Exercises: Calculus 1

Duong Thanh PHAM

August 9, 2023

1 Functions, Limits and Continuity

1.1 Functions, domains, compositions

Exercise 1.1. Find the domains of the functions.

x √ √
3
(i) f (x) = (iii) f (t) = t+ t
3x − 1
√ √
(iv) g(u) = u+ 4−u
5x + 4 1
(ii) f (x) = (v) h(x) = √
x2 + 3x + 2 − 5x x2
√ √
Exercise 1.2. Which of the following is the domain of the function y = 5 − x + x2 − 2?

(A) {x ≤ 5}
√ √
(B) {− 2 ≤ x ≤ 2}
√ √
(C) {x ≤ − 2 or 2 ≤ x ≤ 5}
√
(D) {x ≥ 5 or x ≤ − 2}
p
Exercise 1.3. Let f (x) = 2014 − cos(x + 1)
(i) Find the domain and the range of f .

(ii) Find functions g, h so that f (x) = g(h(x)), x ∈ (−∞, ∞).

Exercise 1.4. Find the domain of the range of the function
p
h(x) = 4 − x2 .

Exercise 1.5. The graph below (Figure 1) shows a function f with domain [1, 4] and range [0, 2]. Let
g(x) = 2f (x + 1).

(i) State the domain and range of g(x).

(ii) Sketch the graph of g(x).

Exercise 1.6. Find a formula for the inverse of the function

f (x) = x2 + 2x, x ≥ −1.

Exercise 1.7. Determine whether is even, odd, or neither.

1
 Figure 1: This figure is used in Exercise 1.5

x x
(i) (iii) (v) 1 + 3x2 − x4
x2 + 1 x+1
x2
(ii) (iv) x |x| (vi) 1 + 3x3 − x5
x4 + 1

Exercise 1.8. Find an expression for the function whose graph is the given curve.

(i) The line segment joining the points (1, −3) and (5, 7).

(ii) The bottom half of the parabola x + (y − 1)2 = 0.

(iii) The top half of the circle x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4.

(iv) The two functions whose graphs are as in the following picture.

Exercise 1.9. Let C be a circle with radius 2 centred at the point (2, 0).

(i) Write an equation for the circle C.

(ii) Is curve C the graph of a function of x? Explain your answer.

(iii) Write parametric equations to traverse C once, in a clockwise direction, starting from the origin.

Exercise 1.10. Let C be a circle centered at (0, 2) with radius 2. Which of the following is the
parametric equation of C, in the counter-clockwise direction, starting from the point (0, 4)?

(A) x = 2 + 2 cos θ, y = 2 sin θ for θ ∈ [0, 2π],

2
(B) x = 2 cos(θ + π2 ), y = 2 sin(θ + π2 ) for θ ∈ [0, 2π],

(C) x = 2 cos(θ + π2 ), y = 2 + 2 sin(θ + π2 ) for θ ∈ [0, 2π],

(D) x = 2 cos(θ − π2 ), y = 2 + 2 sin(θ − π2 ) for θ ∈ [0, 2π],

Exercise 1.11. Find the curve in the form y = f (x) whose parametric curve is

(x(t), y(t)) = (2t − 4, 3 + t2 ).

1.2 Limits
2x + 1
Exercise 1.12. The limit lim is
x→−2+ x+2
(A) −∞ (B) ∞ (C) 0 (D) undefined

Exercise 1.13. Evaluate the limit √

6−x−2
lim √ .
x→2 3−x−1

4(0.5 + h)4 − 4(0.5)4

Exercise 1.14. What is lim ?
h→0 h
(A) 2 (C) 4
1
(B) (D) the limit does not exist
2

Exercise 1.15. If bxc is the greatest integer that is not greater than x, then lim bxc is
x→ 13

(A) 1 1
(C)
3
(B) 0 (D) the limit does not exist

Exercise 1.16. If bxc is the greatest integer that is not greater than x, then lim bxc is
x→1

(A) 1 (C) 2

(B) 0 (D) the limit does not exist

Exercise 1.17. If dxe is the smallest integer that is not smaller than x, then lim dxe is
x→ 31

3
(A) 1 1
(C)
3
(B) 0 (D) the limit does not exist

Exercise 1.18. If dxe is the smallest integer that is not smaller than x, then lim dxe is
x→1

(A) 1 (C) 2

(B) 0 (D) the limit does not exist

Exercise 1.19. For the function f whose graph is given, state the following.

(i) lim f (x) (iv) lim f (x)

x→2 x→∞

(ii) lim f (x) (v) lim f (x)

x→−1− x→−∞

(iii) lim f (x) (vi) The equations of asymptotes.

x→−1+

Figure 2: This figure is used in Exercise 1.19

Exercise 1.20. Find the following limits:

√    1
√
3x + 4 − x 2 2017 (iii) lim esin x x + sin x.
(i) lim (ii) lim x sin + 2018 x→0+
x→4 x−4 x→0 x

Exercise 1.21. By using the Squeeze Theorem, or otherwise, evaluate the limit

4
 π
(i) limπ (cos x) cos(tan x) (ii) lim (x − π) sin (iii) lim x cos(ln |x|).
x→ 2 x→π x−π x→0

Exercise 1.22. Let 

sin x − 1 if x 6= π/2
f (x) = .
2 if x = π/2
Which of the following statements, I, II, and III, are true?

(I) lim f (x) exists

x→π/2

(II) f (π/2) exists

(III) f is continuous at x = π/2.

(A) only I (C) I and II

(B) only II (D) all of them

x2 − 4x + 3
Exercise 1.23. Let f (x) = . Choose the correct statement:
x−1
(A) lim f (x) = −2
x→1

(B) x = 1 is a vertical asymptote.

(C) lim f (x) = −∞

x→1

(D) f (x) = x − 3 for all x.

