Course Code: CRI 170

Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation

Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

Lesson Title: Developmental Theories Materials: Ballpen, Paper, Notebook

& SAS
Lesson Objectives: References:
At the end of this module, you should be able to: Siegel, Larry J. et al. 2007. Juvenile
1. discuss the main concept of developmental theory; Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law.
and 9th Edition, Wadsworth Publishing
2. formulate examples based on real life situations using Textbook:
the concept of the theory. Panugaling, G.C. and Caño, G. J.
(2019). Theories of Crime Causation.
Rex Book Store Inc.

Productivity Tip: Score: /80

Leave time for the last-minute review.
Here are where well-organized lecture notes come into play. Always, always
leave time for the last-minute review. Here, we’re exercising the tried and true
memory game. This is a technique that most students apply as one study habit.
That’s just impossible for the amount of college work you’ll be taking on, but it
can work quite well as a last-minute review—only if you have good notes!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction (2 mins)
How are you today? I hope you’re all well. Today, our topic is all about, “The Developmental
Theories”. But before that, let’s have a recap of our lesson last module. Yes, anybody from the group
who can recall what was the title of our module number 21? (The teacher must ask at least two (2)
students to answer). Okay, excellent! So, the title of our module number 21 was all about “Social
Conflict Theories”. The learning objectives for today are, first you have to: a) discuss the main concept
of developmental theory; and b) formulate examples based on real life situations using the concept of
the theory. Are you guys ready? Alright, let’s begin with this first activity!

B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 1: Content Notes (15 mins)
Instructions: Read and understand the concepts below and after that you have to
answer the questions that follow. Write it on the space provided.

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Developmental theories aim to identify, examine and deeply understand the developmental
factors that would explain the onset (start) and the continuation of a criminal career. It aims to answer
the question why an individual criminal stops (desist) in committing crimes while others continue
(persisting) their criminal activities. Below are some of the theories under developmental:

1. Interactional Theory
Terence Thornberry has proposed an age-graded view of crime that he calls interactional
theory. He agrees that the onset can be traced to a deterioration of the social bond during adolescence,
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 Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

marked by weakened attachment to parents, commitment to school, and belief in conventional values.
The onset of a criminal career is supported by residence in a social setting in which deviant values and
attitudes can be learned from and reinforcement by delinquent peers. Weak bonds lead kids to develop
friendships with deviant peers and get involved in delinquency (Siegel, 2004). So, if we try to analyze
interactional theory, it clearly borrowed the principles of social bond theory by Travis Hirschi.

2. Age-Graded Theory
Robert Sampson and John Laub in their work (1993), “Crime in the Making” identify the
turning points in a criminal career. They find out that the stability of delinquent behavior can be affected
by the events that occur in later life, even after a chronic delinquent career has been undertaken. They
also state that children who enter delinquent careers are those who have trouble at home and school
and maintain deviant friends (Siegel, 2004).
In age-graded theory, the type of crime committed by a certain individual is in consonance with
his age or his age governs or dictates the type of crime to be committed by him. This is what Laub and
Sampson called as the turning points: marriage and career. For example, adolescents who are at risk
for crime can live conventional lives if they can find good jobs or achieve successful careers. Even
those who have been in trouble with the law may turn from the crime if employers are willing to give
them a chance despite their records. Those criminals who have entered happy marriages and quality
marital life may desist (stop) from committing crime anymore (Siegel, 2004). Also those criminals who
are already aged may also stop in committing crime because their body physique and stamina could
not support them anymore.
Aging – out process – it is also known as desistance or spontaneous remission. The tendency
for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behaviour as they aged and is thought to occur
among all groups of offenders (Siegel, 2007).

3. Social Development Model

Joseph Weis, Richard Catalano, J. David Hawkins (2001), and their associates focus on the
different factors affecting child’s social development over the life course. According to their view, as
children mature within their environment, elements of socialization control their developmental process
and either insulate them from delinquency or encourage their antisocial activities. SDM holds that
commitment and attachment to conventional institutions, activities and beliefs insulate youths from
delinquency-producing influence in their environment. Therefore, using this model, the role of parents
is very important since they are the first teachers (Siegel, 2007).

