2:14PM 0.4KB/sZ © Met aa saat vmeasit At tle ; (Fundamental Consens of Geopraniy nara ee Sn CORES AL Gey aphy and its Branches) (31) tet ah afer tamer (Fundamental Concepts of Geography) a ean arg at aera cee Fe et alin ote 1. ae aa eee : Ses Hie is aie iors ea a Pet soyitt ae coma irra eee a ie ee ear. See Semone tora acn een Rewmanen or re gs (Sher ch) ase ast Bera afr ai fara Sra’ apzer ero far: a astecs wontea Bhar Brett tentont & atarin sarat 1 a Fret (basins) at (Hydrosphere) acca wera, APT ‘Rafe (situation) am a onrereeey he ay ara ars a Fears eat sgt ear rg a wr pe er ah zat Yue Sl 1 ene ema: tr ee Al 1) ea Fea see Tear ire (3) as a fa ea na Feat (Geometrical Location) ita ay xray at seat vot Eire de ec aera er ort sae rr oer uy sata Backrah prerrait aL ae Ah ote git wet Be a aT Sh eg ney Bf arars aoa ee © etl at A en a soon) weet & 3A as arat Beever ee oot Hata ATT ME revere, ater, Het oer, ave peat amr rt 90% enter aT | Seattle Frater ot see puerta setter eT aT BL ie seater ic, rapendnntiie y aqrat (local time) 2% sig Botere (tater ee creerqut viel Be ager VAR SL AT vert owrety Spree coy earth wren €h BAT) RATATAT Hearg var) & ya att reer re ot ee ETB NE ST a reat 81 (2) sepa Fafa (Natural Situation) —Ere wergrt, verant, wad. sedt, axrre outs ay atch Frente wat iran Fatt wea 21 wegtas fate oer Heer Fae i age ars eT TET % errs UT BH At ceardt aon weenfom, ciepises ate rare agnait ut RAT nerdiita featr, avrtter feat, dete eater, yrrenite frafe, vada frata, fiers Faia, cedt aera Feat, aroma Peer ams gees Sere ca) 3) aiterar critters feais (Relative or Geographical Situation) 81 1, weer ZA ne an ent aetna Ferra we Tee ee U1 FE ‘ situation), Heda at atric feafer (peripheral aA %, Fe— airs Rafe (central wa 2 ‘or marginal situation), aiafias feafa (strategic situation) ome 3. gee ait tear x (Concept of Landscape) . aggyr wee Ei we Poet Ger a aT A é gat oe fort gen Sees eat Sa aT quanefant, tee, wer ger sete ES, Tar, Sra, Je, WA, AK, AAAS Se a goa ard cea ay cept at ar BU ea ae a ra Gr “< qrar %—(1) wef ERT (physical landscape) ae C) aigias AGRE (cultural Ce tandscape) | ee (1) atefer yg24 (Physical landseape)—aIgiaa ata ENT falta agea oT srgfice get are ret 81 wd, tare, Hara, 3a ura, wets We, eee BVa, eA ae, qe fares, Be, get, we wae ay anf wrpirar cqva % Seer Bi : j _ aiepiras ygea (Cultural landscape) Aa SUT fafaa ar deifaa Gera ake epee ea | PAPE TE, TT, ATE, Het, TTT, Us SA) aaa q cad (et, Baer, WR anfe), aT, Beater, Faeroe onfe-ateplies cezea 2 Tee we Gq Hl Saha praqacdt Suse! (landschatt) wt uae een aa jeg eer ee ay ee a 54 eer Se eh 8 Sree ws Fi a eae S89 oS a Mt ag seat 3 ain fear ear Bi erdgitt 3 ferar & fi angie weit qaiterrer ‘ osenn aa geter meen ewer Sen soe y FART IE ot LAR Meer ere wet nw tf a ¢a d airiferes fast a gftart ar fren #1 Set sre geh ‘Morphology of Frogger weber ge AeA % CHEAT eat FEM (region) sqean a aren spa ote Mrepierss YaVa oT a 4 angen Hepes wet ay eae ere Sh seg erent Tee aN MTA, GGL AT TT AAT 8) ( Bat a ren Gat a yay el es TE ts Se at & ued gaa a feet ar aaa | aTeTS A Tepe YRLA sony ae ene ee # | RAT AT ATA eet LM ygeg ®t Haat 6 Fe anh ear we & wae STS Br Ferg FO OA nya a tue q it re ar fae aie St TAT SHE eT ATTA goa ar ae i Seat gu, ar Be Fea, renee TGR AT TAT Raia = spe cpes Bapt wea Hare fet cfs MET A eRe Ne SET reba ferent an Prean are fer gee at ante Fa ah anle (arr) & & fawar sega giao ere era weer aqgya gat dat eee aan 1 meee EN, TET AY ATES ST ATT ST sie wa 8 Sei B fae Sen or gy fee a aac” faaasiien (Fram) at Hee i faves far & 1 sa% Stare agua atte asaga wes eit ait wiratet aia er a a a pa aT sit SIT See cert er rar ore eet ae aide a We yt #1! SE Sa yi qa Ah siege Fern ar array erat, Sef, SMe wa Sara ged Haat F iets piri argent Sa eet + of ata fers at Aare SH ATCT ah ote mere Baers et rel A ee 3 rrr "eT a Pers ET Faararoit wear enter a fae aa Great weve i fae, ri aire Aes peot 5 aterm rere “Fata Prat & saa cointeras fergeanor at sitar Hreeaget rar & ates spite Ht eT dh earaiae & fra-fira wat omit B 1 1950 F fafeRr sii 7 Laeg wr a ate i SA ufearar eet Tae a tet ae aa GST aa & faker aqua gal & eee ar aol ara eI” fosararafiena ae k Pe sham eal—saree, serary, sere, He Tt See, ee aa an rae fewer tre Fr rah Be seh ak aes ar ety are PT ep Se eB weal SH Se eT aera atce afte ape sretharestt efecto Bioqek a ae Te eT aT rare art & | yoatt ae oprrerer ta =etTeATS anf arerart % | earetts faara Ht sanfiea ery atett atfgert ® atte amet feat ar orara @/ ovary afte ar oe AT, aT, ate wet aT Te sf fata ate sonrfren Parerar ret orelt B 1 fesger @ ferret sveant i} fara-farer wenre aT Seta cart caret fat i aarere sic -sehea Bi otefern Ferra na are 8 | Haat rece afte este wre aa | Myre Fa ATT A ATI, ji rameters et ret | wen severe are ye, rary abe er eg eB meme a Se acat Cert) A Tet EL se ofeaven sez -atdt wnat ae en ser aoe ets Tet ATCT edt afte octagen oveit adie arizona & | arse apie ett gy array oft fateeranget @ : aitfear aatacot sive ager 3 er ee arelt stafeeat 3 | fees caterer aire ureter Stat aft abate fererar sreatiew ah iret, ata Ty ater Perea aor ela earsrtere | gettfere fereet a fare weet ci Spree, cnt monitors are, me, ee, A, Sel, sae, FTE OF pig ante H ate farsa site Perera aa at fretdt 5 5 camiae & Pra fara aa 21 fag oF eae reat A oft Preegeia geil at ago af aeggart (similarity) 3 arare we seat a Prete fener tar & State Festa = fagaaor a ax at fafa waz ee 21 ara atte fatérencor at frat (Areal differentiation) ar areataran xd aearet Goat F stax ar eter Tet stew aa St fafagat (Areal diversity) 4112 Sonnet ait HaeraT (Concept of Seale) spite & aria yest dat & fats wart wat Adi an araras frat are S BE SE arate ae eféra far star 2) a wart 3 ae at git ser fore Ba ar weet oH ta SneRTe (dere) at aoertt ait wera a ater oe wate fase sree | ATTA sar ANT aE ord? afte geet F Rear ovat 21 wens grat at gee At wes HET SH Tae Fae sigue we at ay arelt Sat a rarer atari aes € faren Sua git, aT, BT, anceare arnfee oft are 25 fore fener carat 2.1 aves safest ae gh sit Sacer At ATT fram, sett ait strergaaen ttt arafea ox fardt a fargait at eft ate yact at set (india) Sei fergatt & ate sg mnt) et Be {ofa oaeeC BALE (1 rare es (2) tar art ait (3) wagts faa ot fare Bh) gem ser at are Tee sem TAL aT ee em sete Feet are ser oe fe 8 | on Eta a "TET HT (Linear scale orcostristive ele) rd af =A A a| ae var wan efor far aret 81 G) wets fea or vicki fire