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PMA Long course

ENGLISH
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates when a grammatical subject
performs the action or is the receiver of the action. When a sentence is written
in the active voice, the subject performs the action; in the passive voice, the
subject receives the action. In academic writing, it is generally preferred to
choose an active verb and pair it with a subject that names the person or thing
doing or performing the action. Active verbs are stronger and usually more
emphatic than forms of the verb "be" or verbs in the passive voice.

Active:
The award-winning chef prepares each meal with loving care.
Passive:
Each meal is prepared with loving care by the award-winning chef.

In the above example of an active sentence, the simple subject is "chef" and
"prepares" is the verb: the chef prepares "each meal with loving care." In the
passive sentence, "meal" is the simple subject and "is prepared" is the verb:
each meal is prepared "by the award-winning chef." In effect, the object of the
active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. Although both
sentences have the same basic components, their structure makes them
different from each other. Active sentences are about what people (or things)
do, while passive sentences are about what happens to people (or things).

USING THE AUXILIARY VERB "BE"

The passive voice is formed by using a form of the auxiliary verb "be"
(be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been) followed by the past
participle of the main verb.
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Active
He loves me.
We took our children to the circus.
Passive
A thief stole my money,

I am loved. The children were taken to the circus.

My money was stolen.
Notice how the "be" auxiliaries change the meaning of the verbs from action to
condition or from "doing" to "being."
He remembers his His grandmother is grandmother. ("he" is doing an action:
remembering)
His grandmother is remembered. ("she" is in a condition: being remembered)
In this way, the past participle functions very much like an
The woman is pretty. The woman is married.
adjective; it describes the subject. She is a pretty woman She is a married
woman.

VERB TENSES USED IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The following is a summary of active and passive forms of all verb tenses.
Remember that in active forms the subject of the sentence is the person or
thing that does the action. In passive constructions, the verb is performed by
someone or something other than the subject; often, the action is done to the
subject by someone else.
Present Time
Simple Present
Use the simple present tense to make a generalization, to present a
state of being, or to indicate a habitual or repeated action.

Active base form or "-s/-es" form

Passive am/is/are + past participle

Professor Brown teaches at Hunter. (Active)

Sonia is taught by Professor Brown. (Passive)
All humans are equal. (Active)
All humans are created equal. (Passive)
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Maria eats in the cafeteria. (Active)

The cafeteria is cleaned. (Passive)

Present Progressive
Use the present progressive to describe an ongoing activity or a
temporary action.
Active am/is/are + -ing
The students are learning Spanish.
Passive am/is/are being + -ed/-en

Classes are being conducted in Spanish.

Present Perfect
Use the present perfect to describe an action occurring in the past
but relevant to the present, or extending to the present.
Active has/have+-ed/-en
Passive has/have + been + -ed/-en
Hunter has opened a language institute in East Harlem.
The language institute has been opened to
relocate students off the main campus.
Hunter has offered E.S.L courses for twenty years.
E.S.L. courses have been offered since the beginning of Open
Admissions
Present Perfect Progressive
Use the present perfect progressive to describe an ongoing action
beginning before now and is still relevant to the present.
Active
has/have + been + -ing
Passive
has/have + been + being + -ed/-en
Hunter has been awarding BA and MA diplomas for over one
hundred years.
Note: Because of awkward construction, the perfect progressive form
is not used in the passive voice. Instead, an adverb may be used to
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show continuing action: "We have been repeatedly scolded for being
late."
Past Time
Simple Past
Use the simple past to indicate a general or habitual action occurring
in the past or at a specific time in the past.
Active
base+-ed or irregular form
Our family bought all our clothes at Sears when I was young.
Passive
was/were+-ed/-en
The clothes were bought by my mother
On my fifteenth birthday, my uncle gave me one hundred dollars
When I was in high school, my friends and I drove to the mall on
weekends.
The money was given to me to buy new clothes.
We were always driven to the mall by my friend's older brother.
In informal conversation, speakers of English often express habitual
behavior in the past using the modal "would."
Active would + base
Passive would+be+-ed/-en
We would usually eat burgers in the food court.
Most of the french fries would be eaten before we got to the table.
Past Progressive
Use the past progressive to indicate an ongoing action in the past or
an action continuing through a specific past time.
Active was/were+ -ing
Mary and Paul were dating in those days.
Passive was/were being + -ed/-en
One afternoon, Mary was being kissed by Paul when her mother
passed by.
Past Perfect
Use the past perfect to indicate an action completed prior to a
particular time or before another action in the past.
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Active had + -ed/-en

