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Physics 1

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AMRITA VIDYALAYAM

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT


STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED BY:
STANDARD: XII
SECTION: A
ROLL NO:
YEAR: 2023-2024
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED
4. PRINCIPLE
5. CONSTRUCTION
6. THEORY
7. ILLUSTRATION
8. EFFICIENCY
9. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
10. ENERGY LOSSES
11. CONCLUSION
12. USES OF TRANSFORMER
13. PRECAUTIONS
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER

The transformer is a device used for converting a low


alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a
high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

A transformer that increases the A.C. voltage is called a


“Step up transformer’’

A transformer that decreases the A.C. voltage is called a


“Step down transformer”
A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary


voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is
designed to reduce the voltage from the primary
winding to the secondary winding. This kind of
transformer “step-down” the voltage applied to it.

As a step-down unit, the transformer converts


high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage,
high-current power.
OBJECTIVE

This project is to prepare a “STEP-DOWN


TRANSFORMER”.
MATERIALS REQUIRED

➢ Transformer
➢ LED Bulb
➢ Known resistance
➢ Switch
➢ Diode
➢ Plug wire
➢ Connecting wires
➢ Insulating tape
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction. A
varying current in the transformer's primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the
secondary winding.

This varying magnetic field at the secondary


induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
voltage in the secondary winding. The primary and
secondary windings are wrapped around a core of
infinitely high magnetic permeability[μ] so that all
of the magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary windings. With the voltage
source connected to the primary winding and load
impedance connected to the secondary winding,
the transformer currents flow in the indicated
directions.
CONSTRUCTION

The transformer consists of two coils. They are


insulated with each other by insulated material and
wound on a common core. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron
core is insulated by joining thin iron strips coated
with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary. The output


circuit is called secondary.
THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil P1P2, an alternating current starts flowing in it. The
alternating current in the primary coil produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary coil.
In a good transformer, the whole of the magnetic flux
linked with the primary coil is also linked with the
secondary coil, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary coil and the secondary coil and Np and Ns are
the number of turns of the primary and secondary coils
of the transformer and

dфь/dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil

At this instant, we have

Ep= -Np dфb/dt--------------------------------------------(i)

Es= -Ns dфь/dt--------------------------------------------(ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by


dividing (ii) by (i), we get

Es/ Ep= - Ns/ Np-------------------------------(iii)


As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced
in the primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in
the primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
Further, if RP is the resistance of P1P2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = (E – Ep)/ Rp

(E – Ep) = IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be


neglected therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es/ Ep = Es/ E = output e.m.f. / input e.m.f. = Ns/ Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.


In a step-down transformer:

Es < E so K < 1 , hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = EpIp

And Output power at the same instant = EsIs

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power


EpIP = EsIs
Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of


output power to the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power


= EsIs / EpIp x 100%

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary


circuits.

For ideal transformer =1=100%


Therefore, EsIs = EpIp
(or) Ig/Ip = Np/Ng = 1/K

Therefore, for step-up transformer current in the


secondary is less than in the primary (Is<Ip).
And in a step-down transformer, Is>Ip
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in
transformer:

➢ Copper loss: It is the energy loss in the form of heat


in copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting of wires.

➢ Iron loss: It is the form of heat in the iron core of


the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
current in iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.

➢ Leakage of magnetic flux: It occurs in spite of best


insulations. Therefore, the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less
than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn P1P1.

➢ Hysteric loss: It is the loss of energy due to repeated


magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.

➢ Magento striation: It is the humming noise of a


transformer.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:

➢ In voltage regulator for refrigerator, computer, air


conditioner, T.V., etc.

➢ In the induction furnaces.

➢ A step-down transformer is used for welding


purposes.

➢ A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large


current.

➢ In transmission of A.C. over long distance.


PRECAUTIONS

➢ The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2R,


where I is strength of current and R is the resistance
of wires. To reduce the power loss, a.c. is
transmitted over long distance at extremely high
voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio.
Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.

➢ Permeability of magnetic material of transformer


core must be high.

➢ Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as


cooling.

➢ The transformer core must be laminated to


minimize loss of energy due to eddy currents.

➢ Safety from high voltage is maintained.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ NCERT Physics Textbook for class XII


(Part1)

➢ Class XII Physics Lab Manual

➢ www.wikipedia.com

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