0 geeft 3x = 24, dus x = 8.
Het snijpunt met de x-as is (8, 0).
x = 0 geeft 4y = 24, dus y = 6.
Het snijpunt met de y-as is (0, 6).
b 3x + 4y = 24
4y = í3x + 24
y = í 34 x + 6
Dus rc l = í 34 .

4 í3
2 a = , dus k en l zijn evenwijdig.
4 í3
b m is evenwijdig met k en l als a = 4 en b = í3.
m: 4x í 3y = c
r c = 4 Â 6 í 3 Â 5 = 24 í 15 = 9
door (6, 5)

3 a m: 2x + 5y = c
r c = 2 Â 3 + 5 Â 2 = 6 + 10 = 16
door (3, 2)
Dus m: 2x + 5y = 16.
b n is evenwijdig met l dus n is van de vorm n: 3x + 5y = c.
n: 3x + 5y = c
r c = 3 Â 0 + 5 Â 8 = 40
door (0, 8)
3x + 5y = 40
5y = í3x + 40
y = í 35 x + 8
Dus n: y = í 35 x + 8.
c y = 0 geeft 3x = 12 ofwel x = 4, dus l snijdt de x-as in het punt (4, 0).
rcp = rck, dus p: 2x + 5y = c.
2x + 5y = c
r c = 2Â4 + 5Â0 = 8
door (4, 0)
Dus p: 2x + 5y = 8.
10
Bladzijde 57
4 a x = 3t + 1 7 7x = 21t + 7
e௘ 2 2 geeft e
y = 7t í 2 3 3y = 21t í 6
í
7x í 3y = 13
Dus k: 7x í 3y = 13.
b Substitutie van x = í2t + p en y = t + 4 in x + 2y = 5 geeft í2t + p + 2(t + 4) = 5
í2t + p + 2t + 8 = 5
p = í3
Dus p = í3.
x = 3t + q 3t + q = 3 2 6t + 2q = 6
c Substitutie van (3, 4) in e geeft e 2 2 geeft e
y = í2t + 2q í2t + 2q = 4 3 í6t + 6q = 12
+
8q = 18
1
q = 24
Dus q = 214 .
d Substitutie van x = t í 2 in 4x + 3y = c geeft 4(t í 2) + 3y = c
4t í 8 + 3y = c
3y = í4t + 8 + c
y = í113 t + 223 + 13 c
Dit moet gelijk zijn aan y = at + 1 dus a = í113 en 223 + 13 c = 1
8+c=3
c = í5
Dus a = í113 en c = í5.
© Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Meetkunde met vectoren 35
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"These," pointing to the savage animals, "will keep you company. But
you shall be doubly guarded."
He disappeared for a few moments. Then returned with a handful of
brush with the green leaves still clinging to them. These he spread
across the cavern, then tore away a stone, and instantly a dozen
great, hideous, crawling, hissing rattlesnakes wriggled forth.
"Oh, God!" burst in accents of agony from the lips of the tortured
prisoner, as he sunk back to the uttermost limit that was possible.
"These will keep guard over you—see that no one enters and that
you do not go out," replied the Medicine, with a devilish grin.
The serpents coiled, twined, twisted, reared their heads, clashed
their scales, shook their rattles, darted out their forked tongues and
flashed their eyes, that looked like great balls of fire. And
momentarily he expected them to creep toward, to coil around, to
sting him to death!
"These," repeated the Medicine, "will be your guard."
"And when, in the name of heaven, will you come back?"
"Perhaps to-night—perhaps to-morrow. But, fear not, for you will be
safe as long as you remain quiet. If you attempt to escape, a
dreadful death will follow."
From the moment the reptiles had been set free, the Medicine had
stood at the door of the cavern, through which a little light came in.
Now he quickly retreated, shutting the entrance after him, and, more
dead than alive, George Parsons was left to the most horrid
companionship that the mind can think of. Every moment he
expected would be his last, and hours passed of sufficient misery to
have driven him stark mad.
He knew not the serpents could not reach him—knew not that the
subtle power of the white-ash leaves the Medicine had scattered
controlled the serpents far more effectually than fire would have
done.