Passive had been +-ed/-en
Completed:
Mary's mother was shocked because she had forbidden her daughter
to date.
Mary had been kissed many times before that day.
Past Perfect Progressive
Use the past perfect progressive to indicate a continuing action that
began before a past action or time.
Active had been + -ing
Passive had + been + being + -ed/-en
Mary had been trying to tell her mother about Paul for a long time.
Future Time
Simple Future
Use the future to indicate an action that is expected to take place at a
future time.
Active will + base
Paul or Mary will marry in june.
Passive will+be+-ed/-en
or
am/is/are going to + base
Mary is going to wear her grandmother's gown.
They will be married by a priest and a rabbi. or
am/is/are + going to be +-ed/-en
The gown is going to be adjusted to fit Mary.
Future Progressive
Use the future progressive to indicate an action in future with
emphasis on continuing action.
Active
will + base + -ing
Mary and Paul will be spending lots of time on beach.
Passive will + be + being + -ed/en
Note: Not used in the passive voice.
Future Perfect
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Use the future perfect to indicate a future action expected to be

completed before another future action or time.
Active will + have +-ed/-en
Passive will + have + been + -ed/en
By their wedding date, they will have saved enough money to buy a
house.
Note: Not used in the passive voice.

Future Perfect Progressive

Use the future perfect progressive to indicate an action projected to

have been going on for a while before a time in the future.
Active will + have + been + -ing
When they celebrate their first anniversary, they will have been living
together for a full year.
Passive will + have + been + being +-ed/-en
Note: Not used in the passive voice.

WHEN TO USE PASSIVE VOICE

Although active voice is generally preferred in academic writing,

passive voice is acceptable under certain conditions.
Use passive voice

to emphasize the receiver of the action instead of the doer

Quizzes are given regularly. Grades for all students are averaged.
Questions are encouraged.
to keep the focus on the same subject through several sentences or
paragraphs

My sister and I grew up and went to school in Jamaica. We were

educated according to the British system. In 1997 we were given the
opportunity to come to the United States. We decided to finish high
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school before leaving our own country. We were concerned that the
education in this country might not be as good as the one we had
there, and we wanted to improve our English too.

When we do not know who performed the action:

Ray's calculator was made in Germany.
The answers have been filled in.

When we do not wish to mention the doer of the action:

Many problems have been ignored for too long.
I was given some bad advice.
Note: This use often reveals an unwillingness to take responsibility
(or place it on someone else)

Substitute:

"A mistake was made."

"Not enough has been done to end homelessness."
"You have been misinformed."

For:

"I made a mistake." "We have not done enough to end

homelessness."
"You are wrong."

when we want to sound objective or avoid using the subject "I"

Studies have shown...

It is well-known...
Hamlet is considered...
It can be assumed....
It has been established...
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Direct and indirect speech

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In
order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or
reported speech.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech
(sometimes called quoted speech) Here what a person says appears
within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use

quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have
to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because
when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in
the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in
the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech
He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change
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As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back
a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right)

Direct speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
Indirect speech
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
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NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he

arrived.
Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech

Will
She said. "I'll teach English online tomorrow."
Can
She said, "I can teach English online."
Must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."
Shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
May
She said, "May I open a new browser?"

Indirect speech

Would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
Could
She said she could teach English online.
Had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
Should
She asked what we should learn today.
Might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
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! Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech
He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that
something is still true i.e my name has always been and will always be Lynne
so:-

Direct speech
She said her name was Lynne.
Indirect speech

"My name is Lynne", she said.

Or
She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.
Direct speech (exact quote)
"Next week's lesson is on reported
Indirect speech (not exact)
She said next week's lesson will be on reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to

fit in with the time of reporting. For example we need to change words like
here and yesterday.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to

where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
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this (evening) that (evening)

today yesterday

these (days) those (days)

now then
(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before last / the

previous weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)

tomorrow the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to

where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

For example:-
At work
"How long have you worked here?"
At home
She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

For example:
Direct Speech
She said, "I teach English online,"
"I teach English online."
Reported Speech
She said she teaches English online.
ог She said she taught English online.
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Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:
We use told with an object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example:
I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
For example:
Lynne told me she felt tired.
For example:
Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to;
For example:
Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked. These
include:
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted,
complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised,
replied, suggested a thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and
informative.

For example:
He asked me to come to the party:-
He invited me to the party.
He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich. However, that is optional.
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For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich. INote - That is never used in

questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

Prepositions
"The plane flew above the cloud, behind the cloud, around the cloud, below
the cloud, beneath the cloud, beside the cloud, beyond the cloud, into the
cloud, near the cloud, outside the cloud, over the cloud, past the cloud,
through the cloud, toward the cloud, under the cloud, and finally dived
underneath the cloud."

