1 1 1

1. (a) (i) derive the relationship, = + for convex lens, where u is the object distance, v is the
f u v
image distance and f is the focal length of the lens. (04marks)
(ii) State three possible reasons under which an image of real object may mot be formed by a
convex lens on the screen. (03marks)
(b) Describe an experiment to determine the focal length of a convex lens fixed inside a short
cylindrical tube (05marks)
(c) A convex lens of focal length 10cm is arranged coaxially with a concave lens of focal length
18cm. the lens system is used to focus an object placed 24cm from the convex lens on the side
remote from the concave lens. the final image is formed on a screen placed 18.6cm from the
concave lens. Calculate the;
(i) separation between the lenses. (05marks)
(ii) magnification. (03marks)
2. (a) (i) state the laws of refraction of light. (02marks)
(ii) A small object is placed at a distance of 30.0cm from a converging lens of focal length
10.0cm. Calculate the distance from the first lens where a second converging lens of focal
length 40.0cm must be placed in order to produce an erect image of the same size as the
object. (05marks)
(b) (i) Draw a diagram to show the formation of an image by a compound microscope in normal
adjustment and use it to derive an expression for the magnifying power. (06marks)
(ii) A microscope has an objective of focal length 10.0cm and eye piece of focal length 20.0cm. If
the distance between the objective and eye piece is 20 cm, calculate the magnifying power of
the microscope. (03marks)
(c) What is meant by the following:
(i) total internal reflection (01mark)
(ii) critical angle (01mark)
(d) Briefly explain why an observer sees a spectrum of colors through rain drops when it is raining
on a sunny day. (02marks)
3. (a) Define the following as applied to telescope
(i) Eye-ring (01marks)
(ii) Magnifying power(01mark)

(b) What is the significance of the eye-ring of an astronomical telescope? (01mark)

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 (c) State two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope (02marks)

(d) The figure below shows an optical system consisting of two thin converging lenses arranged
coaxially. Lens A has a focal length of 40mm and lens B has a focal length of 375mm. an object O
of height 5mm is placed 50mm from A. I1 is the real image of O and I2 is the virtual image of I1 in
B and is 250mm from B.

(i) Determine the value of distance, Y of image I1 from lens A (02marks)

(ii) Calculate the distance, x, between the images I1 and I2. (02marks)
(iii) Find the linear magnification produced by the lens system. (02marks)

(e) Name one defect of the image formed by a lens and explain how the defect is minimized in
practice. (03marks)

(f) Explain the following

(i) total internal reflection (03marks)

(ii) formation of mirages (03marks)

4. (a) State the laws of refraction of light. (02marks)

(b) Derive an expression for refractive index of a prism in terms of the refractive angle A and the
angle of minimum deviation D. (05marks)
(c) A ray of light is refracted through a prism in a plane perpendicular to its edge. The angle of
incidence is 300 and the refractive index of the prism is 1.50. Calculate the angle of the prism
such that the ray does not emerge when it strikes the second face. (05marks)
(d) (i) Describe with the aid of a labelled diagram, the structure and operation of projection lantern.
(04marks)
(ii) A projector produces an image of area 2m2 on a screen placed 5m from the projection lens. If
the area of the object slide is 8cm2, calculate the focal length of the projection lens. (02marks)

5. (a) (i) State two differences between real and virtual images (02marks)

(ii) Explain with the aid of a diagram how thick plane mirror forms multiple images (04marks)

(b) A convex mirror forms a real image which is three times the linear size of the object. Whem the
object is displaced though a distance y, the real mage formed is four times the linear size of he
object. If the distance between the two image positions is 20 cm, find the

(i) focal length of the mirror (03marks)

(ii) distance, y. (03marks)

1 1 1
(c) Use a geometrical ray diagram to derive the relation, + = for concave mirror. (05marks)
u v f
(d) Explain how mirage is formed. (03marks)

6. (a) Define the following as applied to a converging lens;

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 (i) Principal focus (01mark)

