Đại Học Bách Khoa TP.

HCM
Bộ Môn Viễn Thông

Môn học – THÔNG TIN VÔ TUYẾN

Chapter 3 – Generations of Mobile Communications
(1G – 5G and beyond)

Presenter: Dr. Nguyễn Đình Long 1

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0947 229599
Website: sites.google.com/view/long-dinh-nguyen
Mar. 2024
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
References of the Presentation

This Chapter slides are modified from WC02-Cellular Concepts

from HCMUT, HCMUTE and other sources.

Tài liệu tham khảo:

▪ T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
▪ A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

2
Outline (chapters)
Introduction to Mobile Communications

Fundamentals of Mobile Communication – Cellular concept

GSM 2G, CDMA-3G, LTE-4G, NR-5G and beyond

Radio propagation – Large-scale fading & Small-scale fading

Multiple access technology – CDMA

Channel capacity, Equalization, Diversity

Emerging Mobile Communication Systems

3
▪ One of the biggest challenges in providing multimedia wireless services is to
maximize efficient use of the limited available bandwidth.

▪ Cellular systems exploit the power falloff with distance of signal propagation to
reuse the same frequency channel at spatially- separated locations.

▪ Different frequencies, timeslots, or codes are assigned to different cells. How to do

this scheme for a increasing number of cells (massive …).

▪ For time and frequency division, cells operating on the same frequency or timeslot
are spaced just far enough apart so that their mutual interference is tolerable.

4
The Cellular Concept

5
Content

1. Introduction to Cellular Network 2G-GSM

2. Cellular Frequency and Frequency reuse

3. Trunking technology and Grade of Service

4. Handoff Strategies

5. Analysis of Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems

6. Introduction to 3G-UMTS/WCDMA, 4G-LTE, 5G-NR and beyond

6
GSM Channel structure
25 MHz ▪ Logical channels are build on
124 carriers physical channels (time slots):
▪ Traffic Channels TCHs)
▪ Paging Channel (PCH)
Burst period Time slot 1 577 s
Time slot 2 =Physical
▪ Dedicated channels..
…..
channel
▪ Common channels..
▪ etc. ..

TDMA frame
= 4.615 ms

Time slot 8

7
Traffic frames & control frames

8
Traffic channels
▪ A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic.
▪ TCHs are defined using a 26-frame multiframe (a group of 26 TDMA frames)
▪ The length of a 26-frame traffic multiframe is 120 ms
▪ Out of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic as

9
Power control
▪ GSM uses power control, adjusting transmit power level in accordance with path
loss.
▪ Advantages:
o Reduces interference
o Reduces power consumption
▪ Can also be used on downlink
▪ Manner of operation, GSM:
o The system (BSC) measures bit error rate (BER)
o Transmit power adjusted up or down according to target value.
o Step size 2 dB
o Maximum update interval: 60 ms

10
Power control - Example

11
 CELLULAR NETWORKS AND ANALYSIS

3G UMTS/WCDMA –
Third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications
What is 3G?

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/3g

13
Evolution of Mobile standards

EDGE

WCDMA HSDPA/
FDD HSUPA
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
LTE

TD-CDMA HSDPA/
TDD HCR HSUPA

TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR

cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdmaOne cdma2000
(IS-95)
cdma2000
1XEV - DV

14
3G & Future Wireless Vs. Bandwidth

10,000,000,000

1,000,000,000 4G

100,000,000
3.5G
10,000,000
bps 3G
1,000,000
GPRS
100,000 2G
10,000

1,000

100
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
15
WCDMA System (1/3)

▪ WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems.

▪ Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

o Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers.

▪ Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time.

o UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
o Users are separated from each other with codes.

▪ High bit rates

o With Release’99 theoretically: 2 Mbps

16
WCDMA System (2/3)
▪ Fast power control (PC)
o Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the interference

▪ Soft handover
o Improves coverage, decreases interference

▪ Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

o Introduces multipath diversity

▪ Support for flexible bit rates

17
WCDMA System (3/3)

❑Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection.

▪ Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:

o Real-time, (voice, video telephony)

o Streaming (video and audio)

o Interactive (web-browsing)

o Background (e-mail, download)

18
WCDMA Radio Access Modes

19
Codes in WCDMA (1/3)
• Channelization Codes (=short codes)
– Channelization codes in WCDMA are Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes.
– Defines how many chips are used to spread a single
information bit and thus determines the end bit rate
• Length is referred as spreading factor

▪ Used for:
▪ Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell.
▪ Uplink: Separation of data and control channels from same terminal.
▪ Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles
▪ additional scrambling code is needed

20
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)

bit

chip

Chip rate = chips / s Maximum chip rate = 3.84M chips/s

SF = chips / bit Maximum SF = 256 chips/bit

3.84M
R=
chip rate R= = 15kbits / s
SF 256
Codes in WCDMA (2/3)

▪ Scrambling codes (=long codes)

o The long code is a Gold code.
o Very long (38400 chips), many codes available.
o Does not spread the signal
o Used for

▪ Downlink: to separate different cells/sectors

▪ Uplink: to separate different mobiles.

22
Codes in WCDMA (3/3)

Channelization
Channelization codes separate
codes separate data/control
different channels
connection

Scrambling
codes separate
cells/sectors Scrambling
codes separate
different mobiles

Downlink Uplink
23
Codes
Channellization Code Scrambling Code
Usage UL: Separation of physical data UL: Separation of terminals
and control channels from same UE DL: Separation of
DL: Separation of different users cells/sectors
within one cell

Length UL:4-256 chips 38400 chips

DL:4-512 chips
No. of codes No. of codes under one scrambling code= SF UL: Several million
DL: 512
Code Family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code
Family
Increase YES NO
B.W?
24
Frequency Bands
▪ From 1,900 MHz to 2,025 MHz and from 2,110 MHz to 2,200 MHz.

▪ UMTS-FDD uses
o The band from 1,920 MHz to 1,980 MHz for the uplink
o The band from 2,110 MHz to 2,170 MHz for the downlink

25
CDMA
▪ Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time (in some
capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also difference carrier frequencies may be used).
▪ Signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
▪ CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference (ref. to
GSM which is a frequency limited system)

26
Important Advantages of CDMA

❑ Many users of CDMA use the same frequency.

❑ Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large signal

bandwidth.

❑ There is no absolute limit on the number of users in CDMA.

Almost other system performance gradually degrades for all users as
the number of users is increased.

27
CDMA Operation
Receiver for User 1
d1(t)+
Transmitter for User 1 Wireless d2(t)sc1(t)sc2(t) d1(t)+e1(t)
Channel TSymbol d’1(t)
d1(t) d1(t)sc1(t)

0
d1(t)sc1(t)+ sc1(t)
sc1(t)
d2(t)sc2(t)

Transmitter for User 2 Receiver for User 2

d2(t) d2(t)sc2(t) d2(t)+
d1(t)sc1(t)sc2(t) d2(t)+e2(t)
TSymbol d’2(t)
sc2(t)

0

sc2(t)
Important Note:
The value of ei(t) depends on the cross correlation di(t): Information Message of User i
properties between sc1 & sc2 sci(t): Spreading code of user i
ei(t): Interference sensed at receiver of user I
ei(t)=0 if c1 & c2 are orthogonal d’i(t): Message detected at receiver 28
CDMA in Military Applications – WW II

The CDMA concept has been introduced as early as 1970s in military applications to elude
jamming signals
Spectral Spectral signal
density Jamming density
signal

signal

De-spreading

frequency frequency

▪ Anti-jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal).
▪ Ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received).
▪ Secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect). 29
CDMA Operation

30
Channel Coding
▪ Forward error correction (FEC): transmit enough redundant data to allow Receiver to
recover from error, no need retransmission required from Sender
▪ FEC categories: Block codes, Cyclic codes, Reed-Solomon codes, Convolutional
codes and Turbo codes

31
Channel Coding

Source
Format Source Encrypt Channel Multi- Modu- Fre- Multiple Trans-
encode encode plex late quency access mitter
spread

Sink
Format Source Decrypt Channel Demulti Demodu Fre- Multiple Re-
decode decode -plex -late quency access ceiver
despread

32
Channel Coding

digital data 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

signal

noise

singal
with noise

sampling
time
reconstruct 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
-ed data
bits in error
Figure-1. Effect of noise on a digital signal
33
Convolutional Codes
▪ Generated by passing the information sequence to be transmitted through a linear
finite-state shift register.

