A Course Based Project Report on

WEB SECURITY THREATS

Submitted to the
Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the completion of course

IT Workshop (22ES2ME102)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS

Submitted by

P. SINDHU 23071A6246
P. PRANEETH 23071A6247
P. VIGNESH 23071A6248
P. NIKITHA 23071A6249
P. AKHIL 23071A6250

Under the guidance of

Mrs. DEEPIKA
(Course Instructor)
Assistant Professor, Department of CSE-(CyS,DS) AND AI&DS VNRVJIET

Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS

VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA

JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institute, NAAC Accredited with ‘A++’ Grade, NBA
Vignana Jyothi Nagar, Pragathi Nagar, Nizampet (S.O), Hyderabad – 500 090, TS,
India
JUNE 2024
 VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institute, NAAC Accredited with ‘A++’ Grade, NBA Accredited for CE, EEE, ME, ECE,
CSE, EIE, IT B. Tech Courses, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Recognized as
“College with Potential for Excellence” by UGC, ISO 9001:2015 Certified, QS I GUAGE Diamond Rated
Vignana Jyothi Nagar, Pragathi Nagar, Nizampet(SO), Hyderabad-500090, TS, India

Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled BASIC UBUNTU COMMANDS” is
a bonafide work done under our supervision and is being submitted by Miss. P.
Sindhu (23071A6246) , Mr. P. Praneeth Reddy (23071A6247), Mr. P.
Vignesh(23071A6248), Miss. P. Nikitha(23071A6249) , Mr. P.
Akhil(23071A6250) in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in , of the VNRVJIET, Hyderabad during the academic year 2023-2024.

Mrs. DEEPIKA Dr. M. RAJASEKAR

Assistant Professor Professor & HOD
Dept of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS Dept of CSE-(CyS, DS)and AI&DS
 Course based Projects Reviewer

VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHI

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institute, NAAC Accredited with ‘A++’ Grade,
Vignana Jyothi Nagar, Pragathi Nagar, Nizampet(SO), Hyderabad-500090, TS, India

Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS

DECLARATION

We declare that the course based project work entitled “BASIC UBUNTU
COMMANDS” submitted in the Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS,
Vallurupalli Nageswara Rao Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS is a bonafide
record of our own work carried out under the supervision of Mrs. DEEPIKA,
Assistant Professor, Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS , VNRVJIET.
Also, we declare that the matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by us
in full or in any part thereof for the award of any degree/diploma of any other
institution or university previously.
Place: Hyderabad.

P. Sindhu P. Praneeth P. Vignesh P. Nikitha P. Akhil

(23071A6246) (23071A6247) (23071A6248) (23071A6249)

(23071A6250)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved President, Sri. D. Suresh Babu,
VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology for the valuable
guidance and for permitting us to carry out this project.

With immense pleasure, we record our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved
Principal, Dr. C.D Naidu, for permitting us to carry out this project.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Professor Dr. M.

RAJASHEKAR, Professor and Head, Department of CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS ,
VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad-500090 for
the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest and through encouragement
extended throughout the period of project work.

We take immense pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved
Guide, Mrs. DEEPIKA, Assistant Professor in CSE-(CyS, DS) and AI&DS, VNR
Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, for his/her
valuable suggestions and rare insights, for constant source of encouragement and
inspiration throughout my project work.

We express our thanks to all those who contributed for the successful completion of
our project work.

Miss. P. Sindhu (23071A6246)

Mr. P. Praneeth (23071A6247)
Mr. P. Vignesh (23071A6248)
Mr. P. Nikitha (23071A6249)
Miss. P. Akhil (23071A6250)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
PAGE NO
ABSTRACT 2
CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction 3 CHAPTER 2 –
Method -4 CHAPTER 3 – Advanced
Technologies in Web Services-------------------------------------------------------------------------7
CHAPTER 4 –Results of Web Technologies--------------------------------------------------------8
CHAPTER 5 – Conclusion 9
REFERENCES 10