4. General Theory of Crime

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in their work, “General Theory of Crime,” modified
and redefined some of the principles articulated in Hirschi’s social control theory by integrating the
concepts of control with those biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories. In
this theory, Gottfredson and Hirschi consider the criminal offender and the criminal act as separate
concepts. They further claim that crime is rational and predictable; people commit crime when it
promises rewards and minimal threat or pain; the threat of punishment can deter crime.

5. Differential Coercion Theory

Mark Colvin in his work, “Crime and Coercion,” identifies master traits that may guide
behavioral; choices, in which he calls “coercion.” Perceptions of coercion can begin in early life when
children experience a punitive form of discipline including both physical attacks and psychological
coercion including negative commands. Critical remarks such as teasing, humiliation, whining, yelling
and threats.
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 Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

6. Control balance theory

Charles Tittle expands the concept of personal control as a predisposing element for
criminality. He believed the concept of control has two (2) distinct elements: the amount of control one
is subject to by others and the amount of control one can exercise over others. Conformity results when
these 2 elements are in balance; control imbalances produce deviant and criminal behaviors. According
to Tittle, deviance increases when there is a control deficit and with excessive control. Control
imbalance represents a potential to commit crime and deviance (Siegel, 2004).

Let us answer the questions below based on your readings:

1. Who created the Interactional Theory?

Terence Thornberry
Answer: _________________________________________________________

2. It is also known as desistance or spontaneous remission.

Self-Change Theory
Answer: _________________________________________________________

3. This theory holds that commitment and attachment to conventional institutions, activities and
beliefs insulate youths from delinquency-producing influence in their environment.
Social Bond Theory
Answer: _________________________________________________________

Activity 2: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

This is a self-assessment; you have to answer the question honestly. After
that check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of
this SAS. Write your score on the space provided.

2.1 Let us test your skill! In this activity, you are going to identify what theory under developmental is
being portrayed on the diagram shown below and after that you have to formulate a scenario (real life
situations) depicting the said diagram. Write it on the space provided. (20 points)
Score: over 20

Alex, a high school student with a passion for

art, faces parental pressure to pursue a
financially stable career. This leads to an
imbalance, causing Alex to feel trapped and
powerless. He engages in illegal graffiti art as
a form of self-expression, attempting to restore
balance and assert his autonomy.

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 Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

2.2 What theory under developmental you LIKE the MOST and you LIKE the LEAST when it comes to
its explanation regarding crime causation. Support your answer. Limit your answer to ten (10)
sentences only. Write it on the space provided. (10 points)
Score: over 10

The Social Learning Theory emphasizes social influences, such as observation and imitation, in shaping
behavior. It offers insights into criminal behavior and intervention strategies. However, the Biosocial
Theory is less appealing due to its heavy reliance on biological factors, which oversimplify complex social,
environmental, and psychological factors. A comprehensive understanding of crime causation should
consider the interplay of genetic, environmental, and social influences.

2.3 In your own words, discuss the concept of developmental theory. Limit your answer to ten (10)
sentences only. Write it on the space provided. (10 points)
Score: over 10
Developmental theory examines the growth and development of individuals through various life stages,
considering behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. It acknowledges the continuous and
dynamic process influenced by internal and external factors like genetics, environment, family, peers,
and culture. Studying developmental patterns and milestones offers valuable insights into individual
maturation and complexities.

Activity 3: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

This is a self-assessment; you have to answer these questions honestly.
After that check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the
end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

3.1 Identification: Write what is asked on the space provided in each item below. Wrong spelling is
wrong. No erasures. (2 points each)
Score: over 20
Early life
___________________1. According to Differential Coercion Theory when can perceptions of coercion
begin?
___________________2.
Charles Tittle Who expands the concept of personal control as a predisposing element for
criminality?
___________________3.
Control imbalance According to Differential Coercion Theory, what can produce deviant and
criminal behaviors?
___________________4.
Control imbalance It represents a potential to commit crime and deviance.
___________________5.
Mark Colvin Who created the Differential Coercion Theory?
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
___________________6. Who created the General Theory of Crime?
___________________7.
General Theory of Crime This theory claims that crime is rational and predictable and that people
commit crime when it promises rewards and minimal threat or pain.
___________________8.
Parents They are also known as the first teachers.
Social Development Model
___________________9. According to this theory, as children mature within their environment,
elements of socialization control their developmental process and either insulate them from delinquency
or encourage their antisocial activities.
___________________10.
Age-Graded Theory What theory states that the type of crime committed by a certain individual
is in consonance with his age or his age governs or dictates the type of crime to be committed by him?

