CHAP-1- ALTERNATINGa CUERENT

Alteuatuq cunuut u that cun2ut tehose

nagnihnde changes
Continniy wrlti tima and dikection aves pesiodically
ct cu t u hat uwut suic flows wittu a
consank waguilide and iu t ame daiecion
0.
AureRATrus coREENT

DIRECT CORRENT

lknaliug voltage represeulad

s

( ineot =Tsinuot

Jnstamtameous eak angulo

vaue C qt
amy hetmt t Cunhue vela
orpitde)
Tuisaperiod T: 2 f*hagae *C
f o

one complake yele

erag* ac ac for

Amy auerage aluer m gennal cam e u e n as

t T
J flpde ten z è af tume

u
0Avenag vetue e AC for a eepieh ycla
T
T swt de Tse
w T
Jo
T
Jat
ZERO !!
Cos 27-ce&o=
 Atenaa alue, o AUinaliue vrtnge f lat
Eiustdt

ZERO

The awenage ue usxant ad votnge for o yd

Aveage vnlua

wJo

&esX- ceso
TuO

Ro=
3:I4
0.636 E
Sinilar r a ea, O . 836 T
Keeb Mea dauane value *
uaumt
idekued as that value e a diiut
teuiclu Kaduus the s a u a Ahealiug eet a a gwen

esiales as i is rodued by'ne guien allionain

Cuanent whern aised or ui sámme time

T Li wt t
Tw

- - )-

0.707 To

0.707
 alu q allirmaiug emp
squaAL that
teadly ustage
Meam
Reot value ea
that agislon
Exns a a t i i u aguien
daune anuountt ohen appluid
he en
xedues allnaling
u guen i deuotid
St in
as is oduued by l h e lame t i i .
it
same
Aesleln
ohe

e
Phasoa d i o g i a m s :
taue poak valuwes)
te ume
u i e segnaus.
egma.
nepsesunt d
duie
i ec
ct id
la d
Lere, we uoltagts by
cuRAnls and u"roporioval b te
Aiinusoidal
angnuit The
e luie
aud voltage .
veltage
ugtu o c ucn
usenb
eut
he
peak ualuuus)
gues e pliose diffenne
Ams values(or duue degmanla
du
ehueau
malu we
augla
Jennem u 9uamtethee u t hnaa
velos
ase
mat hinuusidas
4vetoge ualkus
CuRsnut
te
Ama
value/peak

inlav
hab Kehh ]
hepheamt
Cudsut t vpttages esiso

tennaihd
toa puae
Utoge)
AUENnag
cmak (

Eounst

Atppid en
lnskamtamew tuasunt
I
smust
I =J
IN PHASE
vetage ase
IN PHASE
CuasRut aud
Heme

>tot

PHASOR DU&RAm

REsIsTTVE
KT
PURE
FOR

I verSus wt
GRAPH O F E d
 i ) AN Ac EME CoNNECreD TD A PURE NDUCTOR
ket aninsoidal a.c ew be neclad 6 a
pu ndudlia, L. Let u e Cuuseut be,
Io i n w t
e t e appluid em aud Eid he mcduu4

em, e have Ay kichhetf las,

L

E-( ()

uo.LIcosus Lw I) esus

and
vretkage ae net phase
EMEMF laads Caiut by phae {2

rasAstamu 5
Luo = X, nduuise Aactaee
SI wwt2
c i XL dopnds e t u lei d a c Ruau4.

DC =o ' KL=O Cno asistamu for DeE

4 as
nnLases XL Ainneares

ot

Josinst

GRAPH OF Te vs
PHASOR PAGTRArM
GRAPA OF XL
V
 Allnalne for mduls cinuit
ELd T
-d -

iut dt
I 5i(uot - )
Dnducsiue neactame XL) nesistome ked a
une duuhve eicuit

i) An AC EMF CONNECTED TD A PURE CPAUToR

Lat am allimalug e be tonael d tha pune

Capauit
The em e eosiuet
A aa Aenilb, he Capaitn will gt eharged and dichagd
penisdica lu, The uineut u te caust urll be,
c. e hnst)= o.C.e casw-

c ce)
eae

Eeo Smst I TAnlot+

mot u phase
wesee hat uaRnt aud mf asL
euaaut d a a u t Aaads a 2
The e ags
(D Lo = CE : Ldumansions Aristame

^c> Capauitive
inautame (seunit R
Cu
m Capauh aud iome g
X depuds heistoma t De)
o =o xe (Lag
()or de,
Kc deennans
(4) As s mcneae,

GRAPH OF X Us
 Y

PHASOR DIAGeAM FOR

CAPCITINVE CIRLIT

LCR SERIES, cÄuib

Ve

ML
R
V 1,V«&

connelid to
a CR i u t (sesias)
h e tigue hou
Amsunut u ttue uruiutE
ht I be t u
am au cemw. auness hais,
h ams vltagas
aud Ve, V, Ve be mdo
nduut aud eapaiito
Phae elaliern betwe
ceu it
lmout I aud 'stge bd
V= IXL
: L. Lo
L Vlesds I kj }a2
C Ve lagsI
n phai ithI Ve-R £.R
V

unemt u chese. alamg Gt)we x anis .

