GROUP PROJECT REPORT

BEV30803

UTILISATION OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY

PROF. MADYA IR. DR. NOR AKMAL BINTI MOHD JAMAIL

SECTION 3

GROUP 8
 Group Formation (Company)

Group Leader: 1. MOHAMED ABDIHAKIM MOHAMED (AE210006)

Group Secretary: 2. MUHAMMAD NAZMI BIN TOHID (DE220203)

3. INSHYRAH HARLINA ALYEA LAILA BINTI
MD ARMALUDIN (DE221048)
Group’s Member:
4. MUHAMMAD AZFAR NABIL BIN ZAHRI (DE220107)

5. MUHAMMAD FARIS BIN NOR LIKI (CE220017)

6. NIK HAMIZAN HAKIM BIN NIK HASSAN (CE220005)
Group’s Name: GreenTech Solutions
Group’s Logo

Group’s Motto
Taking the lead in environmental engineering
1. "Innovate. Inspire. Impact."
2. "Empowering Excellence."
3. "Connecting Possibilities."
4. "Driving Change, Defining Future."
5. "Passion for Progress."
Verified by (signature & stamp): Date: 25 June 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT i

LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLE iii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 COMPANY PROFILE 2

2.1 Company Background 2

2.1.1 Motto 2

2.1.2 Vision 2

2.1.3 Mission 2

2.2 Company Details 3

2.3 Organization Chart 4

2.4 Site Visit Summary 5

3 SUMMARY OF ISSUE 8

4 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION 10

5 METHODOLOGY OF THE INVESTIGATION 11

5.1 Flowchart Implementation 11

5.2 Explanation of Flowchart 12

5.3 Summary Statement: 13

5.4 Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Housing Project 13

5.5 Electrical Design Schematic Drawing 15

5.5.1 House Design 15

5.5.2 Floor design 16

5.5.3 Single Line Diagram 17

5.6 Load Calculation 18

5.6.1 Total Maximum Demand for Current House 18

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 5.7 Analysis for Total Maximum Demand for Current House 19

6 LOAD ANALYSIS 20

6.1 Total Maximum Demand for Sustainable & Unsustainable Efficient Design 22

6.1.1 Total Maximum Demand for Sustainable Efficient Design 22

6.1.2 Total Maximum Demand for Unsustainable Efficient Design 23

6.1.3 Analysis for Total Maximum Demand for Sustainable Efficient Design &
Unsustainable Efficient Design 24

6.2 Total Power Consumption (W) for Sustainable & Unsustainable Efficient Design 25

6.2.1 Total Power Consumption (W) for Sustainable Efficient Design 25

6.2.2 Total Power Consumption (W) for Unsustainable Efficient Design 26

6.2.3 Analysis for Total Power Consumption (W) for Sustainable & Unsustainable
Efficient Design 26

6.3 Cost estimation 27

6.4 Comparison of Electricity Cost Between Sustainable &Unsustainable Efficient Design

28

6.4.1 Analysis for Comparison of Electricity Cost Between Sustainable & Unsustainable
Efficient Design 28

6.5 Summary Analysis and Discussion 28

6.6 Solar Implementation 29

6.6.1 Solar Table 30

7 CONCLUSION 31

8 REFERENCES 32

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 LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLE
Figure 2.1 Summary Visit 6
Figure 2.2 Summary Visit 6
Figure 2.3 Summary Visit 7
Figure 5.1 Flowchart Methodology 11
Figure 5.2 House Design 15
Figure 5.3Electrical Plan Drawing 16
Figure 5.4Single Line Diagram (SLD) 17

Table 5.1 Load Calculation 18

Table 5.2 Maximum Currecnt Demand 18
Table 6.1 Sustainable Efficient Design 20
Table 6.2Unsustainable Efficient Design 21
Table 6.3 Tenaga Nasional Berhad Tariff 27

