Humon Anaomy &Physiology-1 Unil-2

BPQO|T
ER 20-|4T

hu Diqesi yotom Dr. Parjana Shukta

Sr. M.P. Slngh CaMe

doon dood into foam haft con he

braking and
byCabsorbad ud by body ells.
x ! alho absorba -’ waber , vitomins and minerals and
eliminates ’ wastes from body.
wD oat Cntains o Vericty o nutriznta
Jod
usad for bwlding naw body tusus, upaiing
damdoed tisus and onhy aouwu chamical onhrgy.
yx Most d th dood we 2at contains mol uls cohich ozt
too lorg t be wd by calla Sing)
o, doods must bi brokon doon into mol uls Prabab
hal
Rat ag
are imal enaugh to enter body culs
pro ws is knoton as
Tis ayeston Mahundra
x Thh orgons involad in break doun e ood
collchaly cll d digashva syshm. [By-Or.
# extanda rom mouh to h onUs.
* Th medieal sbrcialky hat dals wrh
stuctur, diagnosis and raamant o diseases
d stoindeh and intaslines is calld gasthoantaralagy.

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Tntoducion or Ourviw d Digzstve Systemi
Dr. Parjanya Sautta

Gautointesinal (Ci) ract Accawony Digshya

or Eamentoy canal ovgans.
4! is continuos tuba. Hhat 4! incudes teuh, tongu,
exBends rom moth to anus Aabiay alands, Luar. pancrtA
through horocie and abdomino-
þodie covikes
Orgons o CIT inclu ds mouh dod
Ushangnx, osohhagus. abmach angu 'aand
sijataswinallouoing
chaaing
Amall intushint,
J
and lÕrqe ntuknu Ohuy orgons or in in diretSihgh)
angh CIT 0s about 3-7 mf. contoct uih food.
Aucl Conhachon n the wal GIT phykially braak. Pratop
down dood dy, chuxnin esabhagus
t and propil h
Jood alony he toct dom cuoha gus" to ans, Mohndro
x Poaymes, stcrahad by, acgsoy dyshe orgons and
(hal bin h 'hat) biaakdouon thfood By-Dr.
chamic ally.
Basie rousues Diaeatue Syslam i
) Thqzsion ’ This brous ynvalueu taking. tod, and
water (higud) into mowh Cating).
8) Secvahon >6rgans
Euery day Q17 calla, and
AlTete about 7 itara
aczuony duhu
oaar, aud, bles, and enaymes ino Jumun of ha.
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3) Mixing and Arohulsion Dr. Parlanya Shukta

Allexnaking conhachon and sulaxohons o Dr, M. P. Singh Clase

Amooh usce n wal o aIT
mix dood and secrahons and þrop1l Kam toworda ona
* Th cabobility o Q1T to mix and movs makenal ia
callid' moiby.
prowhs brakdown
4) Digestion ’ Mechoni cal and chmical 'mocules
ihgcbkad food into Amal
Th machanical diqeston tuh Ih chemical d'guton h
qt and grhd oodstomach and larg1 corbohydaku, ihid.
hen smooh msls d protein and puli'e add
and Amal) intutin chun it. molauls in dood avs shlit
into smal mol uu y Singh
as esul! dood molults brcomu hydralyis Praah
d'nalved and mixud uoih
digahu anayma. Mahundra
+ Digusfivu Qnaymes þroduud by sabiny.glanda, tonguu,
Vstmach Yanczaas and small istaHne
Dr.
catasu hus caabolic Huachons. By-

(6) Absorphon h entranu o inqsBad and AtCakad

dids, ions, and roducd d digesion
ihto ebihabal all ining lumen aiT is aled
absorphoh.
x Th absoTbsd substpus pas into blood or ymph
and cihuwate to cull hraugbout th body. Shukla & Dr MP Singh Classes (YouTube Channel)
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 6) Dafacation Waslas, undigaslad Aabsbn us, Dr. Parjamya Shukta
bactorio , callsslughed rom ar taugat
C11 'ing and dgstad ,. M.?. SinghCowa
material ha wsre nt absorbad
eave hu body hrough anus in ofros
Calld dyeo tron.
Th eliminata d malerial is termad feus.
By- Dr. Mohndra Praap Singh

Channel)
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 Human Anatomy PhysiologyI Unit-2
BP2o1T
ER 20-J4T

Dr. Parjanya Shuta

Jousar Dr. M.?. Sngh Claasa
to anal conal

kas somu basic , four Jay erad orronga mant o tinL

MucoAo, bubmucoso, mus eloris , and serasa.

) MucOA0 i- Mucoso or inner
mucous Membrhe.

’ Ih mok, þhoryox, sophagu, and

onal conal

mainly nonkuvohinized sroh iad squamaus apihahumSingh

%aTVS as prochvs unchoo.
* Ih stomoch and intesin Pratap

Smþb colomnor epihabium which anhons in Mahsndra

bCnton and. absorpion
4 Th tat d sunawal &I Troct, aþihebal cal is By-Dr.
Sapi d ’Evany 5 to 7nQw
daya calls."hey slough and
sablau d by
bih hithebal cilla somA 2xocriNA intocells oT! located hat
SAete muus nd umen and serves
as endoinn cela colactiualy callud
entoro endocrin culls
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 b) Lomino Propria ’ iA aTolar Connachva
Dr. Parjanya Shukla
Dr. M. P. Sngh Cas
Contaning many blood and tymþhabc vSAl.
Ohich oru Hoults y ohich nuhien abaorbid in aIT
and uoch oht tsA the body.
Lomina Proprio alo contains tke majority eslla
MuCOBQ- asouatad
ymphahe hs (MALr)
Thss rominant ymphatic noduls contain immune
system alls hat brotec againt diaase.
CC) Mus cwori's Mu cO%aL ’ A hin layer d smooh mud
callud nuwlons mucosa Singt|
x MovementA the mus ulars mucOAaL ensLIYA hat Aratap
al absorpbva cels oxe lly oxposad to conten!
d CIT. lahendra
() SubmucoA0 - Gubmu cosa congistA d orHolor
Connacbe tiuu that bind hu By-Dr.
mucoso to musuloris
x d contain many blod and dymþhatic uusads tat
Juceive absorbad food molizalis.
An oxdensiva ngtuork ol hauvons docatad in Aubmucokd
* Ao
known as Aubmucosal þlexus.
4 also cont ain glands and Jymphahie tiaut.
(3) MuA cuworis - Mus ulavia d mouth, þhanynx and
Supeioy and middl pant "esphagus
cont aing ahalatal musde hat produe
voluntay sioalouwing
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 Sholta! muscu ao doms extaYnal anal
sþhinctr ’ which, þenmits voluntay conbal ar fejuynSdin
Dr, M.9.Sngh Claace

Throughout sast d tract Smoot muscle

<ganamaly dound in too shuts

Tonex shat Outar sht o
Jongitudina d1bin.
Thvoluntary comtacHon d hess smoth mwcl
kels braak doan dood,
adong migh ittracd.
woih digushn Asconkona
and proþl it adong
(4) SorO O :- ThoA0 bortiona do GI tract Hat ort
kupand1d n abdomino pabic cauity
Kas suberfual Jayer callh d serosa.
Is o AOTaus membronu composed 4
arLolor çomnachva hsu and simpl squomaus
sþiholum
Esophags Jacky a hal
ondy connaha
o anodor Ainghtuu.
Jayar
By -Dr.PMahundro Ralap Sngh

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 Mesentery

SubmucOsal plexus
(plexus of Meissner)
Gland in Vein
mucosa

Duct of gland Glands in

outside tract submucosa
(such as
pancreas)

Artery
Mucosa-associated
Iymphatic tissue Nerve
(MALT)
Lumen

MUCOSA:
Epithelium Myenteric plexus
(plexus of Auerbach)
Lamina propria
Muscularis muCosae

SUBMUCOSA

MUSCULARIS: SEROSA:
Circular muscle Areolar connective tissue
Longitudinal muscle Epithelium
Human Anohony s Physiology-I Unit-2
8P2o|T
ER20-UT

