Chapter 6

Automated and emerging technologies

Automated Systems
1. Use of Sensors, Microprocessors, and Actuators

o Sensors:

 Devices that detect changes in the environment (e.g., temperature, light, motion).

 Examples: Thermometers, light sensors, motion detectors.

o Microprocessors:

 Small computer processors that interpret data from sensors and make decisions.

 Examples: Microcontrollers in home automation systems.

o Actuators:

 Devices that perform actions based on microprocessor decisions.

 Examples: Motors, valves, and relays.

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Systems

o Advantages:

 Increased efficiency and productivity.

 Reduced human error.

 Ability to operate in hazardous environments.

o Disadvantages:

 High initial setup costs.

 Potential job displacement.

 Dependence on technology and possible technical failures.

Robotics
1. Definition and Characteristics of Robots

o Definition:

 Machines capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically.

o Characteristics:

 Programmable.

 Capable of performing tasks.

 May have sensors and actuators.

2. Roles, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Robots

o Roles:
  Manufacturing, medical surgeries, exploration, domestic chores.

o Advantages:

 Precision and consistency in tasks.

 Ability to work in dangerous or inaccessible environments.

 Continuous operation without fatigue.

o Disadvantages:

 High development and maintenance costs.

 Limited to programmed tasks.

 Ethical concerns regarding job displacement.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1. Definition and Characteristics of AI

o Definition:

 Simulation of human intelligence in machines programmed to think and learn.

o Characteristics:

 Ability to process large amounts of data.

 Learning from data (machine learning).

 Decision making based on data analysis.

2. Basic Operation and Components of AI Systems

o Components:

 Data Input: Gathering data from various sources.

 Processing: Analyzing data using algorithms.

 Output: Producing results or decisions.

o Operation:

 Data collection → Data analysis → Pattern recognition → Decision making.

 Questions
Short Questions
1. What are the main components of an automated system?

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2. Define a robot and mention two characteristics.

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3. What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

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4. List two advantages and two disadvantages of automated systems.

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5. Explain the basic operation of an AI system.

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Long Questions
1. Discuss the roles, advantages, and disadvantages of robots in modern industries.

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2. Describe the use of sensors, microprocessors, and actuators in automated systems, providing examples for
each component.

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3. Explain what is meant by artificial intelligence and discuss its main characteristics with examples.

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4. Analyze the impact of automated systems on employment and productivity, citing real-world examples.

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5. Illustrate the process of data collection, analysis, and decision making in an AI system, providing a practical
example.

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Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which component of an automated system detects changes in the environment?

o A) Microprocessor

o B) Actuator

o C) Sensor

o D) Motor

2. A robot is best defined as a machine that:

o A) Can perform any task

o B) Is programmable and capable of performing complex actions automatically

o C) Only operates in hazardous environments

o D) Requires constant human supervision

3. One main advantage of using automated systems is:

o A) Increased setup costs

o B) Reduced human error

o C) Dependence on technology

o D) Job displacement

4. Artificial intelligence (AI) is characterized by:

o A) Manual data processing

o B) Inability to learn from data

o C) Simulation of human intelligence

o D) Limited decision-making capabilities

5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using robots?

o A) Precision in tasks

o B) High maintenance costs

o C) Continuous operation without fatigue

o D) Ability to work in dangerous environments

6. In an AI system, the component responsible for analyzing data is:

o A) Data Input

o B) Processing

o C) Output

o D) Sensor

7. Which of the following is an actuator?

o A) Thermometer

o B) Light sensor

o C) Motor

o D) Microcontroller

8. The process in AI where the system learns from data is known as:

o A) Data input

o B) Pattern recognition

o C) Machine learning

o D) Decision making

9. What is one ethical concern regarding the use of robots?

o A) Increased efficiency

o B) Job displacement

o C) Precision in tasks
 o D) Ability to work in hazardous environments

10. An example of a task that an AI system can perform is:

o A) Data collection

o B) Manual labor

o C) Physical construction

o D) Data analysis and decision making