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 1 INTRODUCTION

According to the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP), Malaysia has made tremendous progress
in the direction of sustainable development in recent years. The goal of this strategic framework
is to maintain environmental sustainability while promoting economic growth. The 11MP places
a strong emphasis on the advancement of green technology and energy efficiency, both of which
are essential for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and slowing down climate change. A key
organisation in this endeavour is the Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change
Corporation (MGTC), an organisation under the Natural Resources and Environmental
Sustainability (NRES) Ministry. Leading national campaigns for green growth, climate change
mitigation, and the adoption of environmentally friendly lifestyles are all part of MGTC's
mandate.In alignment with these national priorities, Our project intends to reinvent and retrofit an
existing building according to the energy efficiency and sustainability principles suggested by the
MGTC, in line with these national priorities. This project is crucial for the purposes of setting a
standard for future advancements and achieving the energy targets outlined in the 11MP. The main
targets of the project are to optimise energy efficiency, reduce operational expenses, and mitigate
the building's environmental impact. Our goal in retrofitting the building is to establish a
sustainable architecture model that could promote similar initiatives throughout Malaysia.

This project's scope includes a thorough evaluation of the building's current energy
consumption as well as the application of creative fixes to maximise its energy efficiency. Our
strategy entails carrying out thorough energy audits, incorporating renewable energy sources, and
updating building systems with more energy-efficient models. We'll work together with MGTC
and energy specialists among other stakeholders to make sure the retrofitting procedure satisfies
the strictest sustainability requirements. Our project's progress and conclusions are thoroughly
described in this report. Together with a detailed assessment of the building's current condition, it
also contains a background profile of our company and a summary of the issues found during the
site visit. Before moving on to suggestions and solutions for reaching energy efficiency, we will
go over the particular objectives and requirements for our investigation. Our project seeks to
establish a standard for future green initiatives and make a substantial contribution to Malaysia's
sustainable development goals.

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 2 COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 Company Background

2.1.1 Motto

Taking the Lead in Environmental Engineering

2.1.2 Vision

Our vision is to be acknowledged as an essential partner in sustainable development on a global

scale. In order to contribute to a resilient and energy-efficient future, we want to establish industry
standards for innovation in green technology and sustainable building practices. To ensure that
every project not only satisfies but surpasses the environmental regulations of both the present and
the future, we always push toward the boundaries of technology and design.

2.1.3 Mission

GreenTech Solutions is committed to using cutting-edge green technology solutions to transform

the sustainable development industry. Our goal is to improve building designs' energy efficiency
and sustainability by offering our clients superior consulting, auditing, and retrofitting services.

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2.2 Company Details

GROUP INFORMATION
Group Logo

Group Name GreenTech Solutions

Group Motto Taking the lead in environmental engineering
Group Leader MOHAMED ABDIHAKIM MOHAMED
Group Secretary MUHAMMAD NAZMI BIN TOHID
Group Members INSHYRAH HARLINA ALYEA LAILA BINTI MD ARMALUDIN
MUHAMMAD AZFAR NABIL BIN ZAHRI
MUHAMMAD FARIS BIN NOR LIKI
NIK HAMIZAN HAKIM BIN NIK HASSAN

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2.3 Organization Chart

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2.4 Site Visit Summary

A site visit was completed in accordance with the project, and the details of the project site are
mentioned below:

o Date: 30 May 2024

o Time: 2.00 pm – 4.00 pm
o Place: Malaysian Green Technology And Climate Change Corporation, No. 2,
Jalan 9, 10, Persiaran Usahawan, Seksyen 9, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

Attendees:

1. Muhammad Faris Bin Nor Liki

2. Nik Hamizan Hakim Bin Nik Hassan
3. Inshyrah Harlina Alyea Laila Binti Md Armaludin
4. Muhammad Nazmi Bin Tohid

Currently, this company has been preparing to build a new building development and has allocated
this project to our company. Thus, we visited the given site for a site visit. Investigating more
energy-efficient electrical system designs and sustainable power strategies from the MGTC
building to adapt to the office building is the objective of this site visit. Then, we recorded the data
needed, such as the electrical load that is related to this project. For example, Building Orientation,
Exterior & Interior, Roof Light / Sky Light, Radiant Cooling Air Conditioning System, Efficient
AHU with Variable Speed Drive (Inverter), Optimum orientation with windows and doors faced
towards North and South., Self-shading design to prevent glare while maximizing daylight usage,
Double glazing windows with Integrated Blinds (Daylight Windows) & Reflective Mirror, 100%
daylight during normal days. Diffuse daylight is reflected inside. Mirrors light shelf is used to
enable diffused daylight to go deeper into the building, Floor Slab Cooling – PEX pipes in floor
slab with Chilled Water flowing during daytime and Insulate interior from external heat using
mineral wool, foam & aerated concrete block. Then, we analyze cost-effective approaches to
utilizing electrical energy for energy consumption and building illumination using AutoCAD
software.