Exercise 1.24. (i) A tank contains 5000 L of pure water. Brine that contains 30 g of salt per liter
of water is pumped into the tank at a rate of 25 L/min. Show that the concentration of salt
after t minutes (in grams per liter) is
30t
C(t) = .
200 + t

(ii) What happens to the concentration as t → ∞?

1.3 Continuity

Exercise 1.25. Figure 3 shows the graph of a function f . At which numbers is f discontinuous?
Why?

Exercise 1.26. (i) From the graph of f (see Figure 4), state the numbers at which f is discontinuous
and explain why.

5
 Figure 3: This figure is used in Exercise 1.25

Figure 4: This figure is used in Exercise 1.26

(ii) For each of the numbers stated in part (i), determine whether is continuous from the right, or
from the left, or neither.

Exercise 1.27. From the graph of g (see Figure 5), state the intervals on which g is continuous.

Exercise 1.28. Which of the following is true for the function f (x) given by



 2x − 1 if x < −1

f (x) = x2 + 1 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1



x + 1 if x > 1.

(i) f is continuous everywhere,

6
 Figure 5: This figure is used in Exercise 1.27

(ii) f is continuous everywhere except at x = −1 and x = 1,

(iii) f is continuous everywhere except at x = −1,

(iv) f is continuous everywhere except at x = 1,

(v) None of the above.

Explain your choice in details.

Exercise 1.29. Let 



cos x if x < 0

g(x) = 0 if x = 0


1 − x2

if x > 0.

(i) Explain why g(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

(ii) Sketch the graph of g(x).

Exercise 1.30. Find the value of the constant k so that the function

kx2 if x ≤ 2
f (x) =
x + k if x > 2

is continuous on (−∞, ∞).

Exercise 1.31. The radius of the earth is roughly 4000 miles, and an object located x miles from the
center of the earth weighs w(x) lb, where

ax if 0 < x ≤ 4000
w(x) =
b if x > 4000
x2
and a and b are positive constants.

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 (i) Show that w(x) is continuous on (0; ∞) if and only if
b
a=
40003

(ii) Find any horizontal asymptotes and sketch the graph of w(x).

1.4 The Intermediate Value Theorem

Exercise 1.32. Show that there are two positive real numbers c satisfying
c+1
sin c = .
3

Exercise 1.33. Prove that the equation

ln x = e−x .

has at least one root.

Exercise 1.34. Prove that the equation

84
x2016 + = 119,
1+ x2 + cos2 x
has at least two roots.

Exercise 1.35. Show that the equation

x3 − 2015x2 + 2x + 3 = 0

has three distinct real roots.

Exercise 1.36. Show that the equation

√
x3 − x sin x − 1 = x x + 2

has a real root in the interval [0, 2].

Exercise 1.37. Show that the equation

2012 2013 2014
+ + =0
x − 2012 x − 2013 x − 2014
has two real roots x1 ∈ (2012; 2013) and x2 ∈ (2013; 2014).

Exercise 1.38. If f (x) = x2 + 10 sin x, show that there is a number c such that f (c) = 1000.

Exercise 1.39. Suppose that f is continuous on [1, 5] and the only solutions of the equation f (x) = 6
are 1 and 4. If f (2) = 8, explain why f (3) > 6.

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2 Differentiation
2.1 Definition of derivative

Exercise 2.1. Let 

2x + 1 if x<0
f (x) =
x2 + 1 if x ≥ 0.

(i) Show that f (x) is continuous at x = 0

(ii) Is f (x) differentiable at x = 0? Explain your answer.

(iii) Find
max f (x) and min f (x)
x∈[−3,5] x∈[−3,5]

Exercise 2.2. Consider the function f defined by




 −x + a if x < 0

f (x) = x2 + 1 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1



x − b if x > 1

where a and b are constants.

(i) Find values of a and b such that f is continuous on (−∞, ∞).

(ii) Sketch the graph of f with a and b found in (i). Is f differentiable at x = 1?

Exercise 2.3. Find the values of a and b that make


x2 + 1 if x ≥ 0,
f (x) =
a sin x + b(x + 1) if x < 0,

differentiable everywhere.

Exercise 2.4. Let  1

 if x < −1
x + a


f (x) = if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x


(x − b)2 + 1 if x > 1,


(i) Find the values of a and b such that f (x) is defined and continuous everywhere.

(ii) With the values of a and b found in part (i), find any horizontal asymptotes, and sketch the
graph of f (x).

(iii) Show that f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Exercise 2.5. Show that the function f (x) = |x − 2| is continuous but not differentiable at x = 2.

Exercise 2.6. The graph of f is given. State, with reasons, the numbers at which is not differentiable

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 Figure 6: Exercise 2.6

2.2 Finding Derivatives

2.2.1 Direct differentiation

Exercise 2.7. Find the derivative of r

sin x
f (x) = .
x
Exercise 2.8. Differentiate the function
2
h(x) = e−x sin 2x.
√
Exercise 2.9. Let f (x) = 1 + x3 ; g(x) = e−2x+1 . Evaluate the derivatives f 0 (x), g 0 (x), and
d
(f (g(x))).
dx
Exercise 2.10. Suppose f and g are two differentiable functions on (−∞, ∞) and f (1) = 5, f 0 (1) =
−3, g(1) = 1, g 0 (1) = −1. Find F 0 (1) where

F (x) = f (g(2x − 1)).

Exercise 2.11. Suppose that f (5) = 1, f 0 (5) = 6, g(5) = −3, and g 0 (5) = 2. Find the following
values

(i) (f g)0 (5) (ii) (f /g)0 (5) (iii) (g/f )0 (5)

Exercise 2.12. Suppose that f (2) = −3, g(2) = 4, f 0 (2) = −2, and g 0 (2) = 7. Find h0 (2).