Stomoch. Dr. Parlanya Shukla

Th stoma çh i a -shabad endargamunt Dr. M. P. Sngh Came
d GI trac
Conngct esophagus to duodanum (Yiva þort dAnal insn)
* Bocaus! 0 mual con bo atan much mors
intestine Can dia est and abAorb it
quitkly an
mixing chambr
and' holaBng asarvoir.
fordia
tundus
* The btomach has main ugions" Pylovus
Body
Cordia suTaund h suherior ohaning o toma ch Singk|
tundus ia Maundud þorhion Anberior to and to Jal!
d thu cordj'a. Aratab
Mahundro
By-Dr.
Body is inovior to undus and is lorqe unhral
povido d stomach.
Rdoras omocb tha copnacBa
duodnum. J has too port
þorts
it to
Bloric Antyun Pylorie Sphincar
Connot body d stomocb Amooh mwch abhinchay
and þyJovic canal which oY coMmunicabon wih
Jood into duodenum
x Concov! madia bord1r
duodanum d Amall inteina.
somacb is call d' lser uyvaturs.
Convax Jahral border s'callad graatr cnvaure
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 r. Pucjanya uta
Dr. N.?. Sngh Clata
calumndr epithelial callA calld muctuus ul,.
it contains Jomina þrobio (ariaJor conna chee tisu) and
us culayis mucosau (Amoo th nusdu)
¬þihela als extond doun inb Jomino þro þaio
uhuu tuy dom columns AYatoy cals calld gashic gland.
SaTationhom Aayaral gasbic glands lou into sach
gastric þ nd tken ito lumen dstonach.
Gatic
aitic gla nds containa tha types d exocrine gland cills
that ACYata tkir þroduet into stoma ch unuo
Mucous gck culs Porictal calu Ch Culls.
derate nuus Sacate inhinsic Jock
lor absorpb d Gn and andscozbeqmc
þahaing1n
Hu.
sngh.
orm guiejua abaut Qoo0 -3000 m b day.
x Gasbie gdond aso includa o tyfu d entero endo ainy cll Pratap
G call Jocatd mainly in ydonie
antun (Mohandro
Surete hoymon io Alood Aham
(hormon. stinula.us Vsavaral
gashie achvihy). n.
*Tha addiional Jayers is dacp to muOsa a Cy-
Aubmucosq mus ulais and
SQrOAa.
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find our APP Dr PKS & Dr MPS Classes on Google Playstore, MP Singh Classes (n
lelegam and cehoo
 Mochaniam o Aud froducion in tomoch i
Sr. Porjana huda
AJhaugh þavs etal cal Ascrsta bydrqgon ions (Hgr. u.s
M.?. sngh lame
ond "hlorid1 ions (u) ashoratiy into shomoch Suman
tho ngt oect is Asostion d hydrochloric aud (Hu).
’ hoton þumbs þowmd by Ht/k* ATPase ocvely
trosport' H into unido ond ringing k into call.
’ A! soma fimm
AB and K* di]ua ou into
Iumen rough U and kt chánnsJs in tks
apica mom.br one.
’ anzy
ThCataly mu carbonic anhydrosL in poriatal ulls
zos domab'n corbonic a°'d (H¡ (og) rom
oato'r (Ho) and carbon diox id (co,).
as corhoni. aud dioq'au it provides o uady
sone d Ht or proton þump.
but ao genuratls bicor bonatu ions CHca,") Singk
’ HCo, xchonge or U vio /ho anhpotters Pratap
In basolataral membront
Mahendro
’ Ho dilus into naorby blood cabill ovies cawes
akabne tid ’ Alightly lavats hlood p# and
mak1 uYinn mor alkali Dr.
By-
* HO sera hion Jy þoriatal eall ba shimuakud
gashin , and bistamine
auydchobinu (Ach)
Ach and gashin simula þoriatal ulls to ALYata, mora
Hu in uany histamine. Reebtors or al hrau
Aubstonus aa þrssent in þlosma mumbronu d þorittad l
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alld Ha
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Papain Rol in hotein Digeahon : Dr. Parfaya Shutde

x En2ymaic digzstion d þrotuin alao bagins Dr. M.9. 8ngh Cloamo

Th only þrotolyte (protun-dË¡psltng) nayu in aBormah

iA pahsiD. ’ doeTatad 'by chi! lls.
* Pabsin brsaking doaon coTtain ba bhdu bonda d
broton chain boto en amino adds

Convaxhing it into smallar pabida dragmenta.

Papsin i elachva in vay au dic environmant d
stomach ph 2) ’ t buóms inachve at highaT pt.
Pabain ia sacratud in on inachva orm callad pisin ogan
convert dinto ochva þabsin whn it
Come n contat wih Hu sacrated by þoristal ls
oT ochva þaþain mol ule.
By -Dr. Mokundro Praab Singh

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 Fiqure 24.11 External and internal anatomy of the stomach. UNCTFONSOFTHE SOMRCH
1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric denatures proteins), pepsin
The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, Juice to form chyme. (begins the digestion of
and pyloric part. 2 Serves as reservoir for food proteins), intrinsic factor (aids
before release into smal absorption of vitamin B2), and
Intestine. gastric lipase (aids digestion of
3. Secretes gastric juice, which triglycerides).
contains HCI (kills bacteria and 4. Secretes gastrin into blood.
Esophagus

Lower FUNDUS
esophageal
sphincter Serosa
CARDIA
Muscularis:
BODY
Longitudinal layer
Lesser
curvature Circular layer
PYLORUS
Oblique layer

Greater curvature

Duodenum
(first portion
of small
intestine) Pyloric
sphincter Rugae of mucosa
PYLORIC
CANAL PYLORIC ANTRUM
(a) Anterior view of regions of stomach

Lumen of stomach

Gastric pits

Surtace mucous
cell

Lamina
propria MUCOSA
Mucous neck cell
Parietal cell
Chief cell
Gastric glands
G cell
Lymphatic nodule
SUBMUCOSA
Muscularis mucosae
Lymphatic vessel
Venule F MUSCULARIS
Arteriole

Oblique layer of muscle

Circular layer of muscle
Enteric neurons SEROSA
in muscularis

Longitudinal
layer of muscle

(a) Three-dimensional view of layers of stomach

FiGURE 24.12 cONTINUES
 (hyme in
Stomach dumun in Jamina brofnd r. Parlwa Shuda

Dr, M..Singh Clas

Ha0+ c02

Porictal Cal Alkain

tid
Gabolatara
Ahital mum broru
mumbyonu
JntarshiHal

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 BP201T
Humon Anabomy &Phyaiology-I Uoil2 ER 20-T

aastic Juiu and tunchons d tomodh Dr. Parjamja Saukia

Dr. M. P. Sngh Cluas
(w'u ors srted dotly by
shacialissd stasky gands in mucOAa

Gastic juu'u contains

’ (Waler and mineral sal ’ sCaBad Jy gostic glands.
and
’ MucoWs ’ bicreted by mucous neck culli in glönd
Suylay mcos ealls.
> HU and intinsie gactor
facfoy AtCratad by porjata culls in
> Ih achvA en2y mu þracnsorA
gashit glond
Pepsino gars ’ seerathd by chie calls in qand.