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Figure 2.1 Summary Visit

Figure 2.2 Summary Visit

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Figure 2.3 Summary Visit

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 3 SUMMARY OF ISSUE

To summarise, having an energy-efficient building is becoming increasingly important as

rising demand and an unsustainable energy supply make energy a significant economic issue. This
suggests that all of us, even property owners, must to assess the efficiency with which energy is
used to heat and light their building. Energy-efficient buildings provide the opportunity to cut
greenhouse gas emissions while saving money. Furthermore, since the production of fuel involves
the processing of materials using ever-more-harmful procedures, relying only on non-renewable
resources is unsustainable.

Firstly, inefficient equipment is frequently found in various industries due to energy-

intensive machinery and equipment that may be outdated or not adjusted for energy efficiency.
Energy audits are carried out to pinpoint areas in need of improvement, and current equipment is
retrofitted with energy-saving parts, and as part of mechanical and technical solutions, inefficient
equipment is swapped out for more efficient alternatives.

The second area of issue is with the integration systems. To put it another way, energy
inefficiencies can arise from insufficient component integration and coordination in complex
industrial systems. Optimisation of system integration is the primary goal of mechanical and
engineering solutions, which are facilitated by advanced control systems, automation, and
centralised monitoring. This leads to improved coordination, real-time optimisation, and energy-
saving strategies.

Building orientation, both exterior and interior, must be considered in building design in
order to optimum energy efficiency. Roof or skylights, a radiant cooling air conditioning system,
an efficient air handling unit with a variable speed drive (inverter), windows and doors oriented
optimally with respect to the north and south Self-shading architecture to reduce glare and
maximise the use of daylight, On typical days, double-pane windows with integrated blinds
(daylight windows) and reflective mirrors allow for 100% natural light. Inside, diffuse daylight is
reflected. The purpose of the light shelf mirrors is to allow diffused daylight to penetrate further
into the structure. Floor Slab Cooling: Using aerated concrete blocks, mineral wool, and foam to
insulate the interior from the heat outside, PEX pipes in the floor slab circulate chilled water
throughout the day. The most effective way to reduce building energy consumption as much as
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possible is to apply these technological developments that lead to a major rise in the use of
electrical energy systems. Then, on-site renewable energy solutions could be able to meet the
reduced load. The greatest time to focus on energy efficiency is now, as new construction makes
the integration of new energy efficiency measures easier than an old building.

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 4 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

1. Understand Green Technology Initiatives: Find out about the activities and projects that
MGTC is doing to advance sustainable practices and green technology for our incoming
project.
2. Explore Renewable Energy Solutions: Gain insights into the renewable energy solutions
that MGTC is developing or implementing, such as solar, wind, and biomass energy.
3. Electrical power efficiency: To determine energy-saving methods, instruments, and
regulations that might improve energy efficiency, cut down on energy waste, and increase
system performance.
4. Demand-Side Management: To improve energy consumption patterns and lower total
energy expenditures, demand response projects, change in behaviour initiatives, and
energy audits are investigated.
5. Cost-effectiveness in electricity utilisation: To find economical solutions that might
decrease energy use without affecting functionality, comfort, or productivity.

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 5 METHODOLOGY OF THE INVESTIGATION

5.1 Flowchart Implementation

Figure 5.1 Flowchart Methodology

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5.2 Explanation of Flowchart

This flowchart describes a process for new housing construction with a focus on the design stage
and electrical planning. These steps are explained below:

1. Start: The process initiates here.

2. Decide a suitable location for new housing: The very initiation is the selection of a suitable
site for constructing the new house.

3. Decide the Design of the House Floor plan: Following the selection of the site, the next
process is to decide the type of floor plan for the house.

4. The floor plan is reviewed by an engineer: After the floor plan has been determined, it is
taken for review by an engineer.

a. No: In case the engineer fails the plan, one has to redo it until it reaches desired
standards.

b. Yes: In case the engineer passes the plan, one proceeds to the following process.