 CHAPTER IV.
THE TEST OF LOVE.
"Wal," was the characteristic exclamation of the scout, though in a
low, cautious whisper, as soon as they were alone, "ef this hain't er
finishin' er trail about as suddint as any thin' I ever heard tell on."
"And my poor Olive," groaned the physician. "If it were not for her I
could face death without a tremor."
"That hain't 'tall likely," was the reply. "Ther best on us can't do that.
I've tried it more'n once—hain't no coward—and I know. But that isn't
ther thing to be looked arter now, and thar hain't no use mournin' till
ther time comes, nuther. Yet I hope ter heaven ther red-skins won't
know me, fer it will go hard ef they do."
"Is there no way in which we can save the life of the poor girl?"
continued his companion, his thoughts being intent upon her and not
giving the slightest heed to what was being said.
"I don't know yet. Ther first thing ter be done is tew git ourselves
clear. Ther red devils have tied me fer sartin, and they'll have er high
old time ter-night."
"Do you think we shall be molested before morning?"
"It hain't likely, onless ther cussed whisky should drive them so mad
that ther elders can't control them. Then thar's no tellin' what mought
happen."
"And no one will come to visit us?"
"I reckon not. But it won't matter. Thar never war wolves in a tighter
trap."
"You are mistaken. See."
In a few minutes, by some juggling operation the scout had no idea
of, the doctor had entirely freed himself, and also released his
companion, and they could stretch their limbs at ease. Then they
drew still nearer together and the conversation was continued.
"When the whisky has done its work, do you think we can get
away?" asked the physician.
"That's mighty hard ter tell."
"And poor Olive, is there any hope for her?"
"I'm goin' ter see."
The scout laid his ear to the ground and remained silent for some
time. Then he gently raised one side of the curtains of the wigwam
and crept out into the darkness, and the doctor remained alone until
the sun was well up.
Then he was dragged forth to the council of braves!
But astonishment was painted upon the faces of all as they saw that
his hands were free, and that the scout had disappeared.
"Some traitor has done this!" thundered the chief. "What has become
of the other prisoner?"
"That is more than I can tell," responded the physician, who had
determined upon his line of conduct. "As to my being untied it was
done by spirits. Ask your great Medicine. He will tell you, for he is
familiar with them."
"The pale-face talks like a squaw!" sneered the chief.
"What says the great Medicine of the Sioux?"
At the command of the old trickster other ropes were brought. With
these he fettered the prisoner in the most complex manner, and he
was again thrust into the wigwam. Then wild and dismal groans were
heard, low whisperings and frantic laughter, and the physician
stepped forth free again, carrying his bonds in his hands!
Although far less superstitious than the majority, the chief was
nonplussed—knew not what to say. It was a thing that had never
occurred before, and he was at a loss how to act. But, something
must be done, and he drew the old Medicine aside and consulted
with him. The latter was pale with rage, not unmingled with fear. He
had been fairly beaten with his own weapons—fooled before all the
tribe. Then he thundered forth:
"Let the pale-face tell who was concealed within the wigwam and
untied his bonds, or his tongue shall be torn from his mouth and
trampled under foot."
"No one but spirits."
"Foo! Let my brothers go and look."
A number of Indians rushed to do his bidding, but returned with faces
that told of being baffled. No one was to be found.
"Did not the Medicine of the Sioux hear me talking to them?"
questioned the prisoner.
There was another whispered conversation, and then the Medicine
resumed: "I know how to unlock his lips and make him cease his
lies," and he gave some command in a very low tone.
In an instant after, the doctor, strong man as he was, trembled,
reeled and groaned aloud. Dragged along between two of the most
brutal-looking warriors, with their hatchets whirling about her head
and threatening death in case of resistance, was the girl he loved!
"For Heaven's sake save me!" she screamed, as soon as she saw
him, and rushing forward threw her arms around his neck and fell
almost fainting upon his bosom.
"My life for yours—a thousand deaths of torture to save you a single
pang," he murmured, as he pressed her to his heart.