0 Batey loulis fed Aoalouwed.

(8) Hydrochlonc Aud (Hu) ’ acdies tood and stob achon
d'alvoy omylase
kimicrobes
ldl ingzsBed Provides oud onvironmant or
eHochva digesion d þrotin by þabsin.
) Thtrinsic Jactor is neewary for absonphon o
vitomin Bn. By- Dr. Mahundra Pratap Singh
(4) Mucu, Pavent mach¡pical injy to stomach y
lubvicahng h cmten!
Pravon! chenical domaqe by acing, as barriaY
B/o stomach oal and com sivR
gOstrie huu Jwu CHa)
Fvant þah.in to digest
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 r. Parjanya Shukla
&

x Thexs is always o Amall amount qasic Dr. M. P. Singh Class

(w'a prASEn!in stomach, ovan whin i contain no tood.
knouon asdasing ju
K
SicTahion uaches ib maximum hvaJ abou 1 hr
a'ter o mgal ’ dachnes to dauing laved olar about utr.
x hra ors 3 þhas d scrahon d gasic jw'a.
(4) Cabhalic Phase i- In hin phase lo, d stomach
jua cccuTA
balora dood uochas tu
his is dw
duy toto llxux sHmuono
sHmulahan d vogus (harasymþo habc)
ast d ood.
naTVES iniHabzd Ey Aight, Amal or Yaati d Yood.
(2) aastic Phase i- Ih tis phase endero an docinu ls in
bylors and duod1num Afimul atad oy
Buloras y
He þrasenu dJood
sacrata gatrin which bas dira hy in ciruwaing hlood
Castrin shimulatas the Aostric glond to þrodau moiL
Aastrie juiu. By- Dr Mahundro Prakab Singh
Castin stYahion is subprewid when pt al to about s.
(3 Thtesinal Phasa :- ahen barhally dgcstad tood d stomah
uach Amall intstine

too hormones secTahn and choucystokinin ara

bro duud. in intesin a muosa.
They sloo doon sstraHon qutic je and saduu mohl'y. Singh Classses (YO Tube Channel)
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* Th sa a uhich stomach ombies dabands
Dr. Parjanga Shukia

Dr. M. P. ingh lasc

corhohydraBz mua Jaavs h stomach in 2to 3hr
Prin mm amajn lorggr
toty meal Stomai'n
Jongbt
tuncH'ons d Stomach :
(3
() ervs as Hesarvoir or dood bito! ulease into
Amall intastinu
() MixeA salivo, ood and gastic wu to fom Chyma.
3) Socrates Aastri ju tohich, cantain Hu (kil
lboctayi oVand denatuus brotin), behsin ( begins
dia sion d þrotain),inrinsieacor( aids abso
vitormin Bin), and gshic liþaae (aids dgzsHon
4) Sacrsta gastrin in blood.

By -Dr. Makendra rabap aingh

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Human Anaonmy kPhyiology-D Unit-9
BP20|T
ER20-14T

Smal Jotstios Dr. Parjanga Shukla

Most d the diFostion ond abaorhon d Dr. N. ?. Singh la

Dtrion occuy in o Jorge tubs collid Anall intsins
th Jangth alon provid1 Jorge suylau aso lor digsion
and abloplon
kat orso is unhar inasabsd by Craular olds, vill and
microvilli

* The Amal intuhn baq ins at byorie sphincter d Abmach,

cals through unterd and invior þart o abdominal
Cavity , and eyantually chin into Jorga intaäin.
’ 5 cm in djamoter Sigl]
ovrage y abont 3 ml. in langh in iving þaraOn.
fralah
Anatormy d. Small Intaskinu:
SmaJ intastin is dvidd into hru ugios (Mlahendro

Dr.
Dwodenum Jejunum Ileum By
shortast ugion on)
(3 0m) aboue 4 mtlong Jongest uqion
SBort a byJoric bphinc1 cxBond to Tlum
and extend to mergu joins lorge inakn.
oih Jejunum at taoucal sphintar .
Histology dSnal Tntestiny :- Wall o Anal intsinu is composed
o GI tracd
Sub mUCOLa , m, uloris, and &erosa.
muscularis nluc
Comþosod d ebiheium, Jomina þropria , ahd Channe)
(YouTube
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 The abihebial Jayr consisA Aimpl .columnor shihalum
thal cantain mony ybe calls. Dr. Parjaya Shukla
Dr. N. ?. Singh Clas
Absoybhve culls ’ digost and absozb nutionh.
Goblet culA
Poneh ctJs Sacrats byAozymu (bacvicidal on2ymu)
3Entorocndocrinu clls ’ Scallsrat hormory Al CTaHin
cCK lls AYeka cholecystokinin
kculls Alurose -dupendant insuinotopi.
babidu or GIP
¥ Lomino þroprio contains ouolor cannachv tiauu and ahundan.
d mucosa - asowatad ly mphahie timu (MALT)
x mucoB00 d Amall intesine coOAIsta of smooh musdu
Muscworis måcoßo0
*SubmucoAO d duodsnum contain duodunal glands
ALcrata alkainu mwcLA that nautralize qasmic
acid in chyma
Mus culoris d Amall intuknu coish o to0 Jayers d
Amooth usi ’ inneY Hicker layer ciraulor ibarA
9 outay hinnar layer Jongitudina bers. Singh
x SarONo ComþluBaly AbYYOund Amall intesin, xabt Pralap
a major porhon o duodonum.
Mahndro
Intestinal Jwu i
About Is00 md d inteshinal
Sirated daily by he qlands d Amal intesinu Oy-Dr.
waer mucus mingral Aalka.

pH d intasinal uiu is uAualy bakoaan 78 to Bio.

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 fun chens. d Smal Tolestin : Dr. Parjanga Shukla

povemu nt o ih contonts by paristalsis.

’ Porasymahahe shimulahon aho incsass seceion
inteshin al w'u.
’ Comþlakon
and
d chumical dgshion corkolhydrae, þoain
> hote chion 0gauhst indechon by mierobes (seriad by Huin
stomoch)
SeraHon hormones chadcysto kinin (cck) and
decTeH'n.

Pbsophon g nauhienhs.
by- Dr. Mohundro Pratap Singh

Classes (YouTube Channel)

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 FIGURE 24.19 coNTINUED MICROVILLI

ABSORPTIVE CELL
(absorbs nutrients)

Blood
capillary
Lacteal GOBLET CELL
(secretes mucus)
Lamina
MUCOSA propria

Intestinal ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL

gland (secretes the
hormones secretin,
cholecystokinin, or
Muscularis GIP)
mucosae

Arteriole
SUBMUCOSA Venule
PANETH CELL
Lymphatic
vessel (secretes lysozyme
and is capable
MUSCULARIS of phagocytosis)

(c) Enlarged villus showing lacteal, capillaries, intestinal glands, and cell types
What is the functional significance of the blood capillary network and lacteal in the center of each villus?

FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

Fiqure 24.18 Anatomy of the small intestine. (a) Regions of
the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and 1. Segmentations mix chyme with lipids; begins and completes
ileum. (b) Circular folds increase the surface area digestive juices and bring food digestion of nucleic acids.
into contact with mucosa for 3. Absorbs about 90% of nutrients
for digestion and absorption inthe small intestine. absorption; peristalsis propels and water that pass through
chyme through small intestine. digestive system.
Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine. 2. Completes digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins, and

SMALL INTENSTINE:
Stomach
DUODENUM

Large
JEJUNUM intestine
Circular folds
(plicae circulares)

ILEUM

(a) Anterior view of external anatomy (b) Internal anatomy of jejunum

Which portion of the small intestine is the longest?

 Circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine for digestion and absorption.
Circular folds
(plicae circulares)

Circular foids

Vli

SubmucOsa
Croiar aer t
muscie
(a) Relationship of villi to circular folds Longtuira ze
ofmusce
Sercsa

Lumen of small intestine

Biood Lacteal Vli Opening of

capillary intestinal gand
Absorptive cell

Goblet cell

Lacteal
Lamina propria
ATUCOSA
Enteroendocrine cell
Paneth cell
Lymphatic nodule

Muscularis muCOsae SLSNLCOSA

Arteriole
Venule
MUSCLLARS
Lymphatic vessel
Circular layer of muscle
Myenteric plexus
SEROSA
Longitudinal layer
of muscle

(b) Three-dimensional view ol layers of the smal ntest1ne showing vi

Fi6URE 24.19 coNTINUES

Human Anatomy &PhyaioJogy -I BP201T
Unit-2 ER20-4T

Dr. Parjanya Shuda

Dr. N. . 8lngh Caase

comblahon o abaonpion, broduchion d artajn vilamins,

Jomakon o daus and oxalion as fom body.
Anobmy. Lor
lorqe inteskinu oxrtand from ilum to anus

it is abaut s m long and 6s cm in diomaur.

x 3} ia oachad to þosterior abdominal wall by masocalor
tohich is o doubl1 'laygr o þaritonaum
Sucturaly Ha daur maior ugions d lorge intaskine ors gh
Sin
aum, coJon, uchum and anal conal. Pratab

Ohauing hom ilum ioto Jorge intaslin by ofold o Mohundra

mwcos 'ambrans calld oce cal sbhincta
which allous materials fonn Amall inteshine to þan Dr.
lorga inteshint. By-
Hanging in prior to iocacal value is caum, o small
þonch about 6 cm long
* Attochgd to coum is
) a tuwibtad, coilad tube, muas uuing
about 8 cm in Jangth calkd ofpandix or vemiom abpendix .
* Tho ohen end corum mor9e oih long tube calud colon
ohich is divid1d' into asn ding, trosuerAA, dusanding nd sigmoid Channel)
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 Th uctum js Jost ocm aI tract.
Dr. ParlaaShuda
toxminad 2-3 cm d uchum i calld ona conal Dr.r. .. Singh
N.P. Slngh la

Th choning d onad conal to extevior ià calud anuw,

guordud by inlevnal anal aphinctsr o Amooth
uwscl (invoJuntary) ond
an oxtnal onal sþhinctar skolatal mus (volunlory)
Hiatology dLarge Tntosins i
x Wal d Jargt intuAins has sama daur layevA o aI tract
mucOB0, Aubmucos0, nusculonis ,and sA TOha .
MucoAo Consishs d Ehihelum (Simþl (okumnar ephalum)
lomino boprio (Aualor (onna chva Hixu)
Nuw ulois mucOsO (amooth musu )
Ehihalium Contain mostly absopbe call (uathrabsoybhm)
Goblu cls (secreta muuu)
Comporud to small intuinu, mu cOso d torge intesine
dos not hov as many Ahuchural adabtaions thal
inczzass
In(aase Auau oYAa.
(No cit calar folds or vill , but mivovillb þrewnt on abiophve all
So morL abzoyphon occurs in small intushinu than larÍc intutnu
YSubmuOO Jorga ntustinu comsish of onH olaa conn,
ahd 'mus ilaris comsista

xtarnal laye d Jong1tu dinal Amo% musd and intavoal

o ci uor Amooh muu.
Gy-Dr. Mokundva Pratah Singk

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 tunctons.Jorg! inasina, MIckum and onal canal; Dr. Parlanya &hukla
AbAerphon :- Ih Jors intasins ohuorpion d Dr. N.P. Sngh Cc
water OAmoais Conhinus unil samis olj'd consitony

Minaral salta, vitomins and Aomu drugs are also absorbad

into blood om Jorqs intasine.
Microbial Achvity i- Thu Jorge int.hins has certain tybos
bochario
tohich synhasisa vitomin Kond dolic acd.
x Thuy in cludu Escherichia col, Eotorobocar anogens,
Streptococcus dacabis and (lostridium porfrinons
Dozmally honmls in kumars
Cases bh nitogen (hom ai), hydrogan, CO, and
makona (hxodued by bactevial JeMnfabm d unabserb1d
nuhrienta) ' ’ þas out bolool as dlotus Singk
Mas Movemant :- lorge inteskne dous not exhibil peristalhe.Praob
movemu!
dro
Only at Jarby Jong intervals (tuju on hour) does o Mahn
wain shrongþaristobsis
into descanding and sigmoid Joring
colons ih contents By-Dr.
as maS mo vement

DaBaucaion i- aually Juctum is emþty bul whin mas

movemant ores he Content sig moid colon into h
u chum and nervA ondings in itx wal ore shimulatad
by stateh.
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 x Th inlont dalarcabm ocuys by ullx ockon
(involontavy Dr. Parjana Shuda
&
Dr. M. P. Sngh Claas
However duuing second and Wird y0r ife he
abibihy to overrid dlarcahon xallx is Jaanud.
(volantary).
By -Dr- Ma hundro haap Singb

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 Figure 24.23 Anatomy of the large intestine. 1 Maustral durning peristasis, produce sone Bvitamns andd
end mass perstalsis drive vitams K
The regions of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, Contents of colon into redtum.
rectum, and anal canal.
3.Absorpton of soe wate, ions
2 Bxtea in laroe inestine and vitans.
cOVert proteis te acino aáds, 4 ormation of feces.
break down aino aáds, and 5 Defecatbon (emgtig rect)

TRANSVERSE COLON

Let coflic
Recum
Right coc
(hepatc)
(splenic)
lenure lexure

Anal cana
ASCENDNG
COLON DESCENDING
COLON
Tenae Omental
col appendices
leum Mesoappendix

nterna ana
Haustra sohincer
ieocea (voluntary)
sohincer
fvave Ertema ana
sphircer
CECUM SIGMOID folurtaryn
COLON
VERMIFOPM APPENDK RECTUM
ANAL CANAL Aral
ANUS Anus Comn

(a) Anterior vvew of large intestine shoing (b) Fronta seáon of anal cara
major regions

Which portions of the colon are retroperitoneal?

Intestinal glands formed by simple columnar epitheliai ceils and goblet cells extend the full thickness of the mucosa.
Lumen df large intesine

OPENINGS OF
NTESTNAL
GLANDS

AESORPTVE
CELL

GOELET CELL MUCOSA

TESTINAL GLAND
Larrira prapra

Lpracnsse
SUEMUCOSA

MUSCUUARIS
Anerie
Vene
Cresar laerom e
Werterc piess
Lorgtara ae d uie SEROSA

laj Three-simensoral ves of laers of large irtesne

 Humon Anabmy &Phyaiology-L Unit-&
BP0|7
ER20-14 T

Saliar Glads Dr. Parjanya Shukta

Salivony gland is ogland that vaases Dr. N. P. Singh Casa
0 ACrato callud salv into oral caviy
x Normally ’ just onough sabva is bacratud to kazp
þharyhx moibt
mucous mambranus d mouth and
and to cleon mouth and toth.
(hen ood ontaxs he mouth ’ sA CYa kion alivo incrsasA
i! Jabyicat, dinolvzs and baigns chmical

The mucoLA membrona mauh and tonguL contain

mony smal Aal'vay alands tha open to oral cavity.
Thus glands includu labial, ducal,chaubs
and balaal glonds
balat
alond ’-’ in, tongueto sabva.
Singk) makus smatl conbibub'on
* The most sabivo is saretad by major sabvoy glonda
Arata
boyond ha oral ucOsa
Mahendra dicTah sabvo th ducta Hat oads to oral cavity.

Dr.
+ Yhirs on 3 þaia maýor salvory gdonds
By- þoroid, Aubmondibular ,and Aubingul glond.
’ forotid Glond docate d in eviY and anteios to cars
Qoch sarota salivo into oral covity via o þorotid duc.
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 Submondibulor Glonds - ou found in Moor d
mouh Dr. Parlanya Shukda
Dr. N. P. Sngh laasee
on madidl and þortly infevior to body d nandill (Ga5i)
creke salivo Into oral covity by Aubmondibulor duche.
’ Subingual Clonds - ou bonsah H tonguu and Auharior
to submondibulor qlonds
Ror duch dwr anbbn Qual duch chen into oor d mouth.
omþositon and tunctons dSalio:
(hemically salivo is g9-sz watar and os solutes
Solutes incude ions bke sodium, þotsium, chlorid1 ,
biearbonate, and phesphate.
G Some
ou d'so lund gas es and yon'aus organic ubstonas
ie uxea, Vuris acd, mucus, imniunoglouin A.
A
Bachemialyhie enzymu bysozymu
dizatin enaymu hot od on stoch sabvoy amylae.
*Not all sabiay glonds Ahply somu ingradante
lovofid GJonds Sabmondbalan glond abrguad Glandk
Ascratu wat:y liguid Contain Aimiloy ulh as Contain most Ly
contain Aaivo
By-r.Mahurdra
Pratep
amylase. þorohd +mwcous clla mucous cull

so sArate huid tHat contain

omyJaa bu kickend wih muus. wik smal amylau.
x Waar in salva is mudium foa d'soluing ooda so hat hay
totad by gustatoy sucapt Ao that digahu
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* Chdorid ions in he sabivo ochiva sabivory omylase Dr. Parlanya Shukia
en2yna ha stort brsakdown Dr. N.?. ingh Clasa
storch.