ae‘Siiiferen fret oar sfererer -presentative Fraction or R. F scale) fara 21 gftat & arama at arereer Pera are wel qat ¢ HA 1/50, 1/1000, 1/50,000 ate | at sig Hea 1 Sar e Vit sig aa ee “ eit aan aires garg HBA rates 97 tae at ararere: aif sani aval ondt @ allies rates & wer ae a8 % maa 2 vt dri-adt at art Bl araroneh Hae or at ora ara BL ret & qe yer wa sa ae ara AT (Simple scale), aaa HM al scale), HHA Haft ar wag HTT (Time scale or Time-distance scale), qertare art (Comparative scale), ata ATA (Square root scale), HAHA ANAT (Cube root scale), afta HUH (Vernier scale) amife | oat arifar oe welt ane a ene a arene ge sa arava: ait Borat ay omrta Tat stat BA. ae ATH (Large scale), 2. Her HTH (Medium scale), 31% 3. oy apeii (Small scale) (1) aed Beet Harr yee ae aa a aang ser eee aret B | et zaz, TH, sate, dealtel, seme ante at vefire aer & fore geq ANT sayaa Bid BI waRha fir 1/50, 1/500, 1/1000 arf gaa erator | (2) many Aneta yaitT enn ata a weyit a fem fae arar 31 gash far 1/50,000, 1/28000 aif sae Serer & | eacrepfees arate set ATE Ue aa sa EI (3) ag aret geet ® feat aed yes Sa sends or eeget faye at selore ae & fer saad edt &1 sesh Fira 1/5,000,000, 1/10,000,000, 1/20,000,000 gaze ZET=s EA feel arifers way oy Tafa at art a fer sagad AM aT Bare aT saa Alar 81 ged gare F aor we wr & stron aire raters faator Be aatea ar ana HY ze at 2 | Aa (sree) & ogee wean at dit gee ait FY anita fear ater $1. Ge ‘wauI (Macro region) S12 werd, HeIAMTL, Hereet anf%, 2. qet Weer (Meso region) Sat TH orepret Ser ar eet, AN 3. GY VM (Micro region) TI BAUS, wee, ATE, ANT omfg seciertia * far geq stu at ela wel & few ag ae sik ay vara ea * & fee geq aeett a say Pear oat 1 tere oranda wher we Aref & fear aT wad Bi arafas ae gen weal at walina at Bg geq at site xaet amit at feet fire org art sagan Brett Bi _/ 6. 3a Sener a ATR Aa HRT (Concept of Region or Regional Concept) ‘ivifera: oraz ait @} ara fait aera fair sire wren fer gaa sree we eh spite wh savas spiter (Systematic geography) sity wafarar spite (Regional geography) st ail 4 fersraa frat sire @ 1 sat wa gotta gang gen & fares srania fais raat ary sifestem| (unique or similar character) Wt SMe €| sre Fats safacremit 3s arto ae Sea Spat H Fea aed e | Wea weet a stents Feral aes ar aa A ara tT » corel @ farwrory 2 feet ive smear we feat gt aan aarrar ar areeean ard ort, 2 we a steers aPPafetet Fe rat gt wane a eer at Rergqa ga weer a J for Got €) artfret qritcrter sto eaten 3 ara & fos wear A aie a fawat ar ol garerit (topios) a area Fara Ira 8 SA RA snes we Mea ar attest fea aT eT |ot geal) great et wivfer a a at b) one sible a sen eee A A TERT ETE rx 8 te a ee 2 ft, veer mere 21 a Te alee f ns i cy aT HA Bh ST WIE FET agen Pare seer (Multip! faafore: Regn ar aT (Compage) | gh arora & atte Te seat ge a Tet Fe eT ES EAL wat Fe an eng et ot mT. oh TET HTT cari St TET eT, Fe ceca er afew rT TET ST ES fant at ee mre ek Fe 2 ag cet at aa TE carafe Vaet AT eg” eT FARA TAT HT AH a arr Ei Brat & SAT BA a ae hae eo pt fret ETC a ae a ear e Foe wel tea mettre Tet aul & ware ran gee ait Psa foarte (1) a aT (Gener eB se oa ec rain) | een we mn gl SLT TS ate Fee 2 Spe ey a Se STH TT eee LST SANE are er ederen mete Scar