BUILDING

 CONSTRUCTION  
COURSE  I

WINDOWS
 WINDOWS  

* WINDOWS:
* A  window  is  an  opening  formed  in  a  wall  or  roof  to  admit  
daylight   through   some   transparent   or   translucent  
material  fixed  in  the  window  opening.  

* This  primary  function  of  a  window  is  served  by  a  sheet  of  
glass  fixed  in  a  frame  in  the  window  opening  

* This  simple  type  of  window  is  termed  fixed  light  because  
no  part  of  the  window  can  be  opened.  
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WINDOWS:  
* As  the  window  is  part  of  the  wall  or  roof  envelope  to  the  
building,   it   should   serve   to   exclude   wind   and   rain,   and  
act  as  a  barrier  to  excessive  transfer  of  heat,  sound  and  
spread   of   fire   in   much   the   same   way   that   the  
surrounding  wall  or  roof  does.  
 
* The  functional  material  of  a  window,  glass,  is  efficient  in  
admitting   daylight   and   excluding   wind   and   rain   but   is   a  
poor  barrier  to  transfer  of  heat,  sound  and  spread  of  fire.  
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FUNCTIONAL  REQUIREMENTS:  
* Strength  and  Stability  
* Resistance  to  weather  
* Durability  and  freedom  of  maintenance  
* Fire  Safety  
* Resistance  to  the  passage  of  heat  
* Resistance  to  the  passage  of  sound  
* Security  
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FUNCTIONS  OF  A  WINDOW:  

-­‐  Daylight  
-­‐  Ventilation  
-­‐  View  out  
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DAYLIGHT:  
* A   window   should   continue   to   serve   the   function   of  
transmission  of  daylight.      
* It  should  as  well  exclude  transfer  of  excessive  light  and  
glare.      
* The   quality   of   glass   or   other   transparent   or   translucent  
material,  largely  affect  the    rate  of  light  transferred.  
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Controlling  Daylight:  
* The   means   of   controlling   the   penetration   of   sunlight   to  
rooms  are  the  slatted  wooden  louver  shutters  and  blinds  
that  can  be  opened  or  closed.  
 
* These   controls   are   adjustable   between   winter   and  
summer   conditions,   graduated   from   no   shade   and   the  
maximum   penetration   of   daylight   in   winter   through  
some   shade   and   some   daylight   to   full   shading   in   high  
summer.    
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VENTILATION:  
* The   traditional   window   is   usually   designed   to   ventilate  
rooms   through   one   or   more   parts   that   open   to  
encourage   an   exchange   of   air   between   inside   and  
outside.  
* The   size   of   a   ventilating   opening,   by   itself,   gives   no  
indication  of  the  likely  air  change  
* The   ventilating   effect   of   an   opening   depends   on   air  
pressure  difference  between  inside  and  outside    
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MATERIALS  USED  FOR  WINDOWS:  

* Wood  windows.  
* Steel  windows.  
* Aluminum  windows.  
* UPVC  windows.  
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WOOD  WINDOWS::  
* The   majority   of   wood   windows   are   of   softwood   that  
suffers   moisture   movement   with   change   of   moisture  
content  and  may  rot  where  water  enters  open  joints,  if  it  
is   not   adequately   protected   by   pain   or   other   protective  
coating.  
* The   disadvantage   of   of   softwood   windows   is   that   they  
need  comparatively  frequent  maintenance  .  
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STEEL  WINDOWS::  
* Steel   windows   have   acquired   a   bad   name   due   to   the  
progressive    corrosive  rusting.  
 
* Galvanized   zinc   coating   does   not   give   total   protection  
against   corrosion,   these   windows   need   frequent  
painting  
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ALUMINUM  WINDOWS:  
* Aluminum   is   usually   coated   by   anodizing,   polyester  
powder,  organic  or  acrylic  coating.  
* On   the   exposure   to   air,   aluminum   forms   an   oxide   that  
generally   protects   the   aluminum   below   it   from   further  
corrosion.    
* The   oxide   coating   is   coarse   textured,   dull   and   silver   grey  
in   color   which   readily   collects   dirt,   t   not   easily   cleaned  
and  has  an  unattractive  appearance.  
 
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UPVC  WINDOWS:  
* Un-­‐Plasticized  Poly  (Vinyl  Chloride)  (uPVC)  
* The   material   maintains   its   original   characteristics   over   a  
long  period  of  time  in  various  climatic  conditions  
* UPVC   is   known   as   having   strong   resistance   against  
chemicals,  sunlight,  and  oxidation  from  water  
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Window  Types:  
* Windows  could  be  grouped  in  the  following:  
1-­‐  Hinged:  
-­‐  Side  hung  
-­‐  Top  hung  
-­‐  Bottom  hung  
2-­‐  Pivoted:  
-­‐    Vertically  pivoted  
-­‐    Horizontally  pivoted  
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Window  Types:  
3-­‐  Sliding:  
-­‐  Vertically  sliding  
-­‐  Horizontally  sliding  
4-­‐  Composite  action:  
-­‐  Side  hung  
-­‐  Top  hung  
-­‐  Bottom  hung  
-­‐  Sliding  folding  
 
  1-­‐  Hinged  Windows  
2-­‐  Pivoted  Windows  
3-­‐  Sliding  windows  
4-­‐    composite  action  windows