(ii) center of curvature (01mark)

(b) Find the power of a lens of focal length 15 cm (02marks)

(c) Derive an expression for focal length of a lens in terms of the radii of curvature of its surfaces and
refractive index (05marks)

(d) Describe an experiment to determine the focal length of a thin converging lens mounted inside a
short cylindrical tube. (05marks)

(e) A compound microscope consists of two thin lenses, an objective of focal length 1.0cm and eye
piece of focal length 5.0cm. The objective forms an image of an object placed in front of it at a point
16.0cm away. If the final image is formed at the near point of the eye, calculate the

(i) separation of the lenses (03marks)

(ii) magnifying power of the instrument (03marks)

7. (a) (i) Describe how the focal length of a convex mirror can be measured using a convex lens of
known focal length. (04marks)

(ii) The plane mirror, P, in the figure below is adjusted to a position20cm from optical pin, the
image of the pin in P coincides with its image in M.

Calculate the focal length of the convex mirror. (04marks)

(b) A pin is clamped horizontally above a concave mirror with its tip along the principal axis.
When the pin is adjusted, it coincides with its image at a distance R from the mirror. When a
small liquid of refractive index, n, is put on the mirror, the pin again coincides with its image
at a distance R’ from the mirror. Show that the refractive index, n, is given by

R
n = (04marks)
R'
(c)(i) Explain the term eye-ring as applied to the telescope. (02marks)

(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of final image in Galilean telescope in normal
adjustment. (03marks)

(iii) Explain two advantages and one disadvantage of the telescope in (c)(ii) above. (03marks)

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8. (a)(i) when does light pass through a prism symmetrically? (01marks)

(ii) Find the angle of incidence, i, on an equilateral prism of refractive index 1.5 placed in air,
when light passes through it symmetrically. (03marks)

(iii) Describe what happens to the deviation of light passing through a prism in (a) (ii) when
the angle of incidence is increased from a value less than i to a value greater than i.
(02marks)

(b) Describe how the refractive angle of a prism can be determined using optical pins.
(05marks)

(c) (i) Draw a sketch ray diagram showing formation of the image of a finite size real object by
a concave lens. (02marks)

(ii) A concave lens of focal length 15.0cm is arranged coaxially with a concave mirror of
focal length 10.0cm, a distance of 4.0cm apart. An object is placed 20.0cm in from of the
lens on the side remote from the mirror. Find the distance of the final image from the
lens. (04marks)

(d) With the aid of a sketch ray diagram explain spherical aberration in a concave lens, and
state how it is minimized. (03marks)

9. (a) explain what is meant by conjugate points. (02marks)

(b) A converging lens forms an image of height, h1 on a screen of an object O of height, h. When the
lens is displaced towards the screen, an image of height, h2 is formed on the screen.

(i) Sketch a ray diagram to show the formation of the images on the screen. (02marks)

(ii) Show that h = √ h1 h2 (04marks)

(c) Describe an experiment to determine focal length of a diverging lens using a concave mirror of
known focal length.

(d) The objective of astronomical telescope in normal adjustment has a diameter of 150mm and focal
length of 3.0m. the eyepiece has focal length of 25.0mm. Calculate

(i) the position of the eye ring (03marks)

(ii) diameter of the eye-ring (03marks)

(c) Give one advantage of placing the eye at the eye-ring (01mark)

10. (a) show that for a ray of light passing through layers of transparent media separated by parallel
boundaries,

nsini = a

where a is a constant and n is the refractive index of the medium containing angle i. (04marks)

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 (b) (i) What is meant by critical angle? (01mark)

(ii) Describe an experiment to determine the critical angle for a water-air boundary. (05marks)

(c) The figure below shows an isosceles prism ABC of refractive index 1.51, dipped in a liquid with
refractive edge downwards. A ray of light incident on the prism at an angle i = 34.60 emerges
perpendicularly through the base.

