Integration Techniques 2 𝑑θ

2 ∫ 2
𝑎 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ)
Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

2 2
2 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
𝑎
Case 1
2
2 2 (− 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ) + 𝑐
Integrand containing radical of form 𝑎 − 𝑢 where a 𝑎
2

> 0.
2
− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ + 𝑐
𝑢 𝑜 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 𝑎
= ℎ
2 2
2 𝑎 −𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ − 2 ( 𝑢
)+ 𝑐
𝑎

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ 2 9 − 4𝑥
2
− 9
( 2𝑥
)+ 𝑐
𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = ℎ
2
9 − 4𝑥
− 9𝑥
+𝑐
2 2
𝑎 −𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝑎

2 2
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝑎 −𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
2. ∫ 2
16 − 𝑥
Example:

2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 = 16 𝑢 =𝑥
1. ∫ 2 2
𝑥 9 − 4𝑥
𝑎 = 4 𝑢 = 2𝑥
2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑎 =9 𝑢 = 4𝑥 3
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 2
𝑎 −𝑢
2 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 = 3 𝑢 2
= 𝑑𝑥
4
=𝑥 2
3
(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ)
∫ (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)
𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
2 3 3
∫ 2
2 2
∫ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
𝑢
4
𝑎 −𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
2 2 3 3
1 ∫ 2
2 2
𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
𝑢
4
4
𝑎 −𝑢

𝑑𝑢 3 2
2∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
2 2 2
𝑢 𝑎 −𝑢

𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ 3 2
2∫ 2
𝑎 ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)

2∫
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑𝑣 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
2 2
(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)

− 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
𝑑θ
2∫ 2 2
(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ)
 2
3 2 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
𝑎 ∫(1 − 𝑣 ) (− 𝑑𝑣) ∫ 3 3
𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ

3 2 𝑑θ
− 𝑎 ∫(1 − 𝑣 ) (𝑑𝑣) ∫ 2
𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ

3
3 𝑣
− 𝑎 (𝑣 − 3
) + 𝑐 1
∫
𝑑θ
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
𝑎
3
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
− 𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 3
) + 𝑐
1
2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ
𝑎
3
2 2 2 2
3 𝑎 −𝑢 1 𝑎 −𝑢
− 𝑎( 𝑎
− 3
( 𝑎
) + 𝑐
1
2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) + 𝑐
𝑎
3
2 2
16 − 𝑥 1 16 − 𝑥
− 64( − ( ) + 𝑐 1 𝑢
4 3 4 2 ( 2 2
)+ 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 +𝑢

𝑢
2 2 2
+𝑐
Case 2 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑢

𝑥
2 2 +𝑐
Integrand containing radical of form 𝑎 + 𝑢 where a 4 4+𝑥
2

> 0.

𝑢 𝑜
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑎
= 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
2. ∫ 2
𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑦 25 + 4𝑦

2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑦
𝑎 = 25 𝑢 = 4𝑦
ℎ
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 𝑎 𝑎 = 5 𝑢 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑢
2
= 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑎 +𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 𝑎
𝑢
=𝑦
2

𝑑𝑢
2 2
𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 𝑎 +𝑢 ∫ 2
𝑢 2 2
2
𝑎 +𝑢
Example:
1
2 𝑑𝑢
1 ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑎 +𝑢
1. ∫ 2 3/2
2

(4 + 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 2
2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑎 +𝑢
𝑎 =4 𝑢 =𝑥

2
𝑎 = 2 𝑢 = 𝑥 ∫
𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
(𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ)(𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ)

𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 2 3/2
(𝑎 + 𝑢 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
∫ 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
2
𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
∫ 3
(𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ)
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
𝑎
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑎 =4 𝑢 =𝑥

𝑎 = 2 𝑢 = 𝑥
1 1
𝑎
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ) 𝑑θ 3
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 2
𝑢 −𝑎

1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑎
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑θ 3
(𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ) (𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑑θ)
∫ 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ

1 1
𝑎
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑θ
4
∫ (𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ)

1
𝑎
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
3 4
∫ 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
1
𝑎
𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ| 𝑑θ
3 2 2
𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
1
𝑎
𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ| 𝑑θ

1 | 2
𝑎 +𝑢
2
𝑎 | 3
𝑎 ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ + 𝑐
2 2
𝑎
𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢
− 𝑢
| 𝑑θ
| |

1 | 2
𝑎 +𝑢 −𝑎
2 | 2
𝑙𝑛 | | 𝑑θ 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
𝑎 | 2𝑢 |
3 2
1 25 + 4𝑦 − 5
2 𝑎 ∫(1 + 𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑣
5
( 2𝑦
) 𝑑θ
3
3 𝑣
𝑎 (𝑣 + 3
) + 𝑐

Case 3 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
3
𝑎 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ + 3
) + 𝑐
2 2
Integrand containing radical of form 𝑢 − 𝑎 where a 2 2
2 2 𝑢 −𝑎
> 0. 3
𝑎 (
𝑢 −𝑎
+ 𝑎
) + 𝑐
𝑎 3
𝑢 𝑎
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 𝑎
= 𝑜 2 2 2 2
3 𝑢 −𝑎 𝑢 −𝑎
𝑎 ( 𝑎
+ 3𝑎
) + 𝑐
𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
2 2
𝑥 −4 𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑑θ 8( 2
+ 6
) + 𝑐

𝑜
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑎

𝑑𝑥
2
𝑢 −𝑎
2
2. ∫ 3/2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑎
2
(𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 7)

2
2 2 (𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 16 ) − 16 + 7
𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑢 −𝑎
2
Example: (𝑥 + 4) − 9

3
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 2
∫ 3/2
2
𝑥 −4 ((𝑥 +4) − 9)
 2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 =9 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 4)

𝑎 = 3 𝑢 = 𝑥 +4

𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 2 3/2
(𝑢 − 𝑎 )

𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
∫ 3
(𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ)

𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 𝑑θ
∫ 3 3
𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ

𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
∫ 2 2
𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ

1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ𝑑θ
2 ∫ 2
𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ

1 1 2
2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ) 𝑑θ
𝑎

2
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
𝑑θ
𝑎

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
2 ∫ 2 𝑑θ
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 1
2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑θ
𝑎

1
2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ 𝑑θ
𝑎

1
− 2 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ) 𝑑θ
𝑎

1 𝑢
− 2 ( 2 2
) 𝑑θ
𝑎 𝑢 −𝑎

1 𝑥+4
− 9
( 2
) 𝑑θ
(𝑥 + 4) − 9
 Integration Techniques 𝑑𝑢
6∫ 2 2
𝑎 +𝑢
Integration by Miscellaneous Substitution
1 −1 𝑢
6( 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑎 ) + 𝑐)
A. Integration of rational functions of sine and
1 −1 𝑧
cosine 6( 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 3 ) + 𝑐)

Half-Angle Substitution −1 𝑧
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 3 ) + 𝑐
If an integrand is a rational function of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, and
𝑥
other functions, it can be reduced to a rational function −1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 3
) + 𝑐
of 𝑧, by the substitution.

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 2. ∫ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

2
1−𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 2
2𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 1+𝑧
2

∫ 2𝑧 1−𝑧
2
1+ 2 + 2
1+𝑧 1+𝑧
2𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2
1+𝑧
2𝑑𝑧
2
1+𝑧
2𝑑𝑧
∫ 1+𝑧
2
2𝑧 1−𝑧
2

𝑑𝑥 = 2 1+𝑧
2 +
1+𝑧
2 +
1+𝑧
2

1+𝑧

Example: 2𝑑𝑧
∫ 2 2
1 + 𝑧 + 2𝑧 + 1 − 𝑧

3𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 5 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2𝑑𝑧
∫ 2 + 2𝑧
2𝑑𝑧
3( 2 )
1+𝑧
∫ 1−𝑧
2
5 + 4( 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 ∫ 1+𝑧
2𝑑𝑧
3( 2 )
1+𝑧
∫ 1+𝑧
2
1−𝑧
2
5( 2 ) + 4( 2 ) 𝑢 = 1 +𝑧 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 1+𝑧

𝑑𝑢
3(2𝑑𝑧) ∫ 𝑢
∫ 2 2
5(1 + 𝑧 ) + 4(1 − 𝑧 )

𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝑐
6𝑑𝑧
∫ 2 2
5 + 5𝑧 + 4 − 4𝑧 𝑙𝑛 |1 + 𝑧| + 𝑐

𝑥
6𝑑𝑧 𝑙𝑛 ||1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 || + 𝑐
∫ 2
9+𝑧

6𝑑𝑧
∫ 2
9+𝑧

2 2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 =9 𝑢 =𝑧

𝑎 = 3 𝑢 = 𝑧

6𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 2
𝑎 +𝑢
C. Algebraic substitution 5(
𝑧
12
) + 5(
𝑧
7
)𝑑𝑧
12 7

I. Linear Function
II. Quadratic Function
𝑚/𝑛
If the integrand involves (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) The substitution
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 will eliminate the radical. If the integrand involves 𝑎 − 𝑢 , 𝑎 + 𝑢 , 𝑢 − 𝑎 ,
and an odd power of x.
Example:
Let u be the radical and perform the following:
3
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 1. Square both sides
2. Solve for x2
3. Differentiate both sides to obtain xdx
3 3
𝑧 = 𝑥 −4 𝑥 =𝑧 + 4 Example:

3 2
𝑧 =𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑧 𝑑𝑧 3 2
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 − 9 𝑑𝑥

3 2
∫(𝑧 + 4)(𝑧)(3𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 2 2
2 𝑥 =𝑧 + 9
𝑧 = 𝑥 −9

6 3 2 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑑𝑧
∫ 3𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 12𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 =𝑥 − 9

𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
6 3
∫ 3𝑧 + 12𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 2
7 4
∫𝑥 𝑥 − 9 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑧 𝑧
3( 7
) + 12( 4
) +𝑐

2
3 7 4 ∫(𝑧 + 9)(𝑧)(𝑧𝑑𝑧)
7
(𝑧 ) + 3𝑧 + 𝑐

3 3
7 3
4
7
( 𝑥 − 4) + 3( 𝑥 − 4) + 𝑐 4
∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 9𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2

4 2
5
∫ (𝑧 + 9𝑧 )𝑑𝑧
2
2. ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
5 3
𝑧 𝑧
5
+ 9( 3
)+ 𝑐
5 5
𝑧 = (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 =𝑧 + 1
5 3
1 2 2
5 4 5
( 𝑥 − 9) + 3( 𝑥 − 9) + 𝑐
𝑧 =𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑧 𝑑𝑧

5 2 4
∫(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 )(5𝑧 𝑑𝑧)

11 6
∫(5𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 5𝑧 𝑑𝑧)

