o Galvihara in Polonnaruwa

History ▪ Written in 12th century AD

Defining History ▪ Written by King Parakramabahu I

What languages they used.

Benefits of learning history
How people lived in the past
History how people communicate in the past ❖ We can learn past mistakes.
What they ate ❖ We can learn around the world.
How people lived in the past ❖ We can learn human evaluation.
❖ We can learn the indigenous knowledge of our ancestors and
How can we learn history. use them in present.
✓ From internet ❖ Can learn the evaluation of Sinhala letters.
✓ By library books
✓ News papers Measuring time in history.
✓ Radio, TV,
✓ Elders and Teachers B.C – Before Christ these two methods are based
A.D – Anno Domini on the birth of Jesus.
Source which we can learn history.
Deepawamsa Origin of Earth
Literary Sources
Mahawansa Dust → Dust Cloud (Nebula) → Planetary Embryo → Planet Earth
Source
4540 million years ago
Archaeological Sources Ruins / Inscriptions
Origin of Plants on Earth
• Literary Sources ❖ Plants spread before animals
o Deepawamsa ❖ It happened 542 million years ago
▪ Contains historical information ❖ This was known as “Paleozoic era”
▪ Written in 4th century AD
▪ No Author
Origin of Animal on Earth
❖ First species was known as
o Mahawansa
“Prokaryote Bacteria”
▪ Contains detailed information about our country.
❖ This cannot see in naked eye.
▪ Written in 5th century AD
❖ Appeared on 2506 million years ago
▪ Written by Mahanama Thero.
• Archaeological Sources
 Evolution of Ancient Man
❖ Fossil found from Canada
“Opabinia” There are 5 types of human identified based on the shape of the skull.
❖ Lived 542 million years ago 1. Australopithecus
❖ It has 5 eyes and 1 mouth. 2. Homo Habilis
❖ 4-7cm in length. 3. Homo Erectus
4. Homo Neanderthalensis
5. Homo Sapiens
Evolution of ancient man
• Man originated from a generation of “Apes” Australopithecus • Lived 3.8 million years ago
• lived 2.5 million years ago. • Had the ability of walking on two feet.
• This is known as “The Great Ice Age” • Able to hi a stone and break a splinter
Homo Habilis • Lived 2.3 – 1.4 million years ago
• Know as the capable man
The Great Ice Age • Had ability to make sharpened stone tools.
• It exists 2.5 million years ago. Homo Erectus • Lived 1800 million years ago.
• The northern and southern parts of the world covered from • First to use fire woods and consume.
thick “Glaciers” • With fire they were able to bake their food
• A group of chimpanzees who lived in Africa started to behave and eat.
• First evidence of using fire was found in
in a different way during this great Ice Age.
Israel 790000 years ago.
Homo • Liver 600,000 years ago.
Neanderthalensis • Built houses out of huge animal bones.
Great Ice Age
• Ate cooked vegetables.
• Known as Good hunters.
Long cold short warm long cold short warm
Homo Sapiens • Closest relative of us
time time time time
• Started to develop 100.000 years ago
• Discovered languages to communicate.
• Ability to make musical instruments using
animal bones.
• Developed aesthetic abilities like art, music
& dancing.
 The Cultural evolution of Man. Beginning of Agriculture.
The cultural progress of man can be divided into 3 stages.
1. Paleolithic era ✓ Ice age started to decline about 12000 years ago, and the earth
2. Mesolithic era to get warm after that.
3. Neolithic era ✓ During this period the trees started to grow and there was lot
Paleolithic era • Lived by hunting and gathering food by roaming. of food for animals and people.
• Lived in groups in different places. ✓ This period was known as the Holocene Period.
• One group had few families consisting 20 – 30 ✓ People started to cultivate.
members. • Places where crops cultivated for the first time.
• Applied red ochre on the skeleton as funeral rites. Paddy – China
• Barter system started in these areas. Wheat – Mediterranean region
• drew pictures on stones and making figures out of Maize – Central Mexico
stones.
Mesolithic era • Era started during different time periods in ✓ People started to live in a one place.
different regions in the world. ✓ They build houses and several families lived in one area.
• People started to hunt animals using Bows and ✓ This is the beginning of Villages.
Arrows. ✓ Formed villages for the first time in 600 B.C
• They started to eat nuts, yams, leaves instead of ✓ later man started to cultivate different type grains.
hunting animals. ✓ They started to make different types of equipment’s used for
• Started to build houses using sticks and leaves of cultivation. (Eg: Sickle, Plough)
trees.
• Drew pictures on rock surfaces using different
colours.
• Lifestyle was more developed in this era than
Paleolithic era.
Neolithic era • Started in 9000 years ago.
• People started to cultivate wheat, barley, paddy,
