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Inheritance Reviewer

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Melisa c. Salvador
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3 views

Inheritance Reviewer

Uploaded by

Melisa c. Salvador
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)


o The blueprint of life, containing genetic information passed down from generation
to generation.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)


o Similar to DNA but single-stranded and plays a key role in protein synthesis.

Protein Synthesis
o The process of creating proteins from DNA instructions.

DNA Structure
o Made up of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one
of four nitrogenous bases:

a) Adenine (A)
b) Thymine (T)
c) Guanine (G)
d) Cytosine (C)

o Double-stranded molecule with complementary base pairing: A with T, G with C

RNA Structure
o Single-stranded molecule containing ribose sugar and uracil (U) instead of Thymine.
o Three main types:

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)


» Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


» Part of ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)


» Transfers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons.
Protein Synthesis
o Transcription
» DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus.
o Translation
» mRNA travels to ribosomes where codons (triplet sequences) are read.
o tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA
codons.
o Amino acids are linked together to form a protein.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology


DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

Key Points to Remember:


o DNA stores genetic information
o RNA carries genetic information for protein synthesis
o Proteins are essential for cell function and structure
o The order of bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein

Heredity
o Also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents
to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the
offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
RNA
o A polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing
the function itself or by forming a template for the production of proteins.
DNA Replication
o In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two
identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
Transcription
o Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
Translation
o Process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.
Cell Nucleus
o Is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Chromosome
o A package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Nucleic Acid
o Large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
RNA
o Is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by
performing the function itself or by forming a template for the production of proteins.
Nucleotide
o Organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
Phosphate
o Is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Adenine
o A purine nucleobase
Thymine
o One of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters
G-C-A-T.
Guanine
o One of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
Cytosine
o One of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA.
Deoxyribose
o Monosaccharide with idealized formula H---(CHOH)3-H. Its name indicates that it is a
deoxy sugar.
Cytoplasm
o Describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for
the cell nucleus.

Molecular Biology
o A branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in
and between cells.
Amino Acid
o Organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

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