NATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL YESHWANTHPUR

SUBJECT: SCIENCE
CLASS: 9
LAB MANUAL

NAME:
CLASS / SEC:
ROLL NO.:

1
 EXPERIMENT 1
DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT OF ICE AND BOILING POINT OF WATER

AIM: Determination of melting point of ice and boiling point of water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Ice, beaker, thermometer, iron stand, wire gauze, tripod stand and bunsen
burner.

THEORY:

(i) Water exists in three different physical states – solid ice, liquid water and water vapour.

(ii) Ice is the solid form of water. Its melting point is 0 °C i.e., the forces of attraction between the
molecules in solid water can be broken down at 0 °C and solid water gets converted into liquid
water.

(ii) Boiling point of liquid water is 100 °C i.e., the forces of attraction between the molecules in the
liquid water can be broken down at 100 °C and liquid water gets converted into water vapour.

PROCEDURE:

Take some ice cubes in a beaker.

Place the beaker on a wire gauze kept over a tripod stand.
Suspend a thermometer into the ice cubes with the help of a clamp stand.
Heat the ice cubes and stir continuously for uniform heating.
Note the temperature for every 3 minutes.
Note the temperature (t1) when ice starts melting.
Heat continuously till the temperature becomes constant and ice melts completely. Note
this temperature (t2).
Add few pieces of porcelain into the beaker containing water.
Note the temperature (t3) when water starts boiling.
Heat continuously till the temperature becomes constant and water keeps on boiling. Note
this temperature (t4).

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Time (min) Temperature (°C)

0
3
6 Melting point of ice = t1 + t2 / 2 = °C
9
12
15
18 Boiling point of water = t3 + t4 / 2 = °C
21
24
27
30
33
RESULT:

1. The melting point of ice = _°C

2. The boiling point of water = _°C

PRECAUTIONS:

Temperature should be measured by keeping eyes in line with the level of mercury.
Add porcelain pieces before heating water to avoid bumping.
 EXPERIMENT 2
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOLUTION, COLLOID AND SUSPENSION
AIM: Distinguish a true solution of common salt, a colloidal solution of starch in water and a
suspension of sand in water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 3 Test tubes, beakers, funnel, filter paper, conical flask, water, common salt,
starch and sand.

THEORY:

A true solution has particle size < 10-9 m. It is a homogeneous mixture which is clear and
transparent. It passes through the filter paper easily and is stable.
Colloid has particle size 10-9 m to 10-6 m. It is heterogeneous and translucent. It passes
through filter paper and is stable.
Suspension has particle size > 10-6 m. It is heterogeneous and opaque. It does not pass
through filter paper and is not stable.

PROCEDURE: Take 5 ml each of common salt solution, starch in water and sand in water in 3
different test tubes.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Test Samples Transparency Stability Filtration Type of mixture

Observe the Keep the Filter the mixtures
mixtures and note mixtures through a filter
down its undisturbed for paper and note.
transparency some time and
observe.
Mixture of It is clear, The particles do The particles pass Mixture of
common salt transparent and not settle down. through filter common salt and
and water particles are not Therefore it is paper and no water is a true
visible. stable. residue is seen on solution.
the filter paper.
Mixture of It is translucent and The particles do The particles pass Mixture of starch
starch and particles are not not settle down. through filter and water is a
water visible. Therefore it is paper and no colloid.
stable. residue is seen on
the filter paper.
Mixture of It is opaque and The particles The particles do Mixture of sand
sand and particles are settle down. not pass through and water is a
water visible. Therefore it is filter paper and suspension.
unstable. residue is seen on
the filter paper.
RESULT: 1. Mixture of common salt and water is a true solution.

2. Mixture of starch and water is a colloid.

3. Mixture of sand and water is a suspension.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Distilled water should be used.

2. Fold the filter paper properly and moisten it before use.

 EXPERIMENT 3
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MIXTURE AND COMPOUND

AIM: Distinguish between mixture (Iron filings and sulphur powder) and compound (Iron sulphide)
on the basis of:

(i) appearance

(ii) behaviour towards a magnet

(iii) action of carbon disulphide (CS2) solvent

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Petri dish, china dish, spatula, glass rod, 2 test tubes, magnet and carbon
disulphide solvent.

THEORY:

Mixtures may be homogeneous or heterogeneous while compounds are always

homogeneous.
In a mixture, components retain their individual properties while the components of a
compound lose their individual properties.
The components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods while the components
of a compound cannot be separated by physical methods.

PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE:

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1 Appearance

(i) Place a small quantity of (i) Particles of yellow sulphur (i) The mixture of iron
mixture of iron filings and and grey iron filings are visible filings and sulphur
sulphur powder in a petri to the eyes. powder is
dish and stir with a glass heterogeneous.
rod.

(ii) Place a small quantity of (ii) The compound iron sulphide (ii) The compound iron
iron sulphide compound in a is black in colour. sulphide is
china dish. homogeneous.
2 Behaviour towards magnet

(i) Move a bar magnet over (i) Iron gets attracted towards (i) In mixture, iron retains
the mixture. the bar magnet. its magnetic nature.

