UNIT-5 Communication system Part -2 Notes

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Generation Cellular Communication

The aim of each different generation development is to improve the speed and capability of the
wireless connection. It is only data that is carried by the later generations though, as voice is
still mostly carried using 2G technology.
Cellular communication is progressing through different generations. Initially we had first
generation (1G), then second generation (2G). This developed into third generation (3G) and
now that has advanced into fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G). All of the names
refer to the generation of wireless communications that the technology has gone through.
1G ‐ First Generation
This was the first generation of cell phone technology. The very first generation of commercial
cellular network was introduced in the late 70's with fully implemented standards being
established throughout the 80's.
1G is an analog technology and the phones generally had poor battery life and voice quality was
large without much security, and would sometimes experience dropped calls. These are the
analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until
being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The maximum speed of 1G is 2.4 Kbps.
2G ‐ Second Generation
Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. The main
difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals
used by 1G network are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Main motive of this generation
was to provide secure and reliable communication channel. It implemented the concept of
CDMA and GSM. Provided small data service like sms and mms. Second generation 2G cellular
telecom networks were commercially launched in 1991.
During 2G Cellular phones are used for data also along with voice. The advance in technology
from 1G to 2G introduced many of the fundamental services that we still use today, such as
 SMS
 internal roaming
 conference calls
 call hold and
 billing based on services e.g. charges based on long distance calls and real time billing.
The max speed of 2G with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is 50 Kbps or 1 Mbps with
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

3G ‐ Third Generation
This generation set the standards for most of the wireless technology we have come to know
and love. Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture sharing and other smartphone
technology were introduced in the third generation. Introduced commercially in 2001, the goals
set out for third generation mobile communication were to facilitate greater voice and data
capacity, support a wider range of applications, and increase data transmission at a lower cost.
3G has Multimedia services support along with streaming are more popular. In 3G, Universal
access and portability across different device types are made possible (Telephones, PDA's, etc.).
3G increased the efficiency of frequency spectrum by improving how audio is compressed
during a call, so more simultaneous calls can happen in the same frequency range. 3G
technology is capable of allowing internet speeds that can reach 7 Mbps, but this speed is
unrealistic and is often approximately 2 to 3 Mbps.
People felt that the speeds reached by 3G technology were better, but that speed and access
could still be improved regarding the internet and mobile devices. This encouraged the
development of 4G technology, the 4 th generation of mobile communication standard.
4G ‐ Fourth Generation
4G is a very different technology as compared to 3G and was made possible practically only
because of the advancements in the technology in the last 10 years. Its purpose is to provide
high speed, high quality and high capacity to users while improving security and lower the cost
of voice and data services, multimedia and internet over IP. Potential and current applications
include;
 mobile web access
 IP telephony
 gaming services
 high‐definition mobile TV
 video conferencing
 3D television, and
 cloud computing
The development of 4G technology provided two main benefits, increased upload and
download
speeds and reduced latency. 4G technology is approximately five times (and sometimes more)
faster than 3G technology. This meant that the speed at which files could be downloaded was
significantly increased. This increase in speed meant that files could be downloaded in a much
faster time. Typically, with 3G technology, a 2GB file could take approximately 30 minutes to
download. However, with 4G technology that download time could be potentially cut to
approximately 3–4 minutes. This significantly improved the experience of mobile devices and
internet usage for the user.

5G ‐ Fifth Generation
5G is a generation currently under development, that's intended to improve on 4G. 5G
promises
significantly faster data rates, higher connection density, much lower latency, among other
improvements. Some of the plans for 5G include device‐to‐device communication, better
battery consumption, and improved overall wireless coverage.
5G technology is set to dramatically affect the use of mobile internet. In order to provide 5G
access there is a major restructure occurring on parts of the radio network that is used to
transmit data. This restructure is reported to allow data to be transmitted approximately 100
times faster.
The development from 3G to 4G technology and further developments into 5G technology will
enable a number of advancements. These may include:
 greater speed in internet access
 faster loading speeds of applications, such as maps
 the ability to have multiple people in video conferencing calls
 more effective location services to allow for real‐time updates, such as traffic and
weather
 the ability to stream high‐definition (HD).

