SUM UP

Behaviorism

It stresses on students’ observable behavior to create automatic learning includes the use of instructional cues, practice, and
reinforcement. In this case, the role of the teacher in behaviorism theory is determines what type of cues that could produce the desired
response, to create conducive situation to reach the target stimuli and to create environmental condition.

Cognitivism

It stresses on the process happens inside the human mind, acquisition of the language, and internal mental structure. In this case, the
role of teacher is to understand the position of the students who have different experience that will influence to the learning outcome,
to determine the manners that mostly used and which one is effective to organize the new information, to provide feedback in order to
make the new information will be more effective and efficient.

Constructivism

It emphasizes on how to construct the meaning of the word or thing based on their own understanding. It can be done through
individual experience and schema. The role of the teacher is to ask the students to learn to construct meaning and to assimilate and
accommodate the students’ prior knowledge and the new ones.

BEHAVIOURISM
the learners respond to environmental stimuli without their mental state being a factor in learner’s behavior.
There are two types of conditioning through which individuals learn to behave: operant, and classic. Operant conditioning is a
method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is
made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response and
a previous neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are
then known as ‘conditioned element’ and ‘conditioned response’. In other words, The main difference between classical and
operant conditioning is that classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant
conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.

COGNITIVISM

as the response of behaviorism (asiaeuniversity, 2012:106). As we know that, behaviorism is the theory of language learning which emphasize in
observable behavior. The answer why cognitivism theory appears as the response of behaviorism theory was because the behaviorist
psychologist tried to avoid the use of mental process in our mind. They tried to erase the cognitivism theory. In other words, they just would like
to explain something which is observable, not the unobservable one (cognitivism).

According to Mergel (1998) cognitivism is a process based on the thought process behind the behavior. Changes in behavior are observed, and
used as to what is happening inside the learner’s mind. Cognitive theories emphasize the children conscious thought (Hebb, 2003:3). From the
two definitions, I can infer that a process can be called cognitivism if a process happens in conscious thought(inside the learner’s mind). Here is
the explanation of e the development of cognitivism or cognitive revolution.

A cognitive theory of learning sees second language acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process, involving the deliberate use of
learning strategies. Learning strategies are special ways of processing information that enhance comprehension, learning or retention of
information. This explanation of language learning contrasts strongly with the behaviourist account of language learning, which sees language
learning as an unconscious, automatic process.

Example

This view leads to a classroom focus on using learning strategies that have been observed in successful language learners and to a view of the
learner as an 'information-processor', with limitations as to how much new information can be retained, and who needs strategies to be able to
transfer information into memory. (https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/professional-development/teachers/knowing-subject/c/cognitive-
theory)
 Behaviourism Constructivism Cognitivism

Emphasizes the role of internal mental

Emphasizes the role of the environment Emphasizes the role of internal mental processes in learning and the acquisition of
and external factors in behavior processes in learning and knowledge creation knowledge

Knowledge is a product of internal mental

Knowledge is gained through external Knowledge is actively constructed by the processes and can be objectively measured
stimuli and observable behaviors individual based on their experiences and assessed

Teachers are experts who provide

Teachers are the authority figures who Teachers are facilitators who guide students knowledge to learners and guide them in
impart knowledge to students in constructing their own knowledge developing their cognitive abilities

Students are passive receivers of Students are active participants in Students are receivers of knowledge from
knowledge and respond to constructing their own understanding and teachers and use their cognitive abilities to
rewards/punishments knowledge process information

Observable behavior and measurable Internal mental processes, thinking, and Internal mental processes and information
outcomes reasoning processing

Evaluation is based on objectively

Evaluation is based on observable Evaluation is based on individual measurable outcomes and mastery of
behavior and measurable outcomes understanding and internal mental processes specific knowledge and skills

Classical and operant conditioning, Problem-based learning, inquiry-based Information processing theory, schema
behavior modification, reinforcement learning, cognitive apprenticeship theory, metacognition
 Learning theories and theorists’ quiz

1. The humanistic approach to learning focuses on self-actualization and student-centered

curriculum.
True / False
2. Which learning theories emphasize active learning, scaffolding, concrete experience, and
reflection?
Behaviorism and Cognitivism

Constructivism and Humanism

Cognitivism and Constructivism

Connectivism and Eclecticism

3. ________ argues the cause of someone's behavior lies in reinforcements and punishments.

Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Social learning

Constructivism
4. Which learning theory seeks to "broaden attention from the learner as an isolated individual to include a focus on the social
settings that construct and constitute the individual as a learner" (Lave and Wenger, 1991):

Social Learning Theories

Behaviorism
Constructivism
Cognitivism

5. Behaviourism is based on the following principle:

Behavior is mechanic
Learning is the result of stimulus-response
The mind is like a computer
Learning is self-directed

6. Which learning theory centers on what happens between stimulus and response, understanding mental processes such as
memory?
Cognitivism
Behaviorism
Social
Multiple intelligences

7. If you focus on active learning through problem solving tasks, adding more complexity as your learners progress, you would
be guided by what learning theory?
Social Learning Theories
Constructivism
Behaviorism
Humanism

8. What does VARK stand for?

Variety, Aural, Read, Kinesthetic

Visual, Aural, Redefine, Kinesthetic
Visual, Aural, Read, Kinesthetic,
 Visual, Aims, Read, Kinesthetic

9. Which is of the following Psychologist has contributed the Spiral Curriculum approach?
Piaget
Bruner
Maslow
Skinner

10. According to Vygotsky, learning is most effective in the Zone of Proximal Development when:
1. Students are self-directed 3. There is collaborative learning among peers
2. There is guidance from a knowledgeable other 4. Students display the right behaviour

1
1 and 2
2 and 3
All of the above

11. Spiral Curriculum and Collaborative Learning belong to which learning theory?

Behaviourism
Congnitivism
Humanism
Constructivism

12. Which learning theory says that a set stimulus, over a period of time, will produce the same response every time?

The Behaviorist
The Cognitivist
The Constructivist
The Humanist

13. Who of the following is not a Cognitivist?

 Watson
Ausubel
Bloom
Sweller

14. If, as a teacher, you set clear learning objectives and design repetitive practices, what
theory of learning is evident?
Cognitivism
Social Constructivism
Learning styles
Behaviorism

15. Cognitivism suggests that learning is a change in:

understanding as a result of making connections between existing knowledge and new
information

personality as a result of interacting with more people

reflex reactions as a result of a bad previous experience

mood as the result of a piece of music

16. Which two concepts are linked to the idea of schema?
accumulation
assimilation
acceleration
accommodation

17. ANY EVENT OR SITUATION THAT EVOKES A RESPONSE IS KNOWN AS?

acquisition
stimulus
reinforcement
shaping

18. Which school of thought/theory does Bandura fit into?

Humanism
Behaviourism
Learning styles
Social Learning Theory
19. What does the ZPD stand for?
Zone of Potential Development
Zone of Practice Discourse
Zone of Proximal Development
Zone of Priority Discussion

20. "The objective is to develop self- actualized people in a cooperative & supportive
environment"... Is a statement of:
Behaviorism.
Humanism.
Constructivism.
Cognitivism.

21. __________ assumes that humans learn behavior through observational learning—in
other words, learner´s context has an effect on learning.
Humanism
Behaviourism
Learning styles
Social Learning Theory

22. Humans are motivated to achieve certain needs: Self-Actualization, self Esteem-
accomplishment, belongingness, safety, physical Needs.
 Social theory
Cognitivism
Constructivism
Humanism

Answer key

1. TRUE
2. Cognitivism and Constructivism
3. Behaviorism
4. Social learning theories
5. Learning is the result of stimulus-response
6. Cognitivism
7. Constructivism
8. Visual, Aural, Read, Kinesthetic
9. Bruner
10. 2 and 3
11. Constructivism
12. The behaviorist
13. Watson
14. Behaviorism
15. Understanding as a result of making connections between existing knowledge and new
information
16. Assimilation & accommodation
17. Stimulus
18. Social Learning Theory
19. Zone of Proximal Development
20. Humanism
21. Social Learning Theory
22. Humanism