Paulo J.

Aloro GROUP 2 – Engineering

C. Establishing the research gap.

TITLE AUTHOR/S VARIABLE METHODOLOG LOCATION FINDINGS

Y
Potential Use Bellei, P., - Oyster Experimental Europe Oyster shell wastes
of Oyster Shell Torres, I., Shell (Portugal, were used as
Waste in the Solstad, R., & Wastes Norway) powder, calcined
Composition Flores-Colen, - Heat powder, sand, and
of I. - Water a solution to
Construction replace water.
Composites: A With these four
Review experiments, the
workability of
oyster shells as
powder is the
same when it was
calcined (heated).
It decreased when
oyster shells were
substituted to
sand.
Synergistic Munir, M.J., - Sludge Experimental Australia, In this study, burnt
effect of rice Kazmi, S.M.S, (glass, Turkey, clay bricks are
husk, glass, Gencel, O., marble) China prepared to
and marble Ahmad, M.R., - Rice husks incorporate
sludges on & Chen, B. - Bricks different dosages
the and combinations
engineering of glass sludge,
characteristics marble sludge, and
of eco- rice husk. Different
friendly bricks properties,
including physical,
mechanical,
durability, and
thermal
properties, were
then explored to
produce eco-
friendly burnt clay
bricks.

RESEARCH GAP

There are studies that cover incorporating eco-friendly materials to the production of bricks and the
potential use of oyster shells in concretes. However, there is an experimentation gap regarding the use of
oyster shells or other seashell species as the eco-friendly material for making eco-friendly bricks.
Trista Suzzane G. Cagalitan GROUP 2 - Engineering

C. Establishing the research gap.

TITLE AUTHOR/S VARIABLE METHODOLOGY LOCATION FINDINGS

Durability Mohammed - Seashell ash Experimental Gaza Using seashells
and W. - Portland in concrete is a
mechanical Hasaniyah, cement beneficial way
properties Abdullah M. - Water for recycling this
material instead
of seashell Zeyad,
of using landfills
partially Mohanad or leaving it to
replaced M. Awad, accumulate on
cement Abdulaziz beaches and
Alaskar, seaports.
Abdeliazim Therefore, this
Mustafa study promotes.
Mohamed, the
Rayed incorporation of
seashells into
Alyousef
concrete mixes
Study on Dongli - Qinhuangdao Experimental China Through the
frost Wang, local kitchen recycling of freeze–thaw
resistance Qingxin oyster waste oyster waste durability test of
and Zhao, Ce CM, factory seashell
waste and
vegetation Yang, Yaao - Water
kitchen seashell
performanc Chi, waste, the
e of Wenyue Qi, reasons for the
seashell Zhenchao difference was studied.
waste Teng It is found that the
pervious strength and
concrete in freeze–thaw
cold durability of the
area factory seashell
garbage
pervious
concrete is better than
those of kitchen
waste seashell
garbage.

RESEARCH GAP

Even though the studies emphasize the advantages of including seashells in concrete mixtures as a
sustainable recycling technique, there is an underlying gap regarding the precise elements that
contribute to the differences in strength and freeze-thaw durability between factory seashell waste and
kitchen seashell waste when added to concrete.
Rjan Michael G. Sesbreño GROUP 2 – Engineering

C. Establishing the research gap.

TITLE AUTHOR/S VARIABLES METHODOLOGY LOCATION FINDINGS

A review on Wan -The type and The research Malaysia The study
seashells Ahmad percentage of methodology involved found that
ash as Soffian Bin seashell ash investigating the the optimum
partial Wan used as a properties of concrete percentage of
cement Mohammad partial produced with seashells as a
replacement et al. replacement different percentages cement
for cement. of seashell ash as a replacement
-The cement replacement. is between 4
properties of This investigation – 5%. This
the concrete, included testing suggests that
including specific gravity, using seashell
specific gravity, chemical composition, ash as a
chemical compressive strength, partial
composition, tensile strength, and cement
compressive flexural strength of replacement
strength, the resulting concrete. in concrete
tensile The research was can yield
strength, and likely conducted desirable
flexural through a series of results in
strength. laboratory terms of
experiments and specific
analysis. properties
without
compromising
the structural
integrity of
the material.

