EXERCISES:

1.

a. An iron containing protein in the blood of many animals in RBCs - Haem.

b. Contraction of heart - Systole.

c. Relaxation of heart - Diastole.

d. Slowing of heart beat than normal rate - Bradycardia.

e. The rhythmic dilation of an artery generated by the opening and closing of the Aortic Valve in the heart -
Ventricular Systole/ Auricular Diastole.

f. The organization which procures and supplies blood during an emergency - Blood transfusion.

g. The blood vessel which supplies blood to the liver - Hepatic Artery

h. Squeezing out of WBCs from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues - Diapedesis.

i. The relaxation phase of the heart - Diastole.

2.

A. How much blood is present in an average person? - 5 litres to 6 litres of blood.

B. Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall? - Left ventricle.

C. Exchange of nutrients between blood and tissues occurs at CAPILLARIES.

D. Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are formed in the BONE MARROW.

E. The rate of heart beat per minute in an adult man is 72 beats per minute.

F. The amount of water present in blood plasma - 90%.

G. The life span of RBC is 120 DAYS.

H. English Physician who discovered blood circulation is

I. Which of the following is termed as the "Graveyard" of RBC? - Spleen.

J. The ECG is used to detect

K. Universal blood donor group - O.

3.

LUBB DUP
First sound produced in the heart due to closure of Second sound produced in the heart due to closure of
bicuspid and tricuspid valve at the start of ventricular semi – lunar valves at the base of Pulmonary Artery and
systole. Aorta at the start of ventricular diastole.
4. Blood in the RENAL ARTERY has more concentration of Urea than Renal Vein.

5. Blood in the PULMONARY ARTERY contains less Oxyhaemoglobin than Pulmonary Vein.

6.

ODD ONE CATEGORY OF THE REST

Pericardium Rest are characteristics of Artery, Vein.
Seminiferous tubules Rest are accessory of male reproductive system.
Histone Rest are Blood corpuscles.
Foramen ovales Rest are valves in the heart.
RBC Rest are different types of WBCs.
Albumin Rest are proteins needed for clotting of blood,

7. Oxygen combines with Haemoglobin present in RBCs and forms OXYHEMOGLOBIN.

8. PULMONARY SEMI-LUNAR VALVE - It is located at the base of the Pulmonary Artery from Right
Ventricle.

9. On the inside, the heart is a FOUR CHAMBERED, hollow organ. It is divided into left and right side by a
muscular membrane called the SEPTUM. The right and left side of the HEART are divided into two top chambers
called ATRIA, which receive blood from the veins, and two bottom chambers called VENTRICLES, which pump
blood into the ARTERIES.

10. The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen,
nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

11.

A. The sinus node continuously generates electrical impulses, thereby setting the normal rhythm and rate in a
healthy heart. Hence, the SA node is referred to as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

B. There is no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in human heart due to the presence of inter-atrial
and inter-ventricular septum. These septa completely divide the atria and ventricles into right and left to avoid
mixing of blood.

C. Left ventricles pumps blood to the farthest tips of the body and head while Right ventricle pumps blood to the
very next lungs. Therefore, Left ventricle needs to generate much more force of contraction than Right ventricle.
So, it needs more thick muscular walls than Right ventricle to carry out its function.

12.

ARTERY VEIN
It is a blood vessel which carries blood away from the It is a blood vessel which carries blood towards the
heart to the body organs and has thick muscular walls. heart from the body organs and has less muscular walls.
Arteries have narrower lumen. Veins have wider lumen.
13. FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD PLASMA:
i. Transports carbon-dioxide from body tissue to lungs in the form of bicarbonates.
ii. Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
iii. Distributes body heat.
iv. Transports inorganic wastes like urea from liver to kidney.

14. DOUBLE CIRCULATION:

Circulation of the blood twice through two different routes through the heart to complete one cardiac cycle.

15. Materials carried by the blood:

Oxygen, carbon-dioxide, Hormone, Urea, Glucose, Amino acids.

16. FUNCTIONS OF ERYTHROCYTES:

a. Absorbs and transfer oxygen from lungs to tissues.
b. Absorbs fewer amounts of carbon-dioxide and transfer to the lungs from the tissues.