Calculate the refractive index of the liquid (04marks)

(d) Explain how an optical cable transmits light. (03marks)

(e) An optical pin held above a concave mirror containing water of refractive index 1.33, coincides with
its image at a distance of 12cm above the mirror. When the water is replaced by a little quantity of a
certain liquid, the point of coincidence of the object and the image becomes 13.3cm. Calculate the
refractive index of the liquid. (03marks)

11. (a) (i) state the laws of reflection of light. (02marks)

(ii) A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror. the mirror is then turned through an angle α keeping
the direction of the incident ray constant. If a reflected ray turned through angle β, find the
relationship between α and β.

(b) Describe how a sextant is used to determine the angle of elevation of a star. (05marks)

(c) Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index of a small quantity of a liquid using a
concave mirror. (05marks)

(d) A plane mirror is placed 10cmin front of a convex mirror so that it covers about half of the convex
mirror surface. A pin placed 20cm in front of the plane mirror gives an image which coincides with
that of the pin in the convex mirror. Find the focal length of the convex mirror. (04marks)

12. (a) Define angular magnification of an optical instrument. (01marks)

(b) (i) Describe with the aid of a ray diagram, the operation of telescope made of a converging lens
and a diverging lens when used in normal adjustment. (05mrks)

(ii) State two limitations of this type of telescope. (01marks)

(c) The diagram in the figure below shows a path followed by a ray of monochromatic light through a
right angled prism of refractive index 1.52. The light emerges in air at an angle of 47.4 0.

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 Find the refractive index of the liquid. (06marks)

(d) Explain the following as applied to lenses.

(i) chromatic aberration (02marks)

(ii) spherical aberration (02marks)

(e) Explain how chromatic and spherical aberration are minimized in a reflecting telescope (03marks)

(a) distinguish between a real and virtual image (02marks)

(b) Derive an expression relating the focal length, f, of a convex mirror to the object distance, u and
image distance, v.

(c) A convex mirror forms an image half the size of the object. The object is then moved towards the
mirror until the image is three quarter that of the object. if the image is moved by a distance of
0.6cm, calculate

(i) focal length of the mirror. (03marks)

(ii) new potion of the object (03marks)

(d) (i) What is critical angle? (01mark)

(ii) Explain how mirage is formed (04marks)

(e) State four applications of total internal reflection (02marks)

13. (a) State laws of refraction. (02marks)

(b) (i) The deviation, d, by small angle prism of refractive angle A and refractive index, n, is given by

d = A(n-1)

Use this expression to show that the focal length, f, of a thin converging lens of refractive
index, n, is given by

1
f
1 1
=(n−1) + ,
(
r1 r2 )
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 where r1 and r2 are radii of curvature of the lens surfaces (05marks)

(ii) The figure below is a glass convex lens in air with surfaces A and B having radii of curvature
10cm and 15cm respectively.

If the refractive index of the glass material is 1.50. Calculate the power of the lens.
(03marks)

(c) (i) with the aid of a ray diagram, describe the structure and action of a Galilean telescope in
normal adjustment. (05marks)

(ii) Derive an expression for angular magnification of the telescope in (c)(i). (03marks)

(d) Explain the disadvantage of a Galilean telescope over refracting type. (02marks)

11.(a) (i) State the laws of refraction of light (02marks)

(ii) State the conditions for total internal reflection to occur. (02marks)

(b) (i) Describe an experiment to determine refractive index of a liquid using air cell.
(06marks)

(ii) Explain the difficulty encountered in the experiment described in (b)(i) if white light is
used (02marks)

(c) A cube of glass of side 3cm and refractive index 1.5 is placed on a thin film of liquid as
shown in the figure below

A ray of light in the vertical plane strikes AB of the glass cube at an angle i = 410. After
refraction at X, the ray is reflected at the critical angle for glass-liquid interface.

