RELIABILITY APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRIC

POWER SYSTEMS - 2011

References
Classnotes
Ch#1 : Introduction
Ch.#2 Basic Probability Theory :
Ch.#3 Reliability Functions
Ch.#4 System Reliability Analysis
Ch.#5 Time-based reliability Assessment
Ch.#6 Discrete Markow Chains
Ch.#7 Markov Modeling for Reliability Analysis (Part#1, Part#2)
Ch.#8 Frequency and Duration Methods (Part#1, Part#2)

O1. A. PAPOULIS, " Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes", McGraw
Hill P.C., 1965.
O2. Laura T. SNEL, "Introduction to Probability" , The Random House Mathematic
Series, New York 1988.
O3. Sheldon M.ROSS, "Introduction to Probability Models" , Academic Press, New York
1993.
O4. Kenneth Lange, Applied Probability, Springer P.C., New York 2003.
O5. Douglas C. Montgomery, George C. Runger, Applied statistics and probability for
engineers, John Wiley, New Jersey 2007.

R1. Roy BILLINGTON, Ronald N.ALLAN, "Reliability Evaluation of Engineering
Systems", Plenum Press, 1983 (1
st
Ed.), 1992 (2
nd
Ed.).
R2. M.L. SHOOMAN, "Probabilistic Reliability ; An Engineering Approach", McGraw
Hill P.C., 1968.
R3. E. BALAGURUSAMY, "Reliability Engineering", Tata McGraw Hill PC, 1984.
R4. E.E.LEWIS, "Introduction To Reliability Engineering", John W. And Sons, 1987.
R5. K.C. KAPUR, L.R.LAMBERSON, "Reliability in Engineering Design", John W.And
Sons, 1987.
R6. N.J.Mc.CORMICK , "Reliability and Risk Analysis", Academic P., NewYork 1981
R7. B.S. DHILLON "Mechanical Reliability Theory, Models and Applications", AIAA
Education Series.
R8. B.S. DHILLON, Applied Reliability and Quality [electronic resource] : Fundamentals,
Methods and Procedures Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2007
R9. M.Xie, Y-S Dai, and K. Leng Computing systems reliability [electronic resource] : models
and analysis, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, c2004.
R10. R. K. Mobley, An introduction to predictive maintenance [electronic resource],
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
R11. Shelemyahu Zacks, Introduction to reliability analysis : probability models and statistical
methods , Springer-Verlag, c1992.
R12. Patrick D. T. O'Connor, David Newton, Richard Bromley, Practical reliability engineering
", John Willey and Sons, 4
th
Edition, 2002.
R13. Mohammad Modarres, Mark Kaminskiy, Vasiliy Krivtsov, Reliability Engineering and
Risk Analysis: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Marcel Dekker, 1999.
R14. Bilal M. Ayyub, Richard H. M, Probability, statistics, and reliability for engineers and
scientists, CRC Press, 2003.
R15. J.D. Andrews, T.R. Moss, Reliability and risk assessment,Professional Engineering
Publishing; 2nd edition, 2002
R16. Neil Bloom, Reliability centered maintenance (RCM), [electronic resource] , McGraw-
Hill, c2006.
R17. David J. Smith , Reliability, maintainability and risk, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann,
2005
R18. Krzysztof Kolowrocki, Reliability of large systems, Elsevier, 2004
R19. M.T. Todinov, Reliability and risk models : setting reliability requirements, Wiley,
c2005
R20. Joel A Nachlas, Reliability engineering : probabilistic models and maintenance methods,
Taylor & Francis, 2005