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between two

things. In the example above the prepositions show the relationships
between a plane and a cloud. Below is a list of most common
prepositions:

about beside inside to

above besides like toward
across between near under
after beyond of underneath
against by off until
along despite on up
among down out with
around during outside within
at except over without
before for past
behind from since
below in through
beneath into throughout

Some prepositions consist of more than one word. Here is a list of the most
common multiword prepositions
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Along with In place of

Because of In spite of
Due to Instead of
Except for On account of
In addition to Out of
In case of Up to
In front of With the exception of

Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects

Time

On is used with days.

I will see you on Monday. The week begins on Sunday.
At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day.
My plane leaves at noon.
The movie starts at 6 p.m.
In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons.
He likes to read in the afternoon.
The days are long in August.
The book was published in 1999.
The flowers will bloom in spring
Since, for, by, from—to, from—until, during, (with)in - expresses extended t
She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned.)
I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.)
The movie showed from August to/until October. (Beginning in August, ending
in Oct
I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.) We
must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year.)

Place

In- describes the point itself.

There is a wasp in the room.

Inside - expresses something contained.

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Put the present inside the box.

On-talks about the surface.
I left your keys on the table.

At-talks about a general vicinity.

She was waiting at the corner.

Over, above when the object is higher than a point.

He threw the ball over the roof.
Hang that picture above the couch.

Under, underneath, beneath, below-when the object is lower than a point.

The rabbit burrowed under the ground.
The child hid underneath the blanket.
We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.
The valley is below sea level.

Near, by, next to, between, among, opposite - when the object is close to a
point.
She lives near the school.
There is an ice cream shop by the store.
An oak tree grows next to my house
The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street.
I found my pen lying among the books. The bathroom is opposite the kitchen.

Introduce objects of verbs

At - with verbs glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, and stare

She took a quick glance at her reflection. (exception with mirror. She took a
quick glance in the mirror.)
You didn't laugh at his joke.
I'm looking at the computer monitor.
We rejoiced at his safe rescue.
That pretty girl smiled at you.
Stop staring at me.
Of-with verbs approve, consist, and smell
I don't approve of his speech. My contribution to the article consists of many
pages.
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He came home smelling of alcohol.

Of/About-with verbs dream and think
I dream of finishing college in four years.
Can you think of a number between one and ten? I am thinking about this
problem.
For with verbs call, hope, look, wait, watch, and wish
Did someone call for a taxi?
He hopes for a raise in salary next year.
I'm looking for my keys. We'll wait for her here.
You go buy the tickets, and I'll watch for the train. If you wish for an 'A' in this
class, you must work hard.

Frequently Misused Prepositions

Prepositions may sometimes be confused because of slang and the general

informality of ta Here are some frequently misused prepositions.
beside, besides. Beside means next to, whereas besides means in addition.
The comb is beside the brush.
Besides planning the trip, she is also getting the tickets.
between, among. Generally, between is used when two items are involved;
with three or more, among is preferred.
Between you and me, he is among friends.
due to. Due to should not be used as a preposition meaning because of
Because of (not due to) his speeding, we were all ticketed.

inside of. The of is always unnecessary.

Stay inside the house.
The man stayed outside (not outside of) the post office.

WHAT IS A CONJUNCTION?
A conjunction is a word that connects elements of a sentence, such as words,
phrases, or clauses. The three types of conjunctions are: subordinating
conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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Subordinating conjunctions break sentences into word clusters called

dependent (or subordinate) clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone
and must be connected to an independent clause to make a complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions connect the dependent clause to the independent
clause.
Everyone was happy when it stopped snowing.
Common Subordinating Clauses

After
If only
Unless
Although In order that
As
Until
Now that
When
As if
Once
Whenever
As long as
Provided
Where
As though
Rather than
Whereas
Because
Since
Wherever
Before So that
Even if
Whether
That
While
Even though
Though
Within
If
Without
Besides
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Examples
We can go to the beach when it opens in June.
The baby always cries whenever his mother leaves the room.

Even if the movies are closed, we could still go to the mall. We could still go to
the mall even if the movies are closed.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions are single words that connect similar parts of a

sentence, such as adjectives, nouns, and clauses. The acronym FANBOYS is
often used to refer to coordinating conjunctions.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Examples
I am going on a cruise to Mexico, Jamaica, and Aruba.
I really want to go skiing, but there isn't enough snow on the slopes.
Meredith does not want an orange nor a grapefruit.
Danny would rather have a chocolate bar or hot cocoa than a granola bar.
Jenny could not find her notes last night, so she could not study for her test.
Her dress was blue and purple.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Correlative conjunctions connect similar parts of a sentence, such as adjectives,

nouns, and clauses. However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions are combinations of coordinating conjunctions, not only a single
word. They always come in pairs and link grammatically equivalent items.
As...as
Neither...nor
Whether...or
Examples
Both...and
Not only...but also
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Either...or
Not...but
I like cotton candy as much as I like root beer floats. "The correlative
conjunctions link two nouns, cotton candy and root beer floats.

