32 Introduction to 'ompter and Fmerging Technologies

Unit-2
Processor, Memory, Adapter and Buses
2.1 Introduction

Whether VOu talk albout home user or business user, power of systern is dor:.

br component inside the computer known as processor, used to process the a

All hpes of svstem have different sizes of processor with different clock
And Memorv is the used to store the result processed by processor, we .
different tvpe of memory available in computer which are explained briefl,
thus chapter. All this component such as processor, memory is part
Motherboard. It also integrates sound card, network card etc.

Motherboard

The motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit boa
the system unit. Many electronic components attach to the Mother boa
Memory chips are installed on memory cards (modules) that fit in a slot on
motherboard. Acomputer chip is a small piece of semiconducting maten
usualiy silicon, on which integrated circuits are made. Here is an example
mother on your desktop System.
North Bridge Processor Socket
PCI AGP

SATA Memory

BiOS IDE
South Bridge

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 Introduction to Computer and Emerging Technologies / 35

uns small, high-speed storage locations, called registers, that

ta and instructions.

storage
DrocesSor, not part of memory or a permanent

specific storage
types of registers, each with a
COI

with two instruction was

location from where an
In consumer techi storing data
ontrol unit decodes it,
CPU's working
more ults of a calculation.
it is a tvpe of arch...
technology,
of two or more process
the core logic clock, the
he help of system
components:
Processors have two ks, that set the operating
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
1.
Unit)
2. Cæ(Controi
cd by the number
together to pertorm procesSing operatons clock speeds in
They work

Central Process1ng Unit 'nck peT

Control Unit

Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Input
Device

Memory Unit

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 Techmologies
Emerging
Compoterand
Introduction to
Buspg
AUand it
The ontrol Unit
unit works as a
coordinator
and
betwren
theninitintesthe appropriate ; interp
Ih ontr isued by a
program
instruction
ach instruction
arrn out the

logic Unit component ofthe processOr, perf

The Arithmetic another
arithmetc logc unit (ALU), subtraction, multiplication, and d:
The addition,
Arithmetcoperations such as operations, along with
them it
also perfor
tpes of arithmetic another
whch arc the
which compare one data item with to determ
Lompar1son operatians than the
greater than, equal to, or less other ite
is
whether the first item diíferent actions may occur
comparison,
Depending on the result of the
Instruction Execute-Fetch cycle
known as
Processor have its cyvcle

process of obtaining a program instruction or 2

(1) Fetching - Fetching is the
item from memory.

Decoding- The term decoding refers to the process of ranslatinea

(2)
execute.
instruction into signals the computer can

out the commands

(3) Executing - Executing is the process of carr ing

(4) Storing- Storing, in this context, means writing the result to memory (not
a storage medium).

S t o r e

MEMORY

PROCESSOR

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 Introduction to Computer and Emerging Technologies / 35

Registers
A processor contains small, high-speed storage locations, called registers, that
temporarilv hold data and instructions.

Registers are part of the processor, not part of memory or a permanent storage
device.

Processors have many different types of registers, each with a specific storage
function.

Register functions include storing the location from where an instruction was
fetched,storing an instruction while the control unit decodes it, storing data
while the ALUcalculates it,and storing the results of a calculation.

The System Clock

The processor synchronizes all its operations with the help of system clock, the
system clock generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set the operating
pace of components of the system unit.

The pace of the system clock, called the clock speed, is measured by the number
of ticks per second. Current personal computer processors have clock speeds in
the gigahertz range and a hertz is one cycle per second.

Thus, one gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion ticks of the system clock per
second.

A computer that operates at 2.6 GHz has 2.6 billion (giga) clock cycles in one
second (hertz).

The faster the clock speed, the more instructions the processor can execute per
second. The speed of the systenn clock is just one factor that influences a
computer'sperformance.

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trodction t (umpter nd Eerging Techenlogies
Teceee neling

d n computet and laptp relenee Iarge heat whih

maltur thm pes
n to maintain the heat we nse additi(mal OWer from
Intrdarfinn tn ommgter snd Emerging
Tw" ny Manufacture proide A heat sinkisA
mall
deve
ACOndctve material
Techankogies
m nen with fins on ts surface that abeorhs and ceami imede the pad
he pads aeb heat thr
disperses heat prod
ol t a mponents such as a prTESOr Many heat sinks MIMORY
drstrhutr ar dissipated by the heat sink Some heat sinks Ihave fans
are pa
eoY chip Dhers are installed on the top or the side of the chin as kaged pan Memey is the one which stores
proKessoiT. data needed hy thoe the imstryctions wasting es he uted
Some computers use lhquid coolng technology to reduce the temperat.. (information instructhnms. and the rouit of pnnesed
prxessor Aquid col1ng technology uses acontinuous flow of fluid(s.
wat and glveol n a process that transters the heated
Memory stores three basic categories of items
fluid away
proressor te a radiator-tvpe grill. which cools the liquid, and then (1) The
operating system and other svstem
coled flund tr the prcessor returns the computer and its
devces.
software that control mas

(2)
Applicat1on programs that carrv out a
specifc ask such
processing; and
(3) The data being
processed by the applcation programs and resui
information.

Memory is accessed by its addresses where data is

of bytes for an example if vou go for temporarilv stored n the
concert there vour seat is reservd
no which works as a
temporarv addresses tor vou same goes tor meror
computer access the memory addresses to fetch that contains bvtes ot data

Laptop users often use a cooling pad to help further reduce the heat Memory Sizes can be calculated as
generatedb KB- Akilobyte (KB or K)is equal to exactly L024 bvtes
ther compuler
MB- megabvte (MB) is equal to approxumatelv Imillien bvtes
GB- Agigabyte (Gb) equals approximatelv lbllion bvtes
cool1ng pad rests below a laptop and protects the computer from
A TB- A terabvte (TB) is equal to approumatelv I tr:ll1on bvtes
and also the users lap trom excessive heat . Sume cooling
overheating
pads contain a smal
fan to transíerheat away from the laptop. These types of cooling pads often draw Types of Memory
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