34
Convolutional Codes

▪ Map information bits to code bits sequentially by convolving a sequence of

information bits with “generator” sequences
▪ Encodes K input bits to N>K output bits at one time step according to some rules ,
code rate=K/N
▪ Defined by the circuit, which consists of different number of shift registers (delay
elements) and clock.

35 35
Convolutional Codes
▪ Encoding circuit: Encoder: K=1, N=2, code rate =K/N= ½
xi
ui

(1) (1) ( 2) ( 2)
(
The sequences 0x , x1 , ) (
, 0x , x1 , ) are generated as follows:

xi(1) = ui and xi(2) = ui + ui−1

Multiplexing between xi(1) and xi(2) gives the code bit sequence

x = (( x0(1) x0( 2) ), ( x1(1) x1( 2) ),) = ( x 0 , x1 ,36

) 36
Turbo Codes

▪ A Turbo coder consists of one input being the data sequence, and three outputs
being the systematic output, output I from encoder I, and output II from decoder II. A
typical Turbo coder is shown below.

37
Coding comparison

▪ Convolutional codes: coding rate of 1/2 for common channels and 1/3 for dedicated
channels.
▪ Turbo codes: for high-data-rate (>32 kbit/s) applications. The code rate is 1/3.

▪ Convolution codes is easy to implement than turbo codes. Convolution code needs
only one decoder and one adaptive coding scheme.
▪ Turbo codes produces randomness in coding due to interleavers which is absent in
convolution codes. Turbo code performance close to the Shannon Limit → best code

38
Power Control in WCDMA (1/4)
▪ The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user receives and transmits just enough
energy to prevent:
o Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)
o Exceeding reasonable interference levels

Without PC received power

UE1
UE2
levels would be unequal

UE3

UE1
UE2

UE1 UE2 UE3 In theory with PC received

power levels would be equal

UE3

39
Power Control in WCDMA (2/4)

❑Power control can be divided into two parts:

▪ Open loop power control (slow power control)
o Used to compensate e.g. free-space loss in the beginning of the call
o Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal

▪ Closed loop power control (fast power control)

o Used to eliminate the effect of fast fading
o Applied 1500 times per second

40
Power Control in WCDMA (3/4)

❑ Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
▪ Inner loop power control
o Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target value and if the value is higher than
target then power is lowered otherwise power is increased

▪ Outer loop power control

o Adjusts the target value for inner loop power control
o Can be used to control e.g. QoS.

41
Power Control in WCDMA (4/4)
▪ Example of inner loop power control behavior:

▪ With higher velocities, channel fading is more

rapid and 1500 Hz power control may not be
sufficient.

42
WCDMA Parameters

43
 CELLULAR NETWORKS AND ANALYSIS

4G LTE –
Fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications
What is 4G?

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/4g

45
Introduction LTE
▪ The data rates and spectral efficiencies of WCDMA would not meet the demand
of future applications; therefore, a new system had to be developed
→3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) -> 4G-LTE.

▪ 4G-LTE was decided to completely change both the air interface and the core
network:
o The air interface was to move to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) as modulation.
o Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), with (limited)
support for Multiple Input Multiple Output system (MIMO) antenna technology.
o The core network was to evolve into a pure packet-switched network.

46
Introduction LTE
▪ LTE has received strong support from the vast majority of cell-phone and
infrastructure manufacturers.

▪ LTE Release 8, LTE aims to achieve a peak data rate of 100 Mbit/s in the downlink
and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink (UL), with a 20-MHz spectrum allocation for each of the
downlink and uplink.

▪ Release 10, also known as LTE-Advanced is intended to provide data rates up to 1

Gbit/s.

47
Overview of MIMO communications
▪ MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output):
Transmitter/receiver can have multiple antennas
▪ Two benefits:
o Improve link SINR
o Improve link concurrency

48
Single-user MIMO
Basic communication modes:
❑ Advantages: capacity gains
▪ Diversity gain
- Receiver diversity
- Transmit diversity

▪ Multiplexing gain
- Spatial multiplexing

49
Receiver diversity
▪ Multiple receive antennas allow to mitigate fading:

50
Multi-user MIMO: gain and limitation

▪ If the transmitter has Nt antennas, then it can send Nt streams of data simultaneously to Nt users,
increasing capacity to Nt times compared with single-antenna transmitter.
▪ MU-MIMO is essentially a form of spatial multiplexing, must know CSIs.
▪ Limitations of large MIMO architectures
o Only one transmitter at a time.
o Simultaneous transmission from different transmitters causes
collision
o So network capacity doesn’t scale with transmitter density