Veli phae uihh I)

aladg Gt) K a x v
amd huune chotsem

VL u a d 1 .
+ Yanu V lags I ' i v e Yaxiu)
V eheetme usta
n A OBP, OP 2 oB + BP*
V.

v-V** (V-Ve)
R(sxT*)
V I e+(KK)
V VV

VR
Von lam a o
drao thn hovotally)
.
 pedome z)
to usnlmt m LcR aemis
The Aistamue kee
chcuit Z
|X-e
IT mpedomte hiargi
R

wnd
and tom Xe*e K

Aa ineuneno AListame a unit i

NOTE Vey Vams wte

V
Vh#Ve+ V*Ve

=
ta Xe
Phae augte (¢) R
VLaadsI
Jduubive
ciui
one+ive
L>Xe
apacifive
oame-ive > V lags t

XL Xe
pmel
V phane serns he
XL X c tam O
cait

V
R+t¥)* wltutguamy
ac soma ma
M annim
iwom
m
m
dapemds w ill"
wrill "le
be
XLaud X co.
The uasmt
The
cuaRent
on lat
cumt depends
X_- Xc
The
h
minimum
. This happeus naximm

Wher z
Shiun u a r e u i ib
once

equnuy
D ( iemun)
oL=
CuO

a soca

nham he Requm4
maxmun
unut Le
maiual Fhazuy o
egualstp
 oename.
A
ualilyfaeln (a) - anbmes
Thu M
ueub v mKimum MA
eoname he
At ,
doreaaed When
neaaed R i
uanmt can be nanwel ebut co
ue beomus
R deneared, The

& id o t e d as

at neroame

IR

or
o CR

LCR Ciuiub Cam e woed ..

Aveag powe am
Conly
allL cauu
R, L,C ett
wam LCR Alk, tu u n b aud tages nay
may not be m phaoe LaE ne ustamtamess Uattpc
aud udmt et, e omust % nluot +).
OD w mouug a ckarge da logh a petutal

dference dv w y
dw Vda =VIdAE W =d vrdt
(Pouwe wplte)
uer

PotE Snot(&m wt eso + cesuot snnp)

o | iust cesd t
vimStcast sne
Uns -cos 24b Cos + n2ol
2
i¢
P - ss 21ottosd + Pmustsnd
]
os (zuot +¢)|

Pviat e - - e(uot +4)

twe dupendart
aN Punt mdapmduurt

/ cosCuot *
RaW e casp
2

Pow o esg
22

la

þowen fauto cesp= 1 .

D cene
i Callud
u à u i t ,t =0
haichre
o r a pusly Ceso

Pa ams A ms 2.
2
LunR or

ciuit
puslynduukwe
/caparitie
3t a

lau ZERO
capauitwe
ndulwe C
Zano
puue npme L
s) m a Pan on muA
Calad
no p o e
inL » iuib
Cchuik m uhw
CiuuilsCunut

wattlem unseng
uiaut , law A e T

6n a purely huishn
XL-Xe Åeaukamie
L t
L eem
m
CR e i u t ,
daep
8 n tems
LR c h i t , dhep C
a)
heeny q LC ascillalun

AL t o, te emTt s h e l s
t r e elocbpal
Capaiit
fe capauitor at t 2d
& i charge m

2 paty
eluebucal +magraii
At amy latutie y t ponbly
20

Smce d emur conatant .

+ LI

dy
dk
.
Lc
O Thn i te m

namal homu hecilali

C Clarge on t eapait vämis inusvidal
a cuadt u t caiuib, L -da -&uo Smsl
olL
Toanist
(T. = peak Cuarant)
2-
2C
shen, UE Um
ceso n 2 s t
2C
2E
CosCos 20t =o
2ot 2n+D2

2 2.t 2n+)
n+ 8
 S to (b
-T/s
1_ U
Ue-Us
fully chagd capai ully ChagdC
o cuaremt
Capauitr dichog unranE
uins a x imum

()
t 3s t4T7 5s
UB-De
Cchargp but rulky ekargedc
m oppot diecion ho w n u t
Capari dirckagp
T' denanmp I'maeanut
Va -Ue) b u t opp t o

t-7 7 77g

Us
Us-De
tully dachagsdc Gapauit chapy
umwtk mani mu)

NOTT
Atuenoma,
G) Cunemb a x i m u m
inimu raristme Zmn).

(3) XL- Xe CVL Ve

()
io maximumm, P= T*R= Vs
) Powes dispatad
CuALut phoe sitti valiage.
(6 =1
(2)
Poun fauto cesý X