Thesis Presentation

Structural and Economical Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges

Animikh Banerjee
Enrollment No.- PU20-2255
M. Tech.
(Structural Engineering )

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF ENGI NEERING
PACIFIC UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR
Presentation Plan
1. Introduction.
2. Case Study.
3. Scope of work.
4. Objective.
5. Methodology.
6. Analysis and design of cable stay bridges.
7. Concept of design methodology.
Presentation Plan
8. Load Transfer
9. Analysis steps.
10.Pylons
11. STAAD model representations.
12. Design of girders and super structures.
13. Cables
14.Efficiency of economical aspects.
15. Advantages and Disadvantages.
16.Result Interpretations
17. Conclusion.
Cable Stayed
Bridges

 Work is focused on conceptual studies

of cable stay bridges

 Design of cable stay bridges

 Economic analysis of cable stay

bridges stay bridges
 INTRODUCTION

 Cable stayed bridges date back many centuries; the system was used by Egyptians for their sailing ships.
 In 1955 he built the Stralsund bridge, located in Sweden, which is considered the first modern cable stayed bridge.
 Another important factor in the evolution of cable-stayed bridges was the employment of superstructure sections that act as a continuous girder
along the longitudinal axis. With these improvements, modern cable-stayed bridges became very popular in the last thirty years.
 Significant illustrated milestones are the Theodor Heuss bridge in 1958, the Schiller-Steg footbridge which was constructed in Germany in 1961,
the Maracaibo Bridge constructed in Venezuela in 1962.
 A cable-stayed bridge is a cable supported bridge in which one or multiple pylons are installed in the middle of the bridge and girder segments are
connected to the pylons by a cable.
 In cable-stayed bridges, the shape of pylons, the shape of girders, and the cable arrangement can be freely designed; therefore, various structural
systems can be applied. (For example, adjusting the tension of the cable forces can reduce the size of the bending moment of the girder).
 Today, the emergence of high-strength cables, the advancement of structural analysis software, the establishment of wind-resistant design
methods through wind tunnel tests, and the development of construction technology have placed cable-stayed bridges, alongside with suspension
bridges, responsible for the future of long-span bridges.

Edong China
CASE STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Naini Bridge-
The New Yamuna Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge located in Allahabad (Prayagraj). The bridge was constructed by the end of 2004 with the aim of minimizing the traffic over the Old
Naini Bridge. The bridge runs north–south across the Yamuna River connecting the city of Prayagraj to its neighborhood of Naini. The construction was consulted by COWI, a Danish
consulting company in joint venture with SPAN. Main construction was done by Hyundai and
was successfully completed in 2004.

BridgeSpecifications

Dimensions
 Main Span  260 mt
 Total Length  610 mt
 Girder depth  1.4 mt
 Deck width  26 mt
 Deck Slab Thickness  250mm
 Using prestressed concrete in segmental launches of span supported by cables and
semi fan system pylon of 90 mt.

Naini Bridge (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

CASE STUDY

2). Vidyasagar Setu-

 Vidyasagar Setu, also known as the Second Hooghly Bridge, is a toll bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India, linking the cities of
Kolkata (previously known as Calcutta) and Howrah. Opened in 1992, with a total length of 823 meters (2,700 ft), Vidyasagar Setu is the first and
longest cable-stayed bridge in India. It was the second bridge to be built across the Hooghly River; the first, the Howrah Bridge (also known as
Rabindra Setu) 3.7 kilometers (2.3 mi) to the north, was completed in 1943. Named after the educationist reformer Pandit Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar, it cost ₹3.88 billion to build. The project was a joint effort between the public and private sectors, under the control of the Hooghly
River Bridge Commissioners (HRBC).The bridge was designed by Schlaich Berger Mann & Partner, and checked by Freeman Fox & Partners and
Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited. Construction was carried out by the consortium of "The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company
Limited" (BBJ). The Hooghly River Bridge Commission (HRBC) was responsible for the commissioning operations of the bridge. Construction
began on 3 July 1979, and the bridge was commissioned on 10 October 1992 by the Hooghly River Bridge Commission.