11 6
∫(5𝑧 + 5𝑧 )𝑑𝑧
 Integration Techniques 𝑥 (𝑥
2
+ 4𝑥 − 5)
Integration by Partial Fraction
𝑥 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
3
𝑥 2
=− 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 (Long Division)
Definition 3
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥
2

A rational function is a function which can be 2

−4𝑥 − 5𝑥
expressed as the quotient of two polynomial functions. ∫1 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)

That is, a function H is a rational function if

−4𝑥 − 5
𝑓(𝑥)
∫1 + (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
𝐻(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)

−4𝑥 − 5 𝐴 𝐵
where both 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are polynomials. (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 + 5)
+ (𝑥 − 1)

In general, we shall be concerned in integrating − 4𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 5)

expressions of the form:
− 4𝑥 − 5 = (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴) + 𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐵)
𝑓(𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) − 4𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥

If the degree of 𝑓(𝑥) is less than the degree of 𝑔(𝑥), − 4= 𝐴+𝐵

their quotient is called proper fraction; otherwise, it is
called improper fraction. An improper rational function 5 =− 𝐴 + 5𝐵
can be expressed as the sum of a polynomial and a
proper rational function. 1 = 6𝐵

1
Thus, given a proper rational function 𝐵 = 6

3
𝑥 𝑥
2 = 𝑥− 2
− 4= 𝐴+𝐵
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
1
Every proper rational function can be expressed as the − 4= 𝐴+ 6
sum of simpler fractions (partial fractions) which may
1
have a denominator which is of linear or quadratic 𝐴 =− 4 − 6
form.
24 1
The method of partial fractions is an algebraic 𝐴 =− 6
− 6
procedure of expressing a given rational function as a
25
sum of simpler fractions which is called the partial 𝐴 =− 6
fraction decomposition of the original rational function.
The rational function must be in its proper fraction form −
25 1
−4𝑥 − 5 6 6
to use the partial fraction method. (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 + 5)
+ (𝑥 − 1)

−4𝑥 − 5 25 1
∫
𝑓(𝑥)
=
𝐴
+
𝐵
+
𝐶
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
=− 6 (𝑥 + 5)
+ 6 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑔1(𝑥) 𝑔2(𝑥) 𝑔3(𝑥) 𝑔1(𝑥) 𝑔2(𝑥) 𝑔3(𝑥)

25 1
note: numerator < denominator ∫1 − 6 (𝑥 + 5)
+ 6 (𝑥 − 1)

Example:
25 1
𝑥 − 6
𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 5| + 6
𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 − 1|
3
𝑥
1. ∫ 3 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥

3 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥
 𝑦+3 1 5 𝑑𝑢
2. ∫ 3 2 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 6 2
𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + (− 2
)∫ 2
4𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 𝑦 (𝑢)

3 2
4𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 𝑦 5 −2
3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 3 𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + (− 2
) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑦 (4𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 1)
−1
5 𝑢
3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 3 𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + (− 2
)( −1
) + 𝑐
2
𝑦 (4𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 1)
5
2 3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 3 𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + 2𝑢
+ 𝑐
𝑦 (2𝑦 + 1)
5
𝑦+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 3 𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + + 𝑐
2 = 𝑦
+ (2𝑦 + 1)
+ 2
2(2𝑦 + 1)
𝑦 (2𝑦 + 1) (2𝑦 + 1)

2
𝑦 + 3 = 𝐴(2𝑦 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑦(2𝑦 + 1)) + 𝐶(𝑦)

2 2
𝑦 + 3 = 𝐴(4𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 1) + 𝐵(2𝑦 + 𝑦) + 𝐶(𝑦)

0 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐵

1 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶

3 =𝐴

0 = 4(3) + 2𝐵

0 = 12 + 2𝐵

2𝐵 =− 12

𝐵 =− 6

1 = 4(3) + (− 6) + 𝐶

1 = 12 − 6 + 𝐶

𝐶 =− 1 + 12 − 6

𝐶 =− 5

3 −6 −5
∫ 𝑦
+ (2𝑦 + 1)
+ 2 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 + 1)

1 −5
3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 6 2
𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 + 1)

𝑢 = 2𝑦 + 1

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢
2
= 𝑑𝑦

1 −5 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| − 6 2
𝑙𝑛 |2𝑦 + 1| + ∫ 2 2
(𝑢)
 Integration Techniques 1
2
∫(3𝑥 + 2 − 0)𝑑𝑥
Integration - The Area Under a Curve 0

3 1
3𝑥
( 3
+ 2𝑥) ∫
Definite Integral 0

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 1

lim 3
∆𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑥) ∫
∆𝑥 → 0
0

𝑏 3 3
∫ 𝑓'(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) ((1) + 2(1)) − ((0) + 2(0))
𝑎
(1 + 2) = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Example:

1
2
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
0 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥; 𝑥 =− 1

3 1 𝑏
𝑥
( )∫ ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙)𝑑𝑥
3
0 𝑎

3 3 0
(3) (0) 2
3
− 3 ∫ (𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 0)𝑑𝑥
−1
9 1
3
= 3 3 2 0
𝑥 2𝑥
( 3
+ 2
)∫
2 −1
2. ∫(3 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 3 0
𝑥 2
( 3
+𝑥 )∫
2 2 −1
2𝑥
(3𝑥 − 2
)∫
3 3
0 (0) 2 (−1) 2
( 3
+ (0) ) − ( 3
+ (− 1) )
2
2
(3𝑥 − 𝑥 ) ∫ − (−
1
+ 1)
0 3

