CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Community development is a crucial aspect of societal growth and progress. It encompasses

various dimensions, including healthcare, education, economic empowerment, and infrastructure

development. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) have been instrumental in promoting

community development, empowerment, and sustainability in Nigeria, particularly in Gombe

State (UNDP, 2019). The concept of CBOs can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s, when

community development programs were introduced in Nigeria (Adegbite, 2004). These programs

aimed to promote self-reliance, community participation, and sustainable development (FGN,

2017). Over the years, CBOs have evolved to address various community needs and priorities,

including healthcare, education, economic empowerment, environmental conservation, and

human rights (UNICEF, 2018). In Gombe State, CBOs have been actively involved in promoting

community development, empowerment, and sustainability, despite facing numerous challenges

(Gombe State Government, 2020).

The importance of CBOs in Nigeria and Gombe State cannot be overstated. They have been

recognized as key players in promoting community development, empowerment, and

sustainability (NPC, 2018). The Nigerian government has acknowledged the role of CBOs in

achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has established policies and programs

to support their activities (FGN, 2017). Community-Based Organizations (CBOS) have been

instrumental in addressing various community development challenges, including poverty,

healthcare, education and infrastructure (Oluwatayo, 2018).

In recent years, Community-Based Organizations (CBOS) have emerged as key players in

promoting community development. CBOS are grassroots organizations that operate at the local
level, focusing on specific needs and priorities of the community. Community-based

organizations (CBOs) have been recognized as vital partners in community development efforts

globally (UNDP, 2019). Community-based organizations (CBOs) play an important and relevant

role in providing services at the local level. They work in a variety of different fields, such as

education, health, the rights of the disabled, gender issues, etc. Wise management of the

organization can contribute significantly to ensuring the effectiveness of the work that it does

(Marta and Geyer, 2006). Gombe State, in particular, has a rich history of community

development initiatives, with CBOs playing a crucial in implementing these initiatives (Gombe

State Government, 2020). Community-Based Organizations (CBOS) have been instrumental in

promoting community development in Gombe LGA, Gombe State. Community-Based

Organizations CBOs have been actively involved in promoting community development,

empowerment, and sustainability. For instance, the Gombe State Community Health Workers

Association (GHWA) has improved healthcare outcomes in rural communities (GHWA, 2020),

while the Gombe State Women's Development Association (GWDA) has empowered women

through vocational training and microfinance initiatives (GWDA, 2020).

Despite their benefits, CBOs in Nigeria and Gombe State face numerous challenges, including

limited funding and resources, inadequate infrastructure and equipment, poor capacity and skills

among members, political and bureaucratic interference, and cultural and religious barriers

(UNDP, 2019). These challenges have hindered the effectiveness and sustainability of CBOs in

the state (NPC, 2018).

This project assesses the effect of CBOS on community development in healthcare, education,

economic empowerment, and infrastructure development.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite their potential, CBOS face numerous challenges in delivering effective community

development programs. Limited resources, inadequate capacity, and lack of support from

stakeholders hinder their impact. Moreover, there is a dearth of research on the effectiveness of

CBOS in promoting community development, particularly in Gombe LGA, Gombe State.

1.3 Research Questions

i. What is the impact of CBOS on healthcare in Gombe LGA?

ii. How effective are CBOS in improving education outcomes in Gombe LGA?

iii. What role do CBOS play in economic empowerment in Gombe LGA?

iv. How do CBOS contribute to infrastructure development in Gombe LGA?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

i. To assess the impact of CBOS on healthcare in Gombe LGA.

ii. To evaluate the effectiveness of CBOS in improving education outcomes in Gombe

LGA.

iii. To examine the role of CBOS in economic empowerment in Gombe LGA.

iv. To determine the contribution of CBOS to infrastructure development in Gombe LGA.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of CBOS in promoting

community development in Gombe LGA. The findings will inform policy and practice,

enhancing the capacity of CBOS to deliver impactful programs. The study will also contribute to

the existing literature on community development and CBOS.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study will focus on Gombe LGA, Gombe State, and will only consider CBOS that have been

operational for at least two years. The study will not cover all aspects of community

development but will focus on healthcare, education, economic empowerment, and infrastructure

development.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter reviews the existing literature on Community Based Organizations (CBOS) and

their impact on community development, with a focus on healthcare, education, job creation, and

infrastructure development.

2.1 Overview of Community Development

Community development is a process that aims to improve the quality of life of community

members (United Nations, 2018). It encompasses various dimensions, including social,

economic, political, and environmental (World Bank, 2019). The United Nations defines

community development broadly as "a process where community members come together to

take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." and the International

Association for Community Development defines it as both a practice based profession and an

academic discipline. Following the adoption of the IACD definition in 2016, the association has

gone on to produce International Standards for Community Development Practice. The values

and ethos that should underpin practice can be expressed as: Commitment to rights, solidarity,

democracy, equality, environmental and social justice. The purpose of community development

is understood by IACD as being to work with communities to achieve participative democracy,

sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice. This practice

is carried out by people in different roles and contexts, including people explicitly called

professional community workers (and people taking on essentially the same role but with a

different job title), together with professionals in other occupations ranging from social work,

adult education, youth work, health disciplines, environmental education, local economic
development, to urban planning, regeneration, architecture and more who seek to apply

community development values and adopt community development methods. Community

development practice also encompasses a range of occupational settings and levels from

development roles working with communities, through to managerial and strategic community

planning roles.

The Community Development Challenge report, which was produced by a working party

comprising leading UK organizations in the field including the (now defunct) Community

Development Foundation, the (now defunct) Community Development Exchange and the (now

defunct) Federation for Community Development Learning defines community development as:

A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty and disadvantage,

knitting society together at the grass roots and deepening democracy. There is a community

development profession, defined by national occupational standards and a body of theory and

experience going back the best part of a century. There are active citizens who use community

development techniques on a voluntary basis, and there are also other professions and agencies

which use a community development approach or some aspects of it.

Community Development Exchange defines community development as: both an occupation

(such as a community development worker in a local authority) and a way of working with

communities. Its key purpose is to build communities based on justice, equality and mutual

respect. Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary people

and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their

lives. It starts from the principle that within any community there is a wealth of knowledge and

experience which, if used in creative ways, can be channeled into collective action to achieve the

communities' desired goals.

Community development practitioners work alongside people in communities to help build

relationships with key people and organizations and to identify common concerns. They create

opportunities for: the community to learn new skills and, by enabling people to act together,

community development practitioners help to foster social inclusion and equality.

2.2 Community-based organizations (CBO)

Community-based organizations are non-profit, non-governmental, or charitable organizations

that represent community needs and work to help them. CBOs may be associated with a

particular area of concern or segment of the community. Community organization or community

based organization refers to organization aimed at making desired improvements to a

community's social health, well-being, and overall functioning. Community organization occurs

in geographically, psychosocially, culturally, spiritually, and digitally bounded communities.

Community organization includes community work, community projects, community

development, community empowerment, community building, and community mobilization. It is

a commonly used model for organizing community within community projects, neighborhoods,

organizations, voluntary associations, localities, and social networks, which may operate as ways

to mobilize around geography, shared space, shared experience, interest, need, and/or concern.

The United Nations in 1955 considered community organization as complementary to

community development. The United Nations assumed that community development is operative

in marginalized communities and community organization is operative in areas in where levels

of living are relatively high and social services relatively well developed, but in where a greater

degree of integration and community initiative is recognized as desirable. In 1955, Murray G.

Ross defined community organization as a process by which a community identifies its needs or
objectives, orders (or ranks) these needs or objectives, develops the confidence and will to work

at these needs or objectives, finds the resources (internal and/or external) to deal with these needs

or objectives, takes action in respect to them, and in so doing, extends and develops co-operative

and collaborative attitudes and practices within the community.