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 Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

3.2 Analysis: Study the pictures below and then identify what theory under developmental it belongs
to. Support your answer. Limit it to ten (10) sentences only. Write it on the space provided. (10 points)
Score: over 10

Attachment theory highlights the importance of a

secure bond between infants and caregivers for
healthy emotional development. Images of crying
babies, black eyes, murmuring children, and
tape-on mouths illustrate attachment behavior,
emphasizing the significance of early relationships
in shaping an individual's attachment style and
influencing emotional regulation, social
interactions, and relationship patterns throughout
life. These images align with attachment theory's
core principles, emphasizing the significance of
early relationships in shaping emotional and social
development.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 4: Thinking About Learning (5 mins)

A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session
number you just completed. You mark the place in the work tracker which is
simply a visual to help you to track how much work you have accomplished
and how much work there is left to do.

B. Think About Your Learning

Instruction: There are two (2) parts of this activity; first, give me your feedback regarding our module
today by shading any of the circles below. And then support your answer. Write it on the space
provided. And then on the second part would be your self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets.

B.1 Fist to Five Activity:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________ 5
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
______________________
 Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

B.2 This is a self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets: Just place a check (/) mark on the
space provided.
1. I CAN discuss the main concept of developmental theory. _______
2. I CAN formulate example based on real life situations _______
using the concept of the theory.

Q1. What is the main purpose of developmental theory?

Answer: The main purpose of developmental theory is to identify, examine and deeply understand the
developmental factors that would explain the start and the continuation of a criminal career.
Q2. Who founded the developmental theory in criminology?
Answer: Cyril Burt; an early influence in developmental criminology was Cyril Burt and his study of
adolescent offending in the 1920s.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:

Rubrics on Activity 2.1 Rate

Organization of thoughts = 15 points
Grammar = 2 points
Readability = 2 point
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 20 points
Answer on Activity 2.1
Answer: Control Balance Theory
This theory claims that deviance increases when there is control deficit and with excessive control.
Control imbalance represents a potential to commit crime and deviance.
Rubrics on Activity 2.2; 2.3 and 3.2 Rate
Organization of thoughts=4 points
Grammar = 3 points
Readability = 2 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 10 points
Answer on Activity 3.1
1. Early life
2. Charles Tittle
3. Control imbalance
4. Control imbalance
5. Mark Colvin
6. Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
7. General Theory of Crime
8. Parents
9. Social Development Model
10. Age-Graded Theory
Answer on Activity 3.2
Answer: Differential Coercion Theory
6
 Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #22

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:_______________

Rationale: Children in the images experience punitive and abusive forms of discipline such as physical
attacks, threats and psychological coercion. These children may be prone to committing delinquency.

TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES:
In-classroom learning session:
1. Collect completed work in the SAS;
2. Allocate your contact time with students to individual or small group mentoring, monitoring, and
student consultations;
3. You may administer summative assessments (quizzes, demonstrations, graded recitation,
presentations, performance tasks) during face-to-face sessions;
4. You may also explore supplementary activities that foster collaboration, provided that social
distancing is observed; and,
5. You may provide supplementary content via videos, etc.

Congratulations! That’s enough for today; study modules 1-22 and also as a supplement you
also study our textbook for our final examinations next meeting!
Thank you!

Sources: Learning How to Learn: How to Succeed in School without Spending All Your Time Studying,
a Guide for Teens and Kids by Barbara Oakley and Terrence Sejnowski, 2018
https://www.corecore.ac.uk › download › pdf