Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery

CHAPTER 2: RESPIRATION (ENGLISH)

2.1 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A. Outline

1. Function – to supply cells with oxygen & to remove carbon dioxide

2. Labels:

3. Function of labels:

Component Function
Nostrils Opening into lung

Nasal cavity To moisten air

Pharynx, larynnx, trachea, As air passages during breathing

bronchus, bronchiole
Alveolus Site for gas exchange

Rib cage Protect lungs

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
Intercostal muscles To move rib cage

Diaphragm Change air pressure in thoracic (chest) cavity

4. Air direction (inhalation):

Nostrils Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

Alveolus Bronchiole Bronchus Trachea

B. Breathing Mechanism

INHALATION EXHALATION
Intercostal muscle Contract Relax

Diaphragm Contract & flatten Relax & curve up

Rib cage Move up & outward Down & inward

AP of thoracic cavity Decreases Increases

Experiment:

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
PULLING RUBBER SHEET PUSH IT UP!
DOWN

Process Air pressure decreases Air pressure increases  air

 air enters balloons  exits balloons  balloon
ballon expands shrinks

C. Compare Inhaled & Exhaled Air

INHALED AIR EXHALED AIR

More oxygen (21%) Less oxygen (16%)

Less CO2 (0.04%) More CO2 (4%)

2.2 MOVEMENT & EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE HUMAN

BODY

A. How Gases are Transported

1. How oxygen is transported:

- Alveolus has higher concentration of O2

- So, O2 diffuses from alveolus into blood capillary
- O2 combines with haemoglobin (Hb) inside red blood cell (RBC) to become
oxyhaemoglobin:

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
Oxygen + haemoglobin  Oxyhaemoglobin

- Body cells have lower concentration of O2

- So, oxyhaemoglobin breaks down & oxygen diffuses into the cells:
Oxyhaemoglobin  oxygen + haemoglobin

2. How carbon dioxide is transported:

- Cell uses oxygen to conduct cellular respiration to produce energy:

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

- Now, cell has higher concentration of CO2

- So, CO2 diffuses into blood capillary, travels in blood into alveolus, &
removed through exhalation

B. Adaptations of Alveolar Structure

The four adaptations:

a. Thin wall of alveolus & thin blood capillary

b. Moist wall of alveolus
c. Large surface area (large number of alveoli)
d. Alveoli is rich with network of blood capillaries

All happens so gas exchange can occur more efficiently

2.3 HEALTH OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
A. Harmful Substances in the Air – Solids & Gases

1. Harmful solids in the air:

Solids Source Effect

Cigarette - irritate/kill cells  cancer
Tar - increase phlegm  cough

Motor vehicles, Irritate air passages  asthma

Haze & dust open burning

Flower Irritate air passages  asthma

Pollen

2. Harmful gases in the air:

Gases Source Effect

Carbon Cigarette, motor reduce O2 intake by cells  tired
monoxide vehicles & breathlessness
Sulphur dioxide Coal combustion in Irritate air passages  cough,
power plants breathlessness, cancer

Nitrogen Motor vehicles Irritate air passages  cough,

dioxide breathlessness, cancer

B. Respiratory Diseases (BECA) & Their Symptoms

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
Diseases Cause Symptoms
1. Asthma – Cigarette smoke, Shortness of breath, coughing,
narrowing of air exhaust gases, wheezing
passage burning, dust & pollen

2. Bronchitis – Tar in cigarette smoke Shortness of breath, coughing

bronchus becomes
inflamed

3. Emphysema – Cigarette smoke Shortness of breath, pain

damaged/dead when breathing, tiredness
alveoli

4. Lung cancer – Carcinogens in Coughing blood, pain when

tumor in lung cigarette smoke, breathing
harmful gases

C. Effects of Smoking on the Lungs

1. Smoking is harmful to smokers &

passive smokers = person who doesn’t smoke but inhale the cigarette smoke

2. Experiment:

Observation Inference
Cotton wool turns dark/brown Cig. smoke contains tar
- tar causes cancer

Blue litmus solution turns red Cig. smoke is acidic

- acid irritates air passage in lungs

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery

2.4 ADAPTATIONS IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG, FISH,

& INSECTS

A. Frog

1. Other than lungs, frogs use moist outer skin as site for gasesous exchange

2. Outer skin adaptations:

a. moist surface
b. thin structure
c. large network of blood capillaries under skin

3. To maintain moist skin, frogs live near water

B. Fish

1. Uses gills – contain filaments & lamellae:

2. Gills adaptations:

a. Thin lamellae
b. Large number of filaments & lamellae  to increase surface area
c. Thin lamellae is rich with large network of blood capillaries

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
C. Insect

1. Use trachea system:

- consists of trachea and tracheoles as air tubes
- air enter through spiracles which can be opened/closed using valves
- some insects have air sacs to speed up air intake

2. Trachea system adaptations:

a. Thin & moist tracheoles
b. Large number of tracheoles  increase surface area for gas diffusion

3. Gases diffuse directly from trachea system into the cells

– so, blood circulation is not needed

2.5 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONS TO HUMAN

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Condition Effect
Mountainous region (high High altitude = low oxygen
altitude)  low oxygen concentration in body  feel
shortness of breath

Active lifestyle Higher ventilation rate = higher gas diffusion

 high oxygen concentration in body  feel
energized all day

Sickle-cell anaemia patients Abnormal RBC = RBC carry less oxygen in Hb

 body cells receive less oxygen  feel low
energy & tiredness

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery

2.6 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS

A. Gaseous Exchange in Plants during Photosynthesis

1. In day, photosynthesis rate is higher than respirastion  stoma opens

a. More O2 gas is produced by leaf cells (spongy & palisade mesohyll)

- so, leaf cells have higher concentration of O2
- so, O2 diffuses from cells  air space between cells  stoma 
atmosphere

b. CO2 is required by leaf cells for photosynthesis

- atmophere has higher concentration of CO2
- so, CO2 diffuses from atmosphere  stoma  air space  leaf cells

2. At night, leaf cells conduct respiration only

- gaseous exchange occurs less because stoma closed

B. Mechanism of Stoma Opening/ Closing

DAY NIGHT

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Science KSSM Form 3 by Cikgu Heery
Photosynthesis happens  cell has Photosynthesis not happen  cell
much glucose  cell become more has less glucose  cell become less
concentrated concentrated

Water diffuse in  cell turgid & Water diffuses out  cell flaccid &
curved  stoma opens  gas straight  stoma closes  gas
exchange occurs more exchange is less

B. Importance of Unpolluted Environment for the Plant Survival

Condition Effect

1. Leaf covered with dust a. Leaf cells received less sunlight 

photosynthesis rate decreases  less sugar 
less food  plant dies

b. Dust covers the stoma  gasesous exchange

less efficient  cells receive less gas:

- less CO2  low photosynthesis  plant dies

- less O2  low respiration  plant dies

2. Acidic gases from acid a. acid is corrosive  can kill leaf cells  low
rain photosynthesis  plant dies

b. soil become acidic  acidic soil is less fertile

 plant dies

--FINISH_CHAPTER_2--

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