P1. Roy BILLINGTON, "Power System Reliability Evaluation", Gordon And Beach
Pub., 1970.
P2. Roy BILLINGTON, R.C.RINGLEE, A.C.WOOD, "Power System Reliability
Calculations", MIT Press, 1973.
P3. J. ENDRENYI, "Reliability Modelling In Electric Power Systems", John Willey and
Sons, 1978
P4. Roy BILLINGTON, R.N.ALLAN. "Reliability Assesment in Large Electric Power
Systems", Cluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1988.
P5. G.J.ANDERS, "Probability Concepts in Electric Power Systems", J-W and Sons,
1990
P6. Alain WILLEMEUR, "Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety
Assesment Vol.1", J-W and sons, 1992.
P7. Alain WILLEMEUR, "Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety
Assesment Vol.2", J-W and sons, 1992.
P8. Joseph Vardi, Benjamin Avi-Itzhak, Electric energy generation : economics, reliability,
and rates, MIT Press, c1981
P9. Richard E. Brown, Electric power distribution reliability Marcel Dekker, 2002.
P10. Anthony J. Pansini, Transmission line reliability and security Marcel Dekker, c2004
P11. Wenyuan Li, Risk assessment of power systems [electronic resource] : models, methods,
and applications, John Willey and Sons, 2005.
P12. Roy Billinton, Wenyuan Li, Reliability assessment of electric power systems using Monte
Carlo methods, Plenum Press, 1994.
P13. David Elmakias, New Computational Methods in Power System Reliability,Springer
Verlag Press, 2010
P14. Ali Chowhdury, Don Koval, Power Distribution System Reliability: Practical Methods and
Applications, John Willey and Sons, 2009



Grading :
2-4 Homeworks, 40 % (A day of delay will be penalized 50 %)
Term Project (Groups of 3-4 students are suppose to prepare a project) 20 points
Paper for PMAPS 2012 (Additional 20 points)
Final Test 40 %
ng



7-8-9 Kasm

Week Date Topic
1 19.9.2011


PART-I
Introduction
2 26.9.2011 Basic Probability Theory
3 3.10.2011 Reliability Functions
4 10.10.2011 System Reliability Analysis
5 17.10.2011* System Reliability Analysis
6 24.10.2011 System Reliability Analysis
7 31.10.2011 Time-based reliability Assessment
8 7.11.2011


PART-II
----------------------------------------
9 14.11.2011
10 21.11.2011
11 28.11.2011
12 5.12.2011
13 12.12.2011
14 19.12.2011
15 26.12.2011
- Will be done in another date




October 3, 2011
HOMEWORK #1

1. Rotor and stator manufacture failure probabilities of a motor are 6 % and 9 %, respectively.
Calculate the probability of a failed motor production. If a randomly chosen motor is a
defective product, determine the probability of being a stator manufacture failure.
2. Four 25-MW generators consume a constant load of 90 MW through a transmission line.
Determine average loss of load (LOLE) if the failure probability of the generators and the
transmission line are 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.
3. 380 kV / 154 kV transformation in a station is performed by four identical transformers, whose
failure density functions are known to be exponentially distributed with and average life of 10
years. At least 2 transformers are required for the sufficient power transformation. Determine
the probability of adequate power transformation for the first 5 years.
4. Let x denote the vibratory stress (psi) on a wind turbine blade for a particular wind speed y.
Assume that the pdf for x is given by
( )
( )

>
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
otherwise 0
constant a is , 0 ,
2
2
2 2
y x e y x
x f
y
x
X
a) Verify that ( ) x f
X
is a legitimate pdf
b) Suppose y=100. What is the probability that x is
(i) less than 200? (ii) less than or equal to 200? (iii) Greater than 200?
c) What is the probability that x is between 100 and 200?
d) Give an expression for | | x x P s
5. Joint probability density function regarding the operating temperature and the operation time of
an electric motor is represented by;
f
xy
(x,y) = c (4x + 2y + 1) ; 0 < x (temperature) < 40
o
C , 0 < y (time) < 2 minutes

a) Determine the constant c.
b) Determine the marginal density functions f
x
(x) and f
y
(y).
c) Are x and y independent?
d) Determine the mean values E(x) and E(y).
e) Calculate the probability that the motor operates before 45 seconds.
f) Calculate the probability of operating temperature is greater than 30
o
C if the motor
operation time is less than 1.5 minutes.

