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in

Wi-Fi most commonly uses the Versions of Bluetooth

2.4 GHz (12cm) UHF and 5.8 GHz (5cm) There are five different classifications of
SHF radio bands. These wavelengths work Bluetooth, each with different capabilities.
best for line-of-sight Wi-Fi calling when These specifications were established for
the user calls to a phone number over the an intended range of Bluetooth use.
internet. It is different from VoLTE. The
calls are going over the network. Also, Maximum
Versions Maximum Range
promises the ability to swap seamlessly Speed
between Wi-Fi and wireless phone 1.0 ~33 feet (10m) 723.1Kbit/s
network. The symbol for Wi-Fi in mobile 2.0 ~100 feet (30m) 3Mbit/s
phones is shown in Figure 3.18.
3.0 ~Less than 200 24Mbit/s
feet
4.0 ~200 feet (60.96m) 25Mbit/s
5.0 ~800 feet 50Mbit/s
(243.84m)

Applications
Bluetooth is one of the most popular wireless
FIGURE 3.18 Symbol of Wi-Fi transmission technology connecting
billions of devices. Bluetooth gained its wide
3.7.2 Bluetooth acceptance for variety of applications.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to „ Wireless Keyboard, mouse and other

transfer data between different electronic peripherals
devices. The distance of data transmission „ Wireless speakers and high quality
is small in comparison to other modes audio systems
of wireless communication. Figure 3.19 „ Car audio systems / hands free pairing
shows the symbol of Blue Tooth. with mobile devices
„ Sports and fitness tracking devices
„ Healthcare, medical and wellness devices
„ Home automation and security
applications
FIGURE 3.19 Symbol of Bluetooth
3.7.3 Hotspot

Key features of Bluetooth A Hotspot is a physical location where

technology people may obtain internet access, using
Wi-Fi technology, through a Wireless Local
1. Less complication Area Network (WLAN) using a router
2. Less power consumption connected to an internet service provider.
3. Available at cheaper rate Hotspot is classified into two,
4. Robustness 1. Public Hotspot
2. Private Hotspot
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FIGURE 3.20 Hotspot Process

Public Hotspot With a mobile Hotspot, user can

Public Hotspot may be created by business create an Internet connection for up to
for use by customers such as Railway five mobile phone devices on a 3G phone
stations, Airport, etc., It is typically created and up to 10 on a 4G LTE smart phones.
from wireless access points (AP) configured After a few quick steps, the phone creates
to provide internet access, controlled to its own secure Wi-Fi network, which user
some degree by the venue. It connects the devices can join. There is no need for a
user’s Laptop or Tablets to the Internet. USB cable, and multiple user can share
user phone’s mobile data plan.

Private Hotspot
3.8 Benefits of Hexagons
Private Hotspot may be configured on
a smartphone or tablet with a Mobile Used in Call Coverage of
network data plan to allow internet access Cellular Network
to other devices. If both the Hotspot device While designing a network, two things are
and the devices accessing it are connected kept in mind.
to the same Wi-Fi Network.
1. A hexagon layout require fewer cells
„ A Wi-Fi router has a range of 30-40 to cover a given area.
meters (100-130 feet).
2. Hence, it needs fewer base stations
„ A mobile hotspot (access point) and minimum capital investment.
generated by a Smartphone has a
range of 10 meters (30 feet).

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Square book, contact list, calendar functions, radio,

Won’t create black spots. But distance from notepad, reminder services, etc.
its centre to corner is higher than distance in Some of the more advanced features
any side. This will create issues in providing in mobile phone are also presented here:
equal level of signals at every point. 1. Digital Camera
Phones capture pictures and let user
Circle save them to others and to computers.
Since distance from centre to any point in 2. Audio Recorder
the circle would be same, so there won’t be Mobile Phones can be used to record
any issue in providing equal level of signals conversations or even brief notes to
at every point. But, when we arrange circles one self.
together, many areas would be created which 3. Video recorder
won’t be covered by any circle. These areas Phones are becoming video cameras
are called BLACK SPOTS, where signals and can record video more than an
from nearby could be received hour.
Hexagon 4. Multimedia Messaging
Everything recorded can be shared
with others by using MMS.
5. E-mail Client
The phone can be used to connect
to any POP or IMAP server and to
allow receiving and sending email.
6. Web Client
Phones can also browse website, via
a WAP and/or HTML browser. Most
websites may not look great on the
FIGURE 3.21 Hexagon
small screen. But, it is still possible
Hexagon or the beehive structure to connect to any website.
overcomes all the above said issues. Its 7. Document Viewer
distance from centre to any point is the
It is increasingly possible to view
same and it can be arranged in such a way
that no black spots are created. documents on the mobile phone in
the popular MS office file format.
8. Computer adjunct
3.9 Applications of Mobile
For many, the mobile phone has
Phones
replaced the PDA as the complement
The mobile phone is the user device, already to the computer with a remote
started functioning as more than just desktop application; it also becomes
communication device. Mobile serves as possible to make the mobile phone a
watches and alarm clocks. Mobile phones window to one’s computer.
also have free games, calculators, address