In 1921, Eduard C. Lindeman defined community organization as "that phase of social

organization which constitutes a conscious effort on the part of a community to control its affairs

democratically and to secure the highest services from its specialists, organizations, agencies,

and institutions by means of recognized interrelations. In 1925, Walter W. Pettit stated that

"Community organization is perhaps best defined as assisting a group of people to recognize

their common needs and helping them to meet these needs.

In 1940, Russell H. Kurtz defined community organization as "a process dealing primarily with

program relationships and thus to be distinguished in its social work setting from those other

basic processes, such as casework and group work. Those relationships of agency to agency, of

agency to community and of community to agency reach in all directions from any focal point in

the social work picture. Community organization may be thought of as the process by which

these relationships are initiated, altered or terminated to meet changing conditions, and it is thus

basic to all social work..."

In 1947, Wayne McMillen defined community organization as "in its generic sense in

deliberately directed effort to assist groups in attaining unity of purpose and action. It is

practiced, though often without recognition of its character, wherever the objective is to achieve

or maintain a pooling of the talents and resources of two or more groups in behalf of either

general or specific objectives. In 1954, C. F. McNeil said "Community organization for social

welfare is the process by which the people of community, as individual citizens or as

representatives of groups, join together to determine social welfare needs, plan ways of meeting

then and mobilise the necessary resource.

In 1967, Murray G. Ross defined community organization as a process by which a community

identifies needs or objectives, takes action, and through this process, develops cooperative and

collaborative attitudes and practices within a community. In 1975, Kramer and Specht stated

"Community organization refers to various methods of intervention whereby a professional

change agent helps a community action system composed of individuals, groups, or

organizations to engage in planned collective action in order to deal with special problems within

the democratic system of values."

2.3 Role of Community-Based Organizations (CBOS) in Community Development

Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) play a vital role in promoting community

development, empowerment, and sustainability in Nigeria, particularly in Gombe State.

Community-Based Organizations CBOS are grassroots organizations that operate at the local

level, focusing on specific needs and priorities of the community (USAID, 2020). They play a

crucial role in community development, including:

i. Identifying community needs and priorities (Oxfam, 2019)

ii. Designing and implementing programs to address these needs (UNICEF, 2018)

iii. Mobilizing resources and support from stakeholders (World Health Organization, 2019)

iv. Empowering community members to take ownership of development initiatives

(ActionAid, 2018)

Community-Based Organizations CBOs in Nigeria and Gombe State assume various roles that

address specific community needs and priorities. These roles include community development

and empowerment, healthcare services, economic empowerment and poverty reduction,

environmental conservation and management, and human rights and advocacy. For instance, the

Gombe State Community Health Workers Association (GHWA) provides primary healthcare

services to rural communities, while the Gombe State Women's Development Association

(GWDA) empowers women through vocational training and microfinance initiatives.

2.3.1 Benefits of CBOs

The benefits of CBOs in Nigeria and Gombe State are numerous. They improve

community engagement and participation, enhance service delivery and accessibility,

increase community capacity and skills, promote community ownership and

sustainability, and address specific community needs and concerns. For example, the

GHWA has improved healthcare outcomes in rural communities, while the GWDA has

increased economic empowerment among women.

2.3.2 Challenges facing CBOs

Despite their benefits, CBOs in Nigeria and Gombe State face numerous challenges.

These include limited funding and resources, inadequate infrastructure and equipment,

poor capacity and skills among members, political and bureaucratic interference, and

cultural and religious barriers. For instance, the GHWA faces challenges in accessing

funding and resources, while the GWDA encounters difficulties in scaling up its

programs due to limited infrastructure and equipment.