1
 ABSTRACT
t

This project provides a comprehensive guide to installing Ubuntu, a widely-used Linux

distribution renowned for its ease of use and stability. The guide begins with an overview of
system requirements and step-by-step instructions for downloading the Ubuntu ISO, creating a
bootable USB drive or DVD, and configuring BIOS/UEFI settings to boot from the installation
media. The installation process includes choosing appropriate disk setup options, setting up user
accounts, and configuring essential system settings.
Post-installation, the project introduces users to the Ubuntu command-line interface (CLI) by
outlining fundamental commands necessary for effective system navigation and management.
Key areas covered include directory navigation, file operations, viewing and editing files, and
system information retrieval. Additionally, the project details software management commands
for updating the system, installing new packages, and managing user accounts and permissions.
By following this guide, users will gain practical experience in setting up and operating Ubuntu,
acquiring essential skills that will enable them to manage their system efficiently and harness
the full potential of the Linux environment. This project is particularly beneficial for beginners
transitioning to Linux, providing them with a solid foundation to build upon for more advanced
usage and exploration.

2
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Ubuntu is a prominent Linux distribution known for its ease of use, stability,
and extensive support from both the community and its corporate sponsor,
Canonical Ltd. This course project aims to delve into the historical
development of Ubuntu and explore its key functional units, providing
students with a comprehensive understanding of this powerful operating
system.

Historical Overview

Origins and Development

Debian Roots (1993)

Ubuntu is derived from Debian, one of the oldest and most respected Linux
distributions. Debian’s emphasis on free software and its extensive package
repository laid the groundwork for Ubuntu.

Founding of Ubuntu (2004)

Ubuntu was founded by Mark Shuttleworth and his company, Canonical
Ltd. The first release, Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog), aimed to create an
easy-to-use desktop Linux distribution with regular six-month release cycles,
emphasizing accessibility and user-friendliness.

LTS Releases (2006)

Ubuntu introduced Long Term Support (LTS) versions starting with
Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake), which provided five years of support for
servers and three years for desktops, catering to enterprise needs.

Community and Commercial Support

Ubuntu’s development is driven by both a global community of developers
and Canonical’s commercial interests. The Ubuntu Community Council and
Technical Board guide its development, while Canonical provides
professional support and services.

Growth and Impact

Over the years, Ubuntu has grown to become one of the most popular Linux
distributions, renowned for its use in desktops, servers, cloud computing, and
IoT devices. Key milestones include the introduction of Ubuntu Server,
Ubuntu Cloud (supporting OpenStack), and Ubuntu Core for IoT.

Key Functional Units

1. Kernel
Function: The core of the operating system, managing hardware,
executing processes, and handling system calls.
3
 Key Feature: Based on the Linux kernel, known for its stability,
security, and performance.

2. Desktop Environment
Function: Provides the graphical user interface (GUI) for user
interaction.
Key Feature: Ubuntu initially used GNOME, then developed its own
Unity interface, and has returned to GNOME since version 17.10.

3. Package Management
Function: Manages software installation, updates, and removal.
Key Feature: Utilizes APT (Advanced Package Tool) and DEB
packages, with repositories containing thousands of software packages.

4. File System
Function: Organizes and stores files and directories.
Key Feature: Supports various file systems, with ext4 being the default,
known for its robustness and performance.

5. Command-Line Interface (CLI)

Function: Allows direct interaction with the system via text commands.
Key Feature: The terminal emulator and shell (usually Bash) provide
powerful tools for system management and automation.

CHAPTER-2
Methods

Steps for Installation of Ubuntu in Windows (Dual-boot)