"Tear them apart," yelled the chief, and then turning to the Medicine
he asked under his breath, "Where is your prisoner?"
"Safe in my cave."
"There let him stay until this trial is over. Then he must be released
and the girl given to him. I have so promised. Now to find out what
we wish to know."
The doctor and Olive were standing a little apart, her beautiful eyes
streaming with tears, and his face convulsed with anguish.
"You love this squaw," continued the chief, "and if you do not want to
see her tortured, tell us how you managed to escape."
"I have nothing to tell more than I have already done," he replied.
"Oh Olive, Olive!"
"Then let the squaw be prepared for death!"
In an instant she was surrounded by knives—walled in so that the
slightest movement would bring her soft, fair flesh against some
sharp point. Her lover trembled like one with the ague, then nerved
himself with a mighty effort, and returning the defiant looks around
him, answered:
"Is it well, great Medicine, that I should tell to other ears than your
own the secrets that are whispered by the dead?"
"The pale-face is a dog," commenced the old man, but before he
could finish the sentence, a voice was heard coming from the
wigwam in which the prisoner had been confined, forbidding that any
thing should be told.
Then it was the Medicine's turn to tremble. He looked at the prisoner
—at the wigwam—at the sky—at the earth; listened to the waving of
the trees and the low whistling of the wind through the branches. But
as the voice was not repeated, he, after a time, gathered courage
and said:
"It is nothing. Unless the pale-face confesses, let the torture of the
squaw go on."
"Oh, heaven!" shrieked the girl, "do you love me and condemn me to
this when a single word would save me?"
Every accent—every glance of her eyes went to his heart far more
keenly and deeper than a knife would have done, but if he failed in a
single point of what he had undertaken, the rest would fall to the
ground. So he kept back his own tears, choked down his grief, and
endeavored to inform the wretched girl, by signs, of his purpose.
Little time, however, was given him. Indeed, before reflection could
come, Olive was dragged along to where a fire-blackened post
stood, bound, and half a hundred pair of hands were busy piling bark
and kindling, and pitchy fagots around her.
His head fell upon his breast. He became as one numbed—helpless
—powerless. Then, again, the screams of the beautiful sufferer rung
upon his ears:
"Darling, I die for you. Oh, God, have mercy."
In an instant he had burst through trammel, piled in a heap those
who would have restrained him, seized a brand from the pile around
his loved one, beating back those who would have opposed, had
Olive again locked fast in his arms! Their lips met once—twice, and
then they were torn apart, and he fettered so that a single motion
was an impossibility.
"Let the hound of a pale-face untie himself now if he can," screamed
the old Medicine, frantic with rage, "and the squaw sing her death-
song."
"My trust is in God," replied Olive, turning her beautiful but pale face
heavenward. "Darling, I pray for you."
"Then let her call upon the Manitou of her people, and see if he will
come. He will not, and we will send her to him in ashes!"
The signal was given to fire the pile, and the warriors sprung
forward, torch in hand. Like demons let loose they danced around,
and as the lurid light flashed into the eyes of the poor girl, and the
hot flames touched her skin, she fainted—sunk limp and would have
fallen, had it not been for her bands. Her lover could not endure the
sight, turned his head, and as he was dragged away, saw the flames
rising, and believed the black smoke was wrapped like a shroud
around his beautiful one—that she had passed from earth in a pillar
of fire!
It was just such an ending as the Indians desired; for, failing to
accomplish their purpose of forcing confession, they would have him
think her dead.

CHAPTER V.
 TEMPTATION.
Unmanned, shaken to the very innermost part of his nature, and faint
both from the stench of the cavern and lack of food and water, the
wretched George Parsons waited the return of the Medicine until
hope gave way entirely to despair.
Then a light broke in upon him; he saw the old trickster enter, take
the poisonous serpents in his hands as if they had been sticks, toss
them back into their dens and close the opening, drive bear and
wildcat out of sight and advance toward him with a most sardonic
smile.
"The pale-face has been well guarded," he said, as if his keepers
had been of the most pleasant kind.