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9. Music player 11. Wallet

The big things in 2005 are reckoned to The phone can also be used to pay for
be the combining of music capabilities purchases like a credit or debit card.
on the mobile phone. While phones There is already a billing relationship
can play MP3, it can be used to play that exists between the subscriber
music streamed from the internet. and the operator and that can be used
10. Television to make payments to merchants.
In India, all operators have been 12. Bar code and QR code readers
promoting many TV channels on the Phone also have the facility to read bar
mobile phone over next generation and QR (Quick Response) codes and that
network like EDGE. can have very interesting applications in
all field, especially commerce.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile phones

Advantages Disadvantages
Mobile Phone as a source of information and Privacy and Security Issues.
communication.
Data Sharing and transferring easily done Vision problems.
through mobile phones.
Stay connected on the top of world events and Road accident.
apps for everything.
Learning and research using mobile phones. Mobile Phones batteries can explodes.
Online banking and finance. Addiction of mobile phone (video games,
social media).
Mobile phone save life in an emergency. Distraction in work.
Online shopping through mobile phones. The radiation from the mobile phone may
causes brain damage.
Control smart homes. More usage of mobile phone will make the
students very bad attention in their studies.
Track and improve your health. Depending upon their features it may
costly.
learning outcome
After studying this chapter, students can understand the following
1. Transmission Modes 4. Multiple Access Techniques
2. Mobile Phones 5. Other Special Technologies
3. Radio Waves 6. Applications of Mobile phones

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QUESTIONS 7. Which of the following is a universally

adopted shape of cell?
Part – A (1 Mark)
a. Hexagon
I Multiple choice Questions
b. Square
1. Who developed the first
c. Circle
communication machine?
d. Triangle
a. Samuel F.B Morse
8. Which of the following is true for
b. Canadian Donald Hings
first generation wireless system?
c. Alfred Gross
a. Digital Technology
d. Heinrich Hertz
b. High Data Rate
2. Walkie-talkie work up to
c. Efficient
a. 27.2 Kilo meters
d. Low speed rate
b. 58 Kilo meters
9. Wi-Fi most commonly uses
c. 18 Kilo meters _________________ band.
d. 15 Kilo meters a. UHF b. VHF
3. Pager is the example of ________ c. SHF d. UHF and SHF
transmission mode.
10. Which multiple access system
a. Half duplex allocating a separated space to users
b. Simplex in wireless network?
c. Full duplex a. FDMA
d. Half and full duplex b. TDMA
4. The mobile phone battery usually c. SDMA
comes with ______ voltages. d. CDMA
a. 3.0 to 3.2 b. 3.3. to 3.4
c. 3.7 to 4.2 d. 4.8 to 4.9 Part – B (3 Marks)
5. The maximum Specific Absorption II Answer in one or two sentences
Rate (SAR) set as a guideline for 1. What are the types of transmission
mobile phone operation is_________ mode?
a. 4.6 watts/kg 2. Write the applications of walkie-
b. 3.6 watts/kg talkie.
c. 2.6 watts/kg 3. What is the major difference between
d. 1.6 watts/kg GPS and GPRS?
6. In UHF cellular system ___________ 4. What is cellular network?
technology is used. 5. Write short notes on mobile phone
a. FDMA b. TDMA operating system.
c. CDMA d. SDMA 6. What are the types of multiple access
techniques?

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7. What is Direct Sequence Spread 3. Write the advantages and

Spectrum? disadvantages of mobile phone.
8. Define Bluetooth? 4. Write any five applications of mobile
9. Why is public hotspot created? phone.
Where is it used?
Part – D (10 Marks)
10. What are the benefits of hexagon in
cellular network? IV Answer in One Page (Essay type
Question)
1. Explain the parts of walkie talkie.
Part – C (5 Marks) 2. Draw the hardware parts of a GSM
III Answer in a paragraph mobile.
3. Compare various generation of
1. Draw the front and back panel of a
mobile phone technology in detail.
mobile phone and mention its parts.
2. Write short notes on Wi-Fi.

