Visit Nepal: Encyclopedia of Himwat Khanda by Kapil Banjara (scholar/tour guide)

SR Maharjan-TU Plant Science, Ecology

Course Content

Environment
Day I
- Definition of Ecology and Environment
-Ecosystem
-Abiotic Factors
-Functioning of Ecosystem

Day II
-Ecological Problems in Nepal
Deforestation, Population growth and poverty, Pollution, Soil Erosion and landslide
-Impact of tourism on ecology
-Ecotourism

Day I

Ecology:
 Oikos meaning house, habitat or place of living and Logos meaning to study. Word given
by Ernst Haekel in 1869
 Study of interelationship of living organisms and their habitat is called Ecology.
 The sum of the total of the elements, factors and conditions in the surrounding which
may have an impact an organism or group of mechanism is called Environment.
 AG Tansley in 1935
 Ecosystem is the system resulting from the interaction of all the living and non-living
factors of the Environment. Key idea: Balance between different living organisms and the
environment.

1. Terrestrial Ecosystem: Grassland, forest, deserts

2. Aquatic Ecosystem:
a. Marine Eg: Seas and sea shores
b. Freshwater ecosystem
i. Running water ecosystem example: Rivers, Streams
ii. Standing water ecosystem: Examples Pond, lake
Glacial Lake

- 118 types Types of Ecosystems in Nepal:

-Types of Forests in Nepal, 35 types of forests, (Forests of Nepal, Stenton) 45% of Jungle
More forests in Nepal than grassland
-4000 perrenial river
-5 ponds in Gosaikunda
Man made Artifical Ecosystems Croplands, gardens, aquarium

Wetland Ecosystem/Simsars
Some wetlands are internationally unique due to culture and environment called Ramsar
Name: Iran's Ramsar place conference of countries which listed important places of each
countries. February 2nd, International Ramsar Day

Bishajari (Chitwan), Jagadispur reservoir, Ghoda Ghodi, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve/Ramsar
list
Gosaikunda Lake System, Rara, Pokhara 7 Lakes in the list

Ecological Factors

1. Abiotic Factor (Non-Living)

Climatic Factors: Light, temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, fire

Light: Main source of energy, growth, seed germination, movement, chlorophyll

formation. Stomata opens in day closes in night

Temperature: 5000 m (-15 degree C), Temperature affects growth and

development, metabolic activies (respiration, digestion) Distribution of
plants and animals, reproduction. Eg: Cold Weather animals migrate to less
altitude or hibernate

Look at the temperature map of the world!

Precipitation: Distribution of vegetation, Growth and development, Soil Erosion

Eastern Nepal is moister than West, Lumle-pokhara highest rainfall in Nepal,
Cherapunji India highest rainfall in the world
1500 mm rainfall in Kathmandu, 4000 mm in Pokhara, Jomsom (500-600)

<25 cm annual rainfall xerophytic

25-75 cm annual rainfall grassland
> 75 cm annual rainfall forest
Wind
Breakage and uprooting
Premature falling of flowers and fruits
Deformation
Lodging
Erosion and deposition
Effect on flying organisms
Dispersal of seeds, pollen, or fruit
Edaphic: Soil Nutrients and other soil conditions, ph

Topographic:
Slope, direction of slope, altitude/height. High altitude causes decrease in
temperature and atmospheric pressure. High altitude also causes wind
velocity, q relative humidity and light intensity to increase.

Highest altitude flower: Stellaria Decombens (6200 m)

Every 1000 m causes 6 degree drop in temperature.

App GPS status for Altitude, Latitude, Longitude

Rhododendron becomes smaller after 3000 m. Colors of flowers changes from

red to pink

Rainshadow effect, windward side and leeward side of mountain eg Manang

Mustang

2. Biotic Factors (Living)

Producers (Plants or autotrophs) - Those make food from sunlight
6CO2 + 12H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 +

Consumers (Animals or Heterotrophs):

Directlly or indirectly dependent on plants for food
Primary (Herbivores: rat, insect, goat)
Secondary (Carnivores: fox, frog, cat, snake, eat primary consumers but can
also get eaten) Humans are naturally secondary consumers
Tertiary consumer (Secondary Carnivores: tiger, lion, hyena, hawk, python,
crocodile, falcon, no one eats them)

Decomposers (Microorganisms: bacteria and fungi)

Unseen but very important role. Decompose dead bodies of producers and consumers
into simpler compounds. Detrivores (Gobrekira), Saprophytes (Tree mushrooms),

Biotic Interactions
1. The relationships between living orgranisms in an ecosystem

Positive:
Symbiosis
Usnea (Old mans beard)/Lichen (Fungi and Algae made, Nepali: Jhyau, 4000m, 5000,
dark spots in nepal either moss or lichen sometimes yellow, red or even orange)
lamo latrine bhako ley
Protocoperation
Both organisms are benefitted from this interaction. Kirna khana gai ko mathi ako chara,
Cattle Egret on Cow, Sea Anemone growing on the back of the crab, monkeys and deers
grazing together for safety, plover bird cleaning teeths on crocodile after feeding

Commensalism
Sungabha, sunakhari, orchids
Some epiphytes such as orchids, mosses, ferns, etc, are the best examples.
CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species. Grow or trees but
doesn't harm trees, velamin root takes water from air. Benefit for orchids but no effect
on trees.

Dry Trees or Fallen Trees are Microhabitat: Used by bird nest, decomposers

Negative Interaction
Competition, predations, parasitism(Eg Caribou/Reindeier die from kirna, teeks, eg: dead
Barasinghe in Suklaphanta with just horns), antibiosis (some chemicals present in one oranism
inhibit the growth of others, plants especially in himalayas poisonous to avoid getting eaten,
alkaline petals which fall and there no plants can grow: , khirro, kauso, akh taruwa )

Food Chain: The transfer of food energy from one trophic level to another. Law of 10%, around
10% of food energy is transferred from one trophic level to another.
Food Web- Various food chains are linked together to form a complex network known as food
web

Amazon rainforest : Half of earth's biodiversity

Ecological Pyramid:
Producer-100%-Primary Consumer-10%-Secondary Consumer-1%-Third Consumer-0.1%

Kauso: Leguminous plant with hairs, is very allergic

First Aid
By Dr. Kulesh Bahadur Thapa - Pediatrician, 35 Yrs First Aid Classes all over asia

First Aid is the (medical) treatment given at the site of incident before being taken to the
hospital or before the arrival of medical personnel. It is Pre-hospital Treatment.

Nepal has two kinds of treatment: scientific and traditional. First aid to learn must be scientific.
Medicine is also of two types: with medicine and without medicine. Our First aid must be
without medicine because no licensed professional. Nepal number Emergency: 102, 24/7, it is
free, 10 yrs. EMT (Emergency Medical Technician, trained by Stanford Medical School, or swiss
radio 111), response time 15 mins, WHO funded, Run by Health Emergency Operative Center,
Koshi and Madesh has had implementation issues.

First aider/Prathamik Upacharak

Universal Call for help (Call 102)
1. Safety 3Ps (Place, Personal, Patient) (Personal Protective Equipment, Cap, Googles, Masks,
Gloves, Gowns, Boots)
2. Analyze Ask K bata uthne prashna
Who (ko), When (kahile), Where (kata), What (k), How (kasari)
3. Give First Aid
4. Handover

Bleeding:- Ragat Bagda

a. Internal Bleeding
Place: Brain, Lungs, Abdomen, Under the Skin, Pelvic
Symptoms: Unconscious (sign of lack of oxygen in the brain)
Treatment:
a. Shock Position (Tauko tala, khutta mathi or khutta ma sirani haldine)
Caution* Choking hazard, choking time 6-10 mins brain cells start
dying)
b. Recovery Position (Kolte Parera rakhne usually on the left side, left
hand up, right leg khumchyaune top ma rakne)
b. External Bleeding Cuts and Wounds, Nose Bleed

Day II Environment

Environmental issues and tourism in Nepal

Ecological problems
Deforestation, soil erosion and landslide, pollution, population growth

Impact of tourism on Environment

Ecotourism
Forest resource of Nepal
44.7% Forest areas in Nepal, some 35 major forest types
Second largest natural resource after water
Major forest types
-Shorea robusta, Quercus spp, Terminalia alata, Pinus roxburghii, Abies spectabilis,
Rhododendron spp, Alnus nepalensis, Schmia wallichi, Tsuga dumosa etc

Forests and fooder help retain moisture due to its balancing role in water cycle

Cause of deforestration
-Fuelwood, fooder, grazing, illegal timber harvesting, encroachment, development
activities, roads, dams, urbanization, tourism and trekking, slash and burn cultivation (in 14
districts fadani garne)

Effects of deforestration
-Scarcity of fuel
-Reduced supply of fodder, and leaf-litter manure
-Erosion, landslide and lowland flooding
-Watershed degradition
-Loss of scenic beauty and scenic beauty
-Economic loss

Easter Island: Middle of pacific island, no humans in 1600 but big stone statues with remnants
of civilization. The cause was environmental degradation most likely deforestation.