* Bicorbonat1 and phosphas ions kues acdic food

so sabivo is only sbghtly audic (pH 635 to 6:85)
Sdvory glond holb umovA wast froduch rom body
so contan uria and uric au'd in Aabiva.
bo it can mou and swalowsd vasily.
Tmmunoqlobubn A peuant ottacbmunt o micaobus
o hay con not henahala h ebihebium.
x Enzyma dysozyma kiu botaria. (ou in guoniby tob
oliminate al ora bocteia)
Qalivakon (Secralon of Salivo);
* Serahon d salivo (salivation) is cmkralli dthy autonami.
ngrvous Aystam
Avrogt saivo secYetad daily is abaut l000-|S00 .
Porasymbahahe simaahion þromotu conkinuaus saczakon
d modarats amount d saliva. Gy-Di Makundra fratap Singk)
moist mxOuS membronu , tonqu and lips duving shucd
sabiva tkan Awallowsd halha moisBen ophaqu'.
þotant simulatoxa o
Jal'vary gland sacaa hion.
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 Chamicals in od simulaka suabtoza d tasta buda Dr. Parjanya Shukta
On
r. M. P. Sngh Case
impulkssuoracli convayad hom taata
in brain sham
auds to tuo salivony
(Snperior and interior sabvary nadu)
Retuning boraaynjohake inþulsu in dibsv
foua ()and glomophargngaal (x) n±rvas
stimulau barahon baliva
Symþahate Ahmulaham dominaBa duving sta, suukng
in dynas d mouh
* body bucomas dehydratad
Salivoy glonds Atab sacxaking saliva to comsarve oatar
in drynas d mouh and Aonsabon d d hirst
zunting
Drinking pot only ustors homsostasis d body watuy
but as0 moistenA tho mosh.

By-Dr Makundra Pralah Singh |

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 PAROTID DUCT

Zygomatic arch
PAROTID GLAND

OPENING OF PAROTID DUCT

(near second maxillary molar)
Second maxillary molar tooth

Tongue (raised in mouth)

Lingual frenulum

LESSER SUBLINGUAL DUCTS

SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
SUBLINGUAL GLAND
Mylohyoid muscle Mucous
acini
(a) Location of salivary glands

Serous
acini
LM 240x
(b) Portion of submandibular gland
llumon Anaomy &Phynialogy-1 BP201T
Unit-2 ER 20-1uT

VANCREAS Dr. Parlaya Shukla

trom omo ch chymg þas ino small ioteshinu gr. M.9. aingh Guuta
Chamical in small inteshina dehands on
achvilis o djgolin, Pancreas
livor and
Qalbladdar.
Anoomy. gancuas ; -

Pancas ia asukoperitonual gland (hack of abdomun

bahind thu þavitonaum)
it is abot 12- IS cn long and s cm hick.
x Poncsas consish d a kuad, a bo dy , and o tail
it is wsully conneckad to duods num by a duch.
2xponded þorhon nggr th cweve
duodon.um ’up
buborio to and to th Jaf! kead
untral body and tapering taul.
x Pancraaic jwas aYe secYeted by 2x0crine calls intoSingl
small duts hat unita to lotm larger ducts
radap
boncreaie duct and accemory duct
COmvey secsions into small intestin. Dr.Mokundro
* Th most poopla þoncraabc dåt joins Common bilu
duct rom iver' and gallbladdar By-
and gnteTA hu du odanum

calld kepaoponcra ahic amþulla

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* h amþala opans in duodanal mutobo
knouon as majoy duo danad þobila Dr. Parjaya Shuda
Dr. N. ?. Srgh CaaMe
xTh þasagt o þantvohe juiu and bilh troagh hepotoþonczahe
om þulla into Ama intesin

Maulalad byby o man d smooh tmwlo knoun as

Vsthictai habaoponcraahic amþalla.
* OHer major duct d þanczas is ocaMory duct
ad tom þancraaà and emþty into duo dnum
about a's em bupevior to habaoponcaahc amþula.
Histoloqy d Ponctsas :- Ponraas iÀ madu ub d Amall clustarA
Sinq
¥ About 99%. d clustors calld ocini constitute exCcnne Palap
þorion organ (Mlolndro
x Cals aihin auni ADeTate a mixtua o did and
digesiva enaymas cals d þoncrsahe jd. Dr.
K By-
Remaining ! . d clastar, callid þanera. jslts
(islabs Od langzrhans)
J
om ndexins þorHon þanczas
thuu cull sTata Aormonus inankn,glucogon, somaastakn,
and þonctaoie þolypabtide.
Combosikon and funchions. d Poncrake Jua i
* Each day þantrsas þroduJ as 1200- (So0 ml þancreabc jwe.
cdior, coJorls liquid eonwiskng moxtly watar , bomu
pa and asVATa nAy mes.
,
salts, sodium bicorbonaz
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x Qodiom bicotbonate gives þoncrsabe jiu a
AlighBly alkalinu pH V(7:1 to &-2) Dr. Parjanya Shuda
&

’ tRat bullers oodic gasie juwu in chyma , Dr. M. P. 8igh Caame

Sttp acton d pþain rom, sto moch
’ CTsata roper p or achon digestis onaymas
* Enaymas in höncraokc juwa incdude
’A storch digasing enaymu calld panczabc amylask
’Svaral þrota digasking enaymas calid trypsin, chymohypin,
cavboxyþapidaa, elastase.
’ riglyeeridu digastng anay ma in adults callid fonersahe Libaaa.
’ Nutdéik aid deskind ensmas call d subonuclas1,
deoxyibonucdaasa
hote'n
Potoin digasHng onymAA o þon (zLaA oTA þroduud in an
ina chva
tyanagan
when typainogan suachas Lumen d Amal inteskna it ia
acbvat d an en2yme enterokinase

shlin fat. typsinogan to fom tyosin.

By-Dr. Mahndra Pralap Singb |

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 Falciform ligament
Diaphragm

Rlght lobe of Iver

Coronary ligament
Left lobe of liver
Right hepatlc
duct
Common bile duct Pancreatíc duct
Left hepatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
Gallbladder Common hepatic duct Hepatopancreatic
Neck ampulla (ampulla
Cystic duct Round ligament of Vater)
Body Common bile duct
Mucosa
of duodenum
Fundus
Pancreas
Tail
Body
Duodenum
Pancreatic duct
(duct of Wirsung)
Major
Accessory duct Head duodenal
(duct of Santorini) Jejunum papilla

Hepatopancreatic
ampulla (ampulla Uncinate process Sphíncter of the hepatopancreatic
of Vater) ampulla (sphincter of Oddi)
(a) Anterior view (b) Details of hepatopancreatic ampulla
FIGURE 24.15 cONTINUED
Right hepatic Left hepatic
duct duct
Falciform
ligament
Liver
Common hepatic Diaphragm
duct from liver
Hepatic
duct
Cystic duct Spleen
from gallbladder ystic
duct
Gallbladder
Tail of
Common bile duct Common bile pancreas
duct
Pancreatic duct
(duct of Wirsung)
Pancreatic duct Major duodenal
from pancreas papilla Body of
Key: pancreas
Liver
Sphincter Duodenum Head of
Gallbladder pancreas
Pancreas Duodenum

(c) Ducts carrying bile from liver and gallbladder and (d) Anterior view
pancreatic juice from pancreas to the duodenum
SUPERIOR

Tail of pancreas
Duodenum

Common bile duct

Body of pancreas
Major duodenal
papilla Pancreatic duct
(duct of Wirsung)
Head of pancreas

MEDIAL LATERAL
What type of fluid is found in the pancreatic duct? (e) Anterior view
The common bile duct7 The hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Human Anaomy Phyaiology-D Unit-2
BP201T
ER20-14T