Answers :
1.(a) 2.(a) 3.(b) 4.(c) 5.(d)
6.(c) 7.(a) 8.(d) 9.(d) 10.(c)

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04

CHAPTER
Communication Systems

learning objective
The students can understand the following in this chapter
1. The principle of an OFC.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of an OFC.
3. The difference between OFC and cable communication.
4. The different types of satellite and their applications.
5. The basic function of RADAR and SONAR.

4.1 Introduction respectively. So that the reaction times, is

also long. This makes us to realize that the
In this present scenario, we use to say “the
world gives much time to us.
world becomes so fast”, comparatively
before 50 to 100 years. It means whether But now, in this 21st century, any
the rotation of earth becomes faster. The incident happening in any tiny corner of
same 24 hours is observed on those days this world, can be seen or heard by the
and today. Then which makes us to feel other people all over the world in no time
like that? or even to say on live.
On those days if a message has How it becomes real? This all
to be conveyed or intimated to a person because of the communication system.
who is at a distance, say near town, or Hence, let us study and understand the
nearby country or near to a continent, it basic concepts of few communication
took few hours, few days and few months, systems in this chapter.

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4.2 OFC Technology

Optic Fiber communication is a method of
transmitting information from one place
to another by sending pulse of infrared
light through an optical fiber. The light is
a form of carrier wave that is modulated
to carry information.
The signal transmitted in optical
fiber is converted from the electrical
signal into light signal and at the receiving FIGURE 4.2 Total internal reflection of OFC
end, it is converted back into the electrical
signal from the light signal. 4.3 Construction of an
Fiber optics also called optical Optical Fiber
fibers are microscopic strands of very
pure glass with about the same diameter
of a human hair. Thousands of these
optical fibers are arranged in bundles
in an optical cable in Fig 4.1 and are
used to transmit light signals over long FIGURE 4.3 Construction of an optical fiber.
distances.
4.3.1 Elements of an OFC
Three basic elements of an optical fiber
are the core, the cladding and the outer
coating. Figure 4.3 shows the construction
of an optical fiber
„ The core is usually made of glass or
FIGURE 4.1 Optical Fiber Cable plastic depending on the transmission
spectrum desired. The core is the light
Who invented fiber optic transmitting portion of the fiber. The
technology? core is cylinderical rod shape, made
Indian Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany up of dielectric material. Dielectric
invented the fiber optical cable based on material conducts no electrical signal.
John.Tyndall experiments. He is also called Light propogates mainly along the core
father of fiber optics. of the fibre. It is described as having a
radius of an index of refraction.
„ The cladding is usually made of the
same material as the core but with a
slightly lower refracting index.
„ The coating usually comprises of one
or more coats of a plastic material to
protect the fiber from the physical
environment.
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4.3.2 Working principle of OFC

Whether the audio and video signal
can be transmitted through OFC as
in original form?
No.., Any signal audio or video or any other
should be converted into light signal and be
transmitted through OFC.

FIGURE 4.4 Working principle of OFC

4.3.3 Co–axial Cable
Optical fibres works on the principle of total
communication
internal reflection. When light ray strikes
at the internal surface of optical fibre cable In coaxial cable communication, the
such that incidence angle is greater than medium of transmission is a pair of
critical angle, then incident light ray reflects conductors called the transmission line.
in the same medium and this phenomenon This means, in wire communication the
repeats. In this way light signal travels from transmitter and receiver are connected
one end of the cable to another end .The fig through a wire or line.
4.4 shows the working principle of an OFC.
The fig 4.5 shows structure of an optical
fiber.

FIGURE 4.5 Structure of Optical Fiber.

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4.4 Difference between „ Faster speed with less attenuation.