SARI HR TOIT ewe a we EC) STS ST araafore 8281 (Formal region) 37 (ii) aratare Weer (Functional region) | Z (i) evecare: 2m (Formal region) ZO SAT fad at STAT (qarrat) eh att i caveplies weegr af ete se a sa (ii) avatars 32m (Functional region) —ge Saat at Frater aratere otacetet serge er ae ee A TA AT AC SAE SH STAT BAT He THT aaa meat My ane ae DA vet wt Prater at BI re AUT (city regions) FAH fate sqeror Bi ge re rents BAT (Nodal region) 21 Wrarretay WAM (Organizational fegion) vf) et art @ so anfeen wftada ait Hance ‘ “Seow arte tee eh seer waa remy ai tae St war af eee SS ce arate aca mae ibe 8 fer free frraion vc viet tere at wet, “eat ware arg afrataa Be, swat og ae Tet sr we war EE 4 vufrart vies ae 1"! sepfe i Peer a aan wats site aT ag at sae soft Paesre Bret ® site ais: Sera Ferrer : sox angie er sree Se eaiete cae rower site gape aeh aT Bi sare A sew a aTa gyi sirivfers, fara ar ofaere tiers star & fairer crt & afer alt mifer firn-fra ret Perego fan Pear Reeourgiter cect & 1 qectt att arae ere sito aE erat Fe lng “paca sacl aMTeaenA pifaterent anrek wees epaT F } geft anor Hel welt farea-fere ow ATH #18 ATA S Ste iter: arora Herr weer Heat ara Bi felt wear at Hera AT Fara ove erat & cafe ae oft offe-eie uftacta Bran tea & alte serrate Strat az Bee Fg aiies site sah aerareet, agate, avi, vas anf serates arate fet aie wet aera Ted Bi) afgtter edt A rataia aril wrepftan aire arepiae aea aitadavite @ forte aar7r Bra APE rT sites aT PA At Bae Far alert a en tere aN TT Bit sre wit Bll cra | arg gee wl fe ate TET At aeTTgRT uaftafara erat wea 81 ara it way ery an & safer Ht fereefing stat ae AAT, THE, ETHIE Sle sr ase are wee TMT Bh eet GH aaa AT AT ATA at dae te at Haat 21 Sa ver afeada at fae aaa faenette wea 2 Sect ue afterta me ereh ide wer atx eit can a ewAT C1) fers ‘frat, (2) face wferat, atte (3) srra wile! afradaent sitfers: viiaerat (physical forces) % Gedt At attaften via, att wat Br yearn wits siciferan water & | trot at ontaftes iemt yet oe ae arate Sarr we Hi feeerottet teat @ a ei sxeeter St rat sar Bat Eat wat aa ten ae BAB ga ae ges ta Seach A Ata Sar crore atte eres Pato, afer weket ar Pon, werd a seers aT Perey ate “te ayes frac arene ay arcerarctia a & farvas wttorm sresanet At ere Si sa E Fe srrearpest war sya fara ed Re a es Ba go a Ame ae eee aS A aA are BTA Rea er amat aie Fraser 31 eer e arrnra sears faraen a agate F faaat se Bote frets ofeormeaen fattra were at argiectr gem want, aidi-gaent, aaa, aa, Fert, Seu, vite nls sea BA 81 eae yeh ws sand oy, aes, HTT spenfad Oa 21 gent at yoo aia vn arya wise @ gas wt eS aTgalt at ast deca ait aie relics arch GI germ He MI ey Ber Sas Tag aA it aa B Sf afsedt & oeia Geshe aan vg wa stasg i quel oe Sita at A Pes tierra eR Bigs aH WHR A ser & apes ere H afta eet Tet B sect aa crear Ga earn SK PAM SIM, Tea, et, Gert ane ar Feat ae, aha fre aera wera, gered Sal Ta oe eee, setter ae crore anh Arte gre TEPC crafereor Hf cfterda & Seer B fader frre? fa vif, Stem sin erat ised ort erage aftadt aware & a8 BH) seernets sheath, oir @) dears sears) ag sf, Se arti aie ante aa a ney afaat an afer, fea an ert ante WWUPVePTSTSEeeuesvvewwzwvvuvuvs wag TA, : pecans afta ae eee 81 aT