Online Class

on

“Unit-2 (New Energy Sources)”

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Engineering College Bikaner, Rajasthan
Introduction (contents/syllabus):

❑ Impact of thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear power stations on environment

❑ Green House Effect (Global Warming)

❑ Renewable and non-renewable energy sources

❑ Conservation of natural resources and sustainable energy systems

❑ Indian energy scene

❑ Introduction to electric energy generation by wind, solar and tidal

Unit-2 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Impact of power stations on environment:
1. Air pollution due to the flue gases and Carbon emission: sulphur oxides,
nitrogen oxcide, hydrocarbons, carbon mono-oxcide.
❖ Air pollution can be reduced ESP (Electrostatic precipitator) .
2. Air pollution causes smog (smoke+fog).
3. Pollution due to the flying ash.
4. Mining of fossil fuels like coal in huge areas resulted loss of land for
cultivation.
5. Effect on Aquatic Life: Thermal effect, Chemical contamination.
6. The radioactive emission out of the nuclear power station causes is very
much hazards for human being.
7. Hydro-electric power station needs a huge land for the headworks for the
diversion of water.
8. Nuclear plant impact: 1) Health physics- environment control, personal
monitoring, biological monitoring. 2) Nuclear wastes- Disposal of coolant
and nuclear fission materials.

Unit-2 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Green House Effect (Global Warming):
Greenhouse effect is a process in which the radiation from a planet's atmosphere
warms the planet's surface. It causes global warming.
❑ the strength of the greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere's
temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere
contains.

Greenhouse gases:
❖ water vapor, 36–70%
❖ carbon dioxide, 9–26%
❖ methane, 4–9%
❖ ozone, 3–7%

❑ One of the major reason of

Green House effect is CO2 emission.
❑ It causes the melting of Glaciars and global warming.

Unit-2 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Renewable and non-renewable energy sources:

❑ Conventional Power Generation:

1) Thermal power station
2) Hydroelectric power station
3) Nuclear power station
4) Gas/Diesel power station

❑ Non-conventional (Renewable) Power Generation:

1) Solar
2) Wind
3) Bio-mass
4) Geothermal
5) Ocean and Tidal

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Energy Scenario in India:

❑ Total Installed capacity in India: 356100 MW (As on 31.3.2019)

(As per the data of National Statistical Office Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation Government of India)
❑ Generation capacity in India:
❑ Hydro: 45399.22 MW
❑ Thermal: 226279.34 MW
❑ Nuclear: 6780.00 MW
❑ RES: 77641.63 MW

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Wind Power Generation System:
❑ In a wind energy conversion system, a turbine captures the kinetic energy of the
wind through the shaft mechanically coupled with the generator.

Mechanical-electrical energy conversion

Torque and speed conversion Generator

Mechanical AC power
drive unit output
Gear-train
wind
Control and
Supervision

Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

❑ The coupling through gearbox transforms the slower rotational speed of the wind
turbine to higher rotational speeds electrical generator side.
❑ The rotation of electrical generator results the generation of the electrical power
output .

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Wind Power Generation System:
❑ Main components of Wing power generation system:

Source: https://www.futuren-group.com/en/lenergie-eolienne/comment-ca-marche

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Wind Power Generation System:
❑ Wind farm:

Source: https://www.ft.com/content/b8ddb2f4-5c83-11ea-8033-fa40a0d65a98

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Wind Power Generation System: Contd…

Wind Turbine Characteristics:

❑ Wind turbine is one of the most important component of wind energy conversion
system.
❑ The output power or torque of a wind turbine depends wind velocity, air-density, size
of a turbine as well as characteristics of the wind turbine.
❑ The shape of the cross-section of the blades (aero-foil) contribute in the turbine
characteristics and hence the output power. The output aerodynamic power of the
wind turbine is expressed by a well-known equation as follows
1
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝜌𝐴𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽)𝑉𝑤3
2
❑ Where, the typical power coefficient of a wind turbine at different wind speed and
different pitch angle is
116 12.5
−
𝐶𝑝 𝜆, 𝛽 = 0.5176 − 0.4 − 5 𝑒 𝜆𝑎 + 0.0068𝜆
𝜆𝑎
❑ Where, the TSR (Tip Speed Ratio) is defined as the ratio of the speed of the tip of the
blade and wind speed-
𝜔𝑡 𝑅
𝜆=
𝑉𝑤
10
Wind Power Generation System: Contd…

Wind Turbine Characteristics:

❑ The typical power coefficient of a wind turbine at different wind speed and different
pitch angles-

0.5
Turbine power cofficient, Cp
=0
0.4

=5
0.3

=10
0.2
=15
0.1 =20
=25
0
0 5 10 15
Tip speed ratio (TSR)

❑ Fora typical 1.5MW wind system, 12 m/sec base wind speed and 0° pitch angle,
𝐶𝑝𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 0.48 (Betz limit), 𝜆𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 8.1.
❑ Thus,the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) comes into the picture to
capture the maximum power from wind turbine.

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Wind Power Generation System: Contd…

Wind Turbine Characteristics:

❑ The typical power coefficient of a wind turbine at different wind speeds and different
region of operation is shown in figure-
Cut-in wind speed Rated/ Nominal Cut-out
wind speed wind speed

1
PeREF
12m/s
turbine power (pu)

0.8

0.6 11m/s

10m/s
0.4
9m/s

0.2 8m/s
7m/s
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
turbine speed (pu)

❑ Before Cut-in wind speed, no power generation.