Optical Fiber and Co- „ Smaller size and less weights.
axial cable (Copper wire) „ Greater information carrying capacity.
Table 4.1 The Difference between Optical „ Higher security.
Fiber and Co-axial cable „ Electrical insulator.
Optical fiber Co-axial
cable
4.5.2 Disadvantages of an OFC
Basis of Transmission Transmission
comparison of the signal of the „ Difficult in splice.
is in optical signal is in
form(light electrical „ Highly susceptible.
form) form „ Expensive to install
Comparison Using Glass Using Plastic
of cable and plastic and copper
wire
4.6 Application of an OFC
Efficiency High Low Medical Industry
Cost Expensive Less
expensive It is used in various instruments to view
Bending Can affect Bending of internal body parts by inserting into hollow
effect the signal wire does spaces in the body.
transmission not affect
the signal Communication
transmission
Data 2 Gbps 44.736 Mbps Voice, data and video transmission are
transmission the most common uses of fiber optics and
rate these include,
Installation Difficult Easy
of cable „ Telecommunication.
Bandwidth Very high Moderately „ Local Area Network.
high
„ Industrial control systems.
External Does not affect Affects the
magnetic the cable cable „ Avionic systems.
field
„ Military common control and
Noise High Intermediate
immunity Communication systems.
Diameter of Small Large „ Hydrophones are used for seismic and
the cable SONAR application.
Weight Lighter weight Heavier
weight
Broadcasting :

These cables are used to transmit high

4.5 Advantages and
definition television signals which have
disadvantages of an greater bandwidth and speed.
OFC
Defence
4.5.1 Advantages of an OFC
These are used in wirings in aircraft,
„ Greater bandwidth than metal cables. hydrophones for SONARS and seismic
„ Low power loss. applications.
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Industries : They are used for research particular planet in a defined orbit. These
and testing purposes in industries. sub-planets are called as Natural satellites.

Lighting and Decorations : How do satellites get

power?
It is widely used in decorations and
Christmas trees. The sun is the main energy
source for satellites. That is why all
Mechanical Inspections satellites have solar panel mounted on
them. Each panel contains array of
On-side inspections engineers use optical
thousands of small solar cells which
fibres to detect damages and faults which
are made of silicon.
are at hard to reach places.

Sensors
4.7.2 Types of Satellites
„ Sensors are used to measure various
physical qualities like strain, pressure, Satellites are classified into two types
temperature and other physical 1. Natural Satellites
parameters.
2. Artificial Satellites (Man-Made)

4.7 Satellite Communication 4.7.3 Natural Satellites

Any planet in the solar system which goes
around a particular planet is called Natural
Satellites. In the solar system there are six
planetary satellite systems containing 185
known natural satellites.

Which is the natural satellite to the

earth… its nothing but “Moon”..

4.7.4 Artificial Satellites

Artificial Satellite are man-made objects
(satellites) orbiting the Earth and other
planets in the Solar system. Artificial
FIGURE 4.6 Satellite Communication Satellites are used to study the Earth,
other planets to help us to communicate
4.7.1 Satellite and even to observe the distance universe.
Example Aryabhata, Baskara, Rohini,
Normally in the solar system the planets INSAT 1A, IRS…
are termed as satellites to Sun. Because
the planets are revolving around the
What do artificial satellites do?
Sun in a particular orbit. Likewise each
planet is having one or more small planets Satellites are launched into space through
called sub-planets which revolving that rockets. A satellite orbits the earth while
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its speed is balanced by the pull of Earth’s 4.7.5 Satellite Communication

gravity. In satellite communication,
electromagnetic waves are used as
Artificial satellites are further carrier signals. These signals carry the
classified into two type
information such as audio, video or any
1. Active Satellites other signal between ground and space and
2. Passive Satellites vice-versa. Since satellite communication
happens through space, it is also known as
Space Communication.
Active Satellites
An active satellite carries an antenna 4.7.6 Need of Satellite
system, a transmitter, a receiver and a power
Communication
supply. It works as microwave repeater or
transponder in the sky. Figure 4.7 shows Two kinds of propagation are used in
the active satellites system. earlier communication.
1. Ground wave propagation
2. Sky wave propagation

Ground wave propagation

ES ES Ground wave propagation is suitable for
#1 #2
Earth frequencies upto 30 MHz. This method
of communication makes use of the
FIGURE 4.7 Active Satellite
troposphere conditions of the earth.

Sky wave propagation

Passive Satellites
A passive satellite is a metal coated plastic Suitable bandwidth for this type is broadly
balloon or metallic sphere that works between 30 MHz to 40 MHz and it makes
as a passive reflection. It reflects the use of the ionosphere properties of the earth.
microwave signal from one region of the The station distance is limited
earth to another region. Figure 4.8 shows to few thousands kilo meters in both
the passive satellites system. Ground Wave propagation and Sky Wave
propagation. Satellite communication
over comes this limitation.