aver ae ePF are heey Starts seaTA 1 sifactra ohads, sorarg afta anfe gaa Serer 81 4 a Interaction) (seine fem) ar afasre ata often nites aa Hare ey 1, Hea, FAA Far AGI (linkage) B %| sa Weracitgrentsit rst Freres at fr Sper sta ae St adi ae waren wan, aga regret, eae amie eee ar tat a AT Te Se Ferrdt aite wepet ay estrone othe armrest Aros sire fear 2h afer ear aT aera aT ST wragacs #) i rae Gee CO A Te E, se Te OTe ST a orrat 1 a ee a ae onfee erat A Tenge wT NTA | fore at titer seme) ‘ave (Contact) 21e (2) Wate ara zener stadoran ae Or Hae! eT feet ay riPorn Par erat | oeemnten eran Pera ean a artery erat Bt Se caret ay afer start ener-spaet an ego te raat aE STH a reeaiien res cenit Bla ye i St MET HTH Bie 1) ATS fie darsit an otrarrsrert, ATE sie (Communication) 3 ati ae er I STS aa re mrt meen Us ears eT vA Ha fe et TT arets gq, Hemel, ATA, ATT 4g wart conte at wart aa aera tat ara aerar Bl aegatt Be earTeT fer AT ep Freres sere at areavaertt thet #1 aarrare (Innovation) 9 eraral so TaTe a FSEOTT (éiffusion) are: Bare BET ATT az, acta, Wet, TER, FAA . corse grat ferns, Hegit Ste a RAAT EP Tee are 8 fare are of eRe TOT ea a srr a1 errs a qantas atacterat z az areiew rat oft ae at une tt) caret Marre Gare TET Sees ota xt dhe fh cers gh age am el oH &) Meet, ee, aaTE eT ee fe are aT Fh eA Ea a TT GP SD are gee ge Pre wi fsa et BI ee Ne SB er age eek (nt ey aia re we Se tT A nea eel gare fat sr rg tsar wae Per ee Et SR en ae Beh eat ate Hee. eens fo BH a gee A Fa eT reece aT a Pea eG HY ERT aA eS ST ALT Fe ee en a orerar cere at aera Hen Ta 1 EE A Be area i sere si ate eres ee Si sia BY 2 ey deer a aerate wna tai Ach & se vee TT a Se aren oecinet Sai ees sia eetaes e Prtamy STaT NEHR & ae ee dba a det 2s nex weary, SETEAT, WASH, WATE TSH MET ate chee saeprar ean 8 at facta at stad Faun SH meRTeTH TES eae crrare ae gare aoe & at erdhnan strona eT THAT BL at (@) pict at wrensit H tifa Hare, (Fundamental Concepts in the Branches of Geography) acer Rags ann sree Bo in eae ATE TATE! agit a (oryer) seaeearait amr ak ae frat wT Gav T spite i Hifere vapor & sit amare: gaat Bet pregradt wea JaesranT He Bit I Fo, apnea : = tifa: farsa ar efaera farsi a aurea fafaa eat F axar ter B1 Geos H cafa yen oat, eeaait Sa) Set Stell agai at UA sear, Ugsit ar ferent aT, aengeli & eet gat arta & Wal eraata a gah agar Haws A ayoret aris fexar) saurart are % aie am aft yet craaral AS wer oft sit ager at fect a ada aan, afe stax amt, amet Gar, setae outs ar steer ars et war ani ada aaa A onesie aegeit a1 aftaea, ana ved arferer, fates Bani onfe na at wpe anfere faved, (raz) % | aaree sufiren featsit at Fefettad ar Afirat a orate fervaa fee sat = () matte fran (Primary activity) gee wer wet aT yA Teta wT A Sees qa fee stat S| cea agai ar aie om, Hea, ode, TYaTET ws TYE, Bh, arti (eendt stent), serra onfe watts finer & orenia ort @ (ii) fates: farat (Secondary activity) ft arf faverit # wratten anit & ser aregait an att ae adr aan saath agai ar geare farar suet & ae fea fea aan BI feataeitor wet, Foster ered (ire Reetor, area Prater one) fatter fever & srt aleticra fara ae 21 (iii) gatas Tren (Tertiary activity) aah arate a4 fearait at aieitert frat cqar® Pras