2 2 4 4
(3(2) − (2) ) − (3(0) − (0) ) − (− 3
)= 3
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

6 − 4 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2
3. 𝑦 =− 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥

Vertical Strip 𝑏
∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎
∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2
−𝑥 = 𝑥
Example:
2
𝑥 +𝑥 =0
2
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2; 𝑥 = 1
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑏
∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙)𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =− 1
𝑎
0 4
2 𝑦
∫ (− 𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫(2 − 2
− 0)𝑑𝑦
−1 0

3 2 0 2 4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
(− 3
− 2
)∫ (2𝑥 − 4
)∫
−1 0

3 2 3 2 2 2
(0) (0) (−1) (−1) (4) (0)
(− 3
− 2
) − (− 3
− 2
) (2(4) − 4
) − (2(0) − 4
)

1 1 2
− (3 − ) (4)
2 (2(4) − 4
)

1 1
(− 3
+ 2
) (8 − 4) = 4 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2 3 1
(− 6
+ 6
)= 6
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2
3. 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

𝑏
Horizontal Strip ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑏
∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑦 +2
𝑎

2
Example: 𝑦 =𝑦 +2

2 2
1. 𝑦 = 4𝑥, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 𝑦 −𝑦 −2 =0

𝑦
2
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 2)
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 =− 1, 𝑦 = 2
𝑏
∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙)𝑑𝑦 2
𝑎 2
∫ (𝑦 + 2 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
−1
2 2
𝑦
∫( 4
− 0)𝑑𝑦 2 3 2
0 𝑦 𝑦
( 2
+ 2𝑦 − 3
)∫
−1
3 2
𝑦
( 12
)∫ 2 3 2 3
(2) (2) (−1) (−1)
0 ( 2
+ 2(2) − 3
)−( 2
+ 2(− 1) − 3
)
3 3
(2) (0) 4 8 1 1
( 12
)−( 12
) (2 + 4 − ) − (2 − 2 + )
3 3

8 2 8 1 1
( 12 ) = 3
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (2 + 4 − − +2 − )
3 2 3

12 24 16 3 12 2
( 6
+ 6
− 6
− 6
+ 6
− 6
)
2. 𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥
27 9
6
= 2
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑦
𝑥 = 2 − 2

𝑏
∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙)𝑑𝑦
𝑎
 Integration Techniques 𝑏
2 2
𝑉 = π ∫((𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙) − (𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙) )𝑑𝑦
Integration - The Volume Under a Curve 𝑎

4
2 2
𝑉 = π ∫((1 − 4 − 𝑦) − (1 − 0) )𝑑𝑦
Disk Method: 0

4
- Perpendicular and Touching
𝑉 = π ∫((1 − 2 4 − 𝑦 + 4 − 𝑦) − (1))𝑑𝑦
0
2
𝑉 = π𝑟 ℎ
4
Example 𝑉 = π ∫((2 4 − 𝑦 + 5 − 𝑦) − (1))𝑑𝑦
0

1. 𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥 4
𝑉 = π ∫(2 4 − 𝑦 + 5 − 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑦
𝑥 = 3 − 2
0

4
𝑏
2 𝑉 = π ∫(2 4 − 𝑦 + 4 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑉 = π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙) 𝑑𝑦 0
𝑎

6 𝑢 = 4 −𝑦
𝑦 2
𝑉 = π ∫(3 − 2
− 0) 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦

6 2 4
𝑦 𝑦
𝑉 = π ∫(9 − 2(3)( 2 ) − 4
)𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = π ∫(4 − 𝑦 + 2 𝑢)(− 𝑑𝑢)
0 0

6 2 4
3𝑦 𝑦 1/2
𝑉 = π ∫(9 − 2
− 4
)𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = π ∫(4 − 𝑦 − 2𝑢 )(𝑑𝑢)
0 0

2 3 6 2 3/2 4
3𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2𝑢
𝑉 = π(9𝑦 − 4
− 12
)∫ 𝑉 = π(4𝑦 − − )∫
2 3/2
0 0

2 3 2 3
3(6) (6) 3(0) (0) 2 3/2 4
π(9(6) − − ) − π(9(0) − − ) 𝑦 4𝑢
4 12 4 12 𝑉 = π(4𝑦 − 2
− 3
)∫
0
π(54 − 54 + 18) = 18π 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 3/2 2 3/2
(4) 4(4−(4)) (4) 4(4−(0))
π(4(4) − 2
− 3
) − π(4(4) + 2
− 3
)

2 3/2
(4) 4(4)
Ring Method π(4(4) − 2
) + π( 3
)

- Perpendicular but Not Touching 16 32

π(16 − 2
) + π( 3
)
2 2
𝑉 = π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )ℎ 32
π(16 − 8) + π( 3
)
Example:
32
2
π(8) + π( 3
)
1. 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦, 2𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 = 1
24 32 56
π( 3
) + π( 3
)= 3
π 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑥 = 4 −𝑦

𝑏
2 2
𝑉 = π ∫(𝑅 − 𝑟 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎
Shell Method 2π(
81
−
54
)
3 3

- Parallel and can be touching or not 27

2π( 3
) = 18π 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑉 = 2π𝑟ℎ𝑡

V. Strip

𝑏
𝑉 = 2π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙)(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

; note that (𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙) can only be x or constant

H. Strip

𝑏
𝑉 = 2π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙)(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙)𝑑𝑦
𝑎

; note that (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙) can only be y or constant

Example:

1. 𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥

𝑏
𝑉 = 2π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑙)(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