4.7.7 Satellites Classification

Satellites can be classified by their function
since they are launched into space to
do a specific job. The satellite must be
designed specifically to fulfil its role.

FIGURE 4.8 Passive satellites system.

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The most important satellites are helped the search and rescue teams to
1. Communication Satellites
keep in touch with one another and
were also able to maintain international
2. Astronomical Satellites
communications.
3. Navigation Satellites
4. Bio Satellites 4.7.9 Working of Communication
5. Weather Satellites Satellite
6. Remote Sensing Satellites A satellite is a body that moves around
7. Nano Satellites another body in a particular path(orbit).
8. Earth Observation Satellites A communication satellite is nothing but
a microwave repeater station in space. It
is helpful in telecommunications.
4.7.8 Communication Satellites
A repeater is a circuit which increases
Communication satellites are artificial
the strength of received signal and then
satellites that relay received signals from
transmits it. But, this repeater works as a
an earth station and then retransmit
transponder. (it changes the frequency band
the signal to other earth stations. They
of transmitted signal from the received one).
commonly move in a geostationary orbit.
Communication satellites are placed in The frequency with which the signal
three earth orbits. is sent into the space is called as Up-link
frequency. Similarly, frequency with which
1. Geostationary Earth Orbit
the signal is sent by the transponder to earth
2. Medium Earth Orbit station is called as Down-link frequency. The
3. Low Earth Orbit fig 4.9 shows Working of communication
Satellite.
Satellites in Geostationary Earth Satellite

Orbit (GEO) enable to get fax, video

conferencing, Internet, long distance fixed
phone service, television broadcasting and
Do
k

broadband multimedia service, which are

lin

wn
Up

l in

provided all over the globe.

k

Satellites in Medium Earth Orbit

(MEO) are used for mobile cell phone Transmitting Receiving
communication, fixed phones and other earth station earth station

personal communications.
FIGURE 4.9 Working of communication Satellite
Satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
are used paging fax, ship tracking, fixed The transmission of signal from
ordinary phones, broad band multimedia, first earth station to satellite through a
and monitoring of remote industrial spots. channel is called as Up-link. Similarly
Besides, Communication Satellites the transmission of signal from satellite
are helping in long way during natural to second earth station through a channel
calamities. In the aftermath of the is called Down-link. This action can be
earthquake, the satellites pictured and done in vice-versa.
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Earth stations send the information scan be either passive or active. Passive
to satellites in the form of high powered, sensors respond to external stimuli. They
high frequency (GHz) range signals. record natural energy that is reflected or
The satellite receives and re-transmits emitted from the earth’s surface. Remote
the signals back to earth where they are sensing satellites are usually put into space to
received by other earth stations in the monitor resources important, for humans.
coverage area of the satellite. It might track animal migration watch
agricultural crops for weather damages or
Astronomical Satellites see forests fire and deforestation.
Astronomical Satellites are used for
Nano Satellites
observation of distance planets, galaxies
and other outer space objects. These are Nano Satellite are very small satellites
used to monitor and image space. which weigh less than 10 kg. It uses
MEMS (Micro – Electro – Mechanical
Navigation Satellites system) technology. It is widely used in
laser communication.
A satellites navigation or SATNAV system
is a system that uses satellites to provide
Earth Observation Satellites
autonomous geo – spatial positioning. The
system can be used for providing position, Earth Observation Satellite is intended
navigation or for tracking the position of for monitoring of earth surface in visible,
something fitted with a receiver (satellite NIR and MIR electromagnetic waves with
tracking). A satellite navigation system with the resolution of 8 meters for the purpose
global coverage may be termed a Global of agricultural, search of minerals and
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). energy resources, land tenure, forestry,
water resources control, monitoring of
Bio Satellites situation in emergency areas.
Bio satellites are satellites designed to carry
living organisms generally for scientific 4.7.10 Application of Satellite
experimentation. Communication
1. Military Communication
Weather Satellites
2. Tele Communication
Weather satellites are type of satellites that
3. Satellite phone
is primarily used to monitor the weather
and climate of the earth. These Satellites are 4. VSAT (Very small aperture terminal)
polar orbiting satellites, covering the entire 5. Cable TV
earth asynchronously or geo stationarily, 6. DBS (Direct Broadcast satellite - DTH)
hovering over the same spot on the equator.
7. GPS (Global Positioning System)
8. Satellite Internet
Remote Sensing Satellites
9. Weather forecasting
Remote sensors collect data by detecting the
energy that is reflected from Earth. These 10. Photography
sensors can be on satellites. Remote sensor 11 Navigation etc…..

