ROAD SAFETY

Strategic Plan for Road Safety 2006-2010

In 2006, the National Road Safety Plan 2006-2010 was launched by

the Prime Minister. This Plan encompasses a total of nine strategies.
Among the strategies are early childhood safety education, electronic
enforcement, safety legislation, road engineering programs and
community based programs.

The objectives are to achieve the nation’s road safety goal, as follow:

(i) To reduce 52.4 per cent of deaths per 10,000 vehicles from 4.2 in 2005 to 2.0
in 2010;
(ii) To reduce deaths per 100,000 population from the existing 23 (2005) to 10
deaths;
(iii) To reduce deaths per billion VKT from the current 18 (2005) to 10 deaths.
Fatality per 10,000 Vehicles - Estimated and Projected (Years 1986-2010)
Deaths per 100,000 population in Malaysia
Deaths per Billion Vehicle-Kilometer Travelled in Malaysia
 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Road safety

In order to objectively address the national safety targets, 15 KPIs were drawn up for the
following sectors:

1. Management of Road Safety 9. Vehicle Safety and Standards

2. Road Accident and Injury Database 10. Traffic Legislation
3. Road Safety Funding 11. Traffic Law Enforcement
4. Safe Planning and Design of Roads 12. Emergency Assistance to Road
5. Improvements to Hazardous Locations Accident Victims
6. Road Safety Education 13. Road Safety Research
7. Driver Training and Testing 14. Road Accident Costing
8. Road Safety Campaigns 15. Partnership in Road Safety
 Event Pre Crash Crash Post Crash
Factors

HUMAN Education Complaince to Skill of

Campaign Safety Devices paramedic and
Enforcement first
respondents

VEHICLE Type approval Installation of Rescue tools

Roadworthiness Passive Safety
Active Safety Devices
Devices

ENVIRONMENT Blackspot Forgiving Road Trauma centres

Program Furniture and
Road Safety management
Audit
 EXERCISE
An incidence of accident…
Two people were traveling at 120-130kph for the past 10km
since leaving a bar where they had excessive drink. The driver
loses control on a sharp curve and the vehicle strikes a tree.
The passenger is partly ejected and killed. The driver had
minor injuries. The rescue team arrived within one hour later.

Based on the incidence, how its can be relates with

the Haddon safety planning matrix?
 Haddon Safety Planning Matrix
PHASE Pre-Crash Crash Post-Crash
FACTOR
Human • Speeding • non-first
• intoxicated • Un Buckled- respond
• loss of control up • paramedic
late

Vehicle • Braking
system failed • Functioning
Air bag
• Alerting
system
Environment
• sharp curve • tree
• no guardrail
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and

Intervention

70
61.09
60
50
Fatalities ( %)

40
Road

30 22.83
20
8.71
10 4.06 2.83
0.48
0
Bus Driver Lorry Driver Cyclist Car Driver Pedestrian Motorcyclist

Road Users

Source : (PDRM,2012)
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and

Intervention

The main focus of the intervention strategies adopted

was aimed at the target group of the road user are:
1. Motorcyclists,
2. Pedestrians and,
3. Car Drivers

The contributing factor to motorcycle accidents are:

 lack of conspicuity
 bad habits and behaviour
 less forgiving road conditions
 lack of stability
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and

Intervention

 Motorcycle lane
 Running headlights
 Safety helmet
 Conspicious clothing
 Fluorescent clothing
 Anti speeding
 Anti weaving
 Motorcycle paved shoulder
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Segregating motorcycle from other traffic

• Malaysia has the world’s first lane in
1970’s.
• Raden et al. (1995,1998) studied the impact
of the motorcycle lane.
• The reduction in motorcycle accident was
highly significant (p<0.05) with an average
reduction of about 39% motorcycle accidents
per year.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• In Malaysia, this initiative was implemented in

middle of 1992.
• Raden et al (1996) reported reduction of 29% in
conspicuity related motorcycle accidents using
multivariate modelling technique.
• On site obserbvation data shows about 82% of
motorcyclist comply with the running headlights
regulation (Raden et al.,1996)
 ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• No other vehicle in traffic use has an

associated demand for head protection like
the motorcycle.
• Motorcyclist involved in a casualty are three
times more likely to be killed if not wearing a
helmet (Cameron et al.,1994- Aus).
• Safety helmet is able to reduce head, neck
and face injuries (Hurt et al., 1991).
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• The proper usage of safety helmet in