3
𝑉 = 2π ∫(𝑥 − 0)(6 − 2𝑥 − 0)𝑑𝑥
0

3
𝑉 = 2π ∫ 𝑥(6 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0

3
2
𝑉 = 2π ∫(6𝑥 − 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0

2 3 3
6𝑥 2𝑥
𝑉 = 2π( 2
− 3
) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0

3 3
2 2𝑥
𝑉 = 2π(3𝑥 − 3
) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0

3 3
2 2𝑥
𝑉 = 2π(3𝑥 − 3
) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0

3 3
2 2(3) 2 2(0)
2π(3(3) − 3
) − 2π(3(0) − 3
)

2(27)
2π(3(9) − 3
)

54
2π(27 − 3
)
 Integration Techniques (2)
3 2
(0)
𝐴 = (4(2) − 3
) − (4(0) − 3
)
Centroid of an Area
8
𝐴 = (8 − 3
) − (0)
Centroid of an Area
24 8
𝐴=( − )−0
𝑀𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 and 𝑀𝑥𝐷 = 𝐴𝑦 3 3

16
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥 𝐴= 3
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑥= 𝐴
and 𝑦 = 𝐴

Vertical Strip Horizontal Strip

𝑏

𝑏 𝑏 𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2 𝑎
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑦 = 2
∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎
2
2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (4 − 𝑥 − 0) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2
𝑀𝑥 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 (𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) 𝑑𝑦 0
2
𝑎 𝑎
2
2
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (4 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
Examples:
2
3
1. Determine the centroid of the first-quadrant 𝑀𝑦 = ∫(4𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0
region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 .
2 4 2
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 4 −𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 0 𝑀𝑦 = (4( 2
)− 4
)∫
0
2
0 = 4 −𝑥 4 2
2 𝑥
𝑀𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 4
)∫
2 0
𝑥 =4
4 4
2 (2) 2 (0)
𝑥 =± 2 𝑀𝑦 = (2(2) − ) − (2(0) − )
4 4

16
𝑀𝑦 = (8 − 4
) − (0)
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑦 = 8 − 4
𝑎

2
2 𝑀𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐴 = ∫((4 − 𝑥 ) − (0)) 𝑑𝑥
0

2
2
𝐴 = ∫(4 − 𝑥 − 0) 𝑑𝑥
0

2
2
𝐴 = ∫(4 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0

3 2
𝑥
𝐴 = (4𝑥 − 3
)∫
0
 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
𝑥= 𝐴
𝑦= 𝐴

4 128
𝑥= 16 𝑦= 15
3 16
3

12
𝑥= 16 𝑦=
3(128)
15(16)

3
𝑥= 4 𝑦=
384
240

8
𝑦= 5
𝑏
1 2 2
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 3 8
𝑎 𝐶( 4 , 5
)

2
1 2 2 2
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫((4 − 𝑥 ) − (0) ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2. Determine the centroid of the region bounded
2 2 2
1 2 2 by the parabolas 𝑥 = 𝑦 and 𝑥 =− 8𝑦.
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫(4 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥𝑟 = 𝑥𝐿
2
1 2 4
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫(16 − 2(4)(𝑥 ) + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 2
0 𝑦 = − 8𝑦

2 4
1 2 4 𝑦 =− 8𝑦
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫(16 − 8𝑥 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
4
𝑦 + 8𝑦 = 0
3 5 2
1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(16𝑥 − 8( 3
)+ 5
)∫ 3
0 𝑦(𝑦 + 8) = 0
3 5
𝑀𝑥 =
1
(16(2) − 8(
(2)
)+
(2)
) − (0) 𝑦=0
2 3 5
3
1 8 32 𝑦 =− 8
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(32 − 8( 3 ) + 5
)
𝑦 =− 2
1 64 32
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(32 − 3
+ 5
)

1 480 320 96
𝑀𝑥 = 2
( 15
− 15
+ 15
) 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) 𝑑𝑦
1 480 320 96 𝑎
𝑀𝑥 = 2
( 15
− 15
+ 15
)
2
1 480 320 96 𝐴 = ( − 8𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑀𝑥 = 2
( 15
− 15
+ 15
)
𝑢 =− 8𝑦
1 256
𝑀𝑥 = 2
( 15
)
𝑑𝑢 =− 8𝑑𝑦
256
𝑀𝑥 = 30 −
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑦
8

128
𝑀𝑥 = 15
𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 0 0 5 0
𝑑𝑢 2 1 2 𝑦
𝐴 = ∫ (( 𝑢) − 8
) − ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑦 = 2
(− 4𝑦 − 5
)∫
−2 −2 −2

0 0 5 5
1 2 (0) 1 2 (−2)
1 1/2 2 𝑀𝑦 = (− 4(0) − )− (− 4(− 2) − )
𝐴 =− 8
∫ (𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ (𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 2 5 2 5
−2 −2
1 32
0 0 𝑀𝑦 = 0 − 2
(− 4(4) − (− 5
))
3/2 3
1 𝑢 𝑦
𝐴 =− 8
( 3/2
)∫ −( 3
)∫
−2 −2 1 32
𝑀𝑦 =− 2
(− 16 + 5
)
3/2 3 0
1 2𝑢 𝑦 1 80 32
𝐴 =− 8
( 3
) −( 3
)∫ 𝑀𝑦 =− (− + )
−2 2 5 5