6. Failure time (t) and applied voltage (v) of an insulation follows the joint probability density
function (-tv/300) exp t 6 0.000 = v) (t, f
v t,
; 0 s t (year) , 40 s v (kV) s 120.
a) Determine marginal density functions f
t
(t) and f
v
(v).
b) Determine f
t
(t,v) and identify if the random variables are independent or not.
c) Determine E(t) , E(v) , o(t) and o(v).
d) Calculate the probability that the device will fail within first 2 years.
e) Calculate the probability that the device will fail within first 2 years if v < E(v).

Due date : October 17.2011


HOMEWORK #1 SOLUTIONS

1. Q
M
: The probability of a failed motor production
Q
R
/ Q
S
: Failure probability of the rotor and the stator, respectively.
Q
M
= Q(SUR) = Q
R
+ Q
S
- Q(SR) = Q
R
+ Q
S
- Q
R
Q
S
= 14.46 %
% .24 62
0.1446
.09 * 1
Q
Q * S) M Q(

Q
M) Q(S
M) S Q(
M
S
M
= = =

=
2. Let x
i
denote the number of available generators. The following table gives the steps of LOLE
calculation.
X
i

Av.Cap
[MW] P(Xi) Line P
L
P=P(Xi)*PL
LOL
[MW] Cont.to LOLE
4 100 0.96059601 up 0.95 0.9125662 0 0
3 75 0.03881196 up 0.95 0.0368714 15 0.553070
2 50 0.00058806 up 0.95 0.0005587 40 0.022346
1 25 0.00000396 up 0.95 0.0000038 65 0.000245
0 0 0.00000001 up 0.95 0.0000000 90 8.55E-07
4 100 0.96059601 down 0.05 0.0480298 90 4.322682
3 75 0.03881196 down 0.05 0.0019406 90 0.174654
2 50 0.00058806 down 0.05 0.0000294 90 0.002646
1 25 0.00000396 down 0.05 0.0000002 90 1.78E-05
0 0 0.00000001 down 0.05 0.0000000 90 4.50E-08
LOLE = 5.075662 MW

3. 380 kV / 154 kV transformation in a station is performed by four identical transformers, whose
failure density functions are known to be exponentially distributed with and average life of 10
years. At least 2 transformers are required for the sufficient power transformation. Determine
the probability of adequate power transformation for the first 5 years.
8282 . 0 ) 5 ( ) 5 ( * 6 ) 5 ( ) 5 ( * 4 ) 5 ( ) 5 (
1 ) 5 ( , ) 5 ( : year 5 at generator single a of y probabilit Failure and y Reliabilit
) ( : generator single a of y Reliabilit
* 1 . 0 ) ( : generator single a of FDF
2 2 3 4
5 * 1 . 0 5 * 1 . 0 th
* 1 . 0
* 1 . 0
= + + =
= =
=
=

Q R Q R R years R
e Q e R
e t R
e t f
s
t
t

4.

a) ( ) ( ) 0 . 1
2
exp
2
exp . ; 0
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
=
(
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(

= >


} }
y
x
dx
y
x
y
x
dx x f x f
x x

( ) x f
X
is a legitimate pdf
b) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

= =
(
(

=
}
20000
exp 1 F ;
20000
exp .
10000
2
0
x
2
x
d f x
x x
x f
x
x x

i) ( ) ( ) 86466 . 0
20000
40000
exp 1 200 200 =
|
.
|

\
|
= = <
x
F x P
ii) ( ) ( ) 86466 0 200 200 . = < = s x P x P since x is a continuous random variable.
iii) ( ) ( ) 1353466 0 200 1 200 . = = >
x
F x P
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) 47120 0 1 1 100 200 200 100
20000
10000
20000
40000
. =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = s s
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
e e F F x P
x x

d) | |
|
|
.
|

\
|

= = s
20000
1 F x P
2
x
x
x x exp ) (

5. a)
1 6640 40 3240
80 3240 2 2 1 2 4
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
40
0
2
2
0
40
0
= = + =
+ = + + = + + =
=
= =
=
= =
} } } }
C y y C
dy y C dy x xy x C dxdy y x C x f
y
y y
x
y x
x
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

C = 1/6640 = 0.0001506

b) 40 0
3320
3 4
4 1 2 4
2
0
2
0
2
0
s s
+
= + + = + + = =
=

= =
} }
x
x
y y xy C dy y x C dy y x f x f
y
y y
xy x
; ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) (

2 0
166
2 81
2 2 1 2 4
40
0
2
40
0
40
0
s s
+
= + + = + + = =
=
= =
} }
y
y
x xy x C dx y x C dx y x f y f
x
x x
xy y
; ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) (

c) t independen not are y and x x f
y
y x
y f
y x f
y x f
x
y
xy
x
=
+
+ +
= = ) (
) (
) , (
) (
6640
166
2 81
1 2 4

d) C x x dx x x dx x xf x E
o
x x
x
4257 26
2
3
3
4
3320
1
3 4
3320
1
40
0
2 3
40
0
40
0
. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( = + = + = =
} }
= =

minutes 008032 1
2
81
3
2
166
1
81 2
166
1
2
0
2 3
2
0
2
0
. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( = + = + = =
} }
= =
y y dy y y dy y yf y E
y y
y

e)
minutes 3693524 0
166
81
2 81
166
1
seconds 45
75 0
0
2
75 0
0
75 0
0
. ) ( ) ( ) (
.
. .
=
+
= + = = s
} }
= =
y y
dy y dy y f y P
y y
y

| | | | { } years dt e e t dt t tf t
t
t t
t
t
10 4 / 10 2 / 15 * 2 . 0 ) ( 2 . 0 ) ( ) ( E
2 2
0
4 . 0 1333 . 0
0
= = = = =
} }

=

=
f) 4318 0
2 81
1 2 4
6640
166
min 5 1 30
5 1
0
40
30
5 1
0
5 1
0
40
30
5 1
0
.
) (
) (
) (
) , (
) . (
.
.
.
.
=
+
+ +
= = s >
}
} }
}
} }
=
= =
=
= =
y
x y
y
x y
o
dy y
dxdy y x
dy y f
dxdy y x f
y x P


6. a)
) ( 20 . 0 0) 30 exp(-tv/ * 0.2 - ) 300 exp(-tv/ * t * 6 000 0. ) , ( f ) (
4 . 0 133 . 0
120
40
120
40
120
40
tv
t t
v v
t
e e v d v d v t t f

= =
= = = =
} }


| | 120 40
v
60
e
v
300
5v
1
0
e
5v
1
e
v
300
5
t
e * * 6 000 . 0 ) , ( f ) (
2
0
0 30 tv/ -
0
300 tv/ -
0
0 30 tv/ -
0
0 30 tv/ -
0
tv
s s = =
+
|
.
|

\
|
= = =

=
} } }
kV v
t d t d t t d v t v f
t t t
v


t independen not are v and t t f v t f
t tv tv
v
tv t
v f
v t f
v t f
t t
v
tv
t
) ( ) (
0 ; ) 300 / exp( * 1 0000 . 0
60
) 300 / exp( * * 6 000 . 0
) (
) , (
) ( ) b
2
2
=
s s =

= =


c)


kV Ln dv
v
dv v vf v
v v
v
92 . 65
40
120
60
60
) ( ) ( E
120
40
120
40
= = = =
} }
= =