(i) h(x) = 5f (x) − 4g(x) f (x)

(iii) h(x) =
g(x)
g(x)
(ii) h(x) = f (x)g(x) (iv) h(x) =
1 + f (x)

Exercise 2.13. If f (x) = ex g(x), where g(0) = 2 and g 0 (0) = 5, find f 0 (0).

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Exercise 2.14. If h(2) = 4 and h0 (2) = −3, find
 
d h(x)
.
dx x x=2

Exercise 2.15. If f and g are the functions whose graphs are shown, let u(x) = f (x)g(x) and
v(x) = f (x)/g(x).

Figure 7: Exercise 2.15

(i) Find u0 (1) (ii) Find v 0 (5)

Exercise 2.16. If F and G are the functions whose graphs are shown, let P (x) = F (x)G(x) and
Q(x) = F (x)/G(x).

Figure 8: Exercise 2.16

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 (i) Find P 0 (2) (ii) Find Q0 (7)

Exercise 2.17. Find F 0 (1) where F (x) = xf (xf (x)), and f (1) = 1, f 0 (1) = 2.

2.2.2 Tangent Line

Exercise 2.18. (i) Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = g(x) at x = 5 if
g(5) = −3 and g 0 (5) = 4.

(ii) If the tangent line to y = f (x) at (4, 3) passes through the point (0, 2), find f (4) and f 0 (4).
 x+2 
Exercise 2.19. Let f (x) = ln . If the tangent to the graph of f (x) at x = 1 has slope
αx + 3
−1/15, the value of the constant α is:

1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
√
Exercise 2.20. The approximate value of y = 4 + sin x at x = 0.12, obtained from the tangent to
the graph at x = 0, is

(A) 2.00 (B) 2.03 (C) 2.06 (D) 2.12

Exercise 2.21. The radius of a sphere is measured as 3cm with possible error 0.1cm. If we use this
measurement to compute the volume, then the approximation (using differentials) for the maximal
error of the volume is

(A) 11.3 (B) 11.7 (C) 12.1 (D) 33.9

Exercise 2.22. Find the parabola with equation y = ax2 +bx whose tangent line at (1, 1) has equation
y = 3x − 2.

Exercise 2.23. For what values of a and b is the line 2x + y = b tangent to the parabola y = ax2
when x = 2?
√
Exercise 2.24. Find the value of c such that the line y = 32 x + 6 is tangent to the curve y = c x.

2.2.3 Logarithmic differentiation

Exercise 2.25. Let f (x) = (tan x)sin x , 0 < x < π2 . Find f 0 (x).

Exercise 2.26. Let f (x) = xcos x , x > 0. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of f .

Exercise 2.27. Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the function

 ln x
1
y=
x
Exercise 2.28. Find the derivative of y = (sin x)cos x , 0 < x < π.

Exercise 2.29. Let y = (ax)bx where a and b are positive constants. The value of y 0 (1) is:

12
(A) 1 (C) b ln a + b

(B) b ln a + 1 (D) b(ln a + a)

2.2.4 Implicit differentiation

Exercise 2.30. Let

4x2 + 2xy 3 − 5y 2 = 0.

Find dy/dx in terms of x and y.

dy d2 y
Exercise 2.31. Evaluate dx and dx2
at the point (0; −2) on the curve 4x2 + y 2 = 4.

Exercise 2.32. Let g be a differentiable function on (−∞, ∞). Assume that

g(x) + x sin(g(x)) = x2 , x ∈ (−∞, ∞).

Find g 0 (0) and write the equation of the tangent line to the graph of g at the point (0, 0).

Exercise 2.33. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve x3 + y 3 = x − y + 6 at the point
(2, 0).

Exercise 2.34. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve

x sin y + x3 = (x − 1)2 + 1,

at the point (1, 0).

Exercise 2.35. Find the equation of the tangent line to the the graph of

x2 y + y 4 = 4 + 2x

at (−1, 1).

Exercise 2.36. The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola x2 − y 2 = 12 at the point (4, 2) on the
curve is

(A) x + y = 3 (C) y = 2x − 6

(B) y = 2x (D) x + 2y = 6

2.2.5 Derivative of inverse

Exercise 2.37. Let

x9
f (x) =
x8 + 1
and let g be the inverse of f . Find g 0 (1/2).

Exercise 2.38. Let f (x) = x5 + 4x − 8. Find (f −1 )0 (−3).

13
 Figure 9: This figure is used in Exercise 2.39

Exercise 2.39. The figure below (Figure 9) shows the graphs of two piece-wise functions, both having
domain [0, 4]. Evaluate the following, or explain why they do not exist: (f ◦ g)(3), (f ◦ g ◦ g)(3), g −1 (1),
f 0 (3), and (f −1 )0 (3).

Exercise 2.40. This is the graph of f 0 (x). This is the graph of f 0 (x). This is the graph of f 0 (x).
Sorry to keep repeating myself, but you’re going to be really unhappy if you misread the problem.
This is the graph of f 0 (x).

Figure 10: This figure is used in Exercise 2.40

(i) Find f 00 (4). Explain your method.

(ii) Which is larger, f (1) or f (2)? Explain your answer.

14
(iii) Suppose f (−1) = 2. Find (f −1 )0 (2).

2.3 L’Hôpital’s rule

Exercise 2.41. Evaluate the limit √

x−13
lim .
x→1 ln(2x − 1)

Exercise 2.42. Use L’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate the limit

 
(i) lim x(ln x)2 1 1
x→0+ (iii) lim −
x→0+ x sin x
sin x − x cos x ex − 1 − x
(ii) lim (iv) lim
x→0 x2 sin x x→0 x2

Exercise 2.43. Using the L’Hopitals’ rule to find the limit:

lim (tan x)cos x .

x→ π2 −

π x


Exercise 2.44. The limit lim 1 − x is
x→∞

(A) π (B) −π (C) ∞ (D) Does not exist

ln(2 sin x)
Exercise 2.45. Evaluate the limit lim .
x→0 ln(3 tan x)

Exercise 2.46. The limit lim x(ln x)2 is

x→0+

(A) 0 (B) 2e (C) undefined (D) ∞

2.4 Maximum and minimum

Exercise 2.47. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum (if any) of f (x) = 5 − (x + 2)4/5
on (−∞, ∞).

Exercise 2.48. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of the function
12
f (x) = 20 − 3x − , x ∈ [2, 4].
x
Exercise 2.49. Find the maximum value and the minimum value of the function

f (x) = x1/2 − x3/2 , x ∈ [0, 4].

Exercise 2.50. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f on the given interval
x
f (x) = , x ∈ [0, 2].
x2 +1
Exercise 2.51. The absolute minimum value and absolute maximum value of the function f (x) =
10x
on [0, 2] are, respectively
1 + x2

15
(A) 0 and 5 (C) −5 and 5

(B) 0 and 4 (D) −5 and 4

Exercise 2.52. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the following function:
x
f (x) = , x ∈ [0, 2].
x2 +1
Exercise 2.53. A student wants to draw a rectangle inscribed in a semicircle of radius 8. If one side
must be on the semicircle’s diameter, what is the area of the largest rectangle that the student can
draw?
x2 y 2
Exercise 2.54. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse + = 1.
16 9
Exercise 2.55. A population of animals is infected with a disease. After t days, the percentage of
t
the population infected is modelled by the function p(t) = 8t e− 12 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 60. Find the maximum
value of p and the time at which it occurs.

Exercise 2.56. The concentration of a drug t hours after being injected into the arm of a patient is
given by
0.5t
C(t) = , t ≥ 0.
t2 + 0.81
When does the maximum concentration occur?

Exercise 2.57. A university campus suffers an outbreak of an infectious disease. The percentage
of students infected by the disease after t days can be modelled by the function p(t) = 5te−0.1t for
0 ≤ t ≤ 30. After how many days is the percentage of students infected a maximum?

(A) After 30 days (C) After 20 days

(B) After 5 days (D) After 10 days

Exercise 2.58. The population of a bacterial colony t hours after the introduction of a toxin is
estimated by
15t2 + 10
P (t) = (millions).
t3 + 6
When does the largest population occur? What is the largest population?

Exercise 2.59. A lake polluted by bacteria is treated with an antibacterial chemical. After t days,
the number of bacteria per milliliter of water can be modelled by the function
 
t t
N (t) = 32 − 2 ln for 1 ≤ t ≤ 15.
4 5

On this time period, find the maximum and minimum values of N and the times at which they occur.

Exercise 2.60. The isosceles triangle shown above (Figure 11) has height AQ of length 3 and base
BC of length 2. A point P is placed along the line segment AQ. What is the minimum value of the
sum of the distances from P to A, P to B, and P to C?

16
 Figure 11: This figure is used in Exercise 2.60

4
Exercise 2.61. On the curve y = x + , the point (2, 4) is
x
(A) both a local minimum and an absolute minimum

(B) an absolute minimum but not a local minimum

(C) a local minimum but not an absolute minimum

(D) neither a local minimum nor an absolute minimum

Exercise 2.62. A cylinder is generated by rotating a rectangle about one of its edges. The perimeter
of the rectangle is 30 cm. To obtain a cylinder of maximum volume, what dimensions should the
rectangle have?
x2 y 2
Exercise 2.63. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse + = 1.
9 4

17
 y
w2 h2
9 + 4 =1
2

w 3 x

Exercise 2.64. Two vertical poles (one is of 10m length and the other is of 5m) and stay 10m away
from each other (see the figure). Find the point M on the ground between the two poles so that the
sum of distances from M to the two high endpoints of the two poles attains its minimum value.

B
`1
10m

`2
5m

C D
x M
10 − x

√
Hint: We want to find absolute minimum of the function `(x) = `1 (x)+`2 (x), where `1 (x) = x2 + 100
p
and `2 (x) = (10 − x)2 + 25 due to the Pythagorean Formula.

Exercise 2.65. Find the points on the ellipse 4x2 + y 2 = 4 that are farthest away from the point
(1, 0).

18
 y

)
,y
y

(x
(1, 0)
x x

Hint: If the point (x, y) lies on the ellipse then we have 4x2 + y 2 = 4. The distance between the two
points (x, y) and (1, 0) is given by
p
d= (x − 1)2 + y 2 .

2.5 Proving inequality by the Mean value theorem

Exercise 2.66. Show that

ln x < x ∀x > 0.

Exercise 2.67. Show that

√ 1
1+h<1+ h ∀h > 0.
2
u
Exercise 2.68. Show that e ≥ 1 + u for all u ≥ 0.

Exercise 2.69. Show that

ex < 1 + xex ∀x > 0.

Exercise 2.70. Use the mean value theorem to prove that

1 √ √ √ 1
√ + x< 1+x< x+ √ , x > 0.
2 1+x 2 x

2.6 Others

Exercise 2.71. The figure shows the graphs of f , f 0 , and f 00 . Identify each curve, and explain your
choices.

Exercise 2.72. The figure shows the graphs of three functions. One is the position function of a car,
one is the velocity of the car, and one is its acceleration. Identify each curve, and explain your choices.

Exercise 2.73. At x = 1 the curve y = x5 − 3x3 + 1 is

19
 Figure 12: Exercise 2.71

Figure 13: Exercise 2.72

(A) increasing and concave down (C) increasing and concave up

(B) decreasing and concave down (D) decreasing and concave up

Exercise 2.74. Let f (x) = x2/3 (6 − x)1/3 . Then

(A) x = 0 is a critical point of f but f does not attain any extreme value at this point,

(B) x = 0 is not a critical point of f but f attains a local maximum at this point,

(C) x = 0 is a critical point of f and f attains a local minimum at this point

(D) x = 0 is not a critical point of f but f attains a local minimum at this point

Exercise 2.75. Assume f is twice differentiable on [0, 1] such that f (0) ≤ 0, f (1) ≤ 0, and f 00 (x) ≥ 0
for all x ∈ (0, 1). Show that f (x) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ (0, 1).