"As I never wish to be again. God only knows what I have suffered. I
expected the snakes would crawl upon me and sting me to death—
expected that every moment would be my last."
"And so it would have been had I not charmed them. But come."
Never did a man get more quickly out of a hateful place. So great
was his anxiety to be beyond the horrors he had endured that it
forced a smile from even the grim lips of the Medicine, as he led him
to a wigwam, where he was treated as a welcome guest might have
been.
Relieved from terror, and with his bodily wants supplied, the first
thought of the renegade was for the girl, her lover and the scout. The
latter he was told had fled like a coward, but swift-footed warriors
had started upon the trail and it was more than probable that his
scalp was even then hanging at their belts. The lover was in
confinement and would die by torture, and the girl he could see at
any time.
That time with him was then!
The sufferings he had undergone, in place of softening his heart and
bringing pity, had made him still more revengeful, and when he was
led into her presence his face was as black as a thunder-cloud.
"Great Heaven!" she exclaimed, instantly surmising the part he had
played in the terrible drama, "you here—miserable traitor?"
"Leave us," he said to the Indians. "I would talk to her alone."
"As the pale-face wills. When he is tired of the squaw the red
warriors would talk to him also."
His request having been complied with, he hissed:
"Traitor? Better that you use soft words, my lady. Do you know that
both yourself and your lover are in my power?"
"But for the love of mercy do not let any harm come to him," and she
flung herself upon her knees and raised her clasped hands to him.
"His life is in your hands."
"And you will help me save it?"
"You can do so."
"How? Tell me how. I will do any thing—give my own for him."
"Let us then be friends."
"I have never felt otherwise toward you."
"Give me your hand."
She laid her little trembling fingers gently within his proffered palm,
and as he drew her nearer to him, he continued:
"Now a kiss, Olive."
"No, no," she murmured, drawing back.
"You are keeping them for your lover," he sneered. "Have you
forgotten that I told you his life was in your hands?"
"No, but—"
"Will you not give me a kiss?"
"If you are a man you would not ask me, knowing what you do."
"Ay, knowing what I do," he replied, bitterly, and fast losing control of
his temper. "This I do know, that you scorned my love and—"
"As God is my judge I was sorry to do so and—"
"As he is my judge you shall be sorry almost unto death that you
ever did. But a kiss I will have."
"Oh! heaven, are you a man or—"
"Beast?" he said, finishing the sentence for her, with a mocking
laugh, and he exerted his superior strength to draw her to him.
Her quickness baffled him. She tore loose, retreated as far as
possible and buried her face in her lap. But it was in vain she did so.
He lifted her up again—held her hands so that she was powerless,
and forcing her to look in his face, continued:
"You must and shall kiss me."
"Never!"
"It is the first move toward friendship."
"Then we shall never be friends."
"Then you are cold-hearted toward Mayo."
"Cold-hearted? God alone knows how I love him."
"And will not give even a kiss to keep him from suffering?"
"He would scorn me—would have a right to do so if I should consent
—did not battle for his honor as well as my own."
"But I love you just as well."
"It can not be. You have plotted my destruction."
"With love turned to hatred and vengeance for the moment, by black
despair, I might have sought to destroy. Now I would save all."
"Can you do so?" she asked, doubtfully.
"Yes—yes."
"Save him—him, as well as me?"
He knew that every word was a lie, but went recklessly on,
determined to carry his point, cost what it might.
"Yes. I can and will save you both—upon one condition—that you will
fly with me."
"Fly with you?" she repeated, slowly, and as if not fully
comprehending. "Fly with you?"
"And be my wife."
"Coward, traitor, fiend!" she exclaimed, struggling with almost
superhuman strength to get free from him. "Your wife? You, the
betrayer of your own race—the murderer of those who trusted you! A
thousand times would the grave be more welcome."
"But you shall, willing or unwilling. And thus I seal the compact."
He drew her still more closely to him and leaned down his face to
kiss, but, in the fierceness of her utter detestation, she struck him
with her little clenched hand upon his mouth until he could not
restrain an expression of pain.