( )
kV v VAR v
dv v v v
year t VAR t
dt e e t t t t
v
t
t t
3 . 21 ) ( ) (
55 . 454 92 . 65 ) 40 120 ( * 60 92 . 65 60 ) ( E ) ( E ) ( VAR
9 , 7 ) ( ) (
5 . 62 100 5 . 162 10 ) ( 2 . 0 ) ( E ) ( E ) ( VAR
2 2
120
40
2 2
2
0
4 . 0 1333 . 0 2 2 2
= =
= = = =
= =
= = = =
}
}
=

=

o
o

0757 , 0
2
5
2
15
2 . 0 ) ( 2 . 0 ) ( ) 2 ( P d)
2
0
4 . 0 1333 . 0
2
0
4 . 0 13333 . 0
2
0
=
(

+ = = = s

=

=
} }
t t
t
t t
t
t
e e dt e e dt t f years t

00634 . 0
591 . 0
00375 . 0
) (
) , (
)) ( ( P
)) ( ) 2 (( P
) ) ( 2 ( P e)
66
40
66
40
2
0
= = =
<
< s
= < s
}
} }
=
= =
v
v
v t
tv
dv v f
dtdv v t f
v E v
v E v years t
v E v years t

October 31, 2011
HOMEWORK #2

1. Failure rate of a device is known to be

> +
s s
=
1 1
1
) (
0
) (
t t for t t k
t t for
t

a) Determine the reliability and the failure density function of the device.
b) Determine E(t) and o(t) for = 2 f/year , t
1
= 1 year and k = 0.01
2. A 10 MW load is consumed by two generators. Determine minimal paths and minimal cut sets
and calculate the reliability of load consumption.







3. Determine minimal paths and minimal cut sets of the following system. Calculate the
reliability.






4. A control system is composed of 3 detectors, 2 relays and 2 switches. System success requires
successful operation of at least 2 detectors and a relay and both switches. All components are
non-repairable items and their average operation lives are m
dede
= 5 years , m
relay
= 2.5 years
and m
switch
= 10 years. Determine the reliability of the system. Evaluate the reliability at t =
1000 hour. Evaluate the MTTF of the system

5. Calculate the reliability of the following system for a mission of t = 500 hours. Evaluate the
MTTF.






Due date : November 14.2011

10 MW 10 MW
L
1
= 10 MW
H
3

H
1

H
2

G
1

T
1
T
2

G
2

R
G1
= 0.98 , R
T1
= 0.99
R
G2
= 0.97 , R
T2
= 0.98
R
H1
= R
H2
= R
H3
= 0.98




10 MW
10 MW
10 MW
2/3
I
O
A
B
R
A
= R
B
= 0.9
R
C
= R
D
= 0.95
R
E
= R
F
= R
G
= 0.92
R
H
= R
I
= R
J
= 0.85
P
S
= 0.98

C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A B C
D
3-operating, 1 spare
E H
G
I
J F
I
O

A
=
B
=
C
=
D
=
1
=0.0002 f/hour

E
=
F
=
J
=
2
=0.00025 f/hour

G
=
H
=
I
=
3
=0.0010 f/hour
P
S
= 0.95

HOMEWORK #2 SOLUTIONS

1.a)
| |

> =
} }
s s =
}
= t t =

t + t

t
}
1
5 0
1
t
0
2
1 1
1
1
0
0
0
d ) ( exp(- R(t)
t t for e e
t t for e e
t t k t
d t t k d
t
d
t
t
t
t
;
;
)
) ( .
) (


| |

> +
s s
=

=


1
5 0
1
1
2
1
0
f(t)
t t for e t t k
t t for e
dt
t dR
t t k t
t
; ) (
;
) (
) ( .