20
Exercise 2.76. The formula below gives the value V of a truck (in dollars) at time t years after the
truck was purchased. Find V 0 (2) and interpret its practical meaning.
32000
V (t) = .
1 + 0.3t + 0.1t2
Exercise 2.77. A particle is moving along an x-axis. Its x-coordinate (in meters) at time t seconds
is given by
x(t) = t3 − 3t + 1, t≥0:

(i) Find the velocity of the particle at time t.

(ii) When is the particle at rest?

(iii) Find the total distance traveled by the particle during the first 3 seconds.

Exercise 2.78. The equation of motion of a particle is s = t3 − 3t, where s is in meters and t is in
seconds. Find

(i) the velocity and acceleration as functions of t,

(ii) the acceleration after 2s, and

(iii) the acceleration when the velocity is 0.

Exercise 2.79. A particle is moving such that its height h at time t is given by h(t) = 13 t3 −4t2 +15t+3.
At which time is the particle moving downwards?

(A) t = 1 (B) t = 4 (C) t = 6 (D) t = 10

Exercise 2.80. The median weight of a boy whose age is between 0 and 36 months can be approxi-
mated by the function
w(t) = 8.15 + 1.82t − 0.0596t2 + 0.000758t3 ,

where t is meansured in months and w is meansured in pounds.

Use this approximation to find the following for a boy with median weight:

(a) The rate of change of weight with respect to time.

(b) The weight of the baby at age 10 months.

(c) The rate of change of the baby’s weight with respect to time at age 10 months.

Exercise 2.81. Suppose f is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable on (1, 2). Show that if

f (2)
f (1) − = 0,
2
then there is a c ∈ (1, 2) such that
cf 0 (c) = f (c).

21
Exercise 2.82. Suppose f is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on (0, 1). Assume that

f (0) < f (1) and f (x) + f 0 (x) < 2017 ∀x ∈ (0, 1).

Prove that
f (x) < 2017 ∀x ∈ (0, 1).

Exercise 2.83. The acceleration due to gravity, g, at a height of x kilometers above the surface of
the earth can be modeled by the function
 2
R
g(x) = g0
R+x

where g0 and R are constants, g0 being the acceleration at the earth’s surface and R the radius of the
earth.

(i) Find the linearization of g(x) about x = 0.

(ii) Use the linearization to approximate g at a height of 120 km, taking g0 = 9 : 81 m/s2 and
R = 6370 km.

Exercise 2.84. The graph shows the velocity function v of a moving particle. If at time t = 0 the
particle is at the origin, at which time is it furthest from the origin?

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

Figure 14: This figure is used in Exercise 2.84

Exercise 2.85. Suppose that a car moves on a straight line, with its position from a starting point
(in feet) at time t (in second) given by:

s(t) = t3 − 2t2 − 7t + 9.

When does the car move forward? When does it move backward?

(A) backward on [0, 7] and forward on [7, +∞)

(B) forward on (0, 7/3) and then backward

22
(C) backward on (−1, 7/3) and forward on (7/3, +∞)

(D) backward during the first 7/3 seconds and then forward

Exercise 2.86. A man launches his boat from point A on a bank of a straight river, 3 km wide, and
wants to reach point B, 8 km downstream on the opposite bank, as quickly as possible. He could
proceed in any of three ways (see Figure 15):

(a) Row his boat directly across the river to point C and then run to B

(b) Row directly to B

(c) Row to some point D between C and B and then run to B.

If he can row 6 km/h and run 8 km/h, where should he land to reach B as soon as possible?

Figure 15: This figure is used in Exercise 2.86

Exercise 2.87. The height (in feet) of an object projected up into the sky is

h(t) = −16t2 + at,

where t is the time after projection measured in seconds and a is a constant. Suppose an object was
projected at t = 0 and dropped down on the ground at t = 3 (three seconds after projection).

(i) Find the number a.

(ii) Find the greatest height that the object has achieved.

(iii) What is the falling speed of the object when it hit the ground?

23
Exercise 2.88. Patrick throws a tomato straight up into the air. The height y of the tomato at time
t is given by
y(t) = −16t2 + 20t + 6 (Units are meters and seconds).

(i) Compute the average velocity of the tomato between t = 0.9 and t = 1.

(ii) Find the maximum height reached by the tomato.

Exercise 2.89. A sphere of radius r has volume V = 34 πr3 and circumference C = 2πr.

(i) Find an equation for the volume V as a function of the circumference C

(ii) A sphere is measured to have circumference 56 cm with a possible error of 0.5 cm. Use differentials
to estimate the maximum possible error in the calculated volume of the sphere. Also find the
percentage error.

Exercise 2.90. The cost (in dollars) of producing units of a certain commodity is C(x) = 5000 +
10x + 0.052 .

(i) Find the average rate of change of C with respect to x when the production level is changed

• from x = 100 to x = 105

• from x = 100 to x = 101

(ii) Find the instantaneous rate of change of C with respect to x when x = 100. (This is called the
marginal cost).

Exercise 2.91. Use Newton’s method to find, correct to three decimal places, the root of the equation
cos x = x.
Hint: You may need to use the following iterative formula:
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn − .
f 0 (xn )
Exercise 2.92. Plant scientists observe that for a certain type of tree, the growth rate r(t), in
centimeters per year, can be modeled by the function
120
r(t) = 15 + , 1≤t≤5
t4
where t is the age of the tree in years. During the second year of its life the tree will grow by

500
(A) 27 ≈ 18.5 cm (C) 40 cm

(B) 25 cm (D) 50 cm

Exercise 2.93. A company sells a new model of computer graphic card at the price of $1300 − 0.5x
where x is the number of graphic cards manufactured per day. The parts for each card cost $360. The
labor and overhead for running the plant cost $2900 per day. How many graphic cards should the
company manufacture and sell per day to maximize their profit?
Knowing that, Profit = Revenue Cost , and Revenue = Number of products × Product price.