Then, all of restraint was thrown aside, and standing forth in his true
colors, he was revealed before her with every black passion starting
from his face.
"Now, by heaven! you shall be mine, and, as for your lover, he shall
die with red-hot flames around him—die amid the most horrid of
tortures, and even while his screams for mercy are ringing in your
ears, I will clasp you to my heart and take a hundred kisses for every
one you refuse me now."
"Horror!"
"That will be no name for what he shall suffer, and all your tears and
prayers and sorrow shall be of no avail toward his release, but his
horrible groans be sweet music in my ears as well as those of the
Indians."
"Oh, God! spare him. Oh! why has Heaven abandoned him to one
whose heart is flint?"
"You have rightly named it, but you have made it so. It was as wax in
your hands, but you taunted, mocked, and repulsed me. As I loved,
even so can I hate."
"It shall not, must not be. I will appeal to the Indians themselves,"
she replied, wringing her hands in agony. "Even they must be less
brutal than you."
"I have bought you of them," he answered with a smile of gratified
malice. "You are mine, body and soul. Do you hear? body and soul!
My wife you have got to be, and if it will make your future more
happy to have your lover first burned at the stake, why, be it so. But
remember now, as you will have to do in the hereafter, that his life is
in your hands—that you send him to destruction when you might
have saved him even from pain."
"Oh, God! save him—pity me—guide me."
"Think well and decide."
The terrible words almost drove her to distraction. She remembered
with fearful minuteness how the great flames leaped, roared,
danced, circled, and was rapidly giving way, when his hand touched
the naked flesh of her shoulder and she instantly nerved herself, and
with the stony countenance of despair, answered:
"I have decided!"
"How?"
"That I will never be your wife."
"And let your lover perish in the flames?"
"Even that were better than to stain my soul, and I can meet him in
heaven, as pure as now."
"It will be long before you do so! I shall take care that you do not
have an opportunity to lay violent hands upon yourself," and happy
that the words would pierce her heart like a knife, "you will be a wife
without even the ceremony of marriage. Even the miserable apology
the Indians sometimes indulge in shall be denied you."
"Your wife I will never be."
"I swear that you shall."
"And I, before heaven and the holy angels, that I will not. I would
dash my brains out against a stone first."
"We will see whose oath is kept. Now I go to complete the means for
getting rid of your lover. Then I will come and woo you for the last
time."
She sunk upon her knees as he released her, and raised her hands
on high while her thoughts were breathed forth in the most agonizing
prayer. But even as she was doing this—even as he was unfastening
the curtains of the wigwam, an Indian warrior dashed up, waving a
bloody scalp.
"God! Heaven! Mercy!" burst from the lips of the heart-broken girl. "It
is that of—"
She could not finish the sentence, feeling that her lover had been
murdered, and fell senseless to the ground.
"It is that of the scout, thank God!" said Parsons, feeling sure that the
one he stood most in dread of was forever out of the way.

CHAPTER VI.
IN PERIL.
It was a terrible temptation to the scout when he crawled forth from
the wigwam, to endeavor to find some weapon and at once attempt
to inflict condign punishment upon the Indians, for the unprovoked
murders they had been engaged in. But the folly of the proceeding
when their numbers was taken into account, as well as the fact that
the doctor and the beautiful girl were at their mercy, restrained him.
And what next was to be done was very difficult to determine. But
the physician having thrown out a hint during their whispered
conversation, that, if he could secure his medicine-chest, he might
be able to work upon the superstition of the Indians, so as to make
them afraid of him, he at once took the back-track to make an
investigation concerning it.
But, the journey resulted in nothing, save that he gathered the
mangled bodies that had been left to the mercy of the wolves,
scooped out a rude grave, placed them within, covered it with earth
and sod, leveled and stamped it down, and dragging the remnants of
the wagons together, kindled a fire, that would keep away the
animals and obliterate the marks of what he had done.
Then he returned toward the encampment, and began spying around
for something that would be of advantage, and to learn where the girl
was concealed, and to take measures to steal her away, if such a
thing should prove to be possible.