Soil Erosion and Landslide

Causes:
Overgrazing, conventional farming and down ploughing, water runs down the furrows,
deforestation, dersertification and water pollution

Effects: Damages to peoples live and property, flooding in the plains, land degradation,
desertification, water pollution, flash flood and landslide damming

Prevention:
Maintaining vegetative cover
Removing excess water overflow
Following agricultural practices
Soil conservation and watershed management
Bioenginnering in roads - making slopes stable

Pollution:
Mixing of unwanted substances in the resources
Air Pollution:
-Nepal 16/131 countries as polluted city, Nepal's airquality is the worst in the South Asian region
due to dust and smoke

Ecotourism
- Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-
being of the local people, and involves interpretation and eduction.

Day II First Aid

Effects of Temperature two type: Very Cold and Very Hot

Normal Temperature: 98.6 degree F or 37 degree C (Body Temperature)

Very Hot
1. Lou lagyo, Hyperthermia
2. Only Part of the body = Burn, polyo

Very Cold
1.Kathyangrio, Hypothermia
Affected Demographic: Old and weak people, children, people who have met with
accidents, uniformed services.
Sign (Visible) and Symptoms (Feeling):
1. Feels Cold
2. Shivering (Kamnu)
3. Color Change (Bluish lips and top of fingers)
4. Body Temperature Low (Internal body temperarute), Carry Alcohol
Thermometer, Measure in Tongue
5. Loss of Bodies Functions (poor eyesight, ears, no fingers, no sensation hot
cold, breathing, heartbeat affected, unconsicious)

First Aid Treatment

Universal Call for help
1. Take to a warm place
2. Remove wet clothes (ask permission)
3. Cover with warm clothes (warm the clothes or sleeping bag)
4. Try to increase the surrounding temperature
5. Give hot drinks, chocolate, glucose, sugary drinks. Coffee and tea ineffective.
No alcohol

Prevention
 1. Wear according to weather
2. Eat Plenty
3. Drink plenty hot drinks (no alcohol)
4. Do not wear wet clothes, wear waterproof, windproof
5

2.Only Part of the body = hiu le khanu, frost bite

Frost Bite
Affected Parts: Tips of fingers, toes, ears, nose, cheeks and lips because these are
exposed areas to wind, are far from heart and typicially have small
blood vessels susceptible to freezing.
Affected Geography: Usually Below Zero Degree, Snowing, Wet Conditions, Long walks in
trekking conditions takes hours to develop. Mountaineering
usually soon
Sign (Visible) and Symptoms (Feeling):
1. Feels Cold
2. Burning Sensation (Polnu)
3. Tingling Sensation (Jhamjhamaunu)
4. Pain
5. Loss of sensation (Lato huncha)
6. Change in skin color White -----Blue -------Black (Last option to cut off)
7. Blisters (Pani Foka)

First Aid Treatment

1. Take to a warm place
2. Remove wet clothes
3. Immerse in hot water for minimum 15 mins
4. Dry and cover affected parts
5. Give Hot Drinks, preferably sugary drinks like glucose water, energy bars (No
Alcohol because it expands the blood vessels, no coffee/tea because it
constricts blood vessels)

Practical advice: Socks, plastic, socks, socks

Prevention Same as Hypothermia

Don'ts
1. Do not wear wet clothes
2. Do not break blisters
3. Do not apply dry heat (Ago natapne, can cause Ice Embolism, blood and ice
both may travel in the blood stream and kill the person)
4. Hot water bag also not good idea
Snow Blindness -24-48 hours, wear googles

Very Hot

Identification of what caused it to identify whether it is life-threatening

1. Hot Objects (Not that dangerous)

2. Chemicals (Acid and Base) (Not that Dangerous)
3. Electricity and Lightening (Dangerous) (Every year more than 100 dead, usually in disaster
situation)
4. Rays (Dangerous) (Radiation-sun, x-rays, gamma rays)

Identification of surface area to identify the whether it is life-threatening

Rule of Nines -Whole body divided into 9%

Head - 9 Percent
One Hand - 9 Percent *2
One Leg - 18%
Belly Button and up - 9 percent *2
Belly Button and dow - 9 percent *2

> 4 % Take of Hospital

> 40 % May Die

Rule of Thumb: Birami ko hatkela is 1%

Identification of depth of burn to identity severity

1st Degree Superficial Burn (for Eg: Sunburn)

Signs and Symptoms: Burning and tingling Sensation, sign is redness of skin

2nd Degree Partial Thickness

Signs and Symptoms:
Burning and tingling Sensation, sign is redness of skin
plus blisters (pani foka)

3rd Degree Full thickness (Inside flesh)

Signs and Symptoms:Burning and tingling sensation, redness of skin, blisters
plus black and charred.

Treatment of Burn
1. Immerse in cold water for 15 minutes
 2. Remove tight fitting ornaments
3. Dry and cover the affected area
4. Handover

Don'ts
1. Do not break blisters
2. Do not apply other substances
3. Do not apply heat

Food and Nutritional Information

Classification by source:
1. Plant based
a. Fruits and Nuts, b. Vegetables, c. Pulses, d. Grains
2. Animal based
a. Milk and Milk products, b. Meat/Fish, c. Eggs, d. Honey

Classification Scientific

Calories: 2000-2500 calories per day for sedentary lifestyle, 4000-5000 calories per day

Type Source Function % (balance die)

1. Carbohydrates (4 Grains, Potatoes, sugar and sugar Gives Energy 65%-75%
cal per gm) products
2. Proteins (4 cal per Egg, Meat and Fish, Pulses Builds and 15%-25%
gm) Repairs
3. Fat (9 cal per gm) Fat, oil, milk Products Maintains 5%-10%
Energy

Breakdown Calories per 2000 Weight

Carbs 1325 325 gm
Protein 500 125 gm
Fat 200 22.22 gm

Total 472.22 gm

Diseases Spread by Food

Worms -
Diarrhoea - (only if more than 3 times thin stool)
Dysentary - Auu ragat/ragat masi (Amoebic: seto auu, bacillary : rato auu, blood)
Typhoid -
Jaundice - Bad Food

Handwash: Front-Back-Knuckles- Finger tips- Buid aula - wrist

Food poisoning:

Botulism:
Name origin from bottled food/canned food, very dangerous even a little amount causes death
Cause: Bacterial Disease (AnAerobic bacteria), very poisonous toxins, neurotoxin

Prevention:
1. DO NOT USE FOOD FROM DATE EXPIRED CANS
2. DO NOT USE FOOD FROM RUSTY CANS
3. DO NOT USE FOOD BOMBARDED (FUKEKO) CANS
4. DO NOT USE OPENED CANS (no fizzy sound)

Choking/ Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (FBAO):

Dangerous, 6-10 minutes brains cells start dying.

Two passages: Front passage air, second passage water

Foreign Bodies:
1. Food
2. Vomit and Blood
3. Toys and Coins in Children
4. Nuts and pulses in Children

Sign and Symptoms:

1. Cannot breath
2. Cannot speak
3. Cannot cough
4. Anxious face
5. Signals with hands (Universal sign of Choking)

First-Aid Treatment
Steps:
1. Confirm choking
2. Remove foreign substance
3. Sit the person down
4. Bend the person over
 5. Find the spot in between the shoulder blades (dui pata ko bich ko thau, back bone,
dhad)
6. Method

A. Back Slapping
Hit at that spot with the palm (hatkela) of your hand. Direction: Down and Forward

B. Heimlichs Method

a. Conscious
Step 3: Stand behind the person, khutta fat vanne, afno khutta usko bich ma
Step 4: Find the spot two fingers above the navel
Step 5: Make a fist, thumb facing bhitra and press at the spot. Direction: Down
and Forward (Bhitra ramathi)

b. Unconsious
Step 3: Uttano parera sutaune
Step 4: Hatkela le thichne, naito vanda two fingers mathi down and forward

c. Unable to use heimlich due to obesity or pregnant

Step 3: Stand behind the person
Step 4: Make a fist, thumb facing bhitra and press at the chest

Water:
Source:
A. Rainwater (Could be Soft/Hard water)
B. Surface Water (Hard water)
C. Under ground Water (Hard water)

Qualties:
A. Universal solvent
B. Colorless, odorless, shapeless, tasteless

Waterborne diseases: Diarrhoea, Dysentry, Typhoid, Jaundice, Worms

Methods of purifying waater:

1. Boil for at least 15 minutes for guests’ close lid
2. Solar Disinfection (SODIS) (Keep water in transparent glass-bottle at 45-degree angle
for 6-8 hours)
3. Filteration (Mechanical, Biological, Mixed, Automated)
4. Reverse Osmosis
 5. Sedimentation (Thegraune) and Decantation (Sarne)
6. Chemical Treatment (Chlorine, {Iodine, Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) (Washing
Fruits and Vegetables (15 mins), Utensils)
Iodine drops: 2-3 drops per litre.
Potash: Water must be light pink
Chlorine used for drinking because it doesn't affect qualities of water at low
concentration
Chlorine Tablet for drinking: 1 tablet per litre (keep for 30 mins)
Chlorine Liquid for drinking: 2-3 drops per litre (keep for 30 mins)

What did you brush your teeth with?

Guest: Only well-cooked food, only things that can be peeled khane, arulai katna nadine)

Uses of Water:
Domestic Purpose
Industrial Purpose
Agriculture Purpose (Irrigation)
Recreation
Transportation

Water Rescue/Drowning:
Be Safe
1. Try to reach from land with rope, wood any extended stuff
2. Throw with ropes, life jackets, jerry cans, tubes
3. Row the boat/raft to rescue
4. Go if you know how to swim
(Chuido ma samatne, kapal, jacket ma samaune)
5. Krook of your arm

High Altitude Sickness or Acute Mountain Sickness AMS

Lake Lagnu, high lagnu/ Acute meaning withing short period of time high severity

Altitude: Depends on person but usually 3000 meters/10,000 feet for hilly people, sea level
people could go from 1300 metres, 760 mm/Hg at sea level, top of everest 1/3, 250-255
mm/Hg.

Why: Oxygen is less in altitude because atmospheric pressure decreases

Edema: Fluid trapped in body tissues (Pani jamni) or Swelling (sunnincha)

 High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) - Brain swelling
 High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) - Lungs swelling

Signs and Symptoms:

HACE Causes

 Drunken Gait (Matteko manche ko jasto chaal) very important sign Test: Heel to toe test
(paila napera hidaune, straight line walk test as in DUI inspection)
 Highly Irritable
 Headache (even with slight fluid trappiness)
 Dizziness or giddiness
 Nausea
 Sleep Disturbance (Could be very sleepy or cannot sleep) *Excessive sleeping is a warning
sign, needs attention, be observant!
 Vomiting
 Tiredness/Fatigue
 Loss of Appetite
 Delirious or hallucinatory

HAPE Causes

 Shortness breath
 Chestpain
 Dry Cough (May cough blood)
 Blueness in tips of fingers, tongue (Blue tongue underneath: Ask them to roll their tongue,
needs attention, be observant! Pulse-oxymeter: 60-80 pulse, >95% oxygen Kathmandu;
Basecamp: 80-100 pulse, >80% oxygen also normal
 Noisy Breathing (ghyar ghyar awaz due to air coming from fluid)

Treatment:

Descend, descend more, Descend more and more

1. Descend immediately
2. 1 camp down 300-400 m
3. NO EXERTION (Carry down)
4. Buddy System (Sathi sanga jane afu pani), big groups pair up
5. Language jannu paryo, porter sanga constant communication

If you can't descent or if you have to ascent before descending

Temporary Treatment

1. Give oxygen (carry oxygen, 3500 m and above, find where there is oxygen
 1 L/M 4% Increase in atm oxygen (to 25% in oxgen)

2 L/M 8% Increase in atm oxygen (to 29% in oxgen)

3 L/M 12% Increase in atm oxygen (to 33% in oxgen)

4 L/M 16% Increase in atm oxygen (to 37% in oxgen)% Increase in atm oxygen (to
25% in oxgen)

12 -20 Breathing per minute

2. Gamow BAG, Portable Altitude Chamber : Gammow bag decreases effect of the altitude
(5500 m by 1500 m to 4000 m)

Every 5 sec/pump

Where is it? Ka ka cha patta laune?

Prevention:

1. Wear according to weather

2. Eat plenty 5000 cal (carbs)
3. Drink plenty 4-5 ltr per person (No alcohol, no tea, no coffee)(Butter tea, soup, hot lemon
with honey ginger good)
4. Acclimatization - Lek pachaune, batawaran anukul banaune how?
I. Walk slowly
II. Rest days (Above 3500 m, 2 days walk 1 days rest, climb high sleep low (namche
3440 m, dingboche, manang)
III. Ascend 300 to 400 m per day

Alcohol

30 ml = 1 peg = 1 glass of wine - 1 and half cup of beer - 23-44%

SECONDARY SURVEY –> PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

It is about to check if the person is injured – head to toe (whole body) examination

D – deformity (change in shape and size)

O – Open wounds

T – Tenderness (pain when we touch the injured part)

S – Swelling
This survey will help the first aider to decide what to do next.

In addition, we have to check P/CMS

P/C – Pulse/Circulation (if the person has a fracture, it can cause internal bleeding or blockage of
blood circulation. Circulation can be checked on the middle finger nail by pressing and releasing.
The nail gets white when we press and the circulation gets back within some seconds when we
release).

M – Movement, aske to move hands (to make fist for example or move fingers). If the person is
not responding, he/she has got motor nerve damage.

S – Sensation – pinch one finger out of the victim's sight and ask him/her = which finger is it? If
the answer is wrong or absent, transfer / handover the victim to the hospital.

Bone and muscle injury

- Fracture –> simple fracture (closed fracture - not visible) and compound fracture (open
fracture – visible from outside)

- Dislocation -> it occurs in joint areas: shoulders, knees…

- Sprain –> ligament tear/injury -> mostly on our ankle

- Strain –> muscle and muscle tendent are injured – it is occurred during our sleep and
during unbalanced physical effort

- Muscle cramp -> after excessive exercise and loose of body fluid by sweating

All of these injuries have the same signs and symptoms except Sprain and Strain

History of trauma: pain, swelling, tenderness, deformation, function loss

First aid – role of first aider

- Reassure

- Keep the person in comfortable position

- Immobilization of affected part -> PMS before and after

· Splinting with available resources and bandaging

· Sling

· Swath -> PMS check

If the PMS is absent, the immobilization is too tight. Remove it and do it loosely.
Once again PMS at the last -> refer to hospital

RICE method for Sprain and Strain

R -> Complete rest

I -> Cold compress / ice pack

C -> Compress bandage – PMS check after Compress

E -> Elevate (for better blood irrigation and to prevent swelling)

Muscle cramp

- Before and during excessive exercise, drink Jeevan Jal

- After muscle cramp – massage and bandage -> keep drinking Jeevan Jal

- During the leg-calf cramp – elevate the leg and pull the hill up

History Day I
Anything with written records.
Source
Literature and Archeological ---------Records, arts, handikrafts-----------Currency

Written History of just 700 years

Before that Stone Age

Gopals - Cowherders
Mahispal-Buffalo herders

Pahadis' called Kiratis according to indian language.

Kiratis after Gopals and Mahispals
400 BCE Kautilya
300 BCE Ashok (Magadh)
200 BCE
100 BCE (Buddha was Born)
0 Christ
100

Licchavis after Kiratis

500 AD Mandev-First proven record, currency
Mangriha (Sri Manbihar established)
Manank Currency
Verified through Records in Shree Bhagini Statue, Bishnu Bikrant (Baman) statue)
20th Oct, 879 9th Century Beiginning of Nepal Sambat
Vastukala, dhungedhara, guthi gosti, democracy developed.

History - Day II

9th Century AD to 18th Century AD Madhya Kal Medieval Period

9th Century AD to 14th Century AD Purbya Madhya Kal

Central powers became week, interchanged between Devs and Mallas, geneology of Ari Malla.
Nanyadev, military general of Sen's in Westbengal, came from Karnatak to Bengal, because Pal
kings ordered him to conquer west of west bengal. He killed his own kings Bijaya Sen.
Established the state of Simraunghadh, current Bara close to Birgunj. 1097 AD Big Empire
(Narayani in West to Ganga in East). Simraunghad, Janakpur, to Koshi.

In western Nepal, 12th Century AD, in Sinja Valley, Jumla, Nagaraj established Khasa-Malla
Rajya, which ruled Kashmir to Gandaki to entirety of western Tibet. Jumla Jadan kshetra, bottom
khasan kshetra. Surkhet, dullu winter capital. Even in Bodhgaya, the kings had to be asked.

Three power centers, west Khasa Malla, East- Simraunghad, Kathmandu.

Nepal mandirs are Established by these power centers.

Indian tourist, 100,000 go to upto Surkhet to Mansarovar, 1972 Hilsa naka, not to stop them
from going to trekking. Simikot Airport.