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4.8 M
 icrowave 2. It helps to manage crowded spectrum
Communication with the use of highly selective
receivers.
Sending and receiving the signal
3. The channels will not overlap or
via microwaves is called Microwave
do not cause interference to nearby
Communication. It is also known as
channels.
“line of sight” communication. It should
be composed of voice, data, television, 4. Wired communication is not
telephony or radio signals. Microwaves are possible in hilly remote areas where
also emitted by natural objects as well as microwave communication is
from space. suitable choice in that place.
Microwave is a part of electromag-
netic spectrum, comprising the bands 4.8.2 Disadvantages of
­between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Microwave Microwave Communication
Communication is used for point to point 1. Microwave Communication is
communication. It requires a direct line limited to line of sight mode only,
of sight path between the transmitter and other modes of communication are
­receiver. Microwave communications avoid not possible.
the need for a physical connection between
2. It is difficult to implement lumped
the transmitter and receiver.
components such as resistors,
inductors and capacitors at
What is the meaning of
microwave? microwave frequencies.
Microwave means “very Short Wave”
4.8.3 Application of Microwave
Microwave communication would generally Communication
require a repeater, which is placed in every Microwave communications are used in
few tens of miles of distance between the the following fields.
transmitter and the receiver. When satellites
1. Wireless communications (space,
are used for microwave communication
cellular, phones, Bluetooth,
rather than for broadcasting purposes,
satellites….)
highly directive antennas are essential to
provide the required, which acts as a repeater 2. Radar and Navigation (to detect
in microwave communication. aircraft, ship, space craft, weather
formation, etc…..)
The satellites acts as a repeater in
3. Remote sensing (land surface …)
microwave communication. Figure 4.10
shows the microwave communication. 4. RF Identification (security, product
tracking, animal tracking…)
4.8.1 Advantages of Microwave 5. Broadcasting (mobile phones and
Communication WiFi….)
6. Heating (baking, food process,
1. It has larger bandwidth and hence
ovens, drying….)
large amount of information can be
transmitted using it. 7. Bio-medical applications (diagnostics)

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Transmission Transmission
line line

Input Transmitter Receiver Output

FIGURE 4.10 Microwave Communication

4.9 RADAR Technology Power Supply

RADAR stands for Radio Detection And The power supply provides the electric
Ranging. It is a type of radio system where power for all the components
radio frequency signals are used to determine
the position of speed of an object. Often the Synchronizer
objective is passive, so the reflection of RF The synchronizer sync the timing for the
signal from the object is used to find the range determination. It will send the signal
speed or velocity of the object. Figure 4.11 along with the transmitted signal to know
shows the block diagram of Radar. the return sweep and display the signal.

Transmitter Duplexer
The radar transmitter produces high This will act like a switch between the
frequency RF pulses and is transmitted transmitter and the receiver. This is
into space by the antenna. required because high power pulses of
the transmitter will destroy the receiver, if
Receiver energy were allowed to enter the receiver.
The receiver amplifies and demodulates
the received RF-signals. The receiver Radar antenna
provides video signals on the output. The antenna transfers the transmitting
signals to space with the required
distribution and efficiency.

FIGURE 4.11 The block diagram of RADAR

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Display „ Ship Navigation and safety

Display units used to represent the object Radars are used for beaconing and
on the the screen to analyze the object used an aid of navigation and also
very easily. used to find the depth of sea.
„ Space
4.9.1 Types of RADAR
Radars are used for docking and safely
The following flow charts shows the landing of spacecrafts.
different types of Radars
„ Remote Sensing and Environment
They are employed in remote sensing
4.9.2 Applications of Radar
for detecting weather conditions of the
„ Air Traffic Control (ATC) atmosphere and tracking of planetary
Radar are used for safety controlling conditions.
of the air traffic. „ Law Enforcement
„ Air Craft Navigation High way police force widely uses
The weather avoidance radars and radars to measure the vehicle speed
ground mapping radars are employed for safety regulation.
in aircrafts to navigate it properly in „ Military area
all the conditions. They are used in Air, Naval and
Ground for defence purposes.

Types of RADAR RADAR

Primary Secondary
Radar Radar

(CW)
pulsed
Continuous
Radar
Wave Radar

(MTI)
Modulated Unmodulated Moving Target Doppler
Indicator

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