Utilization Bunyamin -Oyster shell -Oyster shell ash was Indonesia -Concrete
of oyster Bunyamin, ash content sieved to appropriate with a 5%
shells as a Amir (cement sizes for use as a cement
substitute Mukhlis replacement cement replacement replacement
part of level) (#200 sieve) and fine level using
cement and -Water-cement aggregate (2.36 mm oyster shell
fine ratio (w/c) sieve). Different ash exhibited
aggregate in -Compressive water-cement ratios higher
the strength of (w/c) were selected compressive
compressive concrete for the study, strength
strength of including 0.4, 0.5, and compared to
concrete 0.6. concrete
using
-The concrete traditional
mixtures were cement alone.
 prepared by
incorporating oyster -However, for
shell ash as a partial other
cement replacement replacement
and fine aggregate in levels that are
various proportions, higher than
while maintaining 5%, the
different w/c ratios. compressive
The mixtures were strengths of
thoroughly blended to the concrete
create concrete specimens
specimens. were lower
than those of
-Compressive strength the control
tests were conducted specimens.
on the concrete
specimens with
different levels of
oyster shell ash and
w/c ratios. The results
were compared to
control specimens
using only traditional
cement

Research Gap:

While both studies explore the use of alternative materials in concrete production (seashell ash in the
first study and oyster shell ash in the second study), there is a research gap in terms of the comparing
both alternative materials. Specifically, no direct comparison has been made between the performance
of seashell ash and oyster shell ash as partial replacements for traditional cement. Such a comparative
study could provide valuable insights into the potential advantages and limitations of these two waste-
derived materials in terms of improving concrete properties, especially in different locations such as
Malaysia and Indonesia.
Ariel John A. Albances GROUP 2 – Engineering

C. Establishing the research gap.

TITLE AUTHOR/S VARIABLES METHODOLOGY LOCATION FINDINGS

Performance Bee Poh Clam shell ash The study Malaysia The concrete
of Concrete Ong, Umar was used as investigates the specimen of 6%,
Incorporating Kassim partially performance of known as the
of Clam Shell replacement of concrete using optimum ratio of
as Partially cement at clamshell as a clam shell, has
Replacement percentage of partial replaced concrete.
of Ordinary 0% (OPC), 4% replacement for Seashell concrete
Portland (SC4), 6% (SC6), cement. The with 6% of clam
Cement and 8% (SC8). properties of shell ash as
(OPC) Water cement clamshell concrete replacement for
ratio of 0.45 include density, OPC is known as
was used in mix water absorption, the optimum
design of clam compressive replacement
shell concrete. strength, and percentage of clam
splitting tensile shell ash as
strength.has been partially replacing
studied. These OPC in concrete
properties were due to the results
compared with of the highest
ordinary Portland compressive
cement (OPC) strength, splitting
concrete. Based on tensile strength,
using clamshell and lowest
ash with percentage of
proportions of 4%, water absorption
6%, and 8% by among other
weight of cement seashell concrete.
through mixing, Moreover, seashell
the optimum concrete with 6%
compressive clam shell ash as a
strength was replacement for
achieved for the OPC had the
mix that replaced highest density on
cement by 6%. 28 days among
other specimens.
Durability Bassam A. The four This ash is used to Saudi The results also
and Tayeh et.al seashell partially replace Arabia show that the
mechanical concrete mixes, cement by 5, 10, compressive
properties of SC5, SC10, 15 and 20% by strength of the 5%
seashell SC15,and SC20 weight. These replacement is
partially were prepared mixes are tested slightly higher than
replaced by replacing and compared the SC0 at 28 and
 cement cement with 5, with a SC0 that has 90 days of age,
10, 15 and 20% 0% seashell ash while the tensile
seashell ash by powder (SC0). The strength is higher
weight. The fresh and than the standard
ratio of hardened for the 5% and 10%
water/cement properties of all of replacement at 7
has been fixed mixes are studied and 28 days.
at 0.65 in order through a variety Furthermore, the
to achieve high of tests, including slump test value
workability slump, unit generally increases
without adding weight, with increasing the
a compressive percentage of
superplasticizer. strength and replacement. The
splitting tensile highest durability
strength. The against sulfate and
durability of alkaline attacks is
seashell concrete obtained with 5%
cubic specimens is replacement of
studied by cement with
immersion in 5% seashells which
NaOH(aq) and reported the
MgSO4 (aq) lowest decrease in
solutions. weight and the
highest
compressive
strength after
immersion in 5%
NaOH(aq) and
MgSO4(aq)
solutions. The 5%
replacement mix is
the optimum
percentage of
replacement.
Therefore, this
study
recommends
replacing cement
with 5% seashell
cement.