(i) Calculate the critical angle for glass –liquid interface. (03marks)
(ii) Find the position from B where the ray strikes the glass-liquid interface

(d) Explain why the rays from the sun can still be seen shortly after sunset (03marks)

14. (a) with the aid of ray diagram, explain the following as applied to lenses

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 (i) conjugate points. (02marks)

(ii) spherical aberration (02marks)

(b) An object, O, placed in front of a converging lens forms a real image, I, on the screen. The
distance between the object and its real image is d. while that of the image from the lens is x.

Derive the expression for the least possible distance between the object and its real image
(05marks)

(c) Give the properties of lenses in achromatic combination. (03marks)

(d) A compound microscope consists of two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.0cm and 5.0cm
respectively. An object is placed 1.1cm from objective and the microscope is adjusted so that the
final image formed 30cm from the eye- piece. Calculate

(i) the separation of the lenses (03marks)

(ii) the magnifying power of the lenses. (03marks)

(e) State two differences between a compound microscope and an astronomical telescope.
(02marks)

15. (a) Define the following terms as applied to a concave lens:

(i) principal focus’ (01mark)

(ii) radii of curvature (01mark)

(b) A point object is placed at a distance u in front of a diverging lens of focal length, f, to form
an image at a distance, v, from the lens.

Derive an expression that relates u. v. and f. (04marks)

(c) Describe an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave lens using a plane mirror,
converging lens and illuminated object. (04marks

(d) What is meant by a:

(i) visual angle(01mark)

(ii) near point (01mark)

(e) A person with a normal near point distance of 25cm wears spectacles with a diverging lens of
focal length 200cm in order to correct the far point distance to infinity. Calculate the near
point when viewing using the spectacles. (03marks)

(f) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of an image of a distant object in terrestrial
telescope in normal adjustment. (03marks)

(ii) State two advantages of terrestrial telescope.(02marks)

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16. (a) What is meant by the term:

(i) refraction. (01mark)

(ii) absolute refractive index? (01mark)

(b) Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index of a liquid using a travelling
microscope. (04marks)

(c) The figure below shows monochromatic light X incident towards A on vertical screen.

When the semicircular glass block is placed across the path of light with its flat face
parallel to the screen, a bright spot is formed at A. When the glass block is rotated
about a horizontal axis through O, the bright sport moves from A to B and then just
disappears. At B, distance 1.68cm from A.
(i) Find the refractive index of the material of the glass block. (04marks)
(ii) Explain whether AB would be longer or shorter if the block of glass of higher
refractive index was used.

(d) (i) A ray of monochromatic light is incident at a small angle of incidence on a small-angle
prism in air. Obtain the expression, d= (n-1)A, for the deviation, d, of light by the prism,
where A is the refracting angle of the prism and n, is the refractive index. (04marks)

(ii) Calculate the minimum deviation produced by a 600 prism if the refractive index of the
glass is 1.50. (03marks)

(iii) State any two applications of total internal reflection. (01marks)

17. (a) (i) Define principal focus of a concave lens. (01marks)

(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show formation of an image of finite object in a concave lens
(02marks)

(iii) Describe the image formed in (a)(ii) (01mark)

(b) A concave mirror of radius of curvature 20cm is arranged coaxially with a concave lens of focal
length 15cm, placed 10cm from the mirror. An object, 3cm tall is placed in front the concave
lens and its image is formed on a screen 40cm away from the lens.

(i) Find the position of the object. (07marks)

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 (ii) What is the height of the image formed? (03marks)

(iii) Explain what would happen if the lens was replaced with a similar one but of much smaller
focal length. (03marks)

(c) Explain how spherical aberration is minimized in a photographic camera.(03marks)

18. (a) Define refractive index. (01mark)

(b) (i) Describe with the aid of a diagram, how the refractive index of a liquid can be
determined using air cell. (05marks)

(ii) Derive the expression used to obtain the refractive index of the liquid in (b)(i) (03marks)

(c) A prism of refractive angle 600 has refractive indices 1.515 and 1.529 for red and violet
respectively. When white light is incident on one face of the prism, red light undergoes
minimum deviation. Calculate the angle of

(i) incidence for white light (04marks)

(ii) emergence for violet light(03marks)

(d) Describe the adjustment that have to be made before a spectrometer can be used. (04
marks)

19. (a) (i) Show that the effective focal length, f, of two thin lenses in contact is given by

1 1 1
= + , where f1 and f2 are the foal lengths of the individual lenses. (04marks)
f f1 f 2

(ii) A compound lens consists of two lenses in contact having powers of +12.5D and -
2.5D. Find the position and nature of the image of an object placed15.0cm from the
compound lens. (03marks)

(b)(i) Define refractive index (01marks)

(ii) An equi-convex lens is placed on a horizontal plane mirror and a pin held vertically
above the lens is found to coincide with its image when positioned 20.0cm above the
lens. When a few drops of liquid is placed between the lens and the mirror, the pin had
to be raised 10.0cm to obtain coincidence with the image. If the refractive index of the
lens is 1.5, find the refractive index of the liquid. (05marks)

(c) (i) What is meant by magnifying power of optical instrument? (01mark)

(ii) Derive an expression for magnifying power of a compound microscope in normal

adjustment. (05marks)

(iii) Why should the objective and eye piece of a compound microscope have short
focal length? (01 marks)
20. (a) What is meant by the following terms as applied to optics

(i) refraction (01mark)

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 (ii) critical angle (01mark)

real depth
(b) show that the refractive index, n, of a medium is given by, n =
apparent depth
(04marks)

(c) A scratch is made at the bottom of a thick glass container which is filled with water. The
scratch appears displaced by 0.5cm when viewed from above the water. If the refractive
indices of water and glass are 1.33 and 1.50 respectively, find the apparent displacement
when water is removed and the scratch is again observed from above. (05marks)

(d) A ray of light incident at an angle, I, on a prism of an angle, A, passes through it

symmetrically.

(i) Write the expression for deviation, d, of the ray in terms of i and A, (01mark)

(ii) Find the value of d if the angle of the prism is 600 and the refractive index of glass is
1.48. (03marks)

(e) Describe how you would determine experimentally the angle of minimum deviation
produced by a prism. (05marks)

21. (a) (i) distinguish between real and virtual images. (02marks)

(ii) Describe how the position of an image in a plane mirror can be located (03marks)

(b) The diagram in the figure below shows a ray of light undergoing two successive reflections
at points X and Y in two mirrors M1 and M2 inclined at an angle θ.

Show that the ray is deviated through an angle 2θ (03marks)

(c) (i) What is a radius of curvature of a convex mirror? (01mark)

(ii) Describe the experiment to determine the focal length of a convex mirror using a plane
mirror. (05marks)

(d) A small convex mirror is placed 0.60m from the pole and no the axis of a large concave
mirror of radius of curvature 2.0m. The position of the convex mirror is such that a real image
of a distant object is formed in the pane of a hole drilled through the concave mirror at its
pole. Calculate the radius of curvature of the convex mirror. (04marks)

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22. (a) (i) Define the terms linear magnification and angular magnification as applied to a lens.
(02marks)

(ii) Derive the expression for magnifying power of a magnifying glass when the final image is
formed at the near point. (04marks)

(b) An object is placed at a distance f + x from a converging lens of focal length, f. the lens produces
an image at a distance, f + y from the lens. Show that f2 =xy. (03marks)

(c) (i) Describe with the aid of a labelled diagram the structure and operation of a simple projection
lantern. (04marks)

(ii) The slide of a projection lantern has dimension 36mm by 24mm. Find the focal length of the
lens required to project an image 1.44m by 0.98m on a screen placed 4.0m from the lens.
(04marks)

(d) Distinguish between a chromatic and spherical aberration. (03marks)

23. (a) (i) State the laws of reflection (02marks)

(ii) Show that the image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in
front. (04marks)

(b) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show how a concave mirror forms a real image of a real object placed
perpendicular to its principal axis. (01mark)

(ii) Describe an experiment, including a graphical analysis of the results to determine the focal
length of a concave mirror using the No-parallax method. (06marks)

(c) A concave mirror M of focal length 20.0cmis placed 90cm in front of a convex mirror, N, of focal
length 12.5cm. An object is placed on the common axis of M and N at a point 25.0 cm in front
of M.