24
2.7 Related rates

Exercise 2.94. Two cars start moving at the same point. One travels south at 25 km/h and the
other travels east at 60 km/h. At what rate is the distance between the cars increasing two hours
later?

Exercise 2.95. A balloon is being filled with helium at the rate of 4 cm3 /min. The rate, in square
32π
cm per minute, at which the surface area is increasing when the volume is cm3 is
3
(A) 4π (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1

Exercise 2.96. Two carts, A and B, are connected by a rope 28 meters long that passes over a pulley
P (see the figure below, Figure 16). The point Q is on the floor 12 meters directly beneath P . Cart A
is being pulled away from Q at a speed of 7 m/s. How fast is cart B moving towards Q at the instant
when cart A is 5 m from Q?

Figure 16: This figure is used in Exercise 2.96

Exercise 2.97. A balloon is being filled with helium at the rate of 4 cm3 /min. The rate, in square
32π
cm per minute, at which the surface area is increasing when the volume is cm3 is
3
(A) 4π (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1

Exercise 2.98. Two ships are sailing along straight-line courses that intersect at right angles. Ship
A is approaching the intersection point at a speed of 20 knots (nautical miles per hour). Ship B is
approaching the intersection at 15 knots. At what rate is the distance between the ships changing
when A is 5 nautical miles from the intersection point and B is 12 nautical miles from the intersection
point?

25
2.8 Fermat’s, Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorems

Exercise 2.99. Suppose that f (0) = −3 and f 0 (x) ≤ 5 for all values of x. How large can f (2) possibly
be?

Exercise 2.100. Verify that the function satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on the
given interval. Then find all numbers c that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem.

(i) f (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 5, [−1, 1]

(ii) f (x) = x3 + x − 1, [0, 2]

(iii) f (x) = e−2x , [0, 3]

x
(iv) f (x) = x+2 , [1, 4]

Exercise 2.101. Let f (x) = (x−3)−2 . Show that there is no value of c in (1, 4) such that f (4)−f (1) =
f 0 (c)(4 − 1). Why does this not contradict the Mean Value Theorem?

Exercise 2.102. Let f (x) = 2 − |2x − 1|. Show that there is no value of c such that f (3) − f (1) =
f 0 (c)(3 − 0). Why does this not contradict the Mean Value Theorem?

Exercise 2.103. Show that the equation 1 + 2x + x3 + 4x5 = 0 has exactly one real root.

Exercise 2.104. Show that the equation 2x − 1 − sin x = 0 has exactly one real root.

Exercise 2.105. Show that the equation x3 − 15x + c = 0 has at most one root in the interval [−2, 2].

Exercise 2.106. Show that the equation x4 + 4x + c = 0 has at most two real roots.

Exercise 2.107. (i) Show that a polynomial of degree 3 has at most three real roots.

(ii) Show that a polynomial of degree n has at most n real roots.

Exercise 2.108. (i) Suppose that f is differentiable on R and has two roots. Show that f 0 has at
least one root.

(ii) Suppose f is twice differentiable on R and has three roots. Show that f 00 has at least one real
root.

(iii) Can you generalize parts (i) and (ii)?

Exercise 2.109. If f (1) = 10 and f 0 (x) ≥ 2 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, how small can f (4) possibly be?

Exercise 2.110. Suppose that 3 ≤ f 0 (x) ≤ 5 for all values of x. Show that

18 ≤ f (8) − f (2) ≤ 30.

Exercise 2.111. Does there exist a function f such that f (0) = −1, f (2) = 4, and f 0 (x) ≤ 2 for all
x?

26
Exercise 2.112. Suppose that f and g are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Suppose
also that f (a) = g(a) and f 0 (x) < g 0 (x) for a < x < b. Prove that f (b) < g(b). [Hint: Apply the Mean
Value Theorem to the function h = f − g.]

Exercise 2.113. Suppose is an odd function and is differentiable everywhere. Prove that for every
positive number b, there exists a number c in (−b, b) such that f 0 (c) = f (b)/b.

Exercise 2.114. Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove the inequality

|sin a − sin b| ≤ |a − b| ∀a, b.

Exercise 2.115. A number a is called a fixed point of a function f if f (a) = a. Prove that if f 0 (x) 6= 1
for all real numbers x, then f has at most one fixed point.

3 Integration
3.1 Integration techniques
Z
x
Exercise 3.1. Evaluate the integral √ dx
1 + x2
Z 1
Exercise 3.2. The value of ex sin(ex ) dx is
0

(A) sin e − sin 1 (C) sin e

(B) sin 1 (D) 0

Z 2 Z 1
Exercise 3.3. (i) x ln x dx (ii) x2 ex dx
1 0
Z 2
Exercise 3.4. The value of ln(3x) dx is
1

(A) −1 (C) ln 3 − 1

(B) ln(12) − 1 (D) 0

Z 2
ln x
Exercise 3.5. The value of dx
1 x2
√
1 1 1 ln 2 2
(A) (B) ln (C) − (D) ln
2 2 2 2 2

Exercise 3.6. Given the the table that shows the values of f, f 0 , g, g 0 at x = 0 and x = 1:

27
 x 0 1
f(x) 2 4
f’(x) 6 -3
g(x) -4 3
g’(x) 2 -1

Z 1 R1
If f 0 (x)g(x) = 5, then 0 f (x)g 0 (x)dx equals
0

(A) −14 (B) −2 (C) 7 (D) 15

Exercise 3.7. Evaluate the integrals

√ Z
sin x 5 − cos x
Z
(i) dx (iii) (sin x + 8) cos3 x dx
2
(sin x)3
Z
(ii) dx
cos x + 2
Z π/2 p
Exercise 3.8. The value of sin x cos x 1 + sin2 x dx is
0
√ √
1 3 3
(A) − (C) −1
2 2 2
√
2 1 √
(B) (D) (2 2 − 1)
2 3

Z
Exercise 3.9. The indefinite integral (sin(2x) + cos(2x))dx equals

1 1
(A) cos(2x) + sin(2x)
2 2
1 1
(B) − cos(2x) + sin(2x)
2 2
(C) 2 cos(2x) − 2 sin(2x) + C
1 1
(D) − cos(2x) + sin(2x) + C
2 2
Exercise 3.10. Evaluate the integral:
3
x−8
Z
dx.
2 3x2 + 2x − 8

Exercise 3.11. In the partial fraction decomposition

1 A B
= + ,
x2 + 2x − 3 x−1 x+3
what is the value of B?

28
 1 1 (C) 4 1
(A) (B) − (D)
4 4 2

4
−x − 12
Z
Exercise 3.12. The value of dx is
3 (x + 5)(x − 2)
9 (B) ln 9 3 (D) ln 32
(A) ln (C) ln
32 32

Exercise 3.13. Evaluate the following integrals

Z ln 2
e2t
dt.
0 e2t + 3et + 2
abc
Z
dx
Exercise 3.14. Evaluate the integral √ .
x2 9 − x2
Z 1
dx
Exercise 3.15. The value of √ dx is
0 (x2 + 1) x2 + 1
√
1 π 1 2
(A) √ − 1 (B) (C) √ (D)
2 2 2 2 3π

Exercise 3.16. Evaluate Z 1p

t4 + t6 dt.
0
Z 1
Exercise 3.17. Evaluate the integrals (1 + t3 )dt.
−1

3.2 Improper integrals

Exercise 3.18. Z ∞
(x + 1)e−2x dx.
0
Exercise 3.19. Evaluate Z ∞
2 +1
xe−x dx.
0
Exercise 3.20. Show that the following improper integral converges, determine its value.
Z ∞
(2x − 1)e−x .
0
1
Exercise 3.21. Find the area under the curve y = from x = 0 to x = ∞.
(x + 2)2
Exercise 3.22. Evaluate Z 2e
1
dx √
e x ln x − 1
Exercise 3.23. Show that the following improper integral converges
Z ∞
arctan x
dx.
0 (1 + x2 )2017
Z 2
8
Exercise 3.24. The integral 3
dx is
−1 x

29
(A) 3 (B) −5 (C) 20 (D) divergent

Exercise 3.25. In probability theory, the mean of the standard normal distribution is
Z ∞
1 2
µ= √ x e−x /2 dx.
2π −∞
Evaluate µ.

Exercise 3.26. Let R be the region between the graph of f (x) = e−2x and the x-axis for x ≥ 3. The
area of R is

1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) −
2e6 e6 e6 2e6
Z ∞
dx
Exercise 3.27. The value of is
1 x5
1 (B) undefined 1 (D) ∞
(A) (C)
5 4
Answer: C

Z 2
dx
Exercise 3.28. The value of √ is
1 x−1
(A) ∞ (B) undefined 1 (D) 2
(C)
2

Answer: D

3.3 Fundamental theorems of Calculus

Exercise 3.29. Find a function y = f (x) such that

Z x
sin x
f (t)dt = 2 for all x.
0 x +1
Exercise 3.30. Find a continuous function f (x) and a number a > 0 such that
Z x
16 + t2 f (t) dt = x4
a
for all values of x.
(Hint: Differentiate both sides with respect to x.)

Exercise 3.31. Find a continuous function f (x) on (−∞, ∞) such that

Z 2017x
ex
f (t)dt = 2 − 1, ∀x ∈ (−∞, ∞).
0 x +1

Z 2x+1 p
Exercise 3.32. Let F (x) = t2 + 2t + 5dt. Find F 0 (x).
x
Z πx √
Exercise 3.33. Given F (x) = t + sin t dt, the value of F 0 (1) is
1

30
 √ √
(A) π (C) π π
√ √
(B) π−1 (D) π( π − 1)

Z x3 p
Exercise 3.34. Let F (x) = t4 + 1dt. Find F 0 (x).
x2
√
Exercise 3.35. If f 0 (x) = 2x − 3 x and f (0) = 3, the value of f (1) is

(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) − 12

Exercise 3.36. Given f 00 (x) = 12x2 + ex , f 0 (0) = 4 and f (0) = 1, find f (x).

(A) f (x) = x4 + ex + 3x (C) f (x) = x4 + ex − 3

(B) f (x) = 4x3 + ex + 3 (D) f (x) = x4 + ex + 4x + 1

Exercise 3.37. An electronics factory uses a certain rare metal. The metal is used up at a rate
r(t) = 2e0.04t tons per year, where t is time in years. At time t = 0 the factory has a reserve of 40
tons. How long will it take for the factory to use up this reserve?

Exercise 3.38. A particle moves along a straight line and its velocity at time t is given by v(t) =
2t + cos 2t. If its initial position is s(0) = 1, then its position at t = T is

1
(A) s (T ) = T 2 − sin (2T ) + 1
2
1
(B) s (T ) = T 2 + sin (2T ) + 1
2
(C) s (T ) = T 2 − 2 sin (2T ) + 1

(D) s (T ) = T 2 + 2 sin (2T ) + 1

Exercise 3.39. An oil storage tank cracks at time t = 0 and oil leaks from the tank at a rate of
r(t) = e−0.1t liters per minute. How much oil leaks out during the first ten minutes?