RESEARCH GAP:

Both studies use seashell waste ash as cement. However, there is a research gap in both studies that
needs further study on the long-term performance of utilizing seashell waste in cement.
Fredinel Michael G. Aguro GROUP 2 – Engineering

C. Establishing the research gap.

TITLE AUTHOR/S VARIABLES METHODOLOG LOCATION FINDINGS

Y
Examining the Ali Naqi, Ordinary Portland - Porosity South In this study,
potential of Salman cement as per the measurements Korea leftover oyster
calcined Siddique, specification of revealed that shell was calcined
oyster shell Hyeong-Ki ASTM C150 [15] calcined oyster into powder and
waste as Kim, Jeong was used as a shell powder used as a
additive in Gook Jang primary binder in reduced the component in
high volume the study. Blast porosity of the high volume slag
slag cement furnace slag as per binder matrix cement. The
the specification of early and workability,
ASTM C989 [16] prolonged the compressive
was sourced from a length of curing. strength, heat of
local industrial - Furthermore, hydration, TGA,
source. The density 29Si NMR MIP, and NMR
and specific surface revealed that analyses were
area of slag are calcined oyster performed to
2.90 g/cm3 and shell powder explore the
4220 cm2/g, aided in the microscopic
respectively. hydration of changes in the
high-volume mechanism of
slag cement, as large volume slag
evidenced by cement upon the
enhanced addition of COS
degree of powder. The
hydration and current
chain length. investigation
- However, yielded the
excessive following results.
inclusion of
calcined oyster
shell powder
resulted in
lower
compressive
strength
growth.
Calcined oyster
shell powder
can be
employed as an
addition in high
volume slag
 cement.
Development Hindavi R. Alkali-activated - Rapid India The study states
of sustainable Gavali , brick, which is also industrialization the potential of
alkali- Ana Bras , known as in these different
activated Paulina geopolymer brick, countries has industrial wastes
bricks using Faria , are formed by the generated a in high strength,
industrial Rahul V. process of mixing, substantial durable alkali-
wastes Ralegaonk moulding and amount of activated bricks
ar curing either at waste that for better
ambient or affects the masonry option
elevated environment. in sustainable
temperature. The Hence, with the construction.
brick consists of increasing Following an
source materials housing exhaustive
containing silica, demand and analysis of the
alumina and fillers industrial waste, literature on the
or fine aggregates, it is desired to utilization of
which are activated use these wastes to
by alkali-activators wastes as raw manufacture eco-
such as sodium material in efficient masonry
hydroxide (NaOH), production of bricks, the
potassium bricks. following may be
hydroxide (KOH), - This is due to stated.
Lithium hydroxide improved Geopolymeric
(LiOH) and silicates mechanical and brick appears to
of potassium and chemical be the most
sodium. performance, favorable since it
durability and may be
eco-efficiency. manufactured
Therefore, the with a high waste
application of content.
alkali-activated
bricks or
masonry blocks
in building
construction
proved to be
efficient,
sustainable and
cost
competitive.

RESEARCH GAP

Both studies need further investigation into the increased use of percentage seashell ash that affects the
brick properties.