aren werer ea & ate sere wet thar fag har ee 2 a seen A Ae Dat 21 afaea, dare, ame, afore, fren, wera, feafeneer, afeeerr, ara, wat anfe & watera tant gee arate strat 2 (iy) aqaar Frat (Quaternary activityy—adart aret fast, wer, Uileer, haitirat, gitar ante sox Srarait ot agelas over at Set Hen str # 2 a. i oe Activity) (Concept of Location o! it : crftin apiter % faire anti: frarait SA BAY, sete, caver, wear ante at ent coe fore ore Sean & ear PP wah hy rere at weer ee aT ia afer Rt feemait 3 caries ceaalt afer fered 81 ge WaT ager cat a Se Fad an ee ales era ot eR Te eg Fo (3) sifaee ager a aa : Cini te ee a antqrar seer ar A, SET, TT, i€i ay ena ess ST sea a, wom, Ga, aT afte, teat aye site ATTA ame, WT, anne, aregiteres gem ® fread agen, aes atari Pafore si (crefareon) rrr Paeitore Sr @ 1 tferw . So : rm ain ire sere, a face ate ret geal gon are a eH aeet ane Sef seers gtferey aa cgeursr Hf greperét Gon) ae Rohr at a eit aver dy Waa Stee AT Bl aT ales Sak wen gure Prorrerait arelt taper FA cet set gal ae icra a ait we creer, oat ani sit uta antes a eat % othe Sh wre weet oh ae aaroy atx arr ara @ | (oy srereang afters ah tame (Concept of Climatic Change) caer, ett freer Ata a certs hen caraitahsihaa tenr s aerat A are qn eft Paewaraat Bl sere we B | ER reat Frere ferettal ex cer ata aeaTaTS (eevee of 50 ai) 3 fear tere a seat St aT, citer, ate wt ae wal fee, Sareeroitn rg, avin, anréear aay 2 iter ay are wt eter act | ott iret Se oh cacrarg wea concstt 3 Ber arch ctdanrety afterta ar seteng. alee aa aT crea gen oe Prager BU rae arenas oe MTA, eT a ATT AT TORE A orar 21 ge aterraice oitcor sratix at gm (glacial period) ar ste 1 at EA et Sp aed aint aeerrg arett areata a sine 3 (interglacial period) aaa % | Stormy ftads 2 fam sevenit aneat 8 eareita seas | Bal aa tact, frees, arpiea 3 stremgelt wer afer ail aa Tet a rat A ale, ate ate A uftade, ards org ovearse at Hart oftads inte weet €1 anager arerara aftacka aero ferege ae orefeagy ware au E sift fenge en ares crrart 10 ate anh et civecteta gr (aged gr) & sir A att fea give, ert oferta teenies et at ear! tte aT aeekver ah fear wee gett get ary Sa ar orrat ae fret vel ret G1 _ Cy aferecita tiger at eet (Concept of Environmental Equilibrium) SS fis afar an sora 3 arr wave at eT a gers (equilibrium) *eS @) ara: vee a & wala ar cifeteatan shfaa cataen & fatwa wall & ie qrreiftes aTaTST (mutual siping a | es 1 ge went & verferetta a aerate araar atlarreta a uftadt arcemfors eta ¢ fore area goes aT TST caterer agert aft sre seater aver in Bi storarg & afterir Seancy 8 ear & are rewire dex afte open rxunidt Op arog Seterrch eg TET STAT-B sivfear vataer fafere act tae ge?t at otf anc © ote are at wae ae € ac adh siafishear & ofoimeaed vatact 4 aal Wat G1 ale Reet are ay qrafara, uitada ae & abegafaer ariges tar 8 at si gh et ae sage ee carat & afte yet: wafer ar greater a afera araear 3 or orar e) seco, au, eaare, serearqel, ae ang pha arett tse vat car aaa A ane @ arare site seee vant cater Fh gas agers wants St TAT 8 2. Aa spite ai Titers Hee (Fundamental Concepts of Human Geogt cya rite weiter ee we ers & fase eT aT creufte: wari aur sed sera ygyat we aeat ar oe eet piven wat Arai VM