BridgeSpecifications
 A specially designed crane of 45-ton capacity was used to erect
Dimensions the pylons of the bridge. The structural steel used in the bridge weighs
 Main Span  457.20 mt about 13,200 tones. The pylons, which are 128 meters (420 ft) in
 Total Length  823mt height, are designed as free-standing portals. They are provided with
 Girder depth  1.4 mt two cross portal members, one at the bottom and another at the top,
 Deck width  35 mt
below the pylon head. The deck is connected to the end piers by bolts
embedded in the chambers of the piers. Pylons made of 4 m × 4 m (13
 Deck Slab Thickness  230 mm ft × 13 ft) steel boxes of riveted construction were raised on the two
Pylon height 127.62 mts side spans of the bridge; one set is on the Calcutta side and the other is
Number of lanes 3 lanes and 1.2 mt footpath on each on the Howrah side.
side
Longest Span 457.27mt
Total Length 822.96
Main Span 457.2
Type of foundation Well foundation

Vidyasagar Setu (Kolkata, India)

 SCOPE AND NEED OF STUDY
i). Scope
Cable-stayed bridges were being designed and constructed by the late 16th century and the form found wide
use in the late 19th century. Early examples, including the Brooklyn Bridge, often combined features from
both the cable-stayed and suspension designs. Cable-stayed designs fell from favor in the early 20th century as
larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, and shorter ones using various systems built of reinforced concrete. It returned to prominence in
the later 20th century when the combination of new materials, larger construction machinery, and the need to replace older bridges all lowered the relative
price of these designs.
Types
Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
A side-spar cable-stayed bridge uses a central tower supported only on one side. This design allows the construction of a curved bridge.

Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge

Far more radical in its structure, the Puente del Alamillo (1992) uses a single cantilever spar on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to
support the bridge deck. Unlike other cable-stayed types, this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist
the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this bridge forms the gnomon of a large garden
sundial.

 Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge

Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than 2-span or 3-span structures. In a 2-span or 3-span
cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is
not the case, and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties in both the design of the deck and the pylons. Examples of multiple-
span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct
and Mezcal Bridge, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted.
A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
SCOPE AND NEED OF STUDY BANDRA WORLI SEA LINK

World's Highest Rail bridge, a cable suspension over river Chenab in J&K,
India as per railway officials and DRDO, INDIA (Height is taller than Eiffel
tower in Paris) Under construction image of BWSL

Under construction picture of Arch-cable suspension bridge over Chenab. Conceptual image of BWSL

Bandra–Worli Sea Link

The Bandra–Worli Sea Link (officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link) is a 5.6 km long, 8-lane wide bridge that
links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of Mumbai with Worli in South Mumbai. It is the 4th longest bridge in India
after Bhupen Hazarika Setu, Dibang River Bridge and Mahatma Gandhi Setu. It is a cable-stayed bridge with pre-
stressed concrete-steel viaducts on either side. It was planned as a part of the proposed Western Freeway that would
link the Western Suburbs to Nariman Point in Mumbai's main business district but is now planned to become part of
the Coastal Road to Kandivali. The 1M bridge was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road Development
Corporation (MSRDC) and built by the Hindustan Construction Company. The first four of the eight lanes of the
bridge were opened to the public on 30 June 2009. All eight lanes were opened on 24 March 2010.The sea-link
reduces travel time between Bandra and Worli during peak hours from 20 to 30 minutes to 10 minutes. As of October
2009, BWSL had an average daily traffic of around 37,500 vehicles.
Objective
This research aims at exploring all the features of cable-stayed bridges
and is focused on the concepts behind it. Following with aim, this
research has following objectives:
 To explore the features with extra dosed cable stayed bridges.
 To analyze change in behavior by change in design.
 To assess economical and conceptual changes for better life span and
economical extra dosed cable stayed bridges.
Methodology
 Design and analysis was done based on static model geometry of 150-
200m span of bridge with 90m height pylon and a box girder of 600mm
depth in MIDAS and STAAD.
 Corresponding loads and temperature effect has been taken in static
for analysis of moment and forces in static case.
 Thereafter live load and seismic effects was considered as per IRC-6
2017 and IRC – SP 114-2018 and IS-1893 over the structure and
analyzed for upcoming moments and forces over it.
 As per the result moments reinforcements of tensile and shear have
been designed as per IRC-112:2011 for final design work and then
compared with different span length for requirement of reinforcement
and economical aspects attached to it.
ANALYSIS & DESIGN
OF CABLE
STAYED BRIDGE
- Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges
The design of a cable-stayed bridge requires considerable insight as there are many
factors to be considered during design, including the many irregularities of the bridge
itself. The conceptual review items required for design are as follows:

1. StructuralAnalysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges

2. Structural Analysis for the Initial Shape
Zero Displacement Method
Force Equilibrium Method
Force Method
3. Construction Stage Analysis
 Determine
the design criteria

Set modeling and

boundary conditions

'
Determine the initial shape
(Final stage)

•
'

ConstructionStage
+ + +
Static analysis Dynamic analysis Stability check
Analysis

• Construction stage • moving load analysis • Seismic analysis (3D Model) • Cable replacement check
determination (Influence line analysis) • Wind resistance analysis • Buckling eigenvalue analysis
• Construction • Dead load (Eigenvalue analysis) (Stiffening girder, pylon)
load analysis • Wind tunnel test
determination (Temperature,
manufacturing and
• Construction Stage analysis
construction errors)
(Construction phase analysis)

I I I I
Design member forceand aggregate reaction force
and displacement
 Load transfer
Deck Pylon

Tension
Cables

pylons
Stay Cable

Pile cap
Deck
Compression
Piles Pile cap
Piles
soil

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 Analysis
Steps of cable stayed bridge analysis

Dynamic
analysis

Static
analysis

Assembling Non linear

analysis analysis

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 Pylons

 Height of the pylon is dictated by the stability analysis and economics of the bridge. A tall pylon will
minimize the compression introduced into the steel deck system, but may increase the length of cable used
while a short pylon will introduce undesirable compressive forces into the steel deck structure. 

 The cross section is sized for not only strength and deflection requirements, but also to accommodate
a stressing and inspection route.

 The cable-stayed bridge is to be analyzed for its dead-load static response and then to two loadings
corresponding to earthquakes. 

 For the purpose of analysis, the towers are considered to be rigid.

 The cable is considered to have no stiffness in compression. An initial strain is applied to the cable
elements to provide the necessary pre stress needed to keep the deck from sagging under the dead load
using finite element analysis software creating a 3D model of the structure and carrying out its modal
analysis in STAAD Pro V8i/ Midas Civil/ Larsa4D.

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STAAD MODEL REPRESENTATION

Model of the Bridge

18
 DESIGN OF GIRDERS AND SUPER STRUCTURE

 Transverse beams are modeled with steel composite properties.

 RCC girders and slabs are modeled as beam elements with appropriate width and depth as per
their spacing.
 At pylon location and at the end on anchor span deck is integrated with substructure. So
the substructure is also modeled as part of grillage.
 The wall is divided in to longitudinal (vertical) and transverse members.
 The pile cap is modeled along with spring supports with the stiffness of piles.
 Pylon is represented using beam elements.
 Cables are modeled as 3D-bar elements which exhibits the axial stiffness in all the
three orthogonal directions.
 Self weight of decks is applied as body force to longitudinal members, and the weight of
cross girder is applied as UDL on corresponding member.
 The weight of steel stiffeners, diaphragms are precisely considered and their respective
loading locations are used. To account the weight of evenly distributed stiffeners/studs, material
density is modified appropriately.

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 Cable
 A cable may be composed of one or more structural ropes, structural strands, locked coil strands
or parallel wire strands.

 A strand is an assembly of wires formed helically around center wire in one or more symmetrical
layers.

 A strand can be used either as an individual load-carrying member, where radius or curvature is
not a major requirement, or as a component in the manufacture of the structural rope.

 A rope is composed of a plurality of strands helically laid around a core. In contrast to the strand,
a rope provides increased curvature capability and is used where curvature of the cable becomes
an important consideration

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Cables Continued
 Cables are made of high-strength steel, usually encased in a plastic or steel covering that is filled
with grout , a fine grained form of concrete, for protection against corrosion.

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 Selection of cable configuration

 The selection of cable configuration and number of cables is dependent mainly on

length of the span, type of loadings, number of roadway lanes, height of towers, and the
designer’s individual sense of proportion and aesthetics.
 Cost also plays important role in deciding the selection.
 Using less number of cables increases concentrated load at a single point
thereby requiring additional reinforcement for the deck slab as well as pylon
 When the cables and tower lie within the cross-section of the bridge, the area taken up
cannot be utilized as a part of the roadway and may be only partly used for the sidewalk.
Thus as area of the deck surface is made non-effective and has to be compensated for by
increasing overall width of the deck.

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 Efficiency and Economy

1. Cable-stayed bridges are efficient in cost, materials, and construction time.

2. They have better efficiency than other bridge systems
3. An additional advantage of cable-stayed bridges is their larger efficient span
range from 100-meter spans (328 feet) to over 1,000-meter spans (3,280 feet).
4. Cable-stayed bridges have a combination of elegance, slenderness, and a
feeling of robustness.
5. The national infrastructure’s demand for more bridges requires the priority of
efficiency and economy.
ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE
Cable-stayed bridges are structural systems effectively composing cables, main girders and
towers. This bridge form has a beautiful appearance and easily fits in with the surrounding
environment due to the fact that various structural systems can be created by changing the
tower shapes and cable arrangements.
Cable-stayed bridges are structures that require a high degree of technology for both design
and construction, and hence demand sophisticated structural analysis and design techniques
when compared with other types of conventional bridges.
In addition to static analysis for dead and live loads, a dynamic analysis must also be
performed to determine eigenvalues. Also moving load, earthquake load and wind load
analyses are essentially required for designing a cable-stayed bridge.
 Advantages of cable stayed bridge
 Used for larger span.

 Greater stiffness that suspension bridge , so deformation of deck under live load is reduced

 Cantilever type of construction is followed.

 Cables act as both temporary and permanent support

 Symmetrical bridge, the horizontal forces are balance hence no large ground anchorage needed

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The main system disadvantages are:
1. Still inferior to suspension bridges for super-long spans

2. Requires checking deformations at all conditions

3. Requires experience in both design and construction.

4.Cable-stayed bridges do have a maximum length to consider.

5.This design option can become unstable in specific environments.

 Results and Interpretations
deff

FACES

Section D provider Top Bottom

Section 1 225 172 174

Section 2 409 356 356

432 379 381

Section 3
Section 4,5 308 255 255

Section 9 654 601 603

Section 10 500 447 449

Section 11 500 449 449

Section 6,7,8 450 395 395

Table 4.13

700

600

500

400 deff D provider

300 deff FACES Top

200 deff FACES Bottom

100

Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section

1 2 3 4,5 9 10 11 6,7,8

Graph 4.13
Results and Interpretations (Design Bending moment output)
Bending Moment { ULS (kN - m) }

FACES

Section D provider Top Bottom

Section 1 255 3.87 0.13

Section 2 409 13.54 0.00

Section 3 432 386.20 0.00

Section 4, 5 308 0.00 246.21

Section 9 654 137.21 0.00

Section 10 500 98.95 0.00

Section 11 500 67.61 0.00

Section 6,7,8 450 504.08 137.21

Table 4.14

700

600

500 Blending
Moment { ULS (kN - m) } D
400 provider
300 Blending
Moment { ULS (kN - m) }
200 FACES Top
Blending
100 Moment { ULS (kN - m) }
FACES Bottom

Graph 4.14
 Results and Interpretations (Minimum area of steel required)
Ast reqd

FACES

Section D provider Top Bottom

Section 1 255 52 2

Section 2 409 88 0

Section 3 432 2493 0

Section 4,5 308 0 2431

Section 9 374 529 0

Section 10 250 515 0

Section 11 250 349 0

Section 6,7,8 400 3166 814

Table 4.16

3500

3000

2500

2000 Ast reqd

D provider
1500 Ast reqd
FACES Top
1000
Ast reqd
500 FACES Bottom

Graph 4.16
Results and Interpretations (Area of steel provided)
Ast min

FACES

Section D Top Botto

provider m

Section 1 255 335 339

Section 2 409 693 693

Section 3 432 738 742

Section 4,5 308 497 497

Section 9 374 1171 1175

Section 10 250 871 875

Section 11 250 875 875

Section 6,7,8 400 769 769

Table 4.17

1200

1000

800
Ast
600 min D provider
Ast
400 min FACES Top
Ast
200 min FACES Bottom

Graph 4.17
Results and Interpretations (SLS check as per IRC:-6 Table:-B3)

300

250

200

150

Crack Width Check

100 Stress Check

50

Wk 0.022 0.002 0.041 0 0.171 0 0 0.155 0.067 0 0.062 0 0.057 0 0.12 0.067
FACE Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Inner
Outer
deff 172 256 379 255 601 447 449 395

Dprovider 225 409 432 308 654 500 500 450

Section Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4,5 Section 9 Section 10 Section 11 Section 6,7,8

Graph 4.21
 Results and Interpretations (Box section Load analysis)

Figure 4.2: Typical Cross Section of Box Girder

Figure 4.3: Loading on Box Girder - SIDL Figure 4.4: Loading on Box Girder - Wearing Coat
 Conclusion

Cable-stayed bridges are usually thought of as long span bridges of above 200m spans for better
cost ratio of concrete than other types cantilever bridges. In many circumstances, cable-stayed
bridges can provide benefits at a relatively moderate increase in cost. Some of the benefits
include the following:

 long spans with minimal deck thickness

 the elimination of piers

 increased traffic safety

 the minimization of environmental impacts and construction schedule limitations for river
crossings

 enhanced appearance

In addition, greater use of this form of construction would allow our contactors to perfect
methods of construction that would drive down the cost for future cable-stayed bridges. However
cable stay bridges cannot be suggested for short to midspan bridges as it would round up too
expensive for short spans.

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 References
1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans

2) https://www.slideshare.net/jigars7/cable-stayed-ppt-acp?qid=da69c352-
636a-4c74-a026-b558fcf82b10&v=&b=&from_search=12

3) https://failures.wikispaces.com/Cable+Bridge+Failures+Overview

4) http://www.bridgesofdublin.ie/bridge-building/types/cable-stayed

5) https://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/cablen-140328072240-
phpapp01.pdf?response-content-
disposition=attachment&Signature=re98rzdUuZ4B%2B6YytC0%2F3PU1t1s
%3D&Expires=1488544787&AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ6D6SEMXSASXHDAQ

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