| |
year 499832 . 0
202835 . 0 296997 . 0
) 1 ( 01 . 0 2 2 ) ( E(t)
1
) 1 ( 005 . 0 2
1
0
2
0
2
=
+ =
+ + = =
} } }

dt e t t dt te dt t tf
t t t


| |
499163 0
337501 0 161662 0
1 01 0 2 2 ) E(t
1
1 005 0 2 2
1
0
2 2
0
2 2
2
.
. .
) ( . ) (
) ( .
=
+ =
+ + = =
} } }

dt e t t dt e t dt t f t
t t t


year 499331 . 0 VAR(t) ) (
249331 . 0 ) ( E - ) E(t VAR(t)
2 2
= =
= =
t
t
o


2. Let the equivalents of G
1
-T
1
and G
2
- T
2
be represented by A and B, respectively.

0.0494 R 1 Q 9506 0 R R R
0.0298 R 1 Q 9702 0 R R R
B A T2 G2 B
A A T1 G1 A
= = = =
= = = =
, .
, .

Minimal paths : AH
2
, AH
1
H
3
, BH
3
, B H
1
H
2

Minimal cut sets: AB, AH
1
H
3
, BH
1
H
2
, H
2
H
3
.. ) ( ) ( ) ( + =
(
(

=

=
k j i j i i
i
i
C C C Q C C Q C Q C Q
4
1
s
Q
If Q
H
= Q
H1
= Q
H2
= Q
H3
is used
| | |
|
9980986 0 Q 1 R
0019014 0
4
- Q
s s
3 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
s
.
.
= =
=
+ + +
+ + + + + + =
H B A H B A H B H A
H B A H B A H B A H B A H H B H A B A
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q


3. Let the equivalents of standby redundant couple and 2/3 system represented by K and L,
respectively.






Minimal paths : KCEL, KCFL, KDFL, KDGL
Minimal cut sets : K, L, CD, EFG, CFG, DEF






| |
| |
924696 0 Q 1 R
075304 0
D C L D C K L K
E D G F C G F E D C L K
Q
neglected are products order higher and fourth If
Q
s s
3 2 3 1 2 1
6
1
s
6
1
s
.
.
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
.. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
~ =
=
+ +
+ + + + + =
+ +
(
(

~
+ =
(
(

=
=
=

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
F Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
C C Q C C Q C C Q C Q
C C C C Q C C C Q C C Q C Q C Q
i
i
l k j i k j i j i i
i
i



4. The system can be modeled as follows












| | | |
t t t t t t
s r r d d d
e e e e e e t R
2 2 2 3
* 2 * ) 1 ( 3 ) (

+ =


I
O
K
C
D
E
F
G
L
93925 . 0 Q R 3 R R
9882 . 0 Q 1 R
0118 . 0 ) Q (1 P Q Q Q
H
2
H
3
H L
K K
B S A A K
= + =
= =
= =

I
K L
C
D
F
E
G
F
C
G
E
D
F
O
C
1
C
2

C
3

C
4
C
5
C
6

R
R
R
S
D
D
I O
2/3 system
S

d
= 1/m
dede
= 0.2 f/year

r
= 1/m
relay
= 0.4 f/year

s
= 1/m
switch
= 0.1 f/year

| | | |
t t t t t
e e e e e t R
2 . 0 8 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0
* 2 * 2 3 ) (

=



t t t t
e e e e t R
6 . 1 2 . 1 4 . 1
2 4 3 6 ) (

+ =



974012 . 0 ) 1000 ( = h R



years dt t R MTTF 77381 . 1
6 . 1
2
2 . 1
4
4 . 1
3
6 ) (
0
= + = =
}

5. | |
t
s ABCD
e t P t R
1
3
1
* * 3 1 ) (

+ =
| |
t t t
GHI GHI
t
GHI
e e e t Q t R e t Q
3 3 3 3
3 2
3
* 3 * 3 ) ( 1 ) ( ; 1 ) (

+ = = =
| | ) ( 1 ) ( ; 3 3 ) ( * ) ( ) (
3 3 3 2
3 2
t R t Q e e e e t R t R t R
up up
t t t t
GHI E up
= + = =