Chance brought him to the vicinity of the cave of the Medicine, at the
very moment when he was releasing the traitor Parsons, and when
the twain had departed, he could not resist the temptation to explore
the bowels of the earth, and learn what it contained. But he very
soon paid the penalty of his folly, and death had laid his iron hand
upon him.
Not being familiar with the locality, and the mysteries contained
within, he stumbled along in the darkness, came suddenly upon the
hissing, snarling wildcat, and as it sprung fiercely toward him, he
leaped to avoid it, and fell directly into the clutches of the huge bear
that had been watching him with open jaws and snapping eyes, and
was instantly imprisoned by its mighty arms!
Had he been possessed of any weapon, even a knife—the battle
would have been short and decisive. But he had nothing save his
naked hands to fight with, and it would have been madness to
attempt such a thing, for the brute was of monstrous size.
"Ef I don't play 'possum I'm a gone sucker," muttered the scout as he
relaxed his muscles, fell to the rocky floor, held his breath, and
remained motionless.
It was a difficult task, however, to remain so, for the bear was moving
him around, and its long sharp claws scratching his flesh, and any
instant his heart might be torn out. A very difficult task indeed, and
nothing but the frontier training and strong self-command of the
scout enabled him to counterfeit death. Yet he did so, until almost
exhausted, and then as a favorable opportunity presented itself, he
rolled swiftly away, and as soon as out of reach, grunted forth, as if
in answer to the astonished and angry brute:
"You hug most mighty clus, that am er fact. Er leetle too much so fer
friendship, and I rayther reckon once will do me fer er lifetime. No, I
shan't fergit yer—shall remember yer at least ontil I git short of meat
and want er roast or er steak."
A few moments given to rest, and he dodged between the watching
animals, and was about to pass out when the hissing of the snakes
(that had been aroused by the noise) caught his ear, and he
stopped, listened and gave vent to his surmises:
"Here's more deviltry. But the old humbug knows what he am erbout,
and keeps a supply of ash leaves on hand. Perhaps I'll come and
see ye ag'in, ladies and gentlemen," making a bow in the direction of
the den, "but I hain't got time now—have rayther pressin' business
on hand." And he went out and carefully closed the opening to the
cave in the same manner as he had found it.
And as he dared not venture near the wigwams until night came, he
crawled into a neighboring thicket through which the trail to a spring
passed, and covering himself with brush and leaves, waited very
anxiously for the darkness.
Very frequently the sound of voices reached his ears, and he learned
enough to satisfy him of the treachery of Parsons, and swore a deep
oath that the scoundrel should suffer for his villainy.
Satisfied that no actual harm had come to either of the prisoners, this
greatly relieved his mind, and gave him patience to wait until the
hour came when he could continue his scout.
It came at last, and fortunately the night was dark and stormy.
Almost with the going down of the sun the clouds had begun to
gather, the wind to blow and the rain to fall, and, knowing that the
Indians would not long remain from under shelter, he watched yet a
little and then drew more near.
An hour passed. Then some brute of an Indian, who had managed to
conceal a portion of the fire-water that had been taken from the
wagons of the emigrants, came staggering along and fell over him—
saw him, and drawing his knife attacked and at the same time
endeavored to give the alarm.
The situation of the scout became desperate. If the noise reached
the wigwams—if the warriors learned that a white man was skulking
so near, there would be no possibility of escape, and if he attempted
to strangle the Indian his knife would not be idle. Indeed, he had
already been slightly wounded.
But there was no time for thought. With a mighty blow he felled his
assailant to the earth, and before he could recover sprung upon him,
falling so that his knees struck full upon his breast and completely
taking away his breath. That accomplished, the rest was easy. He
immediately obtained possession of the knife that had been aimed
against his own life, buried it in the heart of the Indian, left it sticking
there, and, finding that he was quivering in death, coolly turned him
upon his face, arranged him so that it would appear as if his life had
been accidentally taken, and retreated to the opposite side of the
village.
The temptation was very strong to supply himself with weapons, but
he could only gratify it at the expense of the danger of detection, and
was forced to wait a better opportunity.
Driven by the storm, the Indians left the camp-fires early, save the
few who were detailed to watch the male prisoner—the female one
being secured by the attendance of squaws—so that, with the
exception of numerous dogs, the coast was clear, and the scout no
longer hesitated to enter the village, though his movements were of
the most crafty kind.
Fortune was in his favor, for, even as he came near where the
physician was confined, the discovery of the dead Indian was made,
and the guards rushed thither—at least he fancied so—and was
about to enter the wigwam, when two of them, who had been
concealed, sprung upon him, and a desperate struggle ensued. And
very hard would it have been for him had he not been fertile in
expedients. Shaking loose, he dodged between the legs of the
foremost and threw him like a bombshell into the face of the other,
darted to the nearest fire, caught a handful of blazing brands, and
whirled them, as he ran, into the wigwams, causing screams and
dismay, and forcing the majority to stop and put out the flames.
Still a few swift-footed ones followed; the race was rapid, and, to the
scout at least, over unknown ground. But on he dashed until his
progress was suddenly stopped. A wall of rock rose in his path—the
fierce cries of the savages were ringing in his ears like a death-knell
—there was not a single instant for delay. He gave one swift glance
and boldly leaped. At some distance below he had seen a tree, and
calculated to alight in its branches, trusting to luck for what should
follow. He did so, but luck was against him. The impetus was too
great—he whirled entirely over—caught his foot in the forks and
hung suspended between heaven and earth, without the possibility
of release.
The Indians flung over torches and saw his desperate situation—
some watched till the light, saw him still hanging there, and foul birds
fluttering around and picking at him—knew he was dead and carried
the good news to the village.

CHAPTER VII.
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER.
The old Medicine of the Sioux, when he came to reflect upon the
manner in which the prisoner had repeatedly untied himself, was
mystified, and though he determined to have no rival yet he believed
he might learn some things he could turn to account before the white
man was put to death by holding out false ideas of safety and life. To
that end he had the prisoner brought to his wigwam, and to his great
joy he found his chest there and uninjured.
"Is the pale-face a medicine?" asked the red one.
"A little," was the cautious reply.
"And the spirits taught him to untie ropes and set himself free?"
"Yes."
"Do they whisper other things in his ears?"
"Many."
"Will he tell them to his red brother?"
"They are the gift of the great Manitou, the same as in life."
"The life of the pale-face is in the hands of the Medicine of the Sioux.
One word from his lips, and death would follow—another and the
path would be open for him to return to his people. Which shall it be?
What would the pale-face give for freedom?"
"Very much."
"Will he teach the wonders that were whispered to him by the lips of
the departed and the unseen voices of the winds?"
"What he may he will tell."
"It is well. The ears of the red-man are open. He will drink in the
words as the dry ground the warm spring rains. Let the fetters be
taken from his tongue."
"First he must go and bring the skull of one who has long slumbered
in death. It is the only means by which the secrets of the grave and
the other world can be told."
"My brother, for he shall be as a brother to me, will wait?"
"As he now is, even so shall he be found."
With his greatest speed the old trickster departed, and returned after
the lapse of a few minutes with the desired article. But, long before,
the white man had opened the coveted chest and secured several
small bottles and other things about him—things valuable in
chemistry and scientific experiments, but far beyond the
comprehension of the nomadic children of the wilderness. Time also
had been given him to somewhat arrange the plan he intended to
follow, and when the Indian entered with the grinning skull, he held it
for a few moments, then placed it at the further end of the wigwam,
and drew the curtains so as to secure almost total darkness.
"Now," he continued, "let the Medicine of the Sioux look and ask
what he would know."
The Indian turned his eyes upon the skull and shrunk back with a
groan of horror and intense alarm—shrunk back, and had not the
white man held him, would have fled shrieking, for never had his
superstitious mind dreamed of any thing one half as horrible.
Around the fleshless lips—from the long, yellow, rattling teeth—from
the cavernous sockets of the eyes—dropping from the threads of
hair that still clung to the moldering bone, pale blue flames appeared
to creep and dance and drip, and sulphurous fumes to fill the air!
And even as he gazed in terror, out from the hollow skull resounded
the words in echo to those of the white man:
"Let the Medicine speak."
The result would have been just the same if a stone had been
commanded to give utterance to words, for the trickster was beaten,
awed, incapable of either motion or sound. He could not do any thing
more than gasp.
The affrighted victim motioned to his companion to do so for him,
and the physician asked:
"What would the dead?"
"In the dark caverns of the earth where the worm crawls, and the
spotted toad breeds, where bones molder, and the scaly serpent
distills poison—in the far-away country of souls the wish of the red-
man was heard, and we have come at his bidding. Let him answer!"
came in still more startling tones from within the flaming skull.
"You must answer," whispered the doctor. "Must ask what you wish
to know."
Still the old man was dumb—sat with open mouth and staring eyes,
shivering in every limb and vainly endeavoring to command himself.
"Will you not speak?" questioned the voice. "Then pale-face come
hither."
Obey the red-man could not, and the white one stepped forward,
raised the skull, and after holding it for a moment, held it toward the
Medicine, who saw that the unnatural light had faded away, but
reeled back again as from the fleshless lips came the words:
"Coward, you have lost the opportunity to learn wisdom. Take me
back and bury me. Never again will I come at your bidding. But
remember this, and if you dare to disobey me I will come in the red
forked lightning and earth-rocking thunder—remember, the pale-face
must be free."
The Medicine bowed his head, took with trembling hands the ghastly
skull that was held toward him, and with all possible speed restored
it to the earth. But as soon as relieved from what he believed to be
great danger, the humiliation he had passed through in the presence
of the prisoner awoke all his enmity against him, and stopping upon
his way he urged the chiefs to immediately put him to torture.
To that they were more than willing, and as the doctor issued from
the wigwam where he had been amusing himself at the expense of
the old Medicine, he was seized, dragged forward and bound to a
post of torture. But he had no intention to give up life without a
struggle, and the articles he had taken from his chest having
prepared him in a great measure, he believed he could so awe them
that no one would dare to lay violent hands upon him, or at least so
lengthen the time that the scout would be able to come to his relief
and eventually save him.
Acting upon this plan he watched his opportunity, and, with little
difficulty, loosened his bonds so that he could throw them off at any
time, and waited until the fagots were piled around him ready for the
lighting. And, even as the grim old Medicine gave orders for the
consummation of his wishes, the same voice that he had heard in
the wigwam came once more to his ears as if from the bowels of the
earth, and made him tremble again.
"Has the Medicine of the Sioux forgotten," it said, "that I commanded
him to let the prisoner go free?"
"Such is my orders," replied the red liar, shrinking back out of the
circle, though secretly motioning that the torture should continue.
"Then why is it not done?" questioned the voice, and its deep tones
startled even the most hardy of the warriors, while the squaws fled
screaming away.
"Ask of the chiefs. I—I have nothing to do with it."
"Beware! If any harm should come to him, my wrath would fall upon
you as it never has done before."
There was a brief council, and then the great war-chief of the nation
took command, and having heard a garbled story from the Medicine
of what had transpired, and seeing nothing in it to excite particular
terror, especially as the old humbug had intimated that the voice was
his own work, he stepped forward, and striking his broad hand upon
his breast in defiance, exclaimed:
"The great Manitou is ever the friend of the red-man, and when a
pale-face dies his laughter can be heard shaking the hills. It is no
good spirit that would have him go free, but an evil one that wishes
harm to the Sioux."
The speech was received with applause, and those who had
trembled saw in it a solution of the difficulty and became tenfold as
anxious for the torture to begin. But, before the fiendish work could
be commenced, the voice was heard again in contradiction:
"The words of the chief are false. His tongue is traveling a crooked
trail. It is the good spirit—the friend of the nation that speaks. He
would save them from lightning and tempest, the ice and snow, from
famine and the black death."
"Then he can save the pale-face as well!" was the sneering reply.
"He can."
"Let him release him."
"It is done!"