1. Prepare for Installation
 Backup Your Data: While dual-booting is generally safe, it's good practice to back
up important data to an external drive or cloud storage.
 Check System Requirements: Ensure your computer meets Ubuntu's minimum
system requirements (e.g., processor, RAM, storage).
 Create a Bootable Ubuntu USB Drive:
o Download the Ubuntu ISO from the official website.
o Use a tool like Rufus (Windows) or Etcher (Mac/Linux) to create a bootable
USB drive with the Ubuntu ISO.
2. Shrink Windows Partition
 Open Disk Management:
o Right-click on the Start menu and select "Disk Management."
o Identify your Windows partition (usually C: drive).
 Shrink Partition:
o Right-click on the Windows partition and choose "Shrink Volume."
o Enter the amount of space to shrink (allocate space for Ubuntu, at least 20-30 GB
is recommended).
4
 o Click "Shrink" to create unallocated space for Ubuntu.
3. Disable Fast Startup (Windows 10/11)
 Open Control Panel:
o Go to Control Panel > Hardware and Sound > Power Options > System Settings.
o Click on "Change settings that are currently unavailable."
o Uncheck "Turn on fast startup (recommended)."
o Save changes and exit.
4. Enable Secure Boot (if needed)
 Access UEFI/BIOS Settings:
o Restart your computer and enter UEFI/BIOS settings (usually by pressing a key
like F2, F12, DEL during startup).
o Navigate to the "Security" or "Boot" tab.
o Set Secure Boot to "Enabled" (if not already).
5. Boot from Ubuntu USB
 Insert USB Drive:
o Insert the bootable Ubuntu USB drive into your computer.
 Restart and Access Boot Menu:
o Restart your computer and press the key to access the boot menu (usually F12,
ESC, or F2).
o Select the USB drive from the boot menu to boot into the Ubuntu live
environment.
6. Install Ubuntu
 Choose Installation Option:
o In the Ubuntu live environment, select "Install Ubuntu."
 Follow Installation Wizard:
o Choose language, keyboard layout, and other preferences.
o Select "Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager" (or "Something else"
for manual partitioning if you're experienced).
 Allocate Partition:
o Ubuntu installer will detect the free space you created earlier.
o Select the free space and click "+ Add" to create Ubuntu partitions (root / and
swap, if desired).
 Complete Installation:
o Follow the prompts to set your username, password, and system settings.
o Click "Install" to begin the installation process.
o Once installation completes, restart your computer.
7. Configure Dual-boot (GRUB)
 Boot into Ubuntu:
o After restarting, you'll see the GRUB boot menu allowing you to choose between
Ubuntu and Windows.
o Select Ubuntu to boot into your newly installed system.
8. Post-Installation
 Update Ubuntu: Open Terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and run sudo apt update followed by
sudo apt upgrade to update Ubuntu and install any available updates.
 Install Additional Drivers (if needed): Use Additional Drivers utility to install
proprietary drivers for optimal hardware support.
 Enjoy Ubuntu: You now have Ubuntu installed alongside Windows, ready to explore
and use.

5
6
 CHAPTER-3

TEST CASES/ OUTPUT

1. Check Ubuntu Version

lsb_release -a
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS
Release: 20.04
Codename: focal

2. List Files and Directories

ls
Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Videos

3. Change Directory
cd Documents
(Changes directory to the 'Documents' folder)

4. Copy Files
cp file1.txt file2.txt
(Copies file1.txt to file2.txt)

5. Move/Rename Files
mv file1.txt newfile.txt
(Renames file1.txt to newfile.txt)

These commands cover essential file management, system information, and basic
administrative tasks commonly used in Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.

7
 CHAPTER-4

RESULTS
Project Overview Recap: This project aimed to leverage Ubuntu as the operating system for
developing a robust web application deployment environment. The primary goals were to ensure
scalability, security, and ease of maintenance. Throughout the project lifecycle, we focused on
integrating modern development practices with Ubuntu's stable platform to create a reliable
infrastructure.
Technological Achievements: By utilizing Ubuntu 20.04 LTS alongside Docker for
containerization and Nginx for web serving, we achieved a flexible and scalable deployment
environment. The decision to use these technologies enabled us to easily manage application
dependencies and optimize resource utilization on Ubuntu servers.
Implementation Successes: Our implementation successfully automated deployment processes
using Ansible scripts, reducing manual errors and improving deployment efficiency. This
approach not only streamlined updates across multiple environments but also enhanced system
reliability and consistency.
Acknowledgments: We extend our gratitude to the team members, stakeholders, and
community contributors whose dedication and support were instrumental in the successful
implementation of this Ubuntu project. Their collaboration and expertise have been invaluable
in achieving our project goals and ensuring its success.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our Ubuntu-based project has successfully demonstrated the
capabilities of modern web application deployment environments. By leveraging Ubuntu's
stability and scalability, combined with advanced tooling and best practices, we have achieved a
robust infrastructure capable of supporting current and future application needs.

8
 REFERENCES
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/install-ubuntu-desktop

https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-install-ubuntu-linux/

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install

https://gist.github.com/TechRancher/
770a7a2ab7f0edb687e8048e538122e3