ITVER And ALBLADDER Dr. Parjanya Shukla

keaviest glond o thebody &
Dr. N.P. Singh laase
wugh! about h4 Kg h ousrage odlalt.
ia &iCond to skin in sie
* Liver is inderio to diabhogm and ocabies most d
ebigaase sgion abdomhoþaluie covihy.
* Th Galbloddar, is a baar -hhabad sac hat is
locatad in dahreuion 'd þostevior Auyou of Bvar.
X s 7-lo cm
long
Anatomy g. LivaY and lallsJodder :
Th ve à almost complbaly covrad by viscaral 8ingk
þeritongum and isi3 Compltaly, covgrad by odnst fratap
'igulor Conngcbv tissu vHat bes duf to
bortonaum. Mohendro
* livar is d'vided into too þrinuþal Jobes
a Jorge ughi Jobe Amaller dat Joba. By-Dr.
Divided by Jali fom iqamnt
Caudate and quodratu dobes
postavio unya u.
*The poxth d gallblodd1r inchudu ’ bhoad fandus
projachad inggiordy at indoior bordn lhar:
Body cantal porf and Nac oprsd porkoh (frojd suprioly)
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 HistoJogy d bvgx and Callladdex ;
Dr. Parjann Shuia
HiatoJogically ivcr is comþosed d AsvaYa Comhonana gr. u.e. singh eu
() tobatocytes ’ Hefatocyts orA major dunchanal callh live
parom matabolit, sacratoy and endocnine
duncion.
x Hepatocytes fom complx hrar dimaninal orrang amunt
calld Habaic LaminaL
(2) Biu Canolieuli ’ Thos ane small duct bluo hababey tas
collet bil þro duud oy habato ytes.
Right and Jat! habahe dact unite andit biiaY
as common babaic duct
Common hhahic duct joins cysic dut from gallaladder Sing)
Jom
to doYm common bi dut

(3) Hebakc Sinusoida -’ These

Ksa ors highly þsumsabl1 klood frabab
capilarias hys
ha uzvas Oxygenatad hlood rom hehah'e ovtey. Moendra
and nutient ch daoxy !enats d blood , hahaht þortal vein.
hom
x Hobatic Ainusoids aso contaun stlae yutulocndo thelial culls By-In.
(kuper cll) ’ destroy woTn-out ROC, 08C, bactario ete.
+ Togeher ’ 0obia duct, bronchas o hababe ortary, and
Jran chas d hapabic vain aulerud as þortal thiad
Kob and Compouton dBil i-Boo-(o00
Eoch mday oi
hshangtus sacrtus
yallouw, brouw nish , or olv-grsan d'qud.
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 x has o pH 7:6 to &6
Dr. Parjanya Shukla
Consibts mostu d watar, bil salta, cholstorol, r. . . singh ClaCuts
o þhosphoip callid Jihin , bib pigmant, and AsvIval ions.

þhagocyfos d aged RBCA bboratas 'ron, glohulin and

Reojdad.
soreted into bil and on brakdown in intesinA to
storcobilin ’ivLs teces nomal brown colaur.
Bil sall tohich oYH Aodium and þotauium salh d
bil aids þlay orol in amuliicahim pids.
tune Hons dUveri
’ Corbohydrate Metabob'an :- live ploy on important uou in
maintaining nármd blaod qlucost lnal.
x tohun blood aluco isis Jouw
Jow ’ lyar
biygr Jorsakdoun
brsoakdouon glycogen to glucase
slease it in blood shoom.
Jiver con also comvart (ortain omino auds and lache aid
to glucose.
*ohen blod glucoss is hi¡h -’ ivar convart glucass to gycogan
and triglyceridus or stoage. Singh
Protub
’ Libid Mtabo.iam:- HahaoayBes stor4 Mohenoro
&om, tigycmidas, bra akdoun aty acido to gonara~e ATP
Aynhasispoçrotains, ond cholutaral By-r

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’ Protin Matobobam -
Ho batoaytes deominate (umove amino (Nh.) grou) Dr. Parlanya Shuda
amino' adds Bo that omino ad d Can hi ub1d ar. N.9. Singh GaMe
or ATP þroduchion or convortad to corbohydraBz or Jals.
susulhing toxic ommonio (NH) iÀ convaTtad into much
Js foxic UYLO and 2xcroted in uYin

Hapoto gytas alio Aynhaige most Jasma rotins Auch a

<and ßglobulin , albumin pro hrormbin
od binagn.
and hormones'
* Civer can datoxi<y snbsBanus Auch as alcoha! and xcrsta
dugs into bili.
t con also chemicaly altar or axeTate thyroid hormonss
etogens and aldostarone .
and otaroid hormono such as shroqans
’ Sxcrehon Bilirubin :- Blrubin darivad rom hem
d ag2d RBCA is abAorbad by dver trom hlood and
bocretod into bl.
Synasia bidu Salf- Bid salls ars wad in Amall
Vinteshins lor emuiicaban and ahaopbion o bids.
Storage In, addikon to gycogen, lvar ts o þima
storog aite tor cartain vitomins (A, &a,D, Eand ),
mingra balls ( iron and coppa)
> Phogocytosia - By.Or. Mahen dra fratap Singk
’ Achvab on vitamin D
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 Falciform ligament
Diaphragm
Right lobe of liver
Coronary ligament
Left lobe of liver
Right hepatic
duct
Common bile duct Pancreatic duct
Left hepatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
Gallbladder Common hepatic duct Hepatopancreatic
Neck ampulla (ampulla
Cystic duct Round ligament of Vater)
Body Common bile duct
Mucosa
of duodenum
Fundus
Pancreas
Tail
Body
Pancreatic duct
Duodenum (duct of Wirsung)
Major
Head duodenal
Accessory duct
(duct of Santorini) Jejunum papilla

Hepatopancreatic
ampulla (ampulla Uncinate process
Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic
of Vater) ampulla (sphincter ofOddi)
(a) Anterior view (b) Details of hepatopancreatic ampulla

Liver
Figure 24.16 Histology of the liver.
Histologically, the liver is composed of hepatocytes, bile canaliculi,
and hepatic sinusoids.
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portalvein
Bile canaliculi
Hepatic
Central To hepatic sinusoid
vein vein Portal triad:
Connective Hepatocyte
tissue Hepatic Bile duct
laminae
Branch of
Portal triad: hepatic portal
Bile duct A.
vein
Branch Branch of
of hepatic hepatic artery
artery Hepatic
Branch laminae
of hepatic Hepatocyte
portal vein
Stellate
reticuloendothelial
Central vein
(Kupffer) cell

Connective
tissue
Hepatic
sinusoids

(a) Overview of histological components of liver (b) Details of histological components of liver
 BPSo|T
Humon Anaomy bPhyiologY-0 Unit-2 ER 204T

Movsment d aI Troct OY

aITracd Motilty
GI Motiit Dr. Parlanya Shuta

Dr. N. P. 8ingh Casa

Castrointestinal Motibty isis definud as
movomonta, , digashve systam and the tronit
o contents wihin t.
x aut molity iais th tarm givan to ststching and
ConhrachionA d mus cles in GI Tract.
bynchronjed contocion o tHus muschs is
call d peristalsi
Thesa movamants anablu dood to roqves alo ng
digeshive trot, ohis a som time
ANsming abzorphon f nutvianta.
ia Awallowrd it mov down th obhagus
by peristalsis
he musclA in stomach, smal intestiu and lorga intsinu
Continus h þrous. &ingk|
Whal inosaJ goutric mohliiy Pratab
Castric motiity is conholau d by a vey complux Mahundro
haural 'and hormonal siqnals.
for exomþl boh and chalu eyato ainin |By-Dr.
act to sulox poximal sto mach and onhanu
eontachonA ín d'stal stomach.
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 (ohat is Poristalsis
Dr. Parjanya Shuda
dst daucribad by Bayis and Storing Sr. N.9. Singh CaMa
&

in 189g0

y Poristalsis is a diainchive þottrn Amoh muscda

cgntrachons that þroþals doodatotu distaly Krough
Ru esophaqu, and ineaina.
Qegmantakon movamant or conhacion
typa of ineashinal motility.
Sagmentakion conracion.A occurs in Jarge intasin
and smal intutiu.

