Data Communication

and Computer Network

Chapter 1.
D
BITS College

Prepared by: Anteneh Kassaye

4/10/2024
Introduction to Data Communication
 Information : knowledge acquired through experience or study. Knowledge
of specific and timely events or situations. Information that has been
processed, organized, and stored is called data.
 Data : information that is stored in digital form. The word data is plural; a
single unit of data is a datum.
o Datum: a single piece of information; fact. A fact or proposition, known or assumed.
o Data: a series of observation, measurements, or facts, information ( the information
operated by computer program)
 Data communications : is the process of transferring digital information
(usually in binary form) between two or more points.
 Thus, data communications can be summarized as the transmission,
reception, and processing of digital information.
Network
 A network is a set of devices (sometimes called nodes or stations)
interconnected by media links.
 Data communications networks are systems of interrelated computers and
computer equipment and can be as simple as a personal computer
connected to a printer or two personal computers connected together
through the public telephone network.
 Data communications network can be a complex communications system
comprised of one or more mainframe computers and hundreds, thousands,
or even millions of remote terminals, personal computers, and
workstations.
 In essence, there is virtually no limit to the capacity or size of a data
communications network.
Networking past and Present
 At the beginning : Single computer for every computing process was needed
 Today large interconnected computers share their resources
 Data communication network is used to connect virtually every equipment.
 Airline reservation, email, hotel booking, news,...
Typical Network
How connected you are ?
(Class discussion)
• Your earphone, connected to your watch, mobile laptop, TV
• Your TV connected to internet, connected to your mobile
• Your mobile and laptop connected to Google drive, One Drive,
• Your email is stored, in unknown server ,
• You may have social media, on unknown country and servers,.
• Your picture, birthday, your profession, your hobby, your interest,….
• Everything is in public Domain

• Moreover the social media companies are working day and night to keep you
captive and addicted to your gadget.

Watch a movie titled The social Dilemma on Netflix.

History of Data communication
 It is highly likely that data communications began long before recorded
time although they surely did not involve electricity or an electronic
apparatus, and it is highly unlikely that they were binary coded.
o smoke signals
o tom-tom drums,
o Optical telegraph,
 The Great Wall of China, In 400 BC. A message could be sent 1,100
kilometers in 24 hours by the Tang dynasty in China (618–907)
 Signal fires and optical telegraphs were widely used in Europe and
elsewhere for military purposes.
 using drum beats was particularly highly developed in Africa. At the time
of its discovery in Africa, the speed of message transmission was faster
than any existing European system using optical telegraphs.
History of Data communication
Electronics communication
 Earliest electrically coded information occurred in 1753, when a proposal
submitted to a Scottish magazine suggested running a 26 parallel wires,
each wire for one letter of the alphabet.
 In 1833, Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a five-by-five matrix representing
25 letters coding . (I and J were combined).
 The first successful and practical data communications methods that use
binary-coded electrical signals was invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in
1838 and called the telegraph. ( The idea conceived in 1832, however
licensed in 1844, probably made his first model by 1835)
 Morse also developed the first practical data communications code, which
he called the Morse code.
 With telegraph, dots and dashes (analogous to logic 1s and 0s) are
transmitted across a wire using electromechanical induction.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
 Data communications codes are often used to represent characters and
symbols, such as letters, digits, and punctuation marks. Therefore, data
communications codes are called character codes, character sets, symbol
codes, or character languages.
 Here are some of the most common codes
o Morse code
o Baudot code
o ASCII code
o EBCDIC code
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
The Mores code
Because all codes did not contain the same number of
dots and dashes, Morse’s system combined human
intelligence with electronics, as decoding was
dependent on the hearing and reasoning ability of the
person receiving the message

A 0 1
B 1 0 0 0
C 1 0 1 0
D 1 0 0
E 0
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
Boudaot Code and the Telex machine
 The Baudot code is an early character encoding for telegraphy invented
by Émile Baudot in the 1870s,
o It was the most common teleprinter code in use until the advent of ASCII.
o Each character in the alphabet is represented by a series of five bits,
o The symbol rate measurement is known as baud, and is derived from the same name.
 In 1874, Emile Baudot invented a telegraph multiplexer,
o Allowed six different telegraph machines to be transmitted simultaneously over
a single wire.
 The telephone was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell
 1899 Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in sending radio (wireless) telegraph
messages
Telegraph was the only means of sending information across large spans of water until 1920, when the
first commercial radio stations carrying voice information were installed.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
Baudot Code and the Telex machine
 Telex
Before the Invention of Radio, Each Telex
machine is connected via telephone cables
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
Boudaot Code and the Telex machine

ET established in
1945, and was
relaying on telex
Machine for its data
communication.