Khas Malla kingdom followed buddhism in the west, 21 devalaya, 22 devalayaa, 26 devalaya in
Dailekh. Dhungedhara (Seat of Justice, Nyaoli Baithak)

Kathmandu Valley
Dev asked khas mallas for favor and Mallas asked for Karnataka. Almost 15 times Kathmandu
valley was attacked. In the end, Samsudden Iliad, muslim king of india attacked for gold in
temples. Dry food is popular in Kathmandu because KTM people had to run away in the jungle
carry food and hide food underground during these attacks which explains the popularity of
chiura, bhatmas, sukuti. Mula and Sinki, fermented food.

Nanyadev upto 7th generation ruled, the 7th generation king Hari Singha Dev attacked
Kathmandu valley, Rudra Malla ruled Kathmandu who married his own sister Deval Dev for
favor. In

In 1324 AD muslim ruler Gayasuddin Tuglak ruled Bengal and non-islamic rulers migrated from
Bengal to Nepalese hills. Tuglak attacks Simraunghadh. 25ft altitude, 15ft wide fortress hence
called Gadh (fortified). A lot of arson, cutting and Islam ruled Simraunghad. Harisingha Dev
(Patron of Buddhist and Hindus), Harisinga dev fled with Kuldevi to Kalaiya, Birgunj. Devi
ordered in dream to send four soldiers to the jungle and sacrifice whatever found in the forest
as food during scarcity. Gadhimai. Rudra dev protected his family from Harisingha dev in
Kathmandu. Deval Devi brought Taleju Bhawani braught that to Kathmandu as a refugee. After 2
years, Rudra Malla died. Rudra Malla had only one daughter Nayak Devi who was about 7 years
old. Deval Devi announced that Nayak Devi would be the ruler of Nepal (first female king) and
Deval Devi and Protector Regent. At around 8 years old a prince was brought from Benaras, Kasi
and married Nayak Devi. This prince (Harischandra) was killed by people because he hastily
announced himself king. The King (Nayak Devi) couldn't go Sati and ruled. Nayak Devi had an
affair with Jagat Singh and was married by Deval Devi. Jagat Singh also proclaimed himself king
and was poisened by people. But Nayak Devi was pregnant at the time. After 3-4 months after
JagatSingh died, daughter Rajalladevi was born and after 10 days of Rajalladevi's birth Nayak
Devi died. Deval Devi again declared herself the Regent. 2nd Female King is Rajalladevi. She was
again tried to be married off at 8 years old, 14th Century. Deval Devi introduced Dolaji System
(hiding the groom and bringing the groom in Doli without mentioning the prince's heritage).
This prince became Jayasthiti Malla. Durbar at the Time in Bhaktapur. He is the hero of later
medieval period, after 14th Century AD. pachillo medieval period and all the later kings are the
Jayasthiti Malla. Sons. Dharma, Jyotir, Kirti (Yaksha Malla, punar ekikaran).

Jayasthiti Malla did social reform. Newa dhunni still praciticed. Organised the caste system. He
introduced economic reform. Government stamp required in weights. Measuring land system.
Pricing land process established (Bhasa Ban) sawali, historical document. Stable governance
resulted in no foreign attack.

15th Century AD. Yaksha Malla won upto 7 days way to Tibet in North, upto Ganga in South.
Bhaktapur Pujari Math, Dattatraya. Time of Yaksha Malla. Raya Malla Elder son, Ratna Malla
Mailo. Ratna Malla was Militarily proficient who the public favored, split the court into two. In
death bed Yaksha Malla decided Raya Malla as king. Ratna Malla came to Kathmandu in
Hanumandhoka and established his own palace. Raya malla ruled east of Bhaktapur, Manohara
as boundary. Ratna Malla ruled upto Dhading, Gorkha and Nuwakoti. Kathmandu valley split
into two.

Ratna malla's progeny HariSingha Malla had two sons, Siddhi Narasingh Malla (Patan) and Laxmi
Narasingh Malla (Indian queen). People of Patan preferred Siddhi Narasing Malla and split
Kathmandu again into two. Patan was effectively built by SiddhiNarasingh Malla (17th Century
AD, Patan Durbar, Krishna Mandir).

Laxminarasingh Malla's son Pratap Malla attacked Patan countless times.

3 Rulers in Kathmandu made center power weak, resulted in various small states. Kaligandiki
west (Baise Rajya), East (Chaubise Rajya), Makwanwanpur, Udayapur, Bijya Sen top of Dharan,
total 53 states. India had 550 states. British came with EIC in Kolkata in 17th Century.

16th Century AD to 17th Century AD Patan, Hanumandhoka.

Gorkha
15th Century Drabya Shah had established Gorkha, one of Chaubise. In 17th Century Nara
Bhupal Shah of Gorkha attacked Nuwakot which was under Nuwakot and was defeated. Three
Kingdoms of Valley fought together. Prithvi Narayan Shah was already born. Nara Bhupal had
relationship with Ranajit Malla. Trade Relations. Prithvi traveled Kathmandu and studied why
they were defeated. Mit layo with son of Ranajit Malla. Kathmandu's King also got angry, mit
launa vanyo ani laidyo. Raised 50 paisa from each Gorkha house for military affairs, went to
Makwanpur and Dig Bandyan Sen king's daughter Indra Kumari Sen. Bidai in Gauna. Traditions
was to send wives only at a later dater. Nau Lakher har, weapons demanded. Daijo didn't go
with Prithvi Narayan Shah. He came back without wife. Went to Kasi and married princess
Narendra Laxmi, bought weapons from daijo, brought musalman military experts to train
Nepalese people. British Bhansar at the time had customs, with Palpa's kings help, killed 26
officers and brought weapons. Won Nuwakot. Tribute paid to Bhaktapur won lands. Stayed in
Dahachowk. Makwanpur king talked with British people. But won Makwanpur.

Jay Prakash Malla and Makwanpur asked british for help. Communicated to the to British with a
priest in KTM. Captain Kinlock was sent from British. Prithvi Narayan Shah's army led by Bahadur
Shah ambushed the British in the hills, stole weapons, aringal ko gola camp ma falne. Captain
Kinlock also got Aulo. Lost in Sindhuli. First Imperialist tendencies turned into Unification
campaign.

Jaya Prakash Fled to Patan, Tej Narasingh Malla in Patan, again both fled to Bhaktapur. 65 British
fled Kathmandu villified Prithvi Narayan Shah. Shah Conquered East upto Teesta. 1775 died.

History Day III

Pratap Singh Shah-1st son and heir of Prithvi Narayan Shah. Bhadur Shah---Middle. Pratap Singh
Shah died within 2 yrs of reign. People wanted Bahadur Shah as king. Bahadur Shah exhiled
himself to India, Betiya, understood the weakpoints. Pratap died and Bahadur came back.
Pratap's son Rana Bahadur Shah became king at the age of 2.5 yrs, Bahadur Shah became
regent (Nayabi) and caretaker. At the time, he intitated western campaign. Western Border
expanded uptill Dehradun, upto Sutlej River in the west, made greater Nepal. He was tortured
and jailed in teku by Rana Bahadur Shah at 13-14 yrs old, under framing and instigation of the
British allegedly.

Rana Bahadur Shah got married to Kantiwati (Mithila widow). Rana promised Kantiwati her son
would be King. Kantiwati got TB, stayed in Pashupati and Rana Bahadur quit statecraft and
stayed with her. Later also became a jogi renouncing statecraft. Girvana Yuddha Bikram Shah,
son of Kantiwati. Went to Benares, Bhimsen Thapa was the caretaker of Rana Bahadur Shah.

Bhimsen Thapa, first pradhan senapati, made army gulmas (Barracks). Asked Germans for help
to upgrade weapons and dresses. Bhimsen Thapa refused embassy and as trade route. 1814,
Nepal-Anglo war ran two years. Bhimsen Thapa asked Punjab and Chinese to help him to defeat
British across region. Mahakali and Mechi won by British.
Girvan without letting Bhimsen Thapa know, did Sugauli Sandhi 1816, reestablished current
Nepal, embassy, and trade route. Girvan disagreed with Bhimsen Thapa. Embassy politics
started which resulted in jailing of Bhimsen Thapa. Died miserably after attempting suicide.

Rajendra Bikram Shah king at the time with Samrajya Laxmi (son Surendra Bikram) and Rajya
Laxmi (Ranendra Bikram). Pradhan Senapati Gagan Singh Khawas with Prime Minister Mathbhar
Singh Thapa in attempt to divide power after suspecting misuse of power by Bhimsen Thapa.
Rajya Laxmi had an affair with Gagan Singh Khawas. Mathbhar Singh Thapa had a sister who was
married to Bal Narsingh Kunwar. Bal Narsingh Kunwar suspected his son was juwade, gajadi, Bir
Singh Kunwar who was named Jange by Mathbhar. Mathbhar Singh appointed him as Sipahi to
the court.

Jange was promoted to Yuvaraj Surendra's bodyguard after taming an Elephant. Jange Killed
both Mathbhar Singh under orders of Gagan Singh and Rajya Laxmi. Gagan Singh was also
secretly murdered. Under the pretext of finding who killed Gagan Singh, every officer is called in
Kot. Mansingh killed by Jange. 56 people killed. 1850 Junge visited Britain. Helped suppressed
Indian andolan, as a reward instaleld Junge Pillar.

Trekking Management

Deepak Mahat Trekking 10/02/2024

The course content is to know “how to be a complete, good and successful trekking guide”. It is
to learn how to deal with all subjects discussed.

Trekking guide is about “talking” = 75%

Elements not to forget when you present yourself:

- Name, district and educational qualification

- Company where you work and your responsibility

- Speaking languages (if more than English)

1. TREKKING MANAGEMENT

Definition of trekking and mountaineering

Walking – walking on foot with any sense

Hiking – a walk to be completed within a day with the purpose of travel

Trekking – a long and hard walk with the purpose of journey, where the traveler will spend
minimum one night at the destination

Mountaineering – climbing, expedition, mountaineering, alpinism,

Climbing - ascending with necessary gears above the base camp of the peaks at an altitude up to
6000 m

Alpine Style: A way of mountaineering by carrying all necessary food, shelter, equipment by
yourself in a single ascent from base to summit etc.

Expedition: the process of climbing in the high mountain above 8000 meters (14 peaks and 8
peaks in Nepal)

Mountaineering: all kinds of mountain sport activities people practice in and around mountain
areas.

These terms are defined by World Mountaineering Association (WMA)

Journey and travel – synonym: overland service – going from one to another destination mostly
by using transport

Tours: a package including travel (transportation), food and visit accessible by transport

Sightseeing: visiting the sights of a places or the activity of visiting places of interest in

city/cultural areas

Day I
Walking: walking on foot with any sense
Hiking: a walk to be completed within a day with the purpose of travel.
Trekking: A long and hard walk with the purpose of journey, where the traveler will
spend minimum one night at the destinations.
Climbing: Ascending with necessary gears above the base camp of the peaks at an
altitude up to 6,000meters.
Expedition: Expedition is the process of climbing the high mountain above 8000
meters. It starts from camp and up to it's peak with climbing.
Mountaineering: All kind of mountain sport activities people use in and around the
mountain area.
Alpinism: A way of mountaineering in a self-sufficient manner, carrying all
necessary food, shelter, equipment by yourself in a single ascent
from base to summit. Additionally alpine style means the refusal of
high- altitude posters and the use.
Sight seeing: Person visiting the sights of a places or the activity on visiting places of
interest in a particular location.
Tour: Activities/ visit from place to place as a holiday with package.
Jhiti Kunta: Tradition started by Mahendra to allow people of Manang to bring stuff
from abroad tax free around 2028, they were also allowed
passport easily because Manang was dry and people had to migrate

Day II
History of Trekking
 "Trek" was "Trekken" in 18th Century used by South African Dutch speakers. Originally
meant to pull or to travel usually in bull cart or horse-cart or ox-wagon
 "Trek" was used in English dictionary in 19th century
 Nepal is the first country which started to organize and commercialize trek from the 60's
 Colonel Jimmy Robert, 1st Person to establish Mountain Travel as 1st travel agency in Nepal
in 1964
 Col. Jimmy Robert brought 1st group of 6 pax to trek in Nepal after his 2 years of marketing
in Europe
 Col. Jimmy Robert came as millitary attache in the British Embassy, made Chitwan as a a
tourist destination, introduced river water rafting

Trekking
It is a long journey undertaken on foot in areas where common means of transport are generally
not available. Trekking is not mountaineering; it is days of walking along with adventure. The
himalayan routes are famous for attracting a large number of trekkers. Eg: Annapurna, Dolpo,
Langtang, Manaslu, and Mount Everest.

Characters of trekking trail and destinations/Demands of Trekking

 Age is no barrier
 Walking on foot/Different than other soft travel
 Purpose of travel
 Multidays of hiking
 Avoiding civilization. It is a total experience with nature and wilderness including people and
places
 Remoteness
 Ascending & descending in hilly regions
 High passes (Bhanjyang:Tibetan- "La", Dry and at height), Gorge/Galchi: Deeper part of two
hills, Deurali: resting place/devi, pathi chadhaera dunga ley chopchan devi khusi hunchan
vanera)
 Lakes in higher places
 Base camp of mountains
 Natural and cultural diversity

Ability of trekkers/qualification of trekekrs/who can trek?

 Interest/will power
 Time/Holiday
 Budget/spending capacity
 Physical fitness/health

Definition of Mountaineering
Mountaineering is a technical sport usually incorporating the skills of rock climbing and
climbing on ice or activity with the hobby or profession of hiking, skiing, and climbing
mountains. All require experience, athletic ability, and technical knowledge to maintain safety.
It is often called Alpinism, especially in European languages, which implies climbing high
mountains with difficulty such as the Alpines. A mountaineer with such great skill is called an
Alpinist. The word was coined in 19th century to refer to climbing for the purpose of enjoying
climbing itself as a sport or recreation.

Importance of Trekking

As a industry, it is
 Smokeless
 Earns foreign currency
 Increases revenue in remote and rural areas
 Promotes rural areas as tourist destination
 Provides opportunity for entrepreneurship & generate employment for grass-roots
people
 Offers supports and maintains regional imbalance of development withing the country
 Workers-friendly industry/workers friendly, offers raw materials less industry
 Contributes direct and indirect benefits to local people in remote areas with a wider
range

Satellite Accounting measures the indirect impacts of the sector.

Function and Role of Trekking Guide

I. Information and communication (75% work)
II. Service
III. Safety and Security

Briefing notes:
1. Instruct to pack spare clothes, medicines
2. Make sure porter reaches the destination earlier than you do
Knoweledge of Trekking Itinerary (needful facts to preparing trekking itineraries)
Short and sweet but enough

a) Outline of itinerary
6D +5
i. Date Elevation/Altitude
ii. Days Mode of transport
iii. Destination and Area Time
iv. Distance Accomodation
v. Difficulties Meal includes
vi. Duration

b) Detailed Itinerary - 6D + 5 + 1 (Daily: Schedule, difficulties, and attraction/highlights of the

day)
Need a database of itnneraries
Every 300 m height gain requires a day of lodging or rest
Must include ascending and descenting altitudes.

Types: Fixed Itinerary or Flexible/Customizable Itinerary (prices per day separately, or per
season separately where as company negotiation must consider future inflow of work

Art of Preparing an itinerary

i. Itinerary should be a mirror of the trek
ii. Itinerary should be short and sweet but enough
iii. As possible, make shorter and use abbreviations
iv. Mention altitude after every location
v. Schedule, difficulty, distance, and attraction to be defined

Grading/Difficulties of Trek
Grade A Soft/Easy Trek Upto 16 km/day 4-6 Simple trip can be enjoyed by everyone
(E) 2000mtr hrs leading a normal life
Grade B Moderate/ Upto 12 km/day 6 Mix of short and long distance trekking.
(M) Medium Trek 3000mtr hrs Prior experience of trek in hills advised
Grade C Difficult/ Above 8 km/day 6-8 Mix of moderate and hard trek with
(D) Strenuous Trek 3000mtr hrs increased risk of AMS
Grade D Technical/ Upto 4 km/day 7-9 High passes with climbing equipment may
(T) Challenging Trek 5500mtr hrs be required

Briefing:
Elaborate itenarary,
Sample Outline

Title of the Trek : Annapurna Panorama

(Ghorepani-Ghandruk Circuit)

Group A - Heading of the itinerary

Name of the trek : Annapurna Panorama
Destination of the trek : Ghorepani Poon Hill
Type of the trek : 7 Days
Number of pax : 10 pax
Grading of the trek : Easy
Total number of staff : 6 (1 guide + 5 porters)

Easy and Medium Trek : 1 porter carries 30 kgs of weight (15 kg per person)
Diffcult Trek : 1 porter carries 15 kgs of weight (7.5 kg per person)

Groub B - Day by day itinerary

Day 01 / 30 May:
Drive 7 hrs for 200 km / fly 35 minutes from KTM (1350m) - PKR (850m) - O/N in Hotel - [L, D]

Day 02 / 31 May:
Drive to Nayapool (1070m) for 1.5 hrs and trek to Ulleri (2070m) walk for 5 hrs / approx. 16km-
O/N at the local lodge - [B, L, D] - (E)

Day 03 / 01 June:
Trek to Ghorepani (2800m) 14 km for 5 hrs - O/N at the local lodge - [B,L, D] - (M)