51
MIMO capacity on fading channels

❑ The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MIMO systems with SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
▪ SISO:capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:

C = B log (1 + snr  h 2 )
2

where B is the BW and h is the channel fading gain

▪ SIMO (with M receiving antennas), the capacity is given by
M 2
C = B log (1 + snr   h )
2 m
m =1
▪ MISO (with N transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by
N 2
C = B log (1 + snr   h )
2 n
n =1
▪ MIMO:

1
 M N 2 Pe 
C = B log 1 + snr   h  
MN
2 mn  1 +
SNR

 m =1 n =1 
 2 min{N , M }  52
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh fading channel
60

55

50

45

40

Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]

N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3] 53

Modulation (OFDM)
❑ OFDM modulation can be realized with efficient Inverse
Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), which enables a large
number of sub-carriers (up to 2048) with low complexity.

❑ In an OFDM system, resources are available

•in the time domain by means of OFDM symbols
• in the frequency domain by means of sub-carriers.

❑ The time and frequency resources can be organized into

sub-channels for allocation to individual users.

54
Modulation (OFDM)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-plexing technique that

subdivides the bandwidth into multiple frequency sub-carriers as shown in left side 55
Modulation Formats
▪ The output of the channel encoder is mapped onto the modulation constellation.

▪ 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 16-QAM, or 64-QAM (64-QAM is

optional in the uplink).

▪ The constellations are normalized by multiplication with a factor c.

56
Frequency Bands and Spectrum Flexibility
▪ LTE can be operated in a variety of frequency bands that are assigned by national
frequency regulators, based on the decisions of the World Radio Conference.

57
Frequency Bands and Spectrum Flexibility
▪ LTE can also be operated with various bandwidths: 5 and 10 MHz (lower: 1.4 and 3
MHz, higher: 15 and 20 MHz).

▪ When peak data rates are mentioned, LTE usually refer to usage in the 20-MHz
spectrum.

▪ Due to the use of OFDM as modulation format, bandwidths can be adjusted by

changing the number of subcarriers.

58
Network Structure
▪ There is only a single type of access point, namely, the eNodeB (or BS, in our
notation).
▪ Each BS can supply one or more cells, providing the following functionalities:

✓ air interface communications and

PHYsical layer (PHY) functions;

✓ radio resource allocation/scheduling;

✓ retransmission control.

59
KIẾN TRÚC MẠNG DI ĐỘNG

60
KIẾN TRÚC MẠNG 4G
▪ EPS: Evolved Packet System
▪ EPC: Evolved Packet Core
▪ SAE: System Architecture Evolution
▪ E-UTRAN: Evolved
2 UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network
▪ LTE: Long Term Evolution
3

▪ EPS = EPC + E-UTRAN = SAE + LTE

▪ EPC = SAE
4
▪ E-UTRAN = LTE
5

61
4G LTE eNodeB—the LTE antennas are the bigger ones on the outside

62
63
 CELLULAR NETWORKS AND ANALYSIS

5G-NR
(Fifth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications)
What is 5G?

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/what-is-5g

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/5g-nr

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/5g-industrial-iot

https://www.ericsson.com/en/5g/what-is-5g
https://www.ericsson.com/en/5g
65
5G base stations

66
5G - Economy

67
5G network
.

68
5G network
.

69
https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/three-vietnamese-
network-providers-start-testing-commercial-5g-
26222.html

70
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-
releases/viettel-becomes-the-first-5g-carrier-in-
vietnam-301182313.html

71
5G
▪ At this time …

72
Massive MIMO
▪ Use hundreds of BS antennas to simultaneously serve multiple users

Thomas L. Marzetta, Erik G. Larsson, Hong Yang, Hien Quoc Ngo, "Fundamentals of Massive MIMO," Cambridge University Press, November 2016.

73
Recent Advances of Massive MIMO

74
Cloud Radio Access Network (CRAN)
▪ The drivers for the RAN evolution

→all with an increasing attention to Energy Efficiency and sustainability of evolved

mobile networks, driving to new network architectures 75
Need to change the RAN architecture paradigm

→Installation/Maintenance/Interference Optmization becomes more

important -> Cloud RAN 76
5G network
.

77
78
79