2.3.3 Structure of CBOs

CBOs in Nigeria and Gombe State have various structures, including youth groups,

women's organizations, community development associations, and cooperatives. These

organizations have governance structures, leadership, and decision-making processes that

 ensure community participation and ownership. For example, the GHWA has a board of

trustees and a management team that oversees its programs and services.

2.3.4 Impact of CBOS on Healthcare

Studies have shown that CBOS can improve healthcare outcomes in communities. For

example:

i. A study in Nigeria found that CBOS-led health programs resulted in a 25% increase

in vaccination coverage (Sreelatha et al., 2020).

ii. A study in Kenya found that CBOS-led health programs resulted in a 30% reduction

in infant mortality rates (Odhiambo et al., 2019).

2.3.5 Impact of CBOS on Education

CBOS can also improve education outcomes in communities. For example:

i. A study in Ghana found that CBOS-led education programs resulted in a 20%

increase in enrollment rates (Adu-Gyamfi et al., 2020).

ii. A study in Tanzania found that CBOS-led education programs resulted in a 25%

improvement in academic performance (Mwanga et al., 2019).

2.3.6 Impact of CBOS on Economic Empowerment

CBOS can also promote economic empowerment in communities. For example:

i. A study in Uganda found that CBOS-led economic empowerment programs resulted

in a 30% increase in income (Kiconco et al., 2020).

ii. A study in Rwanda found that CBOS-led economic empowerment programs resulted

in a 25% increase in job creation (Mugisha et al., 2019).

 2.3.7 Impact of CBOS on Infrastructure Development

CBOS can also contribute to infrastructure development in communities. For example:

i. A study in South Africa found that CBOS-led infrastructure development programs

resulted in the construction of 10 km of roads (Moyo et al., 2020).

ii. A study in India found that CBOS-led infrastructure development programs resulted

in the construction of 500 households with improved water supply (Reddy et al.,

2019).

2.4 Theoretical Frameworks

2.4.1 Community Development Theory (CDT) (Kenny, 2011): CDT posits that

community development occurs through a process of collective action, where

community members work together to identify and address their needs. CBOS are

seen as key players in this process, facilitating community engagement and

mobilization.

2.4.2 Social Capital Theory (SCT) (Putnam, 1993): SCT emphasizes the importance of

social relationships and networks in building community capacity. CBOS are seen as

hubs for social capital, fostering trust, cooperation, and reciprocity among community

members.

2.4.3 Capacity Building Theory (CBT) (Honadle, 1981): CBT focuses on the

development of skills, knowledge, and resources within communities. CBOS are seen

as capacity builders, enhancing community capabilities and empowering community

members to take ownership of their development.

3.5 Empirical Studies

Smith et al. (2019): This study found that CBOS-led health initiatives resulted in significant

improvements in healthcare outcomes, including increased access to healthcare services and

improved health knowledge among community members. Jones et al. (2020): This study

highlighted the critical role of CBOS in addressing healthcare disparities in urban slums, where

CBOS-led initiatives improved access to healthcare services and reduced health inequities. Lee

et al. (2018): This study demonstrated that CBOS-led educational initiatives resulted in improved

educational outcomes, including increased enrollment rates and better academic performance

among disadvantaged community members. Patel et al. (2019): This study showed that CBOS

played a vital role in improving access to education in rural areas, where CBOS-led initiatives

increased school enrollment and retention rates.

Community Participation in land Resources Conservation and Management: This study examines

the extent of community participation in land resources conservation and management in Gombe

State, Nigeria. The research reveals a low level of community participation, especially among

women, and identifies factors such as poverty, inadequate conservation facilities, partisan

politics, and lack of motivations as hindrances to participation. (Umar et al., 2015) Conservation

and Management of Natural Resources: This study investigates the role of CBOs in the

conservation and management of natural resources in Nigeria. The research highlights the

importance of CBOs in promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation, and

recommends strategies for enhancing their effectiveness. (Owaiye, 2013). Community-Based

Natural Resource Management: This study examines the effectiveness of community-based

natural resource management approaches in Nigeria. The research emphasizes the need for

community participation and involvement in natural resource management and highlights the
role of CBOs in promoting sustainable development. (Darkoh, 2011). Environmental

Conservation and Sustainable Development: This study investigates the role of CBOs in

environmental conservation and sustainable development in Nigeria. The research highlights the

importance of CBOs in promoting environmental conservation and sustainable development, and

recommends strategies for enhancing their effectiveness. (UNEP, 2013).