Day 04/02 June:

Hike to Poon Hill (3210m) in 45 minutes and trek to Tadapani (2874m) in 5 hrs/ approx. 15 km -
O/N at the local lodge - [B,L, D] - (M)

Day 05/03 June:

Trek to Ghandruk (2070m) walk for 3 hrs / approx. 12km- O/N stay at the local lodg -[B,L, D]- (E)

Day 06/04 June:

Trek to Nayapul for 4 hrs/12km and drive back to PKR for 1.5 hrs - O/N stay at the Hotel Barahi -
[B,L,D] = (E)

Day 07/05 June:

Drive or Fly back to KTM
Staff & Group Briefing
1) Type of Briefing
a) Introductory Briefing - should include greetings, introduction, trip summary with
attractions and difficulties.
b) Day briefing - Occurs post dinner, should include timetable, highlights, and
difficulties for the next day
c) Spot briefing - Should include describing every focus point / highlighted point on
the spot
d) General briefing - should brief rest of the information to the tourist and staff for the
service part
2) Subject of Briefing
a) Greetings
b) Table Manner
c) Social Behavior
d) Social norms and values
e) Country's rules and regulations
f) High altitude sickness and prevention
g) Trekker's discipline / Do's and don'ts
h) Flora (plant life of region)
i) Fauna (animal life of region)
j) Nature, culture, geography, history
k) Itenarary & attraction of the day
l) Safety & security
m) Lost / Theft / Robbing / missing / walking manner (do not split the group)
n) Refund and no refund + include and not included policy
3) Art of briefing - 4P + 3
a) Pro-active
b) Positive
c) Polite
d) Curious
e) Sense of Humor
f) Short, sweet & enough
g) Knowledge about subject
h) Perfect
Where? Places of Interest
  Dhaulagiri - Biggest white mountain in the world. (Nepal doesn't have a lot of white
mountains due to slope
 Kanchenjunga 8586m - Third bigest mountain with glaciers like Pangpema and Yalung
 Ganesh Himal - Its beauty untouched by modern civilization, crossing the Sing-La
(4400m) to see the mountain views, Ganesh Himal Basecamp and experience and the
tamang valley experience
 Kathmandu Valley - Nagarkot, Dhulikhel, Panauti, Shivapuri, Kakani and Daman give
opportunities to see the massive views of the mountain of Nepal, magnificent sun set
and sun rise views from the top of the hill and short excursion opportunities
 Dolpo Region - Traditional Tibeta cultural heritage, rain shadow area of Nepal,
naturally isolated area such as hidden land, rural communities
 Annapurna Circuit lies between Marsyangdi in the East and Kali Gandaki in the West,
Pari Kali Gandaki dhaulaghiri range, Kaligandaki's Dana is the deepest gorge in the
world. Dhaulagiri (8167m), Annapurna (8091). Beni (1100 m) Dana is 1400 m. 6700 m
difference in between two places Dana and top of Annapurna.

Types of Trekking and its Need in Nepal

Trekkers: Backpackers or Package trekkers

Three types based on Logistics:

1. Camping Trek - dominated for first 30 years of trek
2. Lodge to Lodge Trek - Benefits to local economy
3. Homestay trek - Ghalegaun and Syangja's Sirubari (1st homestay gaun), Rasuwa's 1st
Route with home stay in every camp Tamang Heritage Trail: Ghatlang, Tatopani, Thuman
ra Bidim; 2005 officially started a project to intitate 5 homestay trek routes only Rasuwa
became successful due to Maoist insurgency in Nepal. A big advantage of homestay trek
was overtime the homestay's converted into Lodges
Trekking plan & costing (finding the expenses topics)

I. Heading and Indicators

a) Name of the Trek : Annapurna Panorama
b) Destination of the trek : Ghorepani Poon Hill
c) Type of the trek : Tea House
d) Duration of the trek : 7 days
e) Number of pax : 10 pax
f) Total Number of Staff : 6 (1 guide + 5 porters)

II. Heading of Documentation and expenses

a) Food
b) Accomodation
c) Types of equipment
d) Staff
e) Transport
f) Entry Permit
g) Trekking permit
h) TIMS (Trekking Information Management System, must register)/Heli Rescue for
staff by TAAN
i) Medicines (Only for the staff)
j) Insurance (For staff by the company make sure, For clients: compulsary to manage
by themselves)
k) Communication
l) Profit (Alternative services: coffee, bedsheet covers at lodges, adust pricing and
porter cost)
m) National Park Permit
n) Conservation Park Permit
III. Handling crisis
i. Crisis out of our control
a) Landslide/ natural disaster
b) Flight delay/ cancel
c) Roadblock/ Bandha
ii. Crisis could be under our control
a) Sick including altitude sickness
b) Accident
c) Accomodation
d) Conflict between staff
e) Early return from the trek

Guest and camp safety and security, the importance of satisfied guest
A. SAFETY - How to maintain physical and environmental safety part during the trek?
I. Be careful about safe and hygenic food, drinkable water, and others whether you are in a
camping or lodge trek
 II. Waste disposable method - manage plastic buckets (green for disposable and red for
non-disposable) to collect rubbish
III. Use of toilet tent and kerosene or gas for both staff and guess
IV. Clean your camp before you have to leave the place
V. Try to leave minimal footprint to minimize impact and be a responsible operator and
trekker to conserve nature and culture
Always carry medicine with a first aid kit, oxygen, gamo bag for big groups and for high
passes treks
VI. Emergency Evacuation procedures if necessary

B. Security - How to maintain security for your group and belonging during the trek?
I. Always trek in a group/do not split the group/do not be far from your group/ maintain a
walking manner
II. Brief the group about all kinds of security matters/ make them responsible for their own
and personal belongings
III. But internally be responsible for all kinds of security matters for yourself (Before each
departure, wait for a minute check if anything is left behind, be aware about where your
guests are and if they have left their belonging)
IV. Select the safest place for your camp or lodge
V. Manage night security service for camping trek and get help from all your staff as a
teamwork
VI. Make them aware of possible incident
VII. Keep good relations with locals and police where you visit
VIII. Set your camp near another group for safety purposes
IX. Design your camp

C. Importance of a satisfied guest

I. Repeated visitor
II. Recommendation
III. Effective marketing without investment
IV. Promoting Nepal by non-paid foreign Ambassadors

D. Handling Crisis
1) Crisis out of our control
a. Landslide/natural disaster
b. Flight delay/cancelled
c. Roadblock/bandha

2) Crisis could be under our control

a. Sick including altitude sickness
b. Accident
c. Accomodation : October very hard to find accomodation, call and book from cell phone,
trekking lodges are in facebook, sms even more effective
d. Conflict between staff

March-April-May (Spring Season)

Winter and rainy season (off-season)
September-October-November (Peak season)

Early return from the trek- terms of contract explained

Discipline, responsibility and accountability

-Trekking discipline
-Do's & Don'ts for trekkers and staff
A. Discipline
I. Governement rules and regulation
-Valid visa require to stay in Nepal
-Trekking permits to trek iin control areas
-National park and conservation area entry permits need to enter into NP and Conservation
areas.
-Climbing permit need to climb NMA 31 peaks upto 6400 m heights
-Expedition permits need for Expedition Mountains above 6500m+ above 6400mt but technical
mountains
-TIMS Card needed in all open treks
-Except for control areas all border wards to Tibet are restricted for all foreign nationals

II. Social, cultural, natural, and environmental rules, practices, norms, and values
-Tourists are not here to change us and the things around us
-All tourist destinations and products and activities are not for discussion
-Tourists are just here to see, to know, and our diverse nature and culture
-Our diverse cultures are an important part of our nationality

B. Do's and don'ts for trekkers and staff

Greetings
I. Namaste - brief that its common to put palms together and do Namaste

Nepalese Table Manner

II. Use your right hand to eat and deal with food. Nepalese use their left hand to wash
themselves after defacating. Also remeber that most Nepalese use their fingers to eat and using
spoons and forks is not common, especially when you are having "Daal Bhat" the staple
Nepalese diet, but this does not mean, however, that the guest is not to use a fork, knives, and
spoons. We have table manner in Nepal that is quite different from those at home.

III. Unshoe yourselves in mandirs and stupas

IV. Beef is prohibited among both the Hindus and Buddhists and no female animal is killed for
food

V. Once your lips have touched a food item or its container, it is considered Jutho (Polluted) for
others. Don't eat off someone elses plate or offer anyone food you have taken a bite out of. s

Communication Skills - How to communicate is often overlooked?

Need Professional Communicative Skills to be a professional Guide, How, where, when, what?
Encourage your guest to walk!
Do not misbehave with porter infront of the guide.