finger millet(kurakkan)
• Animals were tamed.
• Milk, eggs, meat, and fur were taken from
animals.
• Animal husbandry were done,
• Discovered Iron for the first time.
• Able to make tools from iron.
• Started forming villages.
• Started worshiping god for the protection of
animal and agriculture.
3. Ancient Civilizations in the world 4. Settlement in Sri Lanka
• Early age is known as “Stone age”. They never had religious or
• Ancient people lived in villages. racial differences.
• Engaged in faming and earing animals. Late they became rich.
Main livelihood Hunting animals (giant squirrels, deer,
• Who lived in infertile areas were very poor. Because they tortoises, hares, porcupines, iguanas, snails) &
faced problems in farming. collect food by roaming (wild jack, wild
• This is how ich and poor people appear in the world. plantains and yams).
Lived Rainy season – lived in Caves
(Eg: Pahiyangala, Kithulgala)
Rich People Poor People Dry season – lived outside where animal roam.
• Engage in farming and rearing • People lived in infertile area Equipment’s Used tools made of stones (stone stools),
animals. became poor. Bones of animals and wood.
• Moved to separate areas and start • They remain in the same village. Jewellery Bead jewellery, necklace made of shark tooth.
building houses. Religious Berried dead bodies in caves.
• Constructs roads. Temples, wells. Apply “Red-Ochre” on skeleton.
• These areas started to develop as
cities.
• Expansion on Settlements.
• Arrival of Prince Vijaya.
Livelihood. Engaged in in farming.
✓ Prince Vijaya and his retinue consisting of 700 people arrived Lived Hillside, Plains in mountainous area (Plateau)
from India and settled in country in 544BC. Tools Used stones for grinding grains
✓ They landed in “Thambapanni” the western coastal area of Sri Made clay pots and urns (large pots). Learn art of
Lanka. producing Iron out of Ore.
✓ “Yakka, Naga & Deva” groups were lived in Sri Lanka. Food Grains
Houses Construct houses using clay and roofs were covered
✓ There was a woman called Kuweni spinning cotton at that time.
with “Iluk or Mana leaves”.
✓ Prince Vijaya married Kuweni, they had two children called
Rituals They built tombs to deposit dead bodies. Or
Jeewahattha (son) and Disala (daughter).
They cremated the dead bodies and remaining ash
✓ Kuweni helped Prince Vijaya to become the king of Sir Lanka. was put in to a clay pot and deposited in the tomb.
✓ Later king Vijaya left Kuweni and married an Indian princess.
✓ Prince Vijaya and his retain started villages near Malwathu Oya
naming them with there ministers name. (Upatissa Gama,
Anuradha Gama).
 Civilization Livelihood Cultivation Religion Economy Society Script
Mesopotamian Agriculture Grains, Fruits, • Worship objects related •Clever in Divided in to • Invented the oldest system
(country in between Animal Vegetables to the nature. Trading. categories. of script – “Cuneiform”
two rives) husbandry Gains – Wheat, • Eg- wind, sun, stones •Used small 1. Priest – act as
• Kunya written on wet clay
Euphrates and Barley • Head of group of gods – ships to travel. doctors slabs with a sharpened stick.
Tigris river “Anu” 2.High class • Trade affairs were recorded
• God of Earth – “Enkiki” people – wear in these scripts.
Cuneiform Script. • God of wind and farming •Who lived in gold • “Epic story of Gilgamesh”
(Kunya) – “Enlili” Nathen part – 3.Low class is the oldest literary story in
• Term used to Temple – Assyrians. people – no world.
“Ziggrut” •Used caravans luxury life • The oldest law book
4.Slaves – no “Hammurabi” was
• Every city has a god. & Donkeys in
trading. freedom compiled in this time.
Indus river They used Priest in Indus Cities • 5 million people • They invented a system of
• Based on Indus metals like – River valley • Houses ae made from lived symbol that could be used
river. Copper, 4 Main cities as scripts.
burnt clay bricks
• Today it belongs Bonze, Lead Mohenjo-Daro,
& tin • Advance system of Harappa,
Afghanistan,
water pipes. Dholavira,
Pakistan and
North western • Cities were well Kalibangan.
part of India. Emblem belong planned.
to Indus • Methodically built
system of gutters,
wells & sewerage
• Well-constructed roads.
• Used carts for
transportation.
Egyptians • Agriculture Queen Nefertiti • symbol used to writing King • Create great • Designed set of symbols
Based of Nile river • Create purpose. Tutankhamun Pyramids. for writing purposes.
(which flows across advanced Golden mask • The dead bodies • Designed using pictures of
the African Irrigation of Pharos King various things.
continents) system. deposited in • Its known as Egyptian
Ruled by dynasty • Mummy of Chieftain pyramids. Pictograms
called Pharos Wife of King • Pyramid of
Akhenaten Giza is located
in Cairo.
• One of the 7
wonders of the
world.