) ( 1 ) ( ; ) ( * ) ( ) (
2
2
t R t Q e t R t R t R
down down
t
J F down
= = =


| | { } { } ) ( 1 ) ( ; 1 * 3 3 1 ) ( * ) ( ) (
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 2
t Q t R e e e e e t Q t Q t Q
r r
t t t t t
down up r
= + = =


) ( * ) ( ) ( t R t R t R
ABCD r
=
| | | | { } | | t P e e e e e e e e e
s
t t t t t t t t t
1
3 2 3 3 2 2
3 * 1 * 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2

+ + + + =


| | | | { }
t t t t t t t t t
e e e e e e e e e
003 . 0 002 . 0 001 . 0 00075 . 0 003 . 0 002 . 0 001 . 0 00025 . 0 0005 . 0
3 3 3 3

+ + + =

| |
t
e t
0006 . 0
* 00057 . 0 1 *

+
{ }
t t t t t t t
e e e e e e e
00375 . 0 00275 . 0 00175 . 0 00325 . 0 00225 . 0 00125 . 0 0005 . 0
3 3 3 * 3

+ + + =

| |
t
e t
0006 . 0
* 00057 . 0 1 *

+
915889 . 0 ) 500 ( = = hours t R
{
} }

+ + + = =
0
00235 . 0 00385 . 0 00285 . 0 00185 . 0 0011 . 0
0
3 3 * 3 ) (
t t t t t
e e e e e dt t R MTTF

}{ } dt t e e
t t
* 00057 . 0 1 3
00435 . 0 00335 . 0
+


+ + + + =
00435 . 0
1
00335 . 0
3
00235 . 0
3
00385 . 0
1
00285 . 0
3
00185 . 0
3
0011 . 0
1

(

+ + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
00435 . 0
1
00335 . 0
3
00235 . 0
3
00385 . 0
1
00285 . 0
3
00185 . 0
3
0011 . 0
1
* 00057 . 0

= 1738.1 hours









Term Project Groups


Group
# Project
504111020 Erden, lim (Coordinator)
[email protected]
0535 686 8473
G1
Seasonal failure statistics regarding 380
kV Power transmission lines. lime verildi
28.10.2011
504111031 Bellek, Mustafa
504111039 Ball, Bahadr
504091074 Eser, Grcan
504091073 Diouf, Momar
504101002 Tun, Abdullah (Coordinator)
[email protected]
05532298770
G2
Seasonal failure statistics regarding 154
kV Power transmission lines.
Sadullaha verildi 28.10.2011
504101055 Mahdi, Mohammed
504101059 Kaya, Sadulah
504101050 zkse, Emin
504111034 ztrk, Ouz K.
504111025 ahin, Mehmet
G3
Get in contact with
Assist.Prof.Dr.Ramazan ALAR
504101021 Karaka, Hseyin
504101033 Pournajaf, Rahm
504101043 Bostan, mer F.
504111009 Turan, Emre
G4

Get in contact with
Assist.Prof.Dr.Ramazan ALAR
504081039 Tmer, Hasan M.
504101037 Varlk, Tekin
504101005 Biner, Baak


No Name H1 H2
504081039 Tmer, Hasan M.
504091073 Diouf, Momar 68
504091074 Eser, Grcan
504101002 Tun, Abdullah 32 73
504101005 Biner, Baak
504101021 Karaka, Hseyin 70 70
504101033 Pournajaf, Rahm 33 50
504101037 Varlk, Tekin 68 65
504101043 Bostan, mer F. 63 53
504101050 zkse, Emin 57
504101055 Mahdi, Mohammed 62 50
504101059 Kaya, Sadulah 68 88
504111009 Turan, Emre 72 70
504111020 Erden, lim 90 64
504111025 ahin, Mehmet
504111031 Bellek, Mustafa 82 66
504111034 ztrk, Ouz K. 55 70
504111039 Ball, Bahadr
AVERAGE 63.1
65.4
STANDARD DEVIATION 15.8
10.7