17. FUNCTIONS:

A. TRICUSPID VALVE: Prevents the backflow of blood from right ventricle to right auricle during ventricular
systole.

B. BICUSPID VALVE: Prevents the backflow of blood from left ventricle to left auricle during ventricular
systole.

19.

A. A is ARTERY. Because it has narrower lumen.

B is VEIN. Because it has wider lumen.

B.
1. LUMEN
2. TUNICA MEDIA.

C.
i. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN begins and ends in capillaries.
ii. CORONARY ARTERY supplies blood to the walls of the heart.

20.
i. The phase is AURICULAR SYSTOLE.
ii. 1. AORTA
2. PULMONARY ARTERY
3. SUPERIOR VENA CAVA.
iii. Upper chambers (Auricles) are contracting in this phase because Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valve are open and
the blood flows to the very next ventricles.
21.
i.
1. SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
2. DORSAL AORTA.

ii.
5 - HEPATIC ARTERY: Transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the liver.
8 - INFERIOR VENA CAVA: Transports deoxygenated blood from lower regions of the body to the right auricle.

iii.
6 - HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN.
i. Transports end products of digestion from the gut to the liver for storage and monitoring.
ii. Transports the toxic substances from the gut to the liver for detoxification.

iv. Blood Vessel 6 – HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN contains high amount of glucose and amino acids after a meal.

22.
a. A – ARTERY
B – VEIN
C – CAPILLARY

b. 1. TUNICA EXTERNA
2. LUMEN
3. TUNICA MEDIA

c.

VEIN ARTERY
Have less and thin muscular walls. Have thick and more muscular walls.
Have wider lumen. Have narrower lumen.

d. A (ARTERY) – Oxygenated blood

e. At the CAPILLARY level, the actual exchange of gases takes place.

23.
a, The phase is VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE,

b. Ventricles are contracting because both bicuspid and tricuspid valve are closed whereas both pulmonary semi-
lunar valve and aortic semi-lunar valve are open to pump the blood out of the two ventricles.

c.
1. PULMONARY ARTERY
2. AORTA
3. BICUSPID VALVE
4. AORTIC SEMI-LUNAR VALVE
5. TRICUSPID VALVE.
d. Oxygenated blood flows through 2.

e. TRICUSPID VALVE: Prevents the backflow of blood from right ventricle to right auricle during ventricular
systole.

f. PERICARDIUM is the membrane that covers the heart.

24.
a. VENTRICLES are in the diastolic phase, as the bicuspid and tricuspid valve are open and the auricles are
narrower.

b.
1. PULMONARY ARTERY
2. LEFT PULMONARY VEINS.

c. LUBB: First sound produced in the heart due to closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valve at the start of ventricular
systole.
DUP: Second sound produced in the heart due to closure of semi – lunar valves at the base of Pulmonary Artery
and Aorta at the start of ventricular diastole.

d. CORONARY ARTERY supplied oxygenated blood to the heart muscles.

25.
a.
1. RBC
2. Neutrophil.
3. Blood platelets
4. Blood plasma.

b.

RBC NEUTROPHIL
Biconcave disc-like. Amoeboid like.
Do not have nucleus. Have three to four lobes.

c. FIBRINOGEN is the soluble protein found in Blood plasma which forms insoluble threads during clotting of
blood.

d. The average life span of RBC is 120 DAYS.

e. RBCs do not have a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum. They are very efficient in carrying nutrients
like glucose which they cannot use, due to the lack of mitochondria and can easily pass through the capillaries due
to the lack of endoplasmic reticulum.

A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1.
A. Number of RBCs in one mili-litre of man's blood - 6 to 7 million/mm3 of blood.

B. Site of production of RBCs in adult humans - Bone marrow of long bones.

C. The process in which WBCs engulf bacteria - Phagocytosis.

2.

A. Lymph is a FILTERED blood.

B. Blood is a FLUID connective tissue.

C. HAEMOGLOBIN is the most efficient oxygen carrier.

D. Valves are present in VEINS to direct blood flow in them towards heart.

E. AORTA comes out of the left ventricle.

F. Blood is brought back into heart by VENA CAVA.

3.

A. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to heart.

B. True.

C. True.

D. True.

E. True.

F. A man has 6 to 7 litres of blood.

G. Haemoglobin is dissolved in Red blood corpuscles. Hence, blood appears red in colour.

H. True.

I. The Nucleus of Monocytes is kidney-shaped.

A. CARDIAC CYCLE - Entire sequence of events occurring in the heart during each heart beat.

B. PULSE RATE - It is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during left Ventricular
Systole.

C. BLOOD PRESSURE - It is the pressure which the blood flowing through the arteries exert on their walls.

D. DIAPEDESIS - Process of engulfing the germs after the WBCs squeeze out of the walls of the capillaries and
then engulf germs by Phagocytosis.
E. PORTAL SYSTEM - A portal system is a vascular arrangement that transports blood from the capillaries of
one organ to the capillaries of another organ. The veins in a portal system begin and end in capillaries.

5.

A. PERICARDIUM – Double membrane covering of the heart.

B. SEMI-LUNAR VALVE:
AORTIC SEMI LUNAR VALVE: It is located at the opening of Aorta from the left ventricle.
PULMONARY SEMI-LUNAR VALVE: It is located at the opening of Pulmonary Artery from the right ventricle,

C. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN: It is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, behind the neck of the
pancreas.

D. TRICUSPID VALVE: It is located between right auricle and right ventricle.

E. BICUSPID VALVE: It is located between left auricle and left ventricle.

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1.

A. BLOOD LYMPH
Red coloured fluid connective tissue containing plasma Reabsorbed tissue fluid containing plasma devoid of
in which blood cells are suspended, present in blood RBC and fibrinogen present in the lymphatic vessels
vessels and heart. and lymph glands.
B. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Circulation of blood from Right Ventricle to the entire Circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
body tissue through the Aorta and the return of the through the Pulmonary Artery and the return of the
deoxygenated blood to the right auricle through vena oxygenated blood to the left auricle through Pulmonary
cava. Vein
C. ARTERY VEIN
i. It is a blood which carries blood away from the heart i. It is a blood vessel which carries blood from the body
to the body organs and has thick muscular walls. organs to the heart and has muscular walls.
ii. The smallest branch of an artery is called arteriole.
iii. Have narrower lumen. ii. The smallest common united branch is called Venule.
iv. Usually deeper placed. iii. Have wider lumen.
iv. Usually more superficial.
D. AURICLES VENTRICLES
i. These are the upper two chambers of the heart. i. These are the lower two chambers of the heart.
ii. They have thinner walls as compared to the ii. They have thick muscular walls as compared to the
ventricles. auricles.
iii. They collect blood from different parts of the body. iii. They pump blood to different parts of the body.
E. RBC WBC
Absorbs and transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues. It produces anti-bodies which neutralize the antigens
produced by germs.

2. From the given observations, average pulse rate will be equal to:
94 + 80 + 75 + 73 + 75 + 74 / 6 = 441 / 6 = 73.5 ~ 74 times per minute.

Since pulse rate is the heartbeat. The normal heartbeat of a human is about 72 times per minute.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the heartbeat of that human adult is about 74 times per minute and the human is
healthy.

C. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1.

A. They ensure unidirectional flow and prevent the backflow of blood. The valves present between the auricle and
ventricle is called Atrioventricular valves

B. FUNCTION OF BLOOD PLATELETS:

To initiate blood clotting.

C. FUNCTION OF LYMPH:
i. Transports oxygen to parts of the body where blood cannot reach.
ii. Drains excess tissue fluid and proteins to the blood.
iii. Fats are absorbed through the lymphatics (Lacteal).
iv. Lymphocyte and monocyte which protects the body from pathogens.

D.

C. ARTERY VEIN
i. It is a blood which carries blood away from the heart i. It is a blood vessel which carries blood from the body
to the body organs and has thick muscular walls. organs to the heart and has muscular walls.
ii. The smallest branch of an artery is called arteriole.
iii. Have narrower lumen. ii. The smallest common united branch is called Venule.
iv. Usually deeper placed. iii. Have wider lumen.
iv. Usually more superficial.

E. FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD PLASMA:

i. Transports carbon-dioxide from body tissue to lungs in the form of bicarbonates.
ii. Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
iii. Distributes body heat.
iv. Transports inorganic wastes like urea from liver to kidney.

F. TWO FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:

A. TRANSPORT
i. Transport of digested food from alimentary canal to the body tissues,
ii. Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue in form of Oxyhaemoglobin.
B. PROTECTION
i. It forms a clot when there is a cut in blood vessel.
ii. Its WBC protects the body from the diseases by engulfing bacteria by phagocytosis and kills them.
G. The hepatic portal vein is the part of the hepatic portal system. It carries blood from the intestines, gallbladder,
pancreas and spleen and delivers it to the liver. It contains blood with nutrients and toxins after digestion.

H. The main components of blood are:

(i) Plasma: It carries all the dissolved substances such as proteins, digested food, common salt, etc from one part of
the body to another part.
(ii) Red blood corpuscles (RBC): It carries oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body.
(iii) White blood corpuscles (WBC): It fights infection and protects us from diseases.
(iv) Platelets: It helps in the coagulation of blood in a cut or a wound.

I. CLOTTING prevents further loss of blood and the entry of disease causing germs.
a. Injured blood vessels cause platelets to be injured.

b. Injured platelets release thromboplastin/thrombokinase which converts inactive prothrombin to thrombin

(active) in presence of calcium ions.

c. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to mesh of fibrin threads in presence of calcium ions.

d. The RBCs are entangled in the fibrin threads while the clear liquid called serum oozes out.

e. The entangled mass of RBC in the fibrin threads is called CLOT.

J. THE WORKING OF THE HEART:

i. The heart is divided into four chambers and has valves that allow the blood to flow in one direction only.

ii. The upper two chambers with relatively thin walls are called atria.

iii. The two lower chambers with thick muscular walls are called ventricles.

iv. The figure shows the complete circulatory system in the body.

v. The right atrium receives carbon dioxide-rich blood from the various parts of the body and is then moved into
the right ventricle.

vi. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is absorbed.

vii. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes back to the heart from the lungs and is pushed into the
left ventricle.

viii. The left ventricle pumps this blood to the rest of the body.

ix. The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side with the help of a partition called the
septum. This prevents the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.

K. VALVES prevent the backflow of the blood in the heart.

D. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Pigment Haemoglobin is present in RBCs.

2. Removal of Calcium ions from freshly collected blood will PREVENT CLOTTING.
3. Phagocytosis is carried out by WBCs.

4. The component of blood responsible for transporting Oxygen - RBC.

5. The lymphocyte cells of blood PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO COUNTERACT THE TOXINS RELEASED BY
THE MICROORGANISMS.

6. The main function of Lymph nodes in human body is to COLLECT AND DESTORY PATHOGENS
ENTERING THE BODY.

7. Valves are found in veins to check the back flow of blood flowing under HIGH PRESSURE.

8. In Cardiac cycle, Diastole is RELAXATION PERIOD OF HEART AFTER CONTRACTION OF THE

HEART.

9. Old non-functional RBCs are destroyed by LIVER, SPLEEN AND BONE MARROW.

10. Which of the following is without a muscle layer? - CAPILLARIES.

E. APPLICATION/SKILL-BASED QUESTIONS:

1.
A.
i. PULMONARY VEIN.
ii. DORSAL AORTA
iii. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
iv. RENAL ARTERY
v. RENAL VEIN
vi. HEPATIC VEIN
vii. INFERIOR VENA CAVA
viii. PULMONARY ARTERY.

B.
i. LEFT AURICLE receives blood from pulmonary vein.
ii. RIGHT VENTRICLE pumps blood into pulmonary artery.

C. GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS are the two substances which might be present in abundance in HEPATIC
PORTAL VEIN after a heavy meal.

D.

PULMONARY VEIN PULMONARY ARTERY

Transports the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the Transports the deoxygenated blood from the right
left auricle. ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.