x As beristasis Invalues one -tway mohon,

movomont Move
aagmantatan
in boh dire chions
dhyma
which allouos graatas mixing wih asrzkon
intesina.
Sogmgntaten nvole contrachona d cirulor mscde
in digzslius tract
bhiu þeriatalsis involve,
Jongitudinal musd in Cit!
hyhmie caha cion hu
* Unlike þavistabaia ’
Sagmentaion is sloo þroqranion
By- Dr. Mahendra Pratap Singk

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Humon Anaomy &Phyaiology - Unit BPQo|T
ER20-4T
Diguton and Abxortlao. g|_Nuhisnta, Dr. ParjanNya Shukta
Chamical DigasHon in Smal Totestina : Dr. M. ?. Sngh Cla
Xx In mouh
solivawy
'nto
amylase convgrt starch (halysachanida)
malfoe (disochavidi) , maltotriosa (hisocharid), and
o- dextrin, (Short-chain bronchd starch oi
gluoAt unhunts o
5-lo unib)!
Th stomoch ’
pebsin canvevs þrotain to pabhidus
(Amal dragmunts froBwins)
x lingua and gastric ihases canvert somu trigly carids into
atty ou'ds, diglycividus and monogly uidu.
* Oo chyme Qnte ing in amal intutine contains
þanially digased conboby dratu , frotains and ibida. Singh
Çormplala Woson hse is by call chvs elWort
dgeshon of thss rotap
þancraahc Viia, bill ad intesna! jwu in
small nteshine Mahundro

’ Diguston Corbohydia By-Dr.

Ater omylast (aihar Aalivary on þan(aahe) kas þlit
starch into Amall raqmants
bruah -bodey enayma callid o- doxtinase acta on
busul ing ot&- adextins, cdipping off unit
time.
Inguted mols aules aUCYOBR , JactoAR and maltokQ ara not
octed on untill thy uath Amal intestine.
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y T6raa brush- bordar enzymas digest disocharids
into mon 0A0(chayi des. Dr. Parjanya Shuwtia
Dr. N. P. Singh Max
SucrOB2 lactase maltase

Sucros no o Jactos to o shlih maltose and

mol ul Cluose malobio¶A Into 20r 3
and a moli ule o and o molull d molculs d glucoa
uton. galo cho ka. xusçrchvaly.
Diasion o corbohydrata ends wih roduchon o manosachards
which digstiva AysBam can abl to aborb,
’ Digeshion Proteins -
As rotoin digton stort in stomach in papidu
pabhds by
ackon d þapain.
Enaymas in han cxaake jwu - typsin, chymotrybnio ,
corborypupidat and alataAs
continuu braakdouon potains in papides.
Rotin digeston is complhad by taoo pepidass
Aminobabidae Dibabidast
choves ! amino aud at omino split dpsphda (2 omino aud)
into sinqh amino au'ds. Singhl

Digeston d Lbids i- Mot abaundant bpida in diak is m.P.

trigycmida -Dr.
which consista d o molk ul d ghyural boundsd to thiar By
daty aud mals aulus.
enayme "Rat aþld triglycarides and phastholihids
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calld lipaA
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 Dr. Parlanya Shukla
Dr. M. P.Sngh Clame
lingual Lipai Gastric BhabA Poncrsoht Jlposs.
Diqpskion o ipd in stomach in Amall intus hinu.
Triglycanids
into
ors brokan douon by þonersahc sþas
oty, auds ond monoglyeaidus
baratsd eiher Ahort ehain doty aids (asor Han to-12<)
Jongur chain atty abd.
lorqe ibid globnls iat undargo amulaiicabin kalors
UdigatonO into 'small qlobulus in small inteknu.
Tthe Amall qJobulesJormad rom omalsi4ic abin brovidu
Singk}
Jorge aau otza for anahe 'bipas unchn.
Aralap
Diaaston d Nuclie Adda ;
Dr.Mahendro
* Poncreabe wu conBains two ucbases
Ribonwdase Deoxysibonuli ast By-
digu RNA digut DNA
Nucoids hat HUAul! rom ochon o nuias s
callud Jurhar dig stad
nuuosidas es by,
an'd brusb bordar enaynes
phosphotases

into þantox, phoabhats and

nitogchous bases
Thus broducs aYA absoTbad via ochva trons þort.
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Human Anabomy &Physiology-I Unid
BP2olT
ER20-(4T

Abaoxption gNahiants, Dr. Parjanya Shukda

AJ h digskton fom mouty to Anal intaskins Dr. N.9. Singh laaeA

diva ctad touords chonging food into form that can þas.
abAorpivan pithaial calls ucoBa and bend
tHough
tke to blood and ymphabe vesads
x These convartA
’ Corbohydhratzs toto monosoceharidu (glucoza, fructo.t and
galactok . )
brotein to singd omino adds, diþebHda and tripepides
’iglyuridassto Jatte auds, alyurol and monogbycarides.
nutrients rom GITroct
into bocod'or Lynb is calld abscpion.
absoxbhopd matorials occuA vi diawion,
oulitol.a dilusion, 0smosis and dchia ronsfort.
Singb)
Aboutsmallgo.infestin
in
d al ab sovp hon o nutriznds ocuTAPratafp
oher o. in stoma ch and Jarga intsinu. Mahundro

’ Absorpion Monos0 cchoridas : Or-

|By-
Th Capauty d small intestine to abaorb monOsa cch aridus
abaut 120 gioms þer hour.
so al dintory corbohy dratus tha a7s dig utad nomally
a14 abicxhd savin ondy indigsted dlalosa and
Jibns in dacs.
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 Monozacchavidu þas from luman hraugh
aþical membranu via locibtabed dillusion Dr. ParjaNJa Shukla
or ochvs honshozt J.
Dr. N. P. Sngh Cass
(moya trom bi¡h tm. to Jo conc. oih
(on. to Jow
(mova hom Jow cm.to high canc)halb d canir þrotain no enaray igu va)
n)
oilh halb d camier þroain
enexgy ugu'rad huctoe and monosacchorides
transotad via Jolkadad dilasiop
Clucus and galacos is tonshortad
vio A conday ahve tronsbor
cauphd oik achve horyort Nat
* Monosocchavides Ken moue out d absophv alls hrough
foubtad diusion and antar blood cafilovis d Vii.
’ Abiorphion d Anino Aaids, Dipebhdes and Tipaphdes i
x Most roteins orA absorbadJ as omino aids via ochva
tronsbort rous. from duodanum and jajunum.
x About half d absoxbsd amino adids is from food
oku half tomu
comu rom body ithelf (protzina in digshva
juu and dad 'uls Alougb o!' mucosal Auyou). Srngb)
Diunt tansþorters cariy dllunt typu o amino aud.
Som enteY vio Nat. dsbendant seCondarý achv homport. Pratab
* Bot monoAoc chavidus and omino auds on transhortad Mahndra
into hlood to ivar by habahc pord system.
Absospion o ihids - Al diatony spids are absozh1 dBy-Dr.
via simp difwicn
Higb con. to Jow conc. no energy uqw'red.
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 and
An o seesult d Kein enmubiitahn Dr. Parjanya Shukla
dbgashon Dr. N. P. 8lngh Claea
triglyceridus ars mainly broken douon nto monoglyuridu
eiher short chain oty a dds
and dalty awds
long chain datty audí.
x Short chain fotty auds ore byanhabic
di'nolva in waory intestinal chymu þaw
Brough absoxbbva dalls via Aimpl diasion.
somu souta as monoAocchoridus and omino
Quds into o blood capillay o villus.
* Bil salh in intestinad chymu AuYYound Jong-chain faty aud,
and monoalycanidu omHing tiny sþhax allid micalés
micles mous rom intenor d mall intyhinal lumen Singk
to brush border o absorpbve culls
Pradab
that foint Jong chain Jaty avds and monoglonida
of hal
dilluie into absovpb call. dro
By-Dr.Mah
Abuopiond Vitomina :
fat solub vitamis A, D, Eand K au incdudd
oih ingosted diztay upids ia miculles and arA
abAotbad vio kimpl dusion
MoAB waaa- Aolublu vitamins auch as most &vitamins
and vitomin C also absoxbad via simþlu do}lusion
Vitamin Bia com binus oith intinsic Jactor þroduud
stomach abaorbs d in idum via on achive
trom þort machanism.
 Mechanisms for moysmnt o nutrianls through
Dr. Parjanya Shukla
Dr. M. P. Singh lasea
Chross and
Galoctose
Secondory Achive
honport wh Not
Monosacchorides
focilitatad faoitatad
DiHusion DiHuyion