(ii) Move a bar magnet (ii) Nothing gets attracted (ii) In compound, iron
over the compound. towards the bar magnet. has lost its magnetic
nature.
3 Action of carbon disulphide
solvent

(i) Take small amount of (i) Sulphur dissolves in CS2 and a (i) Components of a
the mixture in a test tube. yellow solution is formed. Solid mixture can be separated
by physical methods.
 Add small amounts of CS2 sulphur reappears when CS2 is
solvent and shake it well. evaporated.
(ii) Components of a
(ii) Take small amount of (ii) No change occurs. compound cannot be
the compound in a test separated by physical
tube. Add small amounts of methods.
CS2 solvent and shake it
well.

RESULT:

1. Mixture of iron filings and sulphur is heterogeneous while the compound iron sulphide is
homogeneous.
2. Components of mixture retain their individual properties while the components of the
compound lose their individual properties.
3. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods while the components
of a compound cannot be separated by physical methods.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Handle the chemicals carefully.

2. Wash your hands properly with soap after the experiment.
 EXPERIMENT 4
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

AIM: Performing and classifying the following changes as chemical changes:

(i) Burning magnesium ribbon in air

(ii) Iron with copper sulphate solution

(iii) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid

(iv) Mixing sodium sulphate solution with barium chloride solution

(v) Heating copper sulphate crystals

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Magnesium ribbon, iron filings, copper sulphate solution, zinc granules,
dilute sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution, copper sulphate crystals,
red litmus paper, tongs, test tube holder, watch glass, 5 test tubes.

PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE:

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1 Burning magnesium ribbon in It is a combination
air: reaction.
(i) With the help of tongs, (i) Mg burns with a brilliant
introduce Mg ribbon into the white light and a white
flame. powder of magnesium oxide
(MgO) is formed.

(ii) Collect the white powder in (ii) The red litmus paper
a watch glass and add few turns blue indicating that
drops of water. Dip a red MgO is basic in nature.
litmus paper in the solution.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
2 Iron with copper sulphate It is a displacement
solution: The colour of the solution reaction.
Take few iron filings in a test turns pale green.
tube and add 2 ml copper
sulphate solution to it. Shake Reddish brown deposits are
the test tube. seen at the bottom of the
test tube.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
3 Zinc with dilute sulphuric It is a displacement
acid: reaction.
(i) Take 2 zinc granules in a (i) Hydrogen gas bubbles are
test tube and add dil. H2SO4 to evolved.
it.

(ii) Bring a burning match stick (ii) The gas evolved burns
near the mouth of the test with a pop sound.
tube.
 Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
4 Mixing sodium sulphate It is a double displacement
solution with barium chloride reaction.
solution:
Take 2 ml each of Na2SO4 and A white precipitate of
BaCl2 solutions in two test barium sulphate (BaSO4) is
tubes and mix them together. obtained.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + Ba SO4
5 Heating copper sulphate It is a decomposition
crystals: reaction.
(i) Take 1 spatula of hydrated (i) Blue coloured CuSO4
CuSO4 crystals in a test tube changes to dirty white
and heat over a flame. coloured anhydrous CuSO4 .

(ii) Heat anhydrous CuSO4 (ii) Black coloured copper

obtained strongly. oxide (CuO) is obtained and
a pungent smelling gas SO3 is
evolved.

CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O

CuSO4 CuO + SO3

RESULT:

(i) Burning magnesium ribbon in air is a combination reaction.

(ii) Iron with copper sulphate solution is a displacement reaction.

(iii) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid is a displacement reaction.

(iv) Mixing sodium sulphate solution with barium chloride solution is a double displacement

reaction.

(v) Heating copper sulphate crystals is a decomposition reaction.

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Use the chemicals in small amounts.

(ii) Wash your hands with soap after completing the experiment.
 VERIFICATION OF LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS IN A CHEMICAL REACTION

AIM: Verification of law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Conical flask, test tube, 2 measuring cylinders (10ml) and electronic balance.

THEORY:

During a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to mass of products.

Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
It can be demonstrated using a reaction between BaCl2 solution and Na2SO4 solution.
The reaction involved is:

BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

Colourless Colourless White precipitate
According to law of conservation of mass,
Mass of reactants (BaCl2 + Na2SO4) = Mass of products (BaSO4 + NaCl)

PROCEDURE:

Measure 5 ml of BaCl2 solution in a measuring cylinder & pour it into a conical flask.
Measure 5 ml of Na2SO4 solution in a measuring cylinder & pour it into a test tube.
Place the test tube containing Na2SO4 solution into the conical flask containing BaCl2
solution.
Weigh the conical flask and note down the mass of reactants (m1).
Pour Na2SO4 solution from the test tube into the conical flask carefully & place the test tube
back into the conical flask.
A white precipitate due to the formation of BaSO4 appears in the conical flask.
Weigh the conical flask once again and note down the mass of products (m2).
Compare the masses of the contents before and after the reaction.

OBSERVATION:
Total mass of reactants (before reaction) = m1 = g

Total mass of products (after reaction) = m2 = g

RESULT:

1. On comparing the mass of reactants (m1) with the mass of products (m2), we find m1 = m2
(within reasonable limits)
2. This proves the law of conservation of mass.

PRECAUTIONS:

Accurate measurement of masses should be ensured.

Use small amount of chemicals.