5. Select electrical component that will suit the house: By use of the approved plan, suitable
electrical components are selected.

6. Calculate the electrical load: Based on the chosen electrical components of the design,
calculate the electrical load to ensure it is enough to sustain the house's needs.

7. Can the design implement energy efficiency? : The design will be checked if it can execute
energy efficiency.

a. No: Proceeding to revision is necessary if the design can't implement energy efficiency,
until it can.

b. Yes: Proceeding to the next steps is in line if the design can execute energy efficiency.

8. Design House Electrical Wiring and Single-Line Diagram: This is the final step, which
includes design works of electrical wiring inside the house and a single-line diagram.

9. End: Here it ends with the completion of electrical planning and design for the construction
of the new house.

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5.3 Summary Statement:

The methodology of the investigation for the project planning of an energy-efficient and
environmentally sustainable housing development involves several key stages. It all starts with a
suitable location, then a house floor plan, and lastly, the design is reviewed by engineers.
Afterward, the electric parts are chosen well, and the calculation of the electrical load adequacy is
conducted. Thereafter, the design is reviewed for energy efficiency. If it does not conform, then it
is redesigned again. Electrical wiring has been designed, and developing a single line diagram,
thereby the design of a whole, energy-efficient, and well-appointed house. This structured
approach lays a lot of emphasis on detailed planning and review so that the quality of the work to
be done is very good.

5.4 Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Housing Project

To enhance environmental sustainability in the design of housing projects, the following strategies
can be employed:

1. Passive Design Strategies:

Utilize passive design principles to maximize natural lighting, ventilation, and thermal
comfort within the building. This approach reduces the need for artificial lighting and
HVAC systems, leading to significant energy savings.
2. Energy-Efficient Appliances and Systems:
Install appliances, lighting fixtures, and HVAC systems that are highly energy-efficient
and meet or exceed industry standards and certifications. This reduces overall energy
consumption.
3. Renewable Energy Integration:
Consider incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar panels, wind turbines, or
geothermal systems. These sources generate clean energy, decreasing the reliance on
conventional energy sources.

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 4. Water Conservation Measures:
Employ water-saving fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and efficient irrigation
systems. These measures reduce water consumption and promote sustainable water
management.
5. Sustainable Materials:
Use environmentally friendly and sustainable building materials that have low embodied
energy, recycled content, and a low carbon footprint. This helps conserve resources and
minimize environmental impact.
6. Green Spaces and Landscaping:
Integrate green spaces, trees, and landscaping features to enhance biodiversity, support
natural habitats, and provide shading. These elements can reduce the heat island effect and
improve the overall environmental quality of the development.
7. Waste Management:
Create a comprehensive waste management plan that promotes recycling, composting, and
responsible waste disposal practices. This minimizes waste generation and supports a
circular economy.

By integrating these environmental sustainability solutions into housing projects, the development
can align with the objectives of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP) and contribute to the nation's
goals for sustainable energy and developmental growth.

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5.5 Electrical Design Schematic Drawing

5.5.1 House Design

Figure 5.2 House Design

This House plan is a 3D cutaway layout of a modern residential apartment. The plan
highlights five distinct sections, each meticulously labeled for clarity. Section 1 features a spacious
living area connected to a compact dining setup. Section 2 displays a well-equipped kitchen
leading into a bathroom. Sections 3 and 4, accessible by a staircase, are bedrooms, with Section 3
including an en-suite bathroom. Section 5 illustrates another bedroom, emphasizing the efficient
use of space throughout the unit. The design integrates contemporary elements such as wood
flooring, marble countertops, and minimalist furniture, catering to a modern lifestyle.

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5.5.2 Floor design

Figure 5.3Electrical Plan Drawing

The entire wiring system and circuitry of the house are graphically represented by the
electrical plan, also known as the residence wiring diagram. An electrical design pre-plan is
produced prior to the actual installation of electrical devices and appliances. The electricity,
lighting, and communication systems for a construction or engineering project are specifically
depicted in this technical picture.

The symbols used to depict electrical equipment, appliances, and connections make up the
electrical layout. Today, it is normal practise to create electrical drawings using CAD software and
other digital techniques. Digital electrical designs are simpler to comprehend, construct, and
modify as compared to conventional approaches. One of the most crucial design plans for creating
a new home is the electrical home plan. It shows the locations of lights, light switches, power
outlets, and household appliances as well as the connections between electrical devices and wiring.
A thorough electrical home architecture will allow electrical designers to install electronics
quickly.