(i) Determine the distance from N of the image formed by reflection, first in M and then in N.
(05marks)

(ii) find the magnification of the image formed in (c)(i) above (02marks)

24. (a) What is meant by reversibility of light as applied to formation of a real image by a convex
lens? (02marks)

(b) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the action of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment.
(03marks)

(ii) Derive the expression for magnifying power of the telescope in (b)(i) above in terms of the
focal length, f0 and fe of the objective and eyepiece respectively.

(iii) The objective and eyepiece of an astronomical telescope have focal length of 75.0cm and
2.5cm respectively. Find the separation of the two lenses if the final image is 25cm from
eyepiece. (04marks)

(c) (i) What is the significance of the eye-ring of an astronomical telescope? (02marks)

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 (ii) State two advantages of a reflecting telescope over refractive telescope. (02marks)

(d) Explain why chromatic aberration is not observed in a simple microscope. (04marks)

25. (a) (i) What is meant by refraction of light? (01mark)

(ii) State the laws of refraction. (02marks)

(b) Describe how the refractive index of a liquid can be determined using a concave mirror. (05marks)

(c)

Two parallel sided blocks A and B of thickness 4.0cm and 5.0cm respectively are arranged such
that A lies on an object O as shown above.

Calculate the apparent displacement of O when observed from directly above, it the refractive
indices of A and B are 1.52 and 1.66 respectively. (05marks)

(d) (i) state two applications of total internal reflection. (02marks)

(ii)

In the figure above, a parallel sided glass slide is in contact with a liquid on one side and air on
the other side. A ray of light incident on the glass slide from the liquid emerges in air along the
glass air interface.

Derive an expression for the absolute refractive index, nl, of the liquid in terms of absolute
refractive index, n, of glass and the angle of incidence, i.

26. (a) (i) Define angular magnification of a compound microscope. (01mark)

(ii) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how two converging lenses can be used to make a
compound microscope in normal adjustment. (03marks)

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 (b) An object of size 2.0mm is placed 3.0cm in front of the objective of a compound
microscope. The focal length of the objective is 2.5cm while that of the eye piece is 5.0cm.
The microscope forms a virtual image of the object at the near point of the eye. Find the

(i) the size of the final image (05marks)

(ii) position of the eye ring

(c) (i) With the aid of labelled diagram, describe the essential parts of a photographic camera.
(02marks)

(ii) Explain how chromatic and spherical aberration are minimized in a photographic camera.
(02marks)

27. (a) Define the focal length of a concave mirror. (01mark)

(b) An object is placed at a distance u from a concave mirror, the mirror forms an image of the
object at a distance v. Draw diagrams to show the path of light rays when an image formed is

(i) real (02marks)

(ii) virtual (02marks)

1 1 1
(c) Use a geometrical diagram to derive the relation, + = (05marks)
v u f
(d) A concave mirror of radius of curvature 40.0cm contains a liquid to a height 2.0cm. a pin clamped
horizontally and viewed from above is observed to coincide with its image when it is 27.0 above
the surface of the liquid. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid. (04marks)

(e) You are provided with the following pieces of apparatus:

A screen with a cross wire, a lamp, a concave mirror, and a meter rule. Describe an experiment to
determine the focal length of the concave mirror using the above apparatus.

28. (a) (i) Explain the terms chromatic and spherical aberration in lenses. (04marks)

(ii) How are the aberrations in (a)(i) above minimized in reflecting telescope? (03marks)

(b) With the aid of a diagram, explain why the image seen in the magnifying glass is almost free from
chromatic aberration when the eye is close to the lens. (04marks)

(c) A converging lens is used to form an image of an object 1.2m away on the screen 0.05m from the
lens.