Civil Society Organizations and Environmental Governance: This study examines the role of

civil society organizations, including CBOs, in environmental governance in Nigeria. The

research highlights the importance of CBOs in promoting environmental governance and

recommends strategies for enhancing their effectiveness. (Igugu, 2015). Community

Development and Empowerment: This study investigates the role of CBOs in community

development and empowerment in Nigeria. The research highlights the importance of CBOs in

promoting community development and empowerment, and recommends strategies for

enhancing their effectiveness. (Adegbite, 2004). Sustainable Development and Environmental

Conservation: This study examines the role of CBOs in sustainable development and

environmental conservation in Nigeria. The research highlights the importance of CBOs in

promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation, and recommends strategies

for enhancing their effectiveness. (FGN, 2017). Community-based organizations (CBOs) have

been recognized as key players in promoting community development, empowerment, and

sustainability in Nigeria (UNDP, 2019). In Gombe State, CBOs have been actively involved in

promoting community development, empowerment, and sustainability, despite facing numerous

challenges (Gombe State Government, 2020).

Several studies have examined the roles and impact of CBOs in Nigeria. For instance, Adegbite

(2004) examined the role of CBOs in community development and empowerment in Nigeria,
while Owaiye (2013) investigated the role of CBOs in conservation and management of natural

resources in Nigeria. Similarly, Umar et al. (2015) examined community participation in land

resources conservation and management in Gombe State, Nigeria.

These studies have highlighted the importance of CBOs in promoting community development,

empowerment, and sustainability in Nigeria. However, they have also identified several

challenges facing CBOs, including limited funding and resources, inadequate infrastructure and

equipment, poor capacity and skills among members, political and bureaucratic interference, and

cultural and religious barriers (UNDP, 2019).

In Gombe State, CBOs have been involved in various activities, including healthcare, education,

economic empowerment, environmental conservation, and human rights (Gombe State

Government, 2020). However, there is a need for more research on the specific roles and impact

of CBOs in Gombe State, particularly in the context of community development, empowerment,

and sustainability.

2.6 Gaps in Current Research and Literature

Despite the evidence on the impact of CBOS on community development, there are gaps in

current research and literature. For example:

i. Limited studies have explored the impact of CBOS on community development in

Gombe LGA, Gombe State (Adeyemi et al., 2020).

ii. Limited studies have examined the effectiveness of CBOS in promoting community

development in Nigeria (Ezeh et al., 2019)..

This literature review highlights the importance of CBOS in community development and

identifies gaps in current research and literature. The study will address these gaps by exploring

the impact of CBOS on community development in Gombe LGA, Gombe State.

 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative

data (Creswell, 2014). The study used a cross-sectional design, collecting data at a single point in

time (Bryman, 2016).

3.2 Study Area and Population

The study was conducted in Gombe LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. The population of interest was

community members, CBOS staff, and stakeholders (Government of Gombe State, 2020).

3.3 Sample Size and Selection

A total of 400 participants were selected using a stratified sampling technique (Bryman, 2016).

The sample consisted of:

i. 200 community members

ii. 100 CBOS staff

iii. 50 stakeholders

3.4 Data Collection Methods

3.4.1 Surveys (questionnaires): A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data

from community members and CBOS staff. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended

questions and was pilot-tested before the actual data collection.

3.4.2 Interviews (in-depth and focus groups): Semi-structured interview guides were

developed to collect data from stakeholders and CBOS staff. The interviews were audio

recorded and transcribed verbatim.

 3.4.3 Focus groups: Focus group discussions were conducted with community members

and CBOS staff to gather qualitative data.

3.4.4 Observations: Observations were conducted to gather data on the physical

infrastructure and resources available in the communities.

3.5 Data Analysis Methods

Data was analyzed using:

3.5.1 Descriptive statistics: Frequencies, means, and standard deviations were used to

summarize the data.

3.5.2 Inferential statistics: T-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis were used to test

hypotheses and examine relationships between variables.

3.5.3 Thematic analysis: Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis, which

involved identifying, coding, and categorizing themes and subthemes.

 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS/ RESULT

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the findings of the study, including the demographic characteristics of the

participants, survey results, interview results, and focus group results.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics

The demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1, which includes

information about their gender, age, education level, and other relevant characteristics.

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Participants

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

GENDER

MALE 150 37.5%

FEMALE 250 62.5%

AGE

18-24 50 12.5%

25-34 100 25%

35-44 150 37.5%

45-54 50 12.5%

55+ 50 12.5%

EDUCATION

PRIMARY 50 12.5%

SECONDRY 100 25%

TERTIARY 150 37.5%

POSTGRADUATE 50 12.5%
4.2 Survey Results

The survey results are presented in Table 2, which shows the mean and standard deviation of the

responses to the survey questions. The survey questions were designed to assess the impact of

CBOS on healthcare, education, economic empowerment, and infrastructure development in the

community.

Table 2: Survey Results

STATEMENT MEAN (AVERAGE) STANDARD DEVIATION

CBOs have improve 4.2 1.1

healthcare in our organization

CBOs have improve 4.1 1.2

Education in our organization

CBOs have empowered 4.3 1.0

women in our organization

CBOs have improve 4.0 1.3

infrastructure in our
organization

Mean (Average): 4.2: This suggests that, on average, respondents agreed that CBOs have

improved healthcare in their organization, with 4.2 likely representing a level of agreement on a

scale (e.g., 1-5, where 1 is "Strongly Disagree" and 5 is "Strongly Agree"). Standard Deviation

(SD): 1.1: This indicates the amount of variation in the responses. A standard deviation of 1.1

suggests that most respondents' answers were within a range of 3.1 to 5.3 (i.e., within one

standard deviation from the mean). This suggests a relatively moderate level of agreement

among respondents. In summary, this statistical summary suggests that respondents generally

agree that CBOs have improved healthcare in their organization, with a moderate level of

variation in their responses. Community based organization CBOS have improved healthcare in
our organization: Strongly Agreed: 30-40%, Agreed: 40-50%, Not Agreed: 10-20% and Strongly

Not Agreed: 5-10%

Mean (Average): 4.1: This suggests that, on average, respondents agreed that CBOs have

improved education in their organization, with 4.1 likely representing a level of agreement on a

scale (e.g., 1-5, where 1 is "Strongly Disagree" and 5 is "Strongly Agree"). The mean is slightly

lower than in the previous response, indicating a slightly lower level of agreement. Standard

Deviation (SD): 1.2: This indicates a slightly higher level of variation in the responses compared

to the previous response. A standard deviation of 1.2 suggests that most respondents' answers

were within a range of 2.9 to 5.3 (i.e., within one standard deviation from the mean). This

suggests a relatively moderate to high level of variation in opinions among respondents. In

summary, this statistical summary suggests that respondents generally agree that CBOs have

improved education in their organization, but with a slightly lower level of agreement and a

higher level of variation in opinions compared to the previous response. Community based

organization CBOS have improved Education in our organization: Strongly Agreed: 25-35%,

Agreed: 40-50%, Not Agreed: 15-25% and Strongly Not Agreed: 5-15%.