 Over 1600 peaks recognized by NMA

 Over 300 peaks in Everest Region which is around 7000 sq kms
 Two types: Major Peaks (Above 7000m and Minor Peaks (Above 5000m, must be 5500 m
to counted as a peak by NMA)
 Major Peaks: Includes 4 8000ers (Sagarmatha, Choyu, Lhotse, Makalu)
 Minor Peaks: (Meera, Iland Thamseku, Lobuche,, Ama Dablam)
 Khumbu Galcier, Ama Dablam Glacier, Glacial lakes

1. Physical & Mental Fitness : meditation

2. Personal Character discripline/habits/behavior
3. Knowledge books/map
4. Skills speaking/cooking/ camping

Speaking Tips
1. Be clear and complete
2. Speak in a positive tone
3. Be clear in your objectives of communication
4. Match body language and voice modulate to the words you speak
5. Ask or expect questions from your guests (Be interactive)
6. Listen Completely
7. Avoid confusing words
8. In different opinion with the guests, try to find a common ground

Brief
Lukla 2860 m to Phakding 2610 m
Distance: 7 km
Direction: North East
Elevation: 2860m to 2610 m
Weather: Winter (min -5 C to max 6 C /Summer 5-6 C to 18 C)
Features: Lukla has less that 100-150 houses with max 4000 people, 1st trek highlight is walking
next to Dudhkoshi, major river, whitish, high rapids suitable for rafting, originating from the
Khumbhu glacier, species of pine glaciers. Foggy, hazy, frosty find difference

Religions of Nepal Day I by Punya Parajuli

Religion and Dharma

Supernatural Power (Daivik Shakti)

Belief in the Soul, belief in heaven, hell and residences in lakes, hills, home, communication with
the spirits, harmful and beneficial spirits, witches

Religion: Belief in the supernatural

Dharma: Spirit is separate than body is an indication of Dharma

Three types:
Animism -
Spirits in the nature (Prakriti Puja, nature worshipping). Spirits in the panchatatwa
Mountains, Lakes, Trees, Wind especially

Kirat, Bon, Masto (Mundhung trail: Saptakoshi ko kinar, silichung)

Bon: White snake devi in Gosaikunda, bhonpo (instrument player), ghyabring, shime,
bhume, nag, nagini) Gurung and Masto in Bajhang, bajura, humla, jumla, mugu. Than ma
bhako shakti manche ma prabesh garchan, no statue or name, major oral tradition.

Also known as Shamanism (Shaman a siberian word, Nachung of east, pajyu of west,
phedangwa, masto dhami, jhakri, bhonpo, ajima/mata) Spiritual possession of the body.

Doesn't have dharma as its basis. Doesn't talk of moksha. In Africa, South America,
Siberia, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia whereas Europe and North America One God
philosophy exceptions with animism is in Romania.

Animism co-exists with other religion. Other relgions have inherited features of Animism
eg Thailand with Buddhism

Vedic Dharma - Sanatan Dharma (because no dates as to the origin) - Hinduism (Modern
word, indus valley civilization)
Vedic practice on top of Animism. Practice of Holy Scripture Veda. Oldest scripture.
Initially transfered through oral tradition (Shruti). Image of a Rishi getting visited by
divinity and singing of the slokas. Large amount of Slokas resulted in Krishna Dwaipayan
(Vedvyas) categorized Vedas in 4 parts: Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, Adharva Veda.

Still the practice of memorization of vedas.

Tadpatra : Terai tira lekheka

Bhojpatra : Bokra ma lekheka
Paper
Digital
Rig Veda:
33 Koti (Categories/Crore) Gods are described. 11 each in Sky, Heaven, Earth
How to communicate with Gods, invite them?
Slokas in Rig Veda

Sam Veda:
Since there are Slokas in Rig Veda, singing and musciality was described in Sam Veda for
the singing of the Vedas

Yajur Veda:
Application, Karma Kanda vidhi described

How to attain Moksha is the major concern of the first three Vedas whereas Adarva Veda
is more practical.

Adharva Veda
Tantric elements, mantras for destruction of insects. Talks of medicine, statecraft,
politics. Adharva Veda shares features with Animism

Shakta Hinduism:
Newas and Hilly Nepalese went the Animism inspired sacrificial practice. Eg: Dashain
wheras Madesh or Indian practice is the worship of energies nawa durga without
sacrifice. Adharva Veda gave space for animism to integrate

Upanishada:
Philosophic discourse of Veda. What is atman? How is Atman? Is it eternal? Who am I?
Yogas, Dhyana, Moksha.Yagyavalkya - Rishi in Mithila
Kavyas made upansihads famous. Mahakavya like Mahabharat has 400,000 lines longest
kavyas.

Geeta in modernity as the essence of Hinduism

 The last wrtten works are the Puranas. Swayambu puran, Pashupati Puran, Garud Puran.
Historical nature of texts. Philosophy mixed with history without the song.
ShreemadBhagwat Mahapuran. Purans are popular. As a popular text, it generates sects.
Vaishnavs. Shiva purana - Shaivism, devi bhagwati - Shakta Shaktism (Energy drawn from
all three major gods) - bloodloving, sacrifice. Today more influenced by pauranic.

Paurans highlights Nepal and places:

Gosainkunda in Shaivapurana, it talked about Samundra Manthan (Ocean
Churning), Shiva, Kalkut poison in neck called Nilakantha, then came to himalayas and
angrily threw his trishul which erupted three water sources came to Shiva head and
comforted him in Gosaikunda.

Gosaikunda can be marketed as alternative to ManSarovar to Shaivic Indians

Muktinath : Muktikshetramentioned in Bishnupurana, (Jalandhar asur, wife brinda and

bishnu). Bishnu seduced wife Brinda and made Jalandhar die due to impurity, Brinda
cursed Vishnu, converted vishnu into stone (also called as Shaligram), vishnu did tapasya
in Muktinath to get liberated in Damodar Kunda (3 kundas in Nepal, 2 kunda in China),
Yaraghara, Mustang and Manang border, high pass in between, naar in Manang.
Shaligram area; Kagbeni, devghat, rudrabeni)

Buddhism -
Dharma on top of Animism in modern day
- 623 BC Lumbini Siddhartha Gautam - 35 years old, became Buddha in Bodhgaya
- West Kapilvastu (Palace of Tilaurakot Shakya ethinicity, Suddhodhan) and East Devdaha
(Kaulia, Mayadevi) in the middle upavan called Lumbini (Entertainment)
- Baishakh purnima, in Lumbini upavan, Mayadevi was traveling to Devdaha, in the
upavan she went to labor and gave birth to Siddhartha
-Mayadevi returned back to Kapilvastu and died in 7 days
- Shakya : Ethnicity, Gautam - Gotra, Siddhartha - Nwaran name
- Suddhodhan married Mayadevi's sister, Prajapati
- Jyotish foretold Buddha could be regional King or World Monk which worried
Suddhodhan
- Married princess Yasodhara
- At 29 years of age, Siddhartha went for a visit outside which unsettled him. (Image of
an old man, a sick person, a dead body, and lastly a monk. He gave birth to a son, named
him Rahul, because he was thinking about leaving the palace and becoming a monk. The
night of the celebration party he left the palace
- At first he met guru Alarkalam, asked why people get dukhi? Unsatisfied met
Uddhakramputra and was still unsatisfied. After then he did six years of severe tapasya
with little food, fasting. After six years he was resting in the tree, long beared was
confused for being a bandeuta during a visitation by the local. Sujata a local person
made kheer and offered it to him which gave him energy and he thought about adopting
middle path
- Across that tree, in the night, in Baisakh purnima at 35 years of age in a Peepal tree he
got Bodhi (And Nirvana, Englightenment) or bodhibriksha (in Urvela or Bodhgaya in
modern naming) and was called Buddha
- For first 7 weeks he spent time in Bodhgaya became very content for a week meditating
at the base of the bodhi tree
- It is said he was visited by Brahma and Vishnu and urged him to share his teachings
-In Sarnath there are Panchabargia Bhikshu in Sarnath (Deer Park), friends he had done
tapasya with, then in the middle of the forest, he did his first teaching Dharma Chakra
Prawachan
- Raja Ashok in honor of Buddha made a pillar there with a chakra which was included by
India in their national flag
-Two pillars in the middle a dharmachakra is a sign that its a Bihar or a Gumba.
- At 80 years he said today is my last day in Kushinagar he slept and wanted to depart.
After much pleadings, he said to consider his speakings as teachings and guides and
those who highly regard to visit 4 places
Lumbini, Nepal - to know that Buddha was born a man
Bodhgaya, Bihar - to know how a common man could become buddha
Sarnath, Banaras, UP- to know the teachings of Buddha
Kushinagar, UP - to know the last stage of parinirvan from this life

After these guidings religious tourism became more popular

After 49 years of Buddhism, Magadh king Ashoka became Buddhist and visited the 4
places and made pillars.