Both the dog and the cat knocked over the trashcan. "The correlative
conjunctions link two nouns, the dog and the cat.
wants to go to either Rutgers University or James Madison University.
"The correlative conjunctions link two nouns, RU and JMU.
Molly nor Emma want to see the new Batman movie.
"
Neither The correlative conjunctions connect two pronouns, Molly and Emma.
To alleviate stress, you should not only identify the stressors but also find ways
of coping with them. "The correlative conjunctions link two clauses, identify
the stressors and find ways of coping.
"When using correlative conjunctions, be careful about parallel structure.
Notice in the above examples, items of the same part of speech are parallel.
Nadine

COMMON ANTONYMS
1. Above = below
2. Absent = present
3. Accident = intent
4. Accomplishment =failure
5. Achieve = fail
6. Add = subtract
7. Adjacent = distant
8. Admire = detest
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9. Admit = reject
10. Adore = hate
11. Advance = retreat
12. Affirm = deny
13. Afraid = confident
14. After = before
15. Aid = hinder
16. Alarm = comfort
17. Alert = asleep
18. Alive = dead
19. Allow = forbid
20. Alone = together
21. Amateur = professional
22. Amuse = bore
23. Ancient = modern
24. Annoy = soothe
25. Answer = question
26. Apparent = obscure
27. Argue = agree
28. Arrive = depart
29. Arrogant = humble
30. Ascend = descend
31. Attack = defend
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32. Attract = repel

33. Awake = asleep
34. Awkward = graceful
35. Back = front
36. Bad = good
37. Beautiful = ugly
38. Before = after
39. Bent = straight
40. Better = worse
41. Big = little
42. Birth = death
43. Bitter = sweet
44. Black=White
45. Blunt = sharp
46. Body = soul
47. Bold = timid
48. Bottom = top
49. Brave = cowardly
50. Break = repair
51. Brief = long
52. Bright = dull
53. Bring = remove
54. Boy = girl
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55. Busy = idle

56. Buy = sell
57. Capture = release
58. Cause = effect
59. Cautions = careless
60. Center = edge
61. Change = remain
62. Cheap = expensive
63. Child = adult
64. Chilly = warm
65. Clean = dirty
66. Close = open
67. Cold = hot
68. Command = obey
69. Complex = simple
70. Compliment = insult
71. Constant = variable
72. Continue = interrupt
73. Cool = warm
74. Copy = original
75. Countrymen = foreigner
76. Crazy = sane
77. Crooked = straight
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78. Cruel = kind

79. Cry = laugh
80. Curse = bless
81. Damage = improve
82. Dark = light
83. Dawn = sunset
84. Day = night
85. Deep = shallow
86. Destroy = create
87. Difficult = easy
88. Dim = bright
89. Divide = unite
90. Doubt = trust
91. Drunk = sober
92. Dull = sharp
93. Dumb=Smart
94. Earth = sky
95. Easy = hard
96. Elementary = advanced
97. End = begin
98. Even = odd
99. Evening = morning
100. Evil = good
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101. Exceptional = common

102. Expand = shrink

SYNONYMS
Abase Degrade, Disgrace, Humiliate, Demean, Dishonor
Abandon Desert, Forsake, Leave, Relinquish
Abhor Hate, Detest, Loathe, Abdominate
Abut Adjoin, Border, Verge on, Join
Abstain Refuse, Renounce, Avoid, Shun
Abbreviate Curtail, Abridge, Compress, Shorten, Truncate
Aberration Deviation, Wandering, Errant, Irrregular , Weird
Abet Aid, Assist, Condone, Favour, Support, Promote
Absurd Ridiculous, Silly, Foolish, Preposterous
Abstruse Recondite, Hidden, Difficult
Assiduous Painstaking, Diligent, Industrious, Laborious