Mean (Average): 4.3: This suggests that, on average, respondents strongly agree that Community

Based Organizations (CBOs) have empowered women in their organization. The mean is higher

than in the previous two responses, indicating a higher level of agreement. Standard Deviation

(SD): 1.0: This indicates a relatively low level of variation in the responses. A standard deviation

of 1.0 suggests that most respondents' answers were within a range of 3.3 to 5.3 (i.e., within one

standard deviation from the mean). This suggests a relatively high level of consensus among

respondents. In summary, this statistical summary suggests that respondents overwhelmingly

agree that CBOs have empowered women in their organization, with a high level of consensus
and a relatively low level of variation in opinions. Community based organization CBOS have

empowered women in our organization: Strongly, Agreed: 40-50%, Agreed: 40-50%, Not

Agreed: 5-15% and Strongly Not Agreed: 0-5%.

Mean (Average): 4.0: This suggests that, on average, respondents agree that Community Based

Organizations (CBOs) have improved infrastructure in their organization. The mean is slightly

lower than in the previous response, indicating a slightly lower level of agreement. Standard

Deviation (SD): 1.3: This indicates a relatively high level of variation in the responses. A

standard deviation of 1.3 suggests that most respondents' answers were within a range of 2.7 to

5.3 (i.e., within one standard deviation from the mean). This suggests a relatively high level of

diversity in opinions among respondents. In summary, this statistical summary suggests that

respondents generally agree that CBOs have improved infrastructure in their organization, but

with a slightly lower level of agreement and a higher level of variation in opinions compared to

the previous response. Some respondents may have differing opinions on the impact of CBOs on

infrastructure. Community based organization CBOS have improved infrastructure in our

organization: Strongly Agreed: 20-30%, Agreed: 40-50%, Not Agreed: 20-30% and Strongly

Not Agreed: 5-15%.

4.3 Interview Results

The interview results are presented in Table 3, which shows the frequency of themes that

emerged from the interviews. The interviews were conducted with stakeholders and CBOS staff

to gather more in-depth information about their experiences and perceptions of CBOS.
The interview results are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Interview Results

THEME FREQUENCY

HEALTHCARE 20

EDUCATION 18

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 22

INFRASTRUCTURE 20

4.4 Focus Group Results

The focus group results are presented in Table 4, which shows the frequency of themes that

emerged from the focus groups. The focus groups were conducted with community members to

gather more information about their perceptions of CBOS and their impact on the community.

The focus group results are presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Focus Group Results

THEME FREQUENCY

HEALTHCARE 15

EDUCATION 12

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 18

INFRASTRUCTURE 15

4.5 Data Analysis

The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and thematic analysis.

Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, inferential statistics were used to test

hypotheses, and thematic analysis was used to identify themes and patterns in the data.
4.6 Findings

The findings of the study indicate that CBOS have had a positive impact on healthcare,

education, economic empowerment, and infrastructure development in the community. The

study also found that CBOS have empowered women and improved the overall well-being of

community members.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

5.2 Summary of Findings

The study found that Community-Based Organizations (CBOS) have a positive impact on

community development in Gombe LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. The findings indicate that

CBOS have improved healthcare, education, economic empowerment, and infrastructure

development in the community.

5.3 Implications of the Study

The study's findings have implications for policy and practice. The study suggests that CBOS

should be supported and scaled up to reach more communities. The study also suggests that

policymakers and practitioners should consider the role of CBOS in community development.

5.4 Limitations of the Study

The study had some limitations. The study was conducted in only one LGA in Gombe State, and

the findings may not be generalizable to other LGAs or states. The study also relied on self-

reported data, which may be subject to bias.

5.5 Recommendations for Future Research

The study recommends that future research should be conducted to validate the findings of this

study. Future research should also explore the impact of CBOS on other aspects of community

development, such as environmental sustainability and social cohesion.

5.6 Conclusion

In conclusion, the study found that CBOS have a positive impact on community development in

Gombe LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. The study's findings have implications for policy and

practice, and suggest that CBOS should be supported and scaled up to reach more communities.
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