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5.5.3 Single Line Diagram

Figure 5.4Single Line Diagram (SLD)

The primary components of an electrical system are schematically shown in a single line
diagram. The system's connections and power flow are depicted using a single line and graphic
symbols. The full electrical system of a building or a particular portion of a complex system may
be shown in this diagram. Using specialized schematic symbols, like a block diagram, electrical
components including switches, circuit breakers, transformers, and capacitors are represented.

The schematic shows every part of the circuit, including spare and redundant parts and
components. Along with information on circuit conductors and safeguards, it describes how each
piece of equipment draws electricity from the power source. The diagram also shows the
equipment sizes and ratings. A single line diagram is depicted in figure 3.

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5.6 Load Calculation
Table 5.1 Load Calculation

NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY ESTIMATED TOTAL DEMAND MAXIMUM

POWER (W) CONNECTED FACTOR DEMAND
LOAD (W) (W)
1. Wall Lamp 3 70 240 0.8 192
2. Lamp 6 60 360 0.8 288
3. Ceiling Fan 6 60 360 0.8 288
4. Single fluorescent 7 20 140 0.8 112
5. Double 3 40 120 0.8 96
fluorescent
6. Switch 20 0 0 0.0 0
7. S/S/O Point 13A 16 250 4000 0.5 2000
8. Regulator 6 0 0 0.0 0
9. Distribution Fuse 1 10000 10000 0.0 0
Box
10. Air-conditioning 2 750 1500 0.5 750
TOTAL MAXIMUM DEMAND 3726
COINCIDENCE FACTOR 0.9
MAXIMUM DEMAND 3353.4

5.6.1 Total Maximum Demand for Current House

Table 5.2 Maximum Currecnt Demand

Total Maximum Demand 3726 W

Maximum Demand 3353.4 W
Maximum Current P=IV 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3353.4 𝑊
𝐼=
230(0.85)
𝐼 = 17.15 𝐴

Size of MCB 1.25 X 17.15

= 21.44A
≈ 32A (MCB SPN)
Size of RCD 32 A
(30mA for power circuit, 100mA for lighting circuit)

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5.7 Analysis for Total Maximum Demand for Current House

The table above is an estimate of the maximum amount of demand for the house we are currently
studying. Based on our observations, the house in question belongs to the category of unsustainable
efficient design because the lighting components in the house still use ordinary fluorescent lights
instead of LED lights. As is already known, the use of LED lights can provide a higher energy-
saving rate compared to the use of fluorescent lights. Here is an example of the calculation we
have done if the house uses LED lights as a light source.

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 6 LOAD ANALYSIS

Table 6.1 Sustainable Efficient Design

No. Area Type (LED) Lamp Flux Power Used Unit of Lamp
(lm) (W) Used
1 Master Fluorescent 600 16 1
Bedroom Lamp
2 Master Double 1200 32 1
Bedroom Fluorescent
Lamp
3 Bedroom 1 Fluorescent 600 16 1
Lamp
4 Bedroom 2 Fluorescent 600 16 1
Lamp
5 Living Double 1200 32 2
Room Fluorescent
Lamp
6 Living Wall Lamp 500 12 3
Room

7 Rest Room Fluorescent 600 16 2

Lamp
8 Porch Lamp 300 7.5 1

9 Kitchen Fluorescent 600 16 2

Lamp
10 Kitchen Lamp 300 7.5 1

11 Bathroom 1 Lamp 300 7.5 2

12 Bathroom 2 Lamp 300 7.5 2

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 Table 6.2 Unsustainable Efficient Design

No. Area Type (LED) Lamp Flux Power Used Unit of Lamp
(lm) (W) Used
1 Master Fluorescent 1200 20 1
Bedroom Lamp
2 Master Double 2400 40 1
Bedroom Fluorescent
Lamp
3 Bedroom 1 Fluorescent 1200 20 1
Lamp
4 Bedroom 2 Fluorescent 1200 20 1
Lamp
5 Living Double 2400 40 2
Room Fluorescent
Lamp
6 Living Wall Lamp 4200 70 3
Room