Wireless Radio Communication System Block Diagram

A Radio Communication system is a wireless communication system, where the radio wave or radio
signal is used to transfer signal or information or data through the space medium. So there is no need
for wires or electrical conductors for transfer signals. You can see the examples of the radio
communication system in mobile towers, broadcasting, etc. The radio communication system reduces
the hazard of wire connections, facilitates portability, etc. First of let's see the block diagram of radio
communication system to understand its working principle.
As per the above radio communication block diagram, the upper blocks or part is the sending end
circuit whereas the lower blocks or lower part is the receiving end circuit. Now let's go to discuss
about these parts or blocks, so it will help to understand the working principle of a radio
communication system.

Input Transducer

It is a device that converts the physical quantity or physical change into electrical signals.
Microphones, cameras, keyboards, etc can be examples of input transducers. So user can input
their information to the system through these input transducers. So the input transducer is the
first part of any communication system.

Baseband Processor

The baseband processor performs so many tasks but the main function is it helps to convert the
normal signal into a high-frequency radio signal. Baseband processors also perform signal
processing work. In most of the cases, it is set up with analog to digital converter and digital to
analog converter circuits.

Encoder

The encoder is a device that encodes the signal which means it compresses or reduces the bits for
reducing size and safety.

Modulator

It modulates the signal or mixed the actual signal with a carrier signal.

Up Converter & Power Amplifier

Upconverter is used to increase the frequency of the signal to reduce the chances of data loss
during the transmission. The power amplifier amplifies the signal strength so that can be
transmitted over a long distance.

Radio Transmitter

It transmits the signal through space using the Antenna.

Radio Receiver
It receives the radio signal through the receiving end antenna. The antenna is a very important
device for sending or receiving the radio signals.

Down Converter

It decreases the frequency of the signal to the actual value. At the sending end, the frequency of
the signal is increased whereas, at the receiving end, the frequency of the signal is decreased.

Demodulator

It demodulates the signal which means it separates the carrier signal and the actual signal.

Decoder

It decodes the signal or information to its original format as sent by the sender.

Output Transducer

At the sending end, the physical quantity or information is converted into an electrical signal
through the input transducer. The output transducer is opposite to the input transducer it converts
the electrical signal into physical form. Display, monitors, speakers, printers are examples of
output transducers.

So, you may understand the radio communication system is almost the same as others just the
difference is it uses the radio signal for the information transmission purpose.

Satellite Communication :
If communication occurs between any two stations on the earth with a satellite, then it is known
as satellite communication. In this kind of communication, electromagnetic waves are utilized
like carrier signals to carry the data like audio, voice, video among space and ground.
The utilization of Satellite Communication worldwide has become common and everywhere in
some different applications such as DTH Broadcasting, Television, DSNG, and VSAT to develop
unique facilities in terms of outreach as well as coverage. For the past three decades, this
technology is used in a large number of commercial as well as common applications.

Block Diagram of Satellite Communication

Advantages of Satellite Communication
The following are the advantages of satellite communication:

 Installments of circuits are easy.

 The elasticity of these circuits is excellent.
 With the help of satellite communication, every corner of the earth can be covered.
 The user fully controls the network.

Disadvantages of Satellite Communication

The following are the disadvantages of satellite communication:

 Initial expenditure is expensive.

 There are chances of blockage of frequencies.
 Propagation and interference.

Applications of Satellite Communication

 Telephone
 Television
 Digital cinema
 Radio broadcasting
 Amateur radio
 Internet access
 Military
 Disaster Management
Overview of RADAR communication:
Radio detection and ranging (RADAR) is a method of using electromagnetic waves to determine
the position of a target. Radar transmits a signal and receives and detects a portion of the signal
that is reflected back to the radar. Radar uses this return signal or echo to measure the time it is
transmitted to the time it is received to determine the range of the target. In addition, the returned
signal can be received by the radar antenna to determine the angle it received. Therefore, radar
can determine the range and direction, velocity, and identifying characteristics of targets by
monitoring the reflected signals coming back to the radar.

Basic block diagram is shown below