The teachings became oral collection. 500 chelas gathered and agreed upon the oral
teachings by recitation after 3 months which is Tripitak (Buddha Bachan Sangraha) with
3 teaches (Kangyur 100 verses in pali or sanskrit, Tibetan translations) Eg: Bhagwan
Bahal Thamel, written with gold ink, besides Chaya Center, in Golden Temple

Pali could be related to Nepali

Following Buddha means aspiring for Triratnas

Buddharatna - Buddham Saranam Gacchami ratna rupi buddha ko sharan ma jahnchu
Dharmaratna - Dhammam Saranam Gacchami Will trade the path of Buddha, original
buddhism is rare
Sangaratna - Sangam Saranam Gacchami, Sangat kasko garne? who are companions?
those who are in the Buddhist path? following teachings of buddha

Triratna, triplezen, kun sog sum

84000.com 84000 teachings of buddha

 Srilankan, Burmese and Thai read religious text in Pali but local language in oral use

Buddha was cremated. Astudhatu (burnt remains) (relics) was managed. The eight kings
of the time where in conflict about who should keep it. Priest Drona by weight separated
the Astudhatu and each part was given to the kings. Eight stupas were build based on
these Astudhatu. 1 in Ramgram. Ashok raja wanted to make 84000 stupas. In Ramgram
they couldn't dig. A myth is that it was protected by a Snake. But rest 7 were dug up
mixed with further ash and distributed.
Patan stupa - Pulchowk stupa , Gwarko stupa, Lagankhel stupa, Sankhamul stupa
Chabhil stupa - Charumati daughter of ashoka

A tradition was started for Astudhatu stupa building after cremation!

Buddha's teeth was alocated to Vaishala, daughter of buddha, tooth temple in SriLanka,

Ramgram marketing not yet done! Bhairawa

Bodhisatwa - Huniwala Buddha, buddha margi

Myth - Buddha Shakyamuni started as Sumegh Brahman during the time of Deepangkar
buddha, another avatar mahasatwa (panauti) a prince dontated himself
as food to a tiger and 5 cubs, in his remembrance Namobuddha, hotel
dusit made there
- 547th Avatara Siddhartha Gautaama. Go from Panauti
- Jataka Tales (Tales of Bodhisatwa's before becoming buddha)
-Details in Nepalsamaj channel youtbe, books by Punya Parajuli
- Self arisen light in Swayambhu, no relics
Kanakamani Budhha
Depangkar Buddha
Kasya Buddha (Astidhatu in Bouddha Stupa)
Shakyamuni Budha
Currrent Bodhisatwa: Maitraya
Legend: 1000 buddhas before earth gets
4 Buddhas already, Shakyamuni buddha 4th

Who are four Buddhas?

Tomorrow: Mountain Buddhism

Trekking Techniques
Kamal Dodari - Doti, Bouddha TMS

Experience ra knowledge both are determined by skills

Skills:
Language
Eg: Say traffic is very unpredictable, once the vehicle arrives we leave instead of we leave in ___
minutes

Cross culture communication

Take note of ritual belief and religious belief

Steps:
Everyone is different and can offer different services. It creates different value chain. Who would
need the value that I specifically create?

What is the value that I create?

That is my market. The value that I or my team can create has to match with the need of
prospective clients. This is helpful in identifying if there is my market. Then one can tallk about
how to capture the market that might exist.

Offerings:
1. General trek planning
2. Interest planning: Suppose if the client is interested to understand flora and fauna deeply,
how to arrange a guide capable of identifying and helping the client understand the flora and
fauna in his language? Perhaps provide a richer experience.

Culture Day II

Defintion of culture: Established Accepted Practice

Topics of culture: Knowledge, belief, art, love, festival, customs, norms, dance, food,
architecture, skills, technology, philosophy
Type: Tangible and Intangible

What is difference between culture and civilization?

Culture can be even in the stone age.
What is civilization? Social, Economic, Religious, Philosphic co-development or peak of cultural
development
The first time man made a tool/a sharp weapon is the beginning of culture

1. Neo-lithic Period 12000 - 7000 BC Agriculture (First in Jordan, India 7000 BC),
(Pre-historic period) tools, houses, animal husbandry, first clay pots,
clothes, polished tools, permanent settlement
(from nomadic settlement) Stone tools,
kitchen, hade aujar, kathe aujar, pots

Market: Bhoto

Features of Culture:
Man can control nature and thus the ability of taming is what gives rise to culture
- Culture is man-made
- It is a learning process
- Different from society to society ( People celebrate festivals but the specific festivals and
method might be different) (Different in bidhi bidhan, paddati, practice)
-Changeable a. Sada ko lagi harauni, b. Rup ferine, c. dohori

Nepalese Culture:
Before 3500 years, Nepal started to be inhabitated by North and the South. Thus, Nepalese
culture is the result of this mixing of north south inhabitants of different ethnic groups in
various time periods. Antarkriya, lenden of cultures, experience. 125 Ethnic groups in Nepal.
3500 years first statecraft by Gopalbansa hence considered the beginning point of Nepalese
culture

Gopal (Gai palne, Nep upajati ka manche ko country Nepal, begining of governemnt)
Mahispal
Kirat (Trade, business)
Lichhavi (Ancient Period) (Swayaumbu, boudhhanath, changunarayan, pashupatinath, written
evidences, hindu and bouddha, jatiya byawastha, barna byawastha, )
Mallas (Medieval Period) 9th to 18th Ad (Strong jati pratha, chuwachut, Jayasthiti malla, sahar
naai chirna nahune, gar gahana launa nahuni, jatra chad parba, machhindranath, dashain, indra
jatra)
-Khasa Malla Kingodom of Western Nepal
-Karnatakas of Simraunghad (Taleju easta devis of karnats, ramayan, mahabharat, puran,
shakti puji)
-Malla of Kathmandu

Khasa Malla Kingdom

Dissolution of the khasa malla kingdom led to the formation of Baise Rajya and Chaubise
Rajya, in east 10 thum rajyas of Rai Limbu, Kathmandu Bhaktapur Lalitpur
Shah (Modern)
Features of Nepalese Culture

142 Ethnic Groups

124 Mother tongues
10 Religions

Unity in Diversity

 Cultural Diversity
 Cultural Unity
 Religious Diversity
 Unity in Diversity
 Linguistic Diversity
 Linguistic Unity

Sacraments:
16 Sanskars from Birth to Death in Hindi, generally 4-5 (Garbadan, Punsovan (garba raheko, stri
lai snan puja hom garne), Simantonayan (7 months pregnancy, jungle najane, rukh nachadne,
khola natarne), Jatakarma (Maha ghee chataidine), Nwaran, Karnached, Pasani, Cheewar (kapal
khawarini), Bratabanda, Bibhah, Antyosti...etc)

Nritya, dance and song:

Tika kina laune?

Sahit ramro banaune, din ramro banaune chalan. Tika is identity. The color red(subha karya
garera khan pan) , white (common), yellow (Shraddha khaera ako), black, kharani tin dharkey
( shaiva), long yellow (vaishnav), religious and sect identification

Janti (Janti ko ko hun vanera keti pakshya ley chinun vanera)

Vedic Science (Place of tika is sensitive, ghee, maha, chandan provides sheetalta)

Sindur is identity of a married woman

Festivals in Nepal are based on Lunar Calendar (354 days), one mala mas (how is it arranged?)
Solar Calendar (365) days

Agriculture based country, festivals are common, for what reason?

Family Interaction and meeting or communal meeting, introductions. Festivals have social,
economic, religious, climate, agriculture, historical significance
Structure of Ethnic Identity
1. Name of the group - special characteristics
2. Geogrpahical area - Eg: Solukhumbu to Helambu, Newars: Kathmandu, Bahun/Kshetri: Jata
tyatai; Tharu: Jhapa to Kanchanpur
3. Population
4. Origin: (Caucases-India-Kumaon Garwhal-Dailekh/Jumla (12-13th century)-Gorkha-
Kathmandu )
5. Hisotry: Recorded evidences, usually mideval period
6. Race: Two prajatis aryan and mongolian
7. Caste/Ethnic group
8. Sacraments
9. Religion
10. Festivals
11. Language
12. Dance Music
13. Dress Ornaments
14. Food drinks
15. Occupation
16. Legends

Communication, Coordination, Leadership and Motivation

Communication
Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning. To understand is to perceive, to interpret, and
to relate our perception and interpretation to what we already know.

Components of Communication
1. Source - Make sure what you communicate is from a credible and authentic source.
2. Message
3. Channel
4. Receiver
5. Feedback
6. Environment
7. Context
8. Interference

Bibek -- Nathm Graduate Trekking Guide Expert, Natraj tours