7 Rest Room Fluorescent 1200 20 2

Lamp
8 Porch Lamp 2200 60 1

9 Kitchen Fluorescent 1200 20 2

Lamp
10 Kitchen Lamp 2200 60 1

11 Bathroom 1 Lamp 2200 60 2

12 Bathroom 2 Lamp 2200 60 2

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 6.1 Total Maximum Demand for Sustainable & Unsustainable Efficient Design

6.1.1 Total Maximum Demand for Sustainable Efficient Design

No. Load Quantity Watt (W) Total Demand Maximum

Current Load Factor Demand (MD)
(W)
1 LED Wall Lamp 3 12 36 0.8 28.8
2 Lamp 6 7.5 45 0.8 36
3 Ceiling Fan 6 60 360 0.8 288
4 LED Single 7 16 112 0.8 89.6
Fluorescent
5 LED Double 3 36 108 0.8 86.4
Fluorescent
6 Switch 20 0 0 0.0 0
7 S/S/O 13A 16 250 4000 0.5 2000
8 Regulator 6 0 0 0.0 0
9 Distribution 1 10000 10000 0.0 0
Fuse Box
10 Air 2 750 1500 0.5 750
Conditioning
TOTAL MAXIMUM DEMAND 3278.8
COICIDENCE FACTOR 0.9
MAXIMUM DEMAND 2950.9

Total Maximum Demand 3278.8 W

Maximum Demand 2950.9 W

Maximum Current P=IV

𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3278.8 𝑊
𝐼=
230(0.85)
𝐼 = 16.77 𝐴

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 Size of MCB 1.25 x 16.77 A
= 20.96 A
= 32 A (MCB SPN)

Size of RCD 32 A (30mA for power circuit, 100mA for lighting

circuit)

6.1.2 Total Maximum Demand for Unsustainable Efficient Design

No. Load Quantity Watt (W) Total Demand Maximum

Current Load Factor Demand (MD)
(W)
1 LED Wall Lamp 3 70 240 0.8 192
2 Lamp 6 60 360 0.8 288

3 Ceiling Fan 6 60 360 0.8 288

4 LED Single 7 20 140 0.8 112
Fluorescent
5 LED Double 3 40 120 0.8 96
Fluorescent
6 Switch 20 0 0 0.0 0
7 S/S/O 13A 16 250 4000 0.5 2000
8 Regulator 6 0 0 0.0 0
9 Distribution 1 10000 10000 0.0 0
Fuse Box
10 Air 2 750 1500 0.5 750
Conditioning
TOTAL MAXIMUM DEMAND 3726
COICIDENCE FACTOR 0.9
MAXIMUM DEMAND 3353.4

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 Total Maximum Demand 3726 W

Maximum Demand 3353.4 W

Maximum Current P=IV

𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3726 𝑊
𝐼=
230(0.85)
𝐼 = 17.15 𝐴

Size of MCB 1.25 x 17.15 A

= 21.44 A
= 32 A (MCB SPN)

Size of RCD 32 A (30mA for power circuit, 100mA for lighting

circuit)

6.1.3 Analysis for Total Maximum Demand for Sustainable Efficient Design & Unsustainable
Efficient Design

Both tables above are referred to the maximum demand amount for sustainable, efficient design
and the maximum total demand for non-sustainable, efficient design. As can be seen, there are
several differences in terms of calculation between the two tables. Among the significant
differences that can be seen from the two tables are the maximum request amount, maximum
request, and maximum current.On the calculation table for Sustainable Efficient Design, the total
maximum demand obtained is 3278.8 W, and for the maximum demand calculation, it is 2950.9
W, while for the maximum current calculation, the data obtained is 16.77 A. Next, on the
calculation table for unsustainable efficient design, the total maximum demand obtained is 3726
W, and for the maximum demand calculation, it is 3353.4 W, while for the maximum current
calculation, the data obtained is 17.15 A.