Abundant Ample, Copious, Plentiful, Bountiful

Adequate Enough, Sufficient, Proportionate
Accommodate Adapt, Adjust, Reconcile
Acme Summit, Apex, Zenith, Peak
Acclaim Applaud, Cheer, Celebrate, Extol
Acquiesce Assent, Rest, Accede, Comply, Concur, Consen
Admiration Esteem, Praise, Respect, Approval, Approbation
Adherent Sticking to, Follower, Partisan, Devotee
Affliction Distress, Ordeal, Suffering, Sorrow
Adversity Misfortune, Calamity, Catastrophe, Hostility
Ameliorate Make better, Improve, Amend
Ally Colleague, Helper, Partner,
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Accomplice
Audacious Bold, Brazen, Impudent, Daring
Astonish Amaze, Surprise, Astound, Flabbergast
Assistance Help, Aid, Succor, Collaboration, Sustenance
Aphorism Maxim, Apothegm, Axiom, Proverb, Motto,
Adage
Apprehend Seize, Know, Fear, Arrest, Understand
Appraise Evaluate, Estimate
Antithesis Contrasting, Revers
Alms Dole, Gratuity, Money, Clothes and food that are
given to poor people
Beg Implore, Solicit, Supplicate, Beseech, Request
Bad Evil, Wicked, Devilish, Naughty, Worthless
Blame Censure, Reprove, Condemn, Reproach
Blessing Benediction, God’s help or
protection
Barbaric Savage, Uncivilized, Primitive Align
Bait Snare, Trap, Decoy
Brittle Frail, Fragile, hard but easily broken
Bizarre Unusual, Grotesque, Fantastic
Bewilder Confound, Perplex, Befuddle, Befog, Baffle,
Belligerent Warlike, Pugnacious, Hostile
Bedlam Pandemonium, Chaos, Mayhem, Clamor,
Bravo Fearless, Intrepid, Dauntless, Valiant, Bold
Burlesque Mock, Imitate, Tease,
Satirize, Ridicule, Jeer,
Browbeat Intimate, Bully, Frighten, Threaten
Backlash Repercussion, Reaction, Recoil
Banal Dull, Trite, Hackneyed, Prosaic
Bigoted Biased, Prejudiced, Dogmatic, Opinionated
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Calm Quiet, Tranquil, Peaceful, Sedate, Composed,

Cajole Persuade, Flatter, Wheedle,
Coax
Captious Censorious, Hypercritical, Faulfinding
Care Solicitude, Anxiety, Misgiving, Forebonding
Charlatan Impostor, Mountebank,
Quack, Chicane,
Choleric Irascible, Petulant, Bad-tempered
Conceit Pride, Vanity, Ego, Arrogance
Colossal Gigantic, Huge, Enormous, Mammoth, Vast
Cynical Misanthropic, Moody, Eccentric, Sardonic,
Sarcastic
Conversant Familiar, Well versed, Acquainted (with)
Condign Due, Merited, Well deserved, Due, Suitable
Condone Pardon, Forgive, Excuse,
Overlook
Confess Admit, Apologise, Own,
Acknowledge
Contingen Liable, Possible, Uncertain
Constant Eternal, Perpetual, Incessant, Continuous
Cross Crusty, Fretful, Ill-humoured
Cursory Hasty, Superficial, Careless
Concise Short, Brief, Abridged, Compact
Crafty Cunning, Artful, Sly, Calculating
Cruelty Tyranny, Persecution, Brutality, Oppression,
Damage Loss, Harm, Injury, Detriment
Decay Wither, Fade, Corrode, Decline
Destitute Needy, Forsaken, Orphan
Didactic Teaching, Instructive, Perfecting
Denounce Accuse, Condemn, Arraign, Decry, Censure
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Dangerous Perilous, Risky, Hazardous, Precarious

Dear Expensive, Costly, Loved by somebody
Definitive Limiting, Final, Positive
Desultory Discontinuous, Irregular, Rambling
Diffident Modest, Bashful, Shy
Discourse Lecture, Sermon, Exhortation, Dissertation
Dissipate Scatter, Waste
Economy Management, Frugality, Thrifty, Judicious
Effete Exhausted, Old, Worn out, Tired
Elicit Draw out, Discover
Elude Baffle, Avoid, Cheat, Fool
Emancipate Free, Liberate, Release, Deliver, Uplift
Emulate Imitate, Rival
Enticehl Lure, Persuade, Allure, Entrap
Extravagant Prodigal, Wasteful
Exquisite Elegant, Fine, Matchless, Exclusive
Exceptional Anomalous, Unique, Extraordinary
Extricate Disentangle, Untangle
Ephemeral Transient, Short-lived
Exterminate Uproot, Eradicate, Eliminate, Destroy, Annihilate
Exacerbate Magnify, Heighten, Enlarge, Overstate, Amplify
Exculpate Absolve, Vindicate
Exigency Emergency, Distress
Fascinate Charm, Enchant, Memorize, Bewitch
Fastidious Dainty, Squeamish, Hard to please