Malaysia was only about half (54%),
13.6%(loosely fastened), 8.4%(untied) and
24% were not wearing a safety helmet
(Kulanthayan et al.,2001).
• In Malaysia (1999), motorcyclist death
associated with head injury between 55.4% -
87.7% (Kulanthayan, 2002).
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Dark clothing creates less visibility which

might in turn be dangerous for the riders as they
are not visible enough to other road users.
• About half (53%) of Malaysian riders choose
dark attire while riding (Raden et al.,1998)
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Fluorescent clothing colour can increase the

day conspicuity by 235% (Raden, 1996).
• Thus fluorescent jacket can significantly
increase motorcyclist conspicuity in day light
in some circumstances.
• The benefits afforded by conspicuity aids
varied between places due to environmental
factors (road layout, lighting condiyions and
presence or absence of other traffic.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Speeding increases the risk being involved in a

crash and increases the severity of a crash.
• Generally to ensure a vehicle stops in time, a
3 sec gap should be allowed between a vehicle
and the next car in front. In wet conditions this
gap should be increased to 5 sec.
• An increase in speed limits from 55 to 65 mph
on highways in US resulted an increase in mean
speed of 2 -4 mph and 19%-34% increase in
fatalities.
 ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Close to half of motorcyclists agreed that a

rider who is good at weaving in traffic will be
able to save a lot of time.
• Close to two-third of motorcyclists are also
aware that other drivers are disturbed by their
weaving behaviour.
• About a quarter of motorcyclist love to ride
motorcyclist because the weaving oppurtunity.
( Nasir et al.,2002)
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Significantly lower accident experience and

accident severity indexes at paved shoulders in
North Corolina (Heimbach,1974).
• Suprisingly higher number (80%) of
motorcycles are not using paved shoulder and
instead prefer the main carriageway (Raden et
al.,2002).
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

Statistics of Pedestrian Fatalities (2003)

Male - 67.2%
Rural area - 63.8%
Housing - 26.2%
Two-way street - 73.9%
Straight road - 84.6%
Federal road - 34.5%
Middle of road - 48.7%
Careless crossing - 68.3%
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

Statistics of Pedestrians Age Involved Casualties

5 years and below - 9.4%

6 – 10 years - 22.2%
11 – 15 years - 43.2%
16 – 50 years - 31.8%
More than 50 years - 25.0%
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

1. Children - < 15 years

2. Elderly People - > 50 years
3. Adult - 31 – 50 years
4. Young - 16 – 30 years
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

Children Below Eight Years:

 They are too young to able to deal

safely with traffic.
 They cannot recognize danger, judge
speeds and react accordingly.
 Driver often do not notice them on the
roads.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

Protect yourselves as a pedestrian:

 Walk on pavement, not on the road
 Walk facing the oncoming traffic if there is
no pavements, so that you can see.
 Wear something bright (yellow/orange are
best) for driver to see you easily especially
night.
 Follow six step crossing code.
 Think ahead and plan the safest road.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

If you are a disabled / person….

 If you are a person who can walk but cannot run,

make sure you carry a bright coloured walking
stick when you crossing the road.

 This not much to help you walk, but to make

yourself more visible to the drivers so that they
have to slowdown and be very careful.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Cross at zebra crossing

• Accompany children
• Be considerate for senior citizens
• Traffic law – vulnerable group
• Be aware of children
• Be alert of approaching cars
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

• Seat belt use

• Anti speeding
• Drink driving
• Child seat
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

 Seat belt help the driver control the cars in a crash

situation due the fact that it hold the passenger in place
(Van Buseck and Geller,1984).

 Use of seat belts is one of the most effective ways to

reduce road accident fatalities (Green, 1994).

 Seat belt prevents certain types of injuries to vehicle

occupants or mitigate their severity (Arajaevi,1998).
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

Human tolerance to injuries and road safety

Probability of death

80

30 50 70 90 Speed
(km/h)
ROAD SAFETY
Impact of Speeding in Crashes Test

Slightly injury

Slightly/serious
injury

Serious injury/ Fatal

ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

Speed
(km/h)
If you are going at 60 km/h
60 you would have hit a person
Speed of a vehicle at a point
where you apply your brake

who is at a distance of 60 m
50 at 43 km/h
43
40

30

40 50 60 m,
70
Distance sequence for stopping
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

If you go fast…

 You need longer distance to stop.

 You might not be able to do thing
correctly.
 You might skid off if you were doing
the wrong thing.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

 Alcohol slows down the functioning of the brain.

 It causes loss balance, reduces the ability to judge
speed and distance, impairs reactions and the ability
to make decisions and increase confidence and
aggression.
 70% of accidents occurred within 3 miles of start of
drink driver’s journey. Half of these accidents occur
between 10 pm and 1 am the proportion reduce 64%
between 10 pm and 4 am in Nottinghamshire in 1986
(Everest and Jones, 1988)
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

 In 1998, 30 percent of all traffic fatalities

occurred in crashes in which at least one
driver or no occupant had a blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) of 0.10g/dl or greater
(NHTSA, 1998).
 Random breath testing has shown to be an
effective prevention/deterrence program that
has significantly reduced alcohol-related harm.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

 Infant seats (newborns), can only be used

rear facing.
 Booster seats should be used until a child
can correctly fit in in a lap/shoulder seat
belt.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Safety Programs, Strategies and Intervention

 Child safety seat (CSS) are designed to prevent

injury for young children involved in crashes.
 If it is properly used, these seat reduce fatalities
by 71% and injury by more than 50%
(Kahane,1986). However, to be maximally
effective, the seat must be properly installed and
the child fully restrained within it.