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 6.2 Total Power Consumption (W) for Sustainable & Unsustainable Efficient Design

6.2.1 Total Power Consumption (W) for Sustainable Efficient Design

Electrical Quantity Total Capacity Total Hours of Usage Total Power

Appliances of the Connected (Hour) Consumption (W)
Appliances (W) Load (W)
LED Wall Lamp 3 12 36 5 180
Lamp 6 7.5 45 5 225
Ceiling Fan 6 60 360 12 4320
LED Single 7 16 112 2 224
Fluorescent
LED Double 3 36 108 6 648
Fluorescent
Switch 20 0 0 5 0
S/S/O 13A 16 250 4000 7 28000
Regulator 6 0 0 1 0
Distribution Fuse 1 10000 10000 0.05 500
Box
Air Conditioning 2 750 1500 6 9000
Total 43097
The total electrical usage in a day must divide 1000, so the total electricity usage in a day

in kWh is.

43097
= 1000

= 43.097 k𝑊ℎ

For 30 days, the total is ;

30 X 43.097 =1292.91 kWh

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 6.2.2 Total Power Consumption (W) for Unsustainable Efficient Design

Electrical Quantity Total Capacity Total Hours of Usage Total Power

Appliances of the Connected (Hour) Consumption (W)
Appliances (W) Load (W)
LED Wall Lamp 3 70 240 5 1200
Lamp 6 60 360 5 1800
Ceiling Fan 6 60 360 12 4320
LED Single 7 20 140 2 280
Fluorescent
LED Double 3 40 120 6 720
Fluorescent
Switch 20 0 0 5 0
S/S/O 13A 16 250 4000 7 28000
Regulator 6 0 0 1 0
Distribution Fuse 1 10000 10000 0.05 500
Box
Air Conditioning 2 750 1500 6 9000
Total 45820
The total electrical usage in a day must divide 1000, so the total electricity usage in a day

in kWh is.

45820
= 1000

= 45.82 k𝑊ℎ

For 30 days, the total is ;

30 X 45.82 =1374.6 kWh

6.2.3 Analysis for Total Power Consumption (W) for Sustainable & Unsustainable Efficient
Design

Both tables compare total power consumption (W) for sustainable efficiency design and
unsustainable efficiency design. There are noticeable differences in the calculations between the
two tables. One significant variance is in the total electricity consumption per day and over 30
days. In the Sustainable Efficient Design table, the daily total electricity consumption is 43.097

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 kWh, resulting in 1292.91 kWh over 30 days. In contrast, the Unsustainable Efficient Design table
shows a daily total electricity consumption of 45.82 kWh, amounting to 1374.6 kWh over 30 days.

6.3 Cost estimation

The electricity tariff, as set by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), covers the costs borne by
consumers for the electricity used in their homes, including expenses related to power generation,
transmission, distribution, and operational maintenance. This pricing structure ensures that
consumers pay a fair rate that reflects the overall cost of electricity delivery, which includes factors
such as peak demand, time-of-use considerations, and expenses associated with different energy
sources. By complying with TNB tariffs, the project aims to accurately calculate monthly
electricity bills, providing an overview of how these costs are determined based on usage patterns
and prevailing rates, thus enabling consumers to better manage their energy consumption and
expenses.

Table 6.3 Tenaga Nasional Berhad Tariff

Tariff Category Unit Current Rate

For the first 200 kWh (1-200 kWh) per month cent/kWh 21.80
For the next 100 kWh (201-300 kWh) per month cent/kWh 33.40
For the next 300 kWh (301-600 kWh) per month cent/kWh 51.60
For the next 300 kWh (601-900 kWh) per month cent/kWh 54.60
For the next kWh (901kWh onwards) per month cent/kWh 57.10

Rate Sustainable Efficient Unsustainable Efficient

(RM) Block Price Block Price
TNB Tariff Prorate Prorate

(kWh) (kWh)
For the first 200 kWh (1-200 kWh) 21.80 200 4360 200 4360
per month
For the next 100 kWh (201- 300 33.40 100 3340 100 3340
kWh) per month
For the next 300 kWh (301- 600kWh) 51.60 300 15480 300 15480
per month

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For the next 300 kWh (601- 900kWh) 54.60 300 16380 300 16380
per month
For the next 300 kWh (901kWh 57.10 392.91 22435.161 474.6 27099.66
onwards) per month
Total 1292.91 61995.161 1374.6 66659.66
RM 61995.161(0.0061) 66659.66 (0.0061)
=RM378.17 =RM406.62

6.4 Comparison of Electricity Cost Between Sustainable &Unsustainable Efficient Design

6.4.1 Analysis for Comparison of Electricity Cost Between Sustainable & Unsustainable
Efficient Design

The table above refers to the comparison of electricity costs between sustainable and unsustainable
energy. As we can see, there is a computational difference between the two results. The significant
difference that can be seen in the table above is the price to be paid to Tenaga Nasional Berhad
(TNB) for energy use for a month. For Sustainable Efficient Design, the price to be paid is
RM378.17 and for Unsustainable Efficient Design is RM406.62.