Amino Aqds Achvs honbor or T6 blod

Stcanday Ach'wa Amino Auds capilary
tonsporl oih No
Dillusion do villus
Dibapidus Sacondary Aciva
Tibabkides tronsbor wh *

Shov! chain Simþla Dilusion

atty Au'ds dilusion
Longchain
dathy auds
Figlyu ide to loctural
mia,
Mall Monogluids
dilasion
2-88 da vil is
BasolaBeval
Lumen d smallintshinu Suylau
d villus
By -Or. Mahndro Pratop Singh
Human AnaBomy kPhyaiology-1 Unit-9
BP201T
ER 20-14T

Disarders. _yahn Systam Dr. Pagjanya Shuda

(4) Denlal Coris i- Dantal Coris or tooth da ay Dr. M.?. Singh Clae

involvas o grodual daminavaligakton (Sclaning) 4

Qngmal and duntin.

3 untra atad micro orgonisms may invodu tho þulb

Causing inlamn aio asd tnfecton scausGs dah d þalt
and swina dd avaalo bon AurTounding
Hoct A abix (iqw Hoot canal tkeroby).
(uqu'rs yot
*Dextran (o shieky polysocchorid þroduad from áurosa)
CaubLs th bactario to stck to tko teth
* Mases d bocteviol calls, dexton, and othar debris
odharind to tact ’ constute dantal blaqu. Singh
solivo con not uach todh alau to buex Pratab
COVeY toath.
Mahendro
* Brshing tor th oftay Dahing samoua tho ploqu trom
By-Dr.
Denisbs aso Uommand that þlaqu bahoasn teat
bi umovad vsvy ay br wm dntal los.
(2) Pariodotal Dissasg i- 4 is o colscve tarm (or a
vorícty o condikions charativmad by
tntJommaion and dagamahon gingivay, alve olar
bors, þeriodontalligomant andtamentum.
x } is callsd pyorrhaa inikal symbto ms incud ’

anllorqemant
orgeman and inlammaham sdt ksu and bluding
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 * Poriodontal dissas e a74 cltan caustd by þoor
oral hygien Dr. Parjaya Shuda

Dr. M.?. Singh Claasss

3) Pephic Ular DisPOSA CeUD):
x Ho ulur is a (rator ke lsjon in a membran
Uleey hat dovelob in Gi tract exþoaad to oodic Aostic.
wu or called þapte ulear.
* Most (ommon comhlicahon o babhe wlus
blanding which con hod to anumia if enaugh hlood lozs.
*x Thu d'shnct Cawes o PUD oYA urogniged
(4) Backyium Hliobace pylovi
(3) Nonsteroidal anh nflommaory drug (NSAIDs) Auch
(3)
aspirin.
Hyparss crahon o Hu.
Helicobodey byloi is mos raquent causA PUD
boderium produes on enayma ursase whieh shlita ingb)
into ammonio and co
Pratap
amm mio domaqss protrcbia layer e sfomoch
and undathy ing gaabit call. dvo
H. pylori aso produus catalae on enayma that may Mahn
frotsct mícroba fom þhaqocyBosia y nauhophila (By-Di.
þlus savera adh aston þrotoins hat allow bacterium to
otlach itsaff o gashic
* varal tkerabuube apþroachas oA hl lul in tosatmunt d PuD.
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 Ciaoz1a jmoki, alcohal, calfeine, and NSAIDs
Shauld ba avoidud Br. Parjanya Shuda
Dr. M. 9. Singh laae
impa mucoxal
imboi muco% al daansiva machonisms.
Cases auso uahd wih H. þylori , uatmant it on
anhbiohc drug eten xsadias ke problam.
* Cral antauds con helh temjororihy by buwing
asi aud.
* un hypar ssahon Hu is causs PUD
Hy blockavs , 01 broton þump inhbitevs which
alock Ht Acrabon hom parithal uls may bu ussd.
(4) Divezhulor Diata:- Ih divaTicular ds aAL
bac bki out houchinga d thu wal d colon. tamad
divnkula occur in þlaus where mus udaris has
wckinad and may brcomu inindomed
lomed
Davslcbmant d divaniulo isiA known
known as ducriculosis.er-Or.m.
P
Singh)
x Mony bzobl who davs Joh divaxhculosia have no
Aympems
Jymphama and ohomanu no cemþlabarns.
* lo-2SI. may da valo þ on inlommason known as
divartaltHs

conditon may he characBaijed hy hun, consti paban

cr
and
incrgabi rigueny dlcahn, nausca , vomiting

High -}bm dicts show morkcd subs d symp tem.

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 Dr. Parjanya Shukla

otatad porkons
umova
calon may uquin Angieal Dr.s.N.P.us.soSlngh Caae
(5) Coloractal Canar ;- Colorecal conur ià amang dadbis
kanking ARCond to Jung canur
cand in maluy and
ird aiar ong conar ahd bruast conur in emales.
* Ganc hes play o veny imporfant suala
inheritad bradispositon Contrikuks to mor! than half
Cases.

X Totok1 d aleoho! and dizs high in animaddat and

þrotein are asovatod oi'h inrAaad u'sk d his canur.
Ditory. ibYA , Hatinoida, caliurm, and Aalanium may
pYotachva
Sign and aymptems inclad diorrhuo , conslk pain,cramþing,
abdomind pain, and su ctal alaading Singh)
(6) Haboihis:- Habohths is on inflommaban iver P.
(M.
caupd by vwsLs, druqs and chemicaJs incduding By-Dy.
alcohol.
x Clinialy savra d viral hcbaiis axe

) Hapokkis A(infechos habaltis): -causd hy Hayahis Avin

Spuod via decad conhaminabn o objsch. such as doad,
cJoting, toys, and saing utansl'
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 * ! is genrally oa midd disnass dd chidran
and Sr. Parjanya Shda
yotng
Dr. V. 9. Sngh Cas
Charactevized by los o apþakte, uncosinam, raus O,
diorrh~a, devar and chill
* This tybe d haboihia dos not cauS B, lasking bur damaqu
Moat þaopu couLY In
in 4 too 6 ouks.
üy Hepotihs B i Caustd by hapakhis &uius
spraad primavily by Aual contat and contamiraadSingk]
Ayringes and' transtwion cquibmant
can aso b sraad vio sal'va and taars. Ralab
x 4t con þroduu ciYYhoais and posmibly tcaneLarr o Mahendya
iver
*Vocinu þroduud tyaugh utembinant DNA tachnclagy
oTA ovallabl1 to hravent haboiha BBingachan. Dr.
(By-
(i) Habahhis Ccaustd by hapokis Cvis
cnically stmilor to habahki &
Hopakhs Ccon cause cimhosis and þoikl bvY Conur.
(v) Haboitis D caw d by D viYUs

trans mita d Lke Mabaiks B

Hahaiis D lts in Aavere bvar domagc and has
hiher Jotobty at hon hepokhs &.
() Hebaihis E causad, by habalits E virs and is spsad
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 Alhough it dos not causa chronit biuar disae
Dr. Parjawa Shukla
Hopohhis E vizs kas vary high movtolsty Dr. N. P. Sngh CoM
omng pragnont woman.
By- Dr. Mohundro Praap ingh

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