0 1 48
2𝑢
3/2
𝑦
3 𝑀𝑦 =− 2
(− 5
)
𝐴 = (− 24
) −( 3
)∫
−2
48
𝑀𝑦 = 10
3/2 3 0
𝑢 𝑦
𝐴 = (− 12
) −( 3
)∫ 24
−2 𝑀𝑦 = 5
𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

3/2 3 0
(−8𝑦) 𝑦
𝐴 = (− 12
) −( 3
)∫
−2 𝑀𝑦
3/2
𝐴 = 0 − ((−
(16)
)−(
−8
)) 𝑥= 𝐴
12 3
1/2
(4096) −8
𝐴 =− ((− 12
)−( 3
)) 24
5
𝑥= 8
3
64 8
𝐴 =− ((− 12
) − (− 3
))
3(24)
𝑥= 5(8)
64 8
𝐴 =− (− 12
+ 3
)
72
𝑥= 40
16 8
𝐴 =− (− 3
+ 3
)
9
8
𝑥= 5
𝐴 =− (− 3
)

8
𝐴= 3
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑏
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 (𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑏
1 2 2 𝑏
𝑀𝑦 = ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 2
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 ( − 8𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
0
1 2 2 2 𝑏
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ (( − 8𝑦) − (𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦 2
2
−2
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 ( − 8𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
0
1 4 𝑢 =− 8𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = 2
∫ (− 8𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
−2
𝑑𝑢 =− 8𝑑𝑦
2 5 0
1 8𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑀𝑦 = 2
(− 2
− 5
)∫ − = 𝑑𝑦
−2 8
 𝑢 32 16
− 8
=𝑦 𝑀𝑥 =− ( 5
− 4
)

0 0 128 80
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑀𝑥 =− ( − )
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ − 8
(( 𝑢) − 8
) − ∫ 𝑦(𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 20 20
−2 −2
48
0 0
𝑀𝑥 =− ( 20 )
1 𝑢 1/2 3
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
∫ (− 8
)(𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
−2 −2 12
𝑀𝑥 =− ( 5
)
0 3/2 0
1 𝑢 3
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
∫ (− 8
) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
12
−2 −2 𝑀𝑥 =− 5
𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
0 3/2 0
1 𝑢 3
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
∫ (− 8
) − ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
−2 −2
0 0 𝑀𝑥
1 𝑢
3/2
3 𝑦= 𝐴
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
∫ (− 8
) − ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
−2 −2
0 0 12
3/2 −
1 𝑢 3 5
𝑀𝑥 =− ∫ (− ) − ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦= 8
8 8 3
−2 −2

0 0 3(12)
1 𝑢
5/2
𝑦
4 𝑦 =− 5(8)
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
(− 8(5/2)
)∫ −( 4
)∫
−2 −2
36
𝑦 =− 40
5/2 0 4 0
1 2𝑢 𝑦
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
(− 8(5)
)∫ −( 4
)∫
9
−2 −2 𝑦 =− 10

5/2 0 4 0
1 2𝑢 𝑦 9 9
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
(− 40
)∫ −( 4
)∫ 𝐶( 5 , − 10
)
−2 −2

5/2 0 4 0
1 𝑢 𝑦
𝑀𝑥 =− 8
(− 20
)∫ −( 4
)∫
−2 −2 3. Determine the centroid of the first-quadrant
2
5/2 0 4 0 region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥.
𝑢 𝑦
𝑀𝑥 = 160
∫ −( 4
)∫
−2 −2 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥
5/2 4 0
(−8𝑦) 𝑦 2
𝑀𝑥 = 160
− 4
∫ 𝑦 + 4 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4
−2
2
5/2 4 0 𝑦 + 4 = (𝑥 − 2)
(−8𝑦) 𝑦
𝑀𝑥 = 160
− 4
∫
−2 𝑦 =− 4; 𝑥 = 2
5/2 4 5/2 4
(−8(0)) (0) (−8(−2)) (−2) 2
𝑀𝑥 = ( 160
− 4
)−( 160
− 4
) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥; 𝑦 = 0

(16)
5/2
16 2
𝑀𝑥 = 0 − ( − ) 0 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥
160 4

(1048576)
1/2
16
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
𝑀𝑥 =− ( 160
− 4
)
𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = 4
1024 16
𝑀𝑥 =− ( 160
− 4
)
 4 3 4 3
(4) 4(4) (0) 4(0)
𝑀𝑦 = (− 4
+ 3
) − (− 4
+ 3
)
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 𝑑𝑥 256 256
𝑀𝑦 = (− 4
+ 3
) − (0)
𝑎

768 1024
4
2
𝑀𝑦 = (− 12
+ 12
)
𝐴 = ∫(0 − (𝑥 − 4𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 256
𝑀𝑦 = 12
4
2
𝐴 = ∫(− 𝑥 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 64
0
𝑀𝑦 = 3

3 2 4
𝑥 4𝑥
𝐴 = (− 3
+ 2
)∫
0 𝑀𝑦
𝑥= 𝐴
3 4
𝑥 2
𝐴 = (− 3
+ 2𝑥 ) ∫ 64
3
0 𝑥= 32
3

3 3
(4) 2 (0) 2
𝐴 = (− 3
+ 2(4) ) − (− 3
+ 2(0) ) 𝑥=
64
32
3
(4) 2
𝐴 = (− 3
+ 2(4) ) − (0) 𝑥= 2

64
𝐴 = (− 3
+ 2(16))
𝑏
64 1 2 2
𝐴 = (− + 32) 𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑎

64 96 4
𝐴 = (− 3
+ 3
) 1 2 2 2
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫((0) − (𝑥 − 4𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥
0
32
𝐴= 3
𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4
1 2 2
𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫− (𝑥 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0

𝑏 4
1 4 2 2
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫− (𝑥 − 2(4𝑥)(𝑥 ) + 16𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 0

4 4
2 2 1 4 3 2
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (0 − (𝑥 − 4𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫− (𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0

4 4
2 1 4 3 2
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 (− 𝑥 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = 2
∫(− 𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 16𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0

4 5 4 3 4
3 2 1 𝑥 8𝑥 16𝑥
𝑀𝑦 = ∫(− 𝑥 + 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 5
+ 4
− 3
)∫
0 0

4 3 4 5 3 4
𝑥 4𝑥 1 𝑥 4 16𝑥
𝑀𝑦 = (− 4
+ 3
)∫ 𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 5
+ 2𝑥 − 3
)∫
0 0
 5 3 5
1 (4) 4 16(4) 1 (0)
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 5
+ 2(4) − 3
)− 2
(− 5
+ 2(0

1 1024 16(64)
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 5
+ 2(256) − 3
) − (0)

1 1024 1024
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 5
+ 512 − 3
)

1 3072 7680 5120

𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 15
+ 15
− 15
)

1 3072 7680 5120

𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 15
+ 15
− 15
)

1 512
𝑀𝑥 = 2
(− 15
)

512
𝑀𝑥 =− 30

256
𝑀𝑥 =− 15

𝑀𝑥
𝑦= 𝐴

256
− 15
𝑦= 32
3

3(−256)
𝑦= 5(32)

−768
𝑦= 480

−8
𝑦= 5

8
𝐶(2, − 5
)
 Integration Techniques 9
2
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑦(π) ∫( 𝑦 − 0) 𝑑𝑦
Centroid of an Volume 0

9
Centroid of an Volume
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑦(π) ∫(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑉𝑥 and 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑉𝑦
9
2
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = π ∫(𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥= 𝑉
and 𝑦 = 𝑉
0

3 9
𝑦
Vertical Strip Horizontal Strip 𝑀𝑥 = π( 3
)∫
0
𝑥𝑟 + 𝑥𝐿
𝑥= 𝑥 𝑥= 3
2 (9)
𝑀𝑥 = π( 3
) − (0)
𝑦𝑢 + 𝑦𝐿
𝑦= 𝑦= 𝑦
2 729
𝑀𝑥 = π( 3
)

𝑀𝑥 = π(243)
Example:
𝑀𝑥 = 243π
1. Determine the centroid of the solid generated
by revolving the area bounded by the curve
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 9 and 𝑦 = 0 about the y-axis.
𝑀𝑥
𝑦= 𝑉
𝑏
2
𝑉 = π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) 𝑑𝑦
243π
𝑎 𝑦= 81
2
π
9
2
𝑉 = π ∫( 𝑦 − 0) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦= 6
0

9
𝐶(0, 6, 0)
𝑉 = π ∫(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0

2 9 2. Determine the centroid of the solid generated

𝑦
𝑉 = π( 2
)∫ by revolving the area bounded by the curve
0 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 = 4 about the
(9)
2 x-axis.
𝑉 = π( 2
) − (0)
𝑏
2 2
𝑉 = π(
81
) 𝑉 = π ∫(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑦
3 𝑎

81 𝑏
𝑉= 2
π 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 2
𝑉 = π ∫((𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) − (𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

4 2
𝑦 2 𝑦+4 2
𝑉 = π ∫ ((4 − 4
) − (4 − 2
)) 𝑑𝑦
−2
 4 2 9 4 2
𝑦 2 8 𝑦+4 2 𝑦 9𝑦 2
𝑉 = π ∫ ((4 − 4
) − (2 − 2
)) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑦(π) ∫( 16 − 4
+ 2𝑦 + 12) 𝑑𝑦
−2 0

4 2 9 5 3
𝑦 2 8 𝑦+4 2 𝑦 9𝑦 2
𝑉 = π ∫ ((4 − 4
) − (2 − 2
)) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑥 = π ∫( 16 − 4
+ 2𝑦 + 12𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
−2 0

4 2 6 4 3 2 4
𝑦 2 4 𝑦 2 𝑦 9𝑦 2𝑦 12𝑦
𝑉 = π ∫ ((4 − 4
) − (2 − 2
)) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑥 = π( 16(6) − 4(4)
+ 3
+ 2
) ∫
−2 −2

4 2 6 4 3 4
𝑦 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 9𝑦 2𝑦 2
𝑉 = π ∫ ((4 − 4
) − (2 − 2
)) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑥 = π( 96 − 16
+ 3
+ 6𝑦 ) ∫
−2 −2

4 6 4 3
2 4 2 (4) 9(4) 2(4) 2
𝑉 = π ∫ ((16 −
8𝑦
+
𝑦
) − (4 −
4𝑦
+
𝑦
)) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑥 = π( 96
− 16
+ 3
+ 6(4) )
4 16 2 4
−2
6 4 3
(−2) 9(−2) 2(−2) 2
4 2 4 2
− π( 96
− 16
+ 3
+ 6(− 2) )
8𝑦 𝑦 4𝑦 𝑦
𝑉 = π ∫ (16 − 4
+ 16
−4+ 2
− 4
) 𝑑𝑦
−2 112 31
𝑀𝑥 = π( 3
−( 3
))
4 4 2
𝑦 9𝑦 4𝑦
𝑉 = π ∫ ( 16 − 4
+ 2
+ 12) 𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑥 = π(
112
−
31
)
−2 3 3