(i) Find the focal length of the lens. (03marks)

(ii) If the lens is now used to form an image of a distant object, how far from the screen would the
clear image be formed? (02marks)

(iii) State the type of lens that should be placed close to the first lens in order to enable the
image in (c)(ii) above be formed on the screen. (01mark)
(iv) Calculate the focal length of the lens you have stated in (c)(iii) above. (03marks)

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29. (a) What is meant by the following terms as applied to a telescope?

(i) magnifying power (01mark)

(ii) eye-ring (01mark)

(b) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the final image by an astronomical telescope in
normal adjustment. (03marks)

(ii) With the aid of the diagram in (b)(i), derive an expression for the magnifying power of an
astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. (04marks)

(iii) Give the disadvantage of the telescope in (b)(i) when used to view distant objects on earth.
Describe how the telescope can be modified to overcome this disadvantage. (04marks)

(c) Find the separation of the eye-piece and objective of an astronomical telescope of magnifying
power 20 and in normal adjustment, if its eyepiece has a focal length of 5cm. (04marks)

(d) State three advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope. (03marks)

30. (a) Define the terms principal focus and power of a lens. (02marks)

(b) Derive the relation between the focal length, f, objective distance, u, and image distance, v, for
a thin lens. (07marks)

(c) A thin converging lens, P, of focal length 10cm and a thin diverging lens, Q, of focal length 15cm
are placed coaxially 50cm apart. If an object, O, is placed 12cm from P on the side remote from Q.

(i) find the position, nature and magnification of the final image. (07marks)

(ii) Sketch a ray diagram to show the formation of the final image. (02marks)

(d) Explain why lenses of narrow aperture are preferred to lenses of wide aperture in optical
instruments (02marks)

31. (a) (i) State the laws of reflection of light. (02marks)

(ii) Show that an incident ray of light reflected successively from two mirrors inclined at an angle θ
to each other, is rotated through 2θ. (04marks)

(b) Describe how a sextant is used to measure the angle of elevation of a star. (05marks)

(c) (i) Describe an experiment to measure the focal length of a convex mirror. (05marks)

(ii) A concave lens of focal length 20cm is placed 10cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length
16cm. Calculate the distance from the lens at which an object would coincide with its image.
(04marks)

32. (a) Explain with aid of a diagram, why a thick plane mirror forms multiple images. (04marks)

(b) Derive an expression for the focal length of a combination of two thin converging lenses in
contact, in terms of their focal lengths. (05marks)

(c)

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 In the diagram above, the image of the object is formed on the screen when a convex lens is
placed at A or B. if A and B are 15cm apart, find the

(i) Focal length of the lens. (03marks)

(ii) Magnification of the image formed when the lens is at B. (03 marks)

(d) Draw a ray diagram of a Galilean telescope and derive the expression for magnifying power when
in normal adjustment. (05marks)

33. (a) (i) State the laws of reflection of light. (02marks)

(ii) Show, with the aid of a ray diagram, that the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is twice
the focal length of the mirror. (05marks)

(b) An object is placed 20cm in from of a diverging lens place coaxially with a concave mirror of focal
length 15cm. When the concave mirror is 20cm from the lens, the final image coincides with the
object.

(i) Draw a ray diagram to show how the final image is formed. (02marks)

(ii) Determine the focal length of the diverging lens. (04marks)

(c) (i) Define angular magnification of an optical instrument. (01mark)

(ii) What is meant by exit pupil of a compound microscope? (02marks)

(iii) Describe with the aid of a diagram, the structure and action of a compound microscope in
normal adjustment. (04marks)

34. (a) (i) What is meant by a refractive index of a material? (01marks)

(ii) Mono chromatic light incident on a block of material placed in a vacuum is refracted through
an angle θ. If the block has a refractive index, n and is of thickness, t, show that light takes a time
ntsec θ
to emerge from the block where c is the speed of light in the vacuum. (03marks)
c
(b)