Establishment of SITA
1949, with 15 airlines.
The picture shows
SITA centers at Paris
and London in the
1950’s
The First Message routing services
In the 1962, for a
typical manual
transmission of
reservation, it takes
60 to 90 min. (SITA paper).
A cable was laid between Europe and the
America to facilitate Telegraph
Modern day communication also Relays
on under Water Fiber Cables
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
The ASCII Code
 Created In 1963,in the US ( United States of America Standard Code for
Information Exchange (USASCII), pronounced as-key
 the 1977 version is recommended by the ITU.
 ASCII is the standard character set for source coding the alphanumeric
character set.
 ASCII is a seven-bit fixed-length character set. With the ASCII code, the
least-significant bit (LSB) is designated b0 and the most-significant bit
(MSB) is designated b7 as shown here:
 Bit b7 is reserved for an error detection bit called the parity bit
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CODES
The EBCDIC code
 The extended binary-coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) is an eight-
bit fixed length character set developed in 1962 by the International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
 EBCDIC is used almost exclusively with IBM mainframe computers and
peripheral equipment.
 With eight bits, 28, or 256, codes are possible, although only 139 of the 256
codes are actually assigned characters.
 The name binary coded decimal was selected because the second hex
character for all letter and digit codes contains only the hex values from 0
to 9, which have the same binary sequence as BCD codes.
Computers and automation.
 It is unclear exactly when the first electrical computer was developed. Konrad
Zuis, a German engineer, demonstrated a computing machine sometime in the
late 1930s, but the project fizzled out.

Bell Telephone Laboratories is given credit for

developing the first special purpose computer
in 1940 using electromechanical relays for
performing logical operations.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer) was the first programmable, electronic,
general-purpose digital computer, completed in
1945. J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchley at the
University of Pennsylvania are given credit for
beginning modern-day computing when they
developed the ENIAC computer on February 14,
1946.
Computers and automation…

In 1953, the Burroughs Corporation built a 100-word

magnetic-core memory, which added to the ENIAC's
memory capabilities, which at the time only held a 20-word
internal memory. By 1956, the end of its operation, the
ENIAC occupied about 1,800 square feet (170msqr) and
consisted of almost 20,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays,
10,000 capacitors, and 70,000 resistors. It also used 200
kilowatts of electricity, weighed over 30 tons, and cost about
$487,000.
Vacuum Tube and Relays

invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting

cathode and an anode.
Computers and automation.
 In the 1950s, computers used punch cards for inputting, printers for
outputting, and magnetic tape for permanently storing information.

 The first general-purpose computer was an automatic sequence-controlled

calculator developed jointly by Harvard University and International
Business Machines (IBM) Corporation. The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer), built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corporation, was the first
mass-produced electronic computer.
Computers and automation.
 The UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer)
computer, built in
1951 by Remington
Rand Corporation, was
the first mass-
produced electronic
computer.

 The first SITA Network opened in

Frankfurt in May 1966 using Univac
418/II to facilitate the
communication between airline
reservation system, making the
time needed to relay information
to few seconds from 90min.
Computers and automation.
 In the 1960s, batch-processing systems were replaced by on-line processing
systems with terminals connected directly to the computer through serial
or parallel communications lines.
 The 1970s introduced microprocessor-controlled microcomputers,
 The 1980s personal computers became an essential item in the home
and workplace.
 Since then, computers has increased exponentially, creating a situation
where more and more people have the need (or at least think they have
the need) to exchange digital information with each other.

Consequently, the need for data communications circuits, networks, and

systems has also increased exponentially.
Computers and automation

 English computer scientistTim Berners-

Lee invented the World Wide Web in March 1989
while working at CERN in Switzerland. In 1990, he
developed the foundations for the
Web: HTTP, HTML, the WorldWideWeb browser, a
server, and the first website in order to manage
documentation

WWW inventor
Computers and automation
 Recent developments in data communications networking, such as the
Internet, intranets, and the World Wide Web (WWW), have created a
virtual explosion in the data communications industry.

 A seemingly infinite number of people, from homemaker to chief

executive officer, now feel a need to communicate over a finite number of
facilities.

Thus, the demand for higher-capacity and higher-speed data

communications systems is increasing daily with no end in sight.
Interconnection
 The Internet is a public data communications network used by millions of
people all over the world to exchange business and personal information.
 The Internet began to evolve in 1969 at the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA). ARPANET was formed in the late 1970s to connect sites
around the United States.
 From the mid-1980s to April 30, 1995, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) funded a high-speed backbone called NSFNET.
 Intranets are private data communications networks

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a server-based application that allows

subscribers to access the services offered by the Web. Browsers, such as
Mozila and Microsoft Internet Explorer, are commonly used for accessing data
over the WWW.
Satellite Communications,
Geo-Stationery Satellites
First assignment
 Project:
 You need to perform a research on Morse code, and write a short program
which produces the mores code equivalent sound for a text given.

 Have fun:
 Morse code on start treck
 Morse code on Independence day
 Shelby uses morse code
 History of morse code