(A) 10 liters 10
(C) 10 + liters
e
10 1
(B) 10 − liters (D) 1 − liters
e e

Exercise 3.40. Assume that f (1) = 10 and f 0 (x) ≥ 2 for all values of x ∈ [1, 4]. Which of the
following statements must be true?

31
(A) f (4) < 25 (C) f (4) ≤ 18

(B) f (4) ≥ 16 (D) f (4) ≤ 12

Z x
cos(t2 )dt
0
Exercise 3.41. Evaluate lim
x→0 x
Z x
cos(πt2 )dt
0
Exercise 3.42. The limit lim is
x→0 x
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) −1 (D) ∞
R0 √
x2 1 + t3 dt
Exercise 3.43. The limit lim . is
x→0 x2
(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) ∞ (D) Does not exist

3.4 Average value of a function, Areas, volumes, arc lengths

1
Exercise 3.44. The average value of the function f (x) = on [0, 1] is
1 + x2
1 3 1 π
(A) (B) (C) ln 2 (D)
2 4 2 4

Exercise 3.45. A cup of hot tea with initial temperature 90o C is placed in a room where the
temperature is 25o C. According to Newton’s Law of Cooling, the temperature of the tea after t
minutes is
t
T (t) = 25 + 65e− 50 .

Evaluate the average temperature of the tea during the first hour.
(Hint: The average value of a continuous function f on [a, b] is defined to be the number
1
Rb
b−a a f (x)dx.)

Exercise 3.46. Consider the region A bounded by the curves y = x2 − 1 and the line y = 3x − 3.

(a) Find the area of A.

(b) Find volume of the solid obtained by rotating A about the x-axis.

Exercise 3.47. Let G be the region enclosed by the the curves y = x3/2 , x = 0, x = 4 and y = 0.

(a) Find the area of of the region G.

(b) Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region G about the x-axis.

(c) Find the circumference of the region G.

32
Exercise 3.48. A torus (a donut-shaped solid) is generated by rotating a circle of radius 2 cm about
an axis 5 cm from the center of the circle, as shown in the figures below (Figure 17). Find the volume
of the torus. Z b
[Hint: Use the method of cylindrical shells, V = 2πxf (x) dx].
a

Figure 17: This figure is used in Exercise 3.48

Exercise 3.49. Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x2 − 2x and y = x + 4.

√
Exercise 3.50. Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x3 and y = x.

Exercise 3.51. Determine the area of the region bounded by y = 4x + 3, y = 6 − x − 2x2 .

Exercise 3.52. Consider the region R bounded by the curves y = 5 − x2 and y = 4x2 .

(i) Find the area of R.

(ii) Find volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis.

Exercise 3.53. Let R be the region enclosed by y = 12 − x2 and y = |x|.

(i) Sketch the region R.

(ii) Find the area of R.

4
Exercise 3.54. Let G be the region enclosed by the curves y = x and y = 5 − x

(i) Find the area of the region G.

(ii) Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region G about the x-axis.

Exercise 3.55. Find the area of the region S enclosed by y = x and y = 5x − x2 .

Exercise 3.56. A city’s water storage tank is in the shape of the solid of revolution generated by
rotating the region under the graph of
r
x2
f (x) = 20 1 −
302
from x = −30 to x = 30m about the x-axis. What is the volume of this tank?
√
Exercise 3.57. The region bounded by the curves y = x, x = 0 and y = 1 is revolved around
the x-axis. The volume of the solid generated is given by which integral?

33
 R1 R1 √
(A) π 0 x dx (C) π 0 x(1 − x) dx
R1 R1 √
(B) π 0 (1 − x) dx (D) π 0 (1 − x)2 dx

Exercise 3.58. Which integral represents the volume of the solid generated when the region under
the curve y = cos x on [0, π/2] is rotated about the y-axis?
R π/2 R π/2
(A) π 0 cos x dx (C) 2π 0 x cos x dx
R1 Rπ
(B) 2π 0 cos x dx (D) π 0 sin2 x dx

3.5 Others

Exercise 3.59. Let f be a continuous and decreasing function on [0, 1]. Show that
Z 1/2
1 1
Z
f (x)dx ≥ f (x)dx.
0 2 0
Exercise 3.60. The demand function for a certain type of seed is
500
p(x) = .
(3x + 4)2
Find the consumer surplus when the production level x is 2 units.
(Hint: The demand function is p(x), where p is price and x is production level. The consumer surplus
RX
at production level X is defined as 0 [p(x) − P ]dx where P = p(X).)

Exercise 3.61. (a) Show that

p
1≤ 1 + x3 ≤ 1 + x3 for all 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

(b) Show that

Z 1p
5
1≤ 1 + x3 dx ≤ .
0 4
Exercise 3.62. Use the Midpoint Rule by dividing the interval [0, 1] into 5 equal subintervals to
evaluate the integral Z 1p
1 + x3 dx.
0

Exercise 3.63. By using the Simpson rule and dividing the interval [0, 1] into 6 equal subintervals,
approximate the integral Z 3√
1 + x dx.
0
(Give your answer correct to at least 3 decimal places.)
How many subintervals should we use if we want to guarantee that the error will be less than 10−4 ?

Exercise 3.64. The expression

r r r !
1 1 2 50
+ + ··· +
50 50 50 50

is the Riemann sum approximation for

34
 R1p x 1
R1p x
(A) 0 50 dx (C) 50 0 50 dx
R1√ 1
R1√
(B) 0 x dx (D) 50 0 x dx

Exercise
Z 6 3.65. For the function f shown in the figure, the approximate value of the integral
f (x) dx found using six rectangles of equal width and right hand endpoints is
0

Figure 18: This figure is used in Exercise 3.65

(A) 19 (B) 20 (C) 21 (D) 23.

Z 1 Z 1
Exercise 3.66. If f (1) = 3 and f (x)dx = 2, then the value of xf 0 (x)dx is
0 0

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 1

35