6.5 Summary Analysis and Discussion

The GreenTech Solution housing project has been selected to be in Taman Universiti, Parit
Raja, Johor, due to its easy access to public facilities, shops, buildings, and shopping centers. As an
ecologically conscious company, GreenTech Solution emphasizes incorporating sustainable
practices into comfortable residential designs. To enhance energy efficiency and aesthetic appeal,
LED globe lights and chandelier lights are cleverly integrated into the homes. By combining eco-
friendly elements with a focus on residents' comfort, GreenTech Solution aims to develop homes
that meet the needs of modern homeowners.

In contrast, buildings that use energy-saving technologies but ignore other crucial
sustainability issues are referred to as unsustainable efficient housing. While these buildings may
reduce energy consumption and increase efficiency, they fail to consider the long-term impact on
the environment, social equity, and resource conservation. A primary issue with unsustainable
efficient houses is their reliance on non-renewable energy sources. Even if they use energy-efficient

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insulation, lighting, and appliances, if these systems run on electricity networks dependent on fossil
fuels, they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Moreover, inefficient homes
often lack renewable energy features such as solar panels or wind turbines, which could offset their
carbon footprint and reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.

Comparing the two designs, the maximum demand for the sustainable efficient design is
3278.8 W, while for the unsustainable efficient design, it is 3726 W. The total consumption for the
sustainable efficient design is 43097 W and 1292.91 kWh per month, whereas for the unsustainable
efficient design, it is 45820 W and 1374.6 kWh per month. The estimated cost for the sustainable
efficient design is RM378.17, compared to RM406.62 for the unsustainable efficient design.

6.6 Solar Implementation

Direct current (DC) electricity is produced by solar panels, which consist of a network of solar cells
connected to homes, companies, and even entire villages. Solar energy can reduce dependence on
fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions because it is a renewable and sustainable source of energy.
The best way to significantly lower your electricity bill is to use a solar energy system or install solar
panels on the roof of your home or business. Solar energy users can reduce their dependence on
electricity from the grid by making full use of the electricity produced from sunlight, which will save
them money in the long run.

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 6.6.1 Solar Table

Electrical Quantity Total Capacity Total Hours of Usage Total Power

Appliances of the Connected (Hour) Consumption (W)
Appliances (W) Load (W)
LED Wall Lamp 3 12 36 5 180
Lamp 6 7.5 45 5 225
Ceiling Fan 6 60 360 12 4320
LED Single 7 16 112 2 224
Fluorescent
LED Double 3 36 108 6 648
Fluorescent
Switch 20 0 0 5 0
S/S/O 13A 16 250 4000 7 28000
Regulator 6 0 0 1 0
Distribution Fuse 1 10000 10000 0.05 500
Box
Air Conditioning 2 750 1500 6 9000
Total 43097

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 7 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, careful research and strategic planning are essential for effectively utilizing
electrical energy in a sensible and economical manner. This involves not only optimizing the
efficiency of electrical systems but also integrating modern technologies and practices that reduce
overall energy consumption. A well-designed electrical system is crucial for ensuring the comfort
and functionality of residential and commercial spaces alike. It not only provides reliable power
distribution but also supports the integration of energy-saving devices and smart technologies. By
implementing energy-efficient appliances, smart meters, and renewable energy sources where
feasible, residents can significantly lower their monthly electricity costs while minimizing their
environmental footprint. Furthermore, the project underscores the importance of adequate lighting
throughout the day and night. Enhanced lighting designs with higher output wattage and energy-
efficient fixtures are pivotal for creating bright and inviting living spaces. This approach not only
improves visibility and enhances safety within homes but also contributes to overall energy
savings. By focusing on creating electrical systems that prioritize efficiency and sustainability, the
company aims to further explore avenues for reducing expenses and enhancing energy efficiency
in both residential and commercial settings.

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