4 81
𝑦
5
9𝑦
3
4𝑦
2 𝑀𝑥 = π( 3
)
𝑉 = π( 16(5) − 4(3)
+ 2(2)
+ 12𝑦) ∫
−2
𝑀𝑥 = 27π
5 3 2 4
𝑦 9𝑦 4𝑦
𝑉 = π( 80 − 12
+ 4
+ 12𝑦) ∫
−2
𝑀𝑥
4
𝑦= 𝑉
5 3
𝑦 3𝑦 2
𝑉 = π( 80
− 4
+ 𝑦 + 12𝑦) ∫
−2 27π
𝑦= 216
5
π
5 3
(4) 3(4) 2
𝑉 = π( 80
− 4
+ (4) + 12(4))
5
𝑦= 8
5 3
(−2) 3(−2) 2
− π( 80
− 4
+ (− 2) + 12(− 2)) 5
𝐶(4, 8
, 0)
216
𝑉= 5
π
 Integration Techniques 2. 𝑥 =
4
𝑦 + 48 4
, ( 3 , 2) 𝑡𝑜 (
11
, 4)
24𝑦 4
Arc Length
4
𝑦 48
𝑥 = 24𝑦
+ 24𝑦
Arc Length
3
𝑦 −1
𝑥 = 24
+ 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑧 =∫ 1+( 𝑑𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
2
3𝑦 −2
𝑥' = 24
− 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑧 =∫ 1 + ( 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 2
𝑥' = 8
− 2
𝑦

4
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑧 =∫ 1 + ( 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
Example: 2

2 3/2
1. 𝑦 = 3
𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2 4
𝑦
2
2 2
𝑧 =∫ 1+( 8
− 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦
2 3 3/2−2/2
𝑦' = 3
( 2 )(𝑥 )
4 4 2
𝑦 4𝑦 4
1/2
𝑧 =∫ 1 + ( 64 − 2 + 4 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦' = (𝑥 ) 2 8𝑦 𝑦

4 4
1/2 2 𝑦 1 4
𝑧 = ∫ 1 + (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑧 =∫ 1+ 64
− 2
+ 4 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦

4 4 8 4
64𝑦 + 𝑦 − 32𝑦 + 256
𝑧 = ∫ 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑧 =∫ 4 𝑑𝑦
2 64𝑦

𝑢 = 1 +𝑥 4 8 4
𝑦 + 32𝑦 + 256
𝑧 =∫ 4 𝑑𝑦
2 64𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
4 4 2
2 (𝑦 + 16)
𝑧 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑧 =∫ 4 𝑑𝑦
2 64𝑦
1

4 4
2 𝑦 + 16
1/2 𝑧 =∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑢 8𝑦
2
2
1

4 4
3/2 2 𝑦 16
𝑧 =
𝑢
∫ 𝑧 =∫ 2 + 2 𝑑𝑦
3/2 2 8𝑦 8𝑦
1

4 2
3/2 2 𝑦 2
𝑧 =
2𝑢
∫ 𝑧 =∫ 8
+ 2 𝑑𝑦
3 2 𝑦
1

4 2
3/2 2 𝑦 −2
𝑧 =
2(1+𝑥)
∫ 𝑧 =∫ 8
+ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3 2
1

3/2 3/2 3 −1 4
2(1+2) 2(1+1) 𝑦 2𝑦
𝑧 =( 3
) −( 3
) 𝑧 = 8(3)
+ −1
∫
2

𝑧 = 1. 578 3 4
𝑦 2
𝑧 = 24
− 𝑦
∫
2
 3 3
(4) 2 (2) 2
𝑧 =( 24
− (4)
)− ( 24
− (2)
)

64 2 8 2
𝑧 = ( 24 − 4
) − ( 24 − 2
)

8 2 1
𝑧 = (3 − 4
) − ( 3 − 1)

13 2
𝑧 =( 6
) − (− 3
)

13 2
𝑧 = 6
+ 3

17
𝑧 = 6
 Integration Techniques 1
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫ 4𝑑𝑥
Surface Area −1

1
Surface Area 𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫ 2𝑑𝑥
−1
Horizontal Axis
1
𝑆𝐴 = 2π(2𝑥) ∫
𝑑𝑦 2 −1
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 1 + ( 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑆𝐴 = 2π((2(1)) − (2(− 1)))

𝑑𝑥 2
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 1 + ( 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝐴 = 8π 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Vertical Axis

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) 1 + ( 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 2
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝐿) 1 + ( 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦

Example:

2
1. The curve 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 , − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, is an arc of
2 2
the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4.

2
𝑦 = 4 −𝑥

2 1/2
𝑦 = (4 − 𝑥 )

1 2 −1/2
𝑦' = 2
(4 − 𝑥 ) (2𝑥)

−𝑥
𝑦' = 2 1/2
(4 − 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿) 1 + ( 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

1
2 −𝑥 2
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫ 4 −𝑥 1 + ( 2 1/2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 (4 − 𝑥 )

1 2
2 −𝑥
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫ 4 −𝑥 1+ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 (4 − 𝑥 )

1 2
2 −𝑥
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫ (4 − 𝑥 )(1 + ( 2 ))𝑑𝑥
−1 (4 − 𝑥 )

1
2 2
𝑆𝐴 = 2π ∫ (4 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
−1