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 In the figure above, a layer of liquid is confined between two transparent plates X and Y of
refractive indices1.54 and 1.44 respectively. A ray of monochromatic light making an angle of 40 0
with the normal to the interface between X and the liquid is refracted through an angle of 500 by
the liquid. Find the

(i) Refractive index of the liquid (03marks)

(ii) Angle of refraction, r, in the medium, Y. (02marks)
(iii) Minimum angle of incidence in medium X for which the light will not emerge in Y
(04marks)

(c) (i) A ray of monochromatic light is incident at a small angle of incidence on a small angle prism in
air. Obtain the expression, d = (n-1)A for deviation of light by the prism (05marks)

(ii) Light of two wavelengths is incident at a small angle on a thin prism of refractive angle 50 and
refractive indices 1.52 and 1.50 for the two wavelength. Find the angular separation of the two
wavelengths after refraction by the prism. (03marks)

35. (a) State the laws of refraction of light (02marks)

(b) (i) Derive an expression for the refractive index of a prism in terms of refracting angle A and the
angle of minimum deviation, D. (05marks)

(ii) Monochromatic light is incident on one refracting face of a prism of refracting angle 600, made
of glass of refractive index 1.50.

Calculate the least angle of incidence for the ray to emerge through the second refracting face.
(05marks)

(c) (i) State three differences between compound microscopes and telescopes. (03marks)

(ii) Describe, with the aid of a ray diagram, how a compound microscope forms a final image at
near point.(05marks)

36. (a) Define the terms radius of curvature and focal length of a converging mirror. (02marks)

(b) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a real image of a real object in a converging
mirror (02marks)

1 1 1
(ii) Use the ray diagram in (b)(i) to derive the expression, = + ; where u. v and f are the
f u v
object distance, image distance and focal length respectively. (05marks)

(c) (i) With the aid of ray diagram, describe the structure and action of a reflecting telescope in
normal adjustment. (05marks)

(ii) State two advantages of reflecting telescope over an astronomical telescope. (02marks)

(d) An astronomical telescope has objective of focal length 100cm and eyepiece of focal length 10cm.
Calculate the separation of the objective if the lenses are arranged in such a way that the final
image is formed at 25cm from the eye. (04marks)

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37. (a) Define the principal focus of a converging lens. (1mark)

(b) A converging lens of focal length, f, is placed between a finite object and a screen. The position of
the screen is adjusted until a clear magnified image is obtained on the screen. Keeping the screen
fixed in this position, a distance L from the object, the lens is displaced through a distance, d, to
obtain a clear diminished image on the screen.

(i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in the two cases. (02marks)

(ii)Show that L2 – d2 = 4df (05marks)

(iii) Find the product of the magnifications produced in the two cases. (02marks)

(c) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show how two converging lenses, one of long focal length, f1, and the
other of shorter focal length, f2, can be arranged to make an astronomical telescope in normal
adjustment. (02marks)

(ii) Derive the expression for the magnifying power of the telescope in this setting. (03marks)

(d) The objective of a compound microscope has focal length of 2.0cm while the eyepiece has a focal
length of 5.0cm. An object is placed at a distance of 2.5cm in front of the objective. The distance
of the eyepiece from the objective is adjusted so that the final image is 25cm in front of the
eyepiece. Find the distance between the objective and the eyepiece. (05marks)

38. (a) (i) What is meant by refraction of light? (01mark)

(ii) State laws of refraction (02marks)

(b) Describe how the refractive index of a material of a glass prism of known refractive angle can be
determined using a spectrometer (06marks)

(c)

A ray of light is incident on face Ad of a glass bloc as shown in the figure above. The refractive
index of the material of the glass block is 1.52. If the ray emerges normally through face BC after
total internal reflection, calculate the angle, i. (05marks)

(d) Explain how a mirage is formed. (03marks)

(e) An object at a depth of 3.0m below the surface of water is observed directly from above the
surface. Calculate the apparent displacement of the object if the refractive index is 1.33.
(03marks)

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Sponsored by The Science Foundation College; +256 753 802709