❑ Maximum ad rated power generation at Nominal wind speed.
❑ After Cut-out wind speed, the turbine-generator need to be disconnected.
Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat
Wind Power Generation System: Contd…

➢ Types:
❑ Based on Axis:
i) Horizontal axis
ii) Vertical axis

❑ Based on speed and frequency:

i) Variable Speed Variable Frequency
ii) Constant Speed constant Frequency
iii) Variable Speed Constant Frequency
❑ Based on generator used:
i) Induction Generator
ii) DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator)
iii) PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) or FRC based

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Solar Energy:
❑ Solar energy is widely used Renewable Source of Energy for generating.
❑ It is pollution free and available abundant. It is a silent source of electricity and also low
maintenance and long lasting energy.
❑ The total installed capacity of the Solar power in India is 34 GW in end of 2019.
❑ Karnataka, Telangana, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Maharashtra and Andra Pradesh are some
of the leading states generating solar power.
❑ The Bhadla Solar Park in Rajastha, with total installed capacity of 2,245 MW, is the
biggest plant in the world as on March 2020.
❑ The major applications of the solar energy includes electrical power generation through
solar PV systems, Solar water heating, Solar cooling, Solar cars/traction, Agriculture,
Horticulture and ventilation.
❑ Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation ranging from about 0.25 to 4.5𝜇𝑚 in
wavelength including the UV, visible light and IR radiation.

❑ Solar radiation is being measured in Solar Irradiance (Power), Solar irradiation

(Energy), Solar constant and peak sun hours.
❑ Solar irradiance is the sun’s radiant power, represented in 𝑊/𝑚2 or 𝐾𝑊/𝑚2 .
❑ The solar constant is the
2
solar irradiance on 1 𝑚2 area. The typical value of it on
the earth is 1000 𝑊/𝑚 .

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Solar Energy: Contd…
Solar Radiation and Atmosphere:
❑ The total global radiation is sum of the
direct, diffused and reflected
components.
➢ Direct Radiation: It is the beam
radiation component incident
normal on surface of the earth.
➢ Diffused Radiation: It is the
radiation incident on the earth’s
surface that is scattered or
reflected.
❑ About 30% of the solar power is
absorbed or reflected back by the
atmosphere before reaching to surface
of the earth.
❑ A Pyranometer measures total global
solar irradiance (solar power),
Pyrheliometer measures the direct
normal component of total global solar
radiation.
❑ A PV cell can also be used for the
radiation measurements.
Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat
Solar Energy: Contd…

Solar Water Heating:

❑ In a typical solar water heater, water is heated
by the solar thermal energy absorbed by the
collectors. Main Components-
a) Solar Collector:
i. Flat Plate Solar Collector
ii. Parabolic Solar Collector
b) Insulated hot water storage tank:
c) Insulated hot water pipelines and
accessories:
❖ Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) based Solar
Water Heaters are mostly used which
consist of an insulated outer metallic box
covered on the top with transparent glass
sheet.
❖ Inside there are blackened metallic
absorber (selectively coated) sheets with
built in channels or riser tubes to carry
water.
❖ The absorber absorbs the solar radiation
and transfers the heat to the flowing water.

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Solar Energy: Contd…

Solar Power Generation Systems:

1. Solar Thermal Power Plant:
Main Components-
o Solar Collector
o Storage tank
o Boiler
o Turbine
o Condenser

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Solar Energy: Contd…
Solar Power Generation Systems:
2. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
System:
❖ A structure that converts
solar energy (photons)
directly to DC electric
energy. Also known as
Solar cell.
❖ It is like a battery because Antiglare layer
it supplies DC power. It is
different from a battery in
the sense that the voltage
supplied by the cell
changes with changes in
current.
❖ It works on the principal of
Photovoltaic. It is a p-n ❖ There are three basic steps for generation of
junction which generates electricity using PV cells-
voltage across it due to the 1) Absorption of solar radiation,
absorption of light 2) Generation of free charge carriers and
radiation (photons). 3) Transport and then collection of charge carriers
at PV cell terminals.
Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat
Solar Energy: Contd…

Solar Power Generation Systems:

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System:
❑ Each individual solar energy cell produces only 1-2 watts.
❑ A solar module consists of number of interconnected solar cells while the
solar panel (or) solar array is the interconnection of number of solar module
to get efficient power. Cells are connected in parallel for higher current while
in series for higher voltage rating.
❑ A solar PV power system delivering power to load has following main
components-
i) Solar module ii) Batteries and Converter circuitry iii) MPPT controller

Concentration
and Tracking
Buck/ Boost
converter
Solar PV Converter Circuitry
Load
Module Input with Battery
Power Output
V and I Control Power
measurements MPPT Signal
Controller

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

 Tidal Power Plant:
❖ The up and down level of the sea water is known as Tide.
❖ Tides are produced due the gravitational forces on the sun and moon.
❖ Surface water is pulled away from the earth surface on the side facing the moon.
Thus, it occurs during either full-moon or no-moon.
❖ As the earth rotates, the relative to the moon changes and it causes the tide.
❖ In a lunar day (24 hours 50 min.), there are 2 up tides and 2 down tides.
❑ Tidal Power Plant:
The main components of tidal power plant-
1. The Dam (Barrage)
2. Sluice ways
3. Power house consisting generator, transformer and electrical installations
❑ Types of Tidal Power Plant:
1. Single-Pool (Basin) Tidal System
2. Two-Pool (Double Basin) Tidal System

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Tidal Power Plant: Contd…

❑ Single-Pool (Basin) Tidal System:

❖ The turbine rotates during high and low tide both the conditions.
❖ A reversible turbine is used in such a system.

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

Tidal Power Plant: Contd…

❑ Two-Pool (Double Basin) Tidal System:

❖ The upper basin fills during the high-tide and the lower basin empties during
the low tide.

❖ There will always a sufficient water head difference the upper basin and lower
basin to drive the turbine.

❖ A two-basin scheme can produce continuous power output.

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat