Multiplication, Divisionjand

Their Applications
be Unied Nathens lUNestablishedin 1945, isa
countries that work together t
Pf193
mee pece and hermeny in the norid
United Nation

Orgenisations e UCF nd UNESCo re

Pert of the UN Ho od is the UN todey? The UN Gaerel Assembly Hall has as
dhy f 1,800. t is 50 m long end 35 m ide Whet s he perimeter of the he

LoOKING BACK
Multiplication
This is a 4 by 3 array showing . This is a 3 by 4 array showing
us4x 3= 12. us 3x4 12.
4
x3 12
AAAA
AAAA
AAA AAAA Factors Product
AA

YOu can break up one factor into smaller numbers to find the
product.
5x 17 5x (10+ 7) (5x 10) +(5x 7)= 50+ 35=85
=

You can also break up both factors into smaller numbers to find the
product.
46X 15
10
40 400 200 400+200+60+30 = 690
6 60 30 46 x 15 690
Division
Division is the inverse of multiplication. 5 Quotient
You can check your division with Divisor-3 1 6-Dividend
multiplication.
Quotientx Divisor +Remainder Dividend -1 5
(5x 3)+1=15+1 = 16 1 Remainder

1. Solve by breaking up one or two factors.

a. 7x 18 b. 25x 16 C. 235 x 5
2. Multiply.
a. 5434x8 b. 317x 90 C. 814x 145 d. 507 x 300
3. Divide and check your answer.
a. 20659 b. 89+30 C. 261 18 d. 2408 23
MORE ABOUT MULTIPLICATION
a. You know that you can multiply factors in any order and get the
Learn these well
same product. 2 50 100
i. 4x3x5 can be multiplied as 4x 3x5= 12x5 =60 4 25- 100

Or 4x 3x5=4x15 =60
Or 4x3x5=4x5x3= 20x3 =60
Try this with a bigger number to multiply mentally.
ii. 4x9x25 = 4 x 25x9 = 100 x 9=900
4x9x 25 = 900
Mental Maths
b. You can also break up one factor and use the
83x 102 Solve:
strategy given above.
12 x 25 3x4x 25 (break up 12 into 3 x 4) a. 48x 102
100+ 2
3x 4x 25=3x 100=300 83x 100 8300
b. 73 x 102

12x 25 300 83x2= +166 C. 101x36

d. 101x62
C.Ifyou double one factor and halve the other, 8466
the product is the same.
3x 8 =24 14x 30?
double half halt double

6x 4 24 7x 60 420

Exercise 3 A
1. Multiply. Show the strategy you are using.
a. 2x7x50 b. 7x4x25 C. 5x8x20 d. 4x6x 50 e. 4x 11x25
f. 36x 25 g. 14x 50 h. 35 x 20 i. 24x 25 j. 45x20
2. Solve using doubling and halving strategy.
a. 14x 20 b. 12x30 C. 18x40 d. 16x 30

3. Fill in the boxes.

a. If2x 50 =100,then 4x 50 b. If4x25 =100, then 8x 25 =

Challenge!
Shlpi is reading a book. She places her book mark between two page numbers which when mutiplied
give a product of 210. What are the page numbers?

43
 MULTIPLYiNG WITH BIGGER NUMBERS
Mutiplying by a 2-Digit Number
Example 1: UNICEF helps the Government of India in its vaccination
programme. If 4,375 children were vaccinated in each of the 47 towns
across India, how many children were vaccinated in all?
I4375 x 47 = ?

Step 1:Multiply by ones Step 2: Multiply by tens Step 3: Add

4 3 7 5 4 3 75 4 3 7 5
X 4 7 x 4 7 x 4 7
3 0 6 2 5-- (4375 x7) 3 0 6 2 5-- (4375 x 7) 3 0 6 2 5--- (4375 x
7)
750 0
17 0--(4375x40)+ 1 7 5 0 0 0--(4375
x40)
2 05 6 2 5--- (4375 x
47)
Answer: 2,05,625 children were vaccinated in all.
Multiplying by a 3-Digit Number
Example 2:The UN supports programmes that supply clean drinking water
worldwide. If 6,945 drinking connections were given to each of the
water
427 villages in one year, how many water connections were given in all?

6945 x 427 =? Remember

69 4 5 2- digit number x 2-digit
x 4 2 7 number cannot give a product
of more than 4digits.
4 86 1 5-- (6945 x 7) 3-digit number x 3-digit
1 3 8 9 0 0--(6945 x20) number cannot give a product
+2 7 7 80 0 0--> (6945 x 400) of more than 6 digits.
2 9 6 5 515 3-digit number x 2-digit
number cannot give a product
of more than 5 digits.
Answer: 29,65,515 water connections were given in all.

Projet
2 6 8 10 Write the first four even number tables
12 (2, 4,6, and 8) in the format shown alongside.
14 16 18 20
Study the patterns formed, both within each
table and between the columns and rows ot
four tables. Discuss with a friend. Have
al
4 8 12 16 20 you both
found the same patterns? Are there any patterns
24 28 32 36 40
you did not notice?

44
Multiplying with Zeros
When you multiply by 10, 100, and 1000 the product will have at least the same number of
zeros as the factors. Pay special attention to example 3.
Example 1: 40 x 70 2800
Example2:3300 x 900 = 2970000
Example3:6800 x 5000 = 34000000

Multiplying with Zeros in the Factors

5 3 4 6
x 4 0 9 5 3 4 6
************ ***************u ******************* *******************n*a v***

4 8 1 1 4 You do not need to show an x 4 09

0 00 0 0 - extralinefor multiplication by 4 8 1 1 4
+21 3 8 4 00 Otens. +21 3 8 400
.* o**** ********eveoemoen* .****r*****-****

21 86 514 2 1 8 6 5 14

Try This!
a. 30x60 b. 4400 x 200 C. 2400 x 5000 d. 9352 x 607 e. 1876 x 390

Projeet
When you double a number, you are multiplying it by 2. When you halve a number, you are dividing
it by 2. Explore this using' Russian peasant multiplication.
First write down the two factors (26 and 42) under two columns A and Bas shown. Then halve and
double as explained in Step 1.Cross out as shown in Step 2. Add as shown in Step3.
Example: 26 x 42
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
A B A B
Half Double Half Double
26 42 6 84
13 84 13 84 336
168 L68 +672
3 336 336 1092
1 672 672
lgnore remainders when you Cross out all the even Add the numbers that are not
have to halve an odd number. numbers from column A crossed out in column B.
Stop when you reach 1 in and its pair from B. Answer: 26 x 42 = 1092
column A.
Try these on yourown: a. 32x53 b. 43 x 28

45
 Exercise 3B
tutip
a. Sa8o N42 b.9764 x 29 C. 8645 x 38 d. 4876 x 92
h. 4010 x 506
4724 N 406 f. 403 x 809 g. 5983 x 604
the pattern.
Calculate only till you see the pattern. Then fill in according to
C. 101 x 33 =.

a. 131 x11 b. 1x9+2=

101 x 3333 =.

131 x111=. 12x9+3=.

3333 .
101 x
131 x 1111= 123x 9+4 =.
101 x 33333=.
131 x 11111 =. 1234 x 9+5 =.

DIVISIONN
celebrated the world over on
1:The UN International Day ofYoga is
Example of
mats were distributed free
June 21s every year. One year if 59,598 yoga
to
how many yoga mats were given
cost in 23 yoga centres across India,
each centre?

59598 +23 =?
Method 2: 2000+500+90+1 =2591
Method 1: 2 5 91
9 5 9 8 23 59 5 98
23 5
- 4 6 0 0 0 (23x2000)
-4 6
135 1 3 5 9 8 Check:
- 1 15 - 1 15 0 0- (23xx500)
2 591
2 09 2 0 9 8 x 23
-2 0 7 0 (23x 90)
- 2 07 5 95 9 3
8 2 8 + 5
(23x 1)
-2 3 -2 3 5 9 5 9 8
5 5

Answer: Each yoga centre received 2591 yoga mats.

Exereise 3 C
Divide and check your answer.
1. 12686+51 2. 49872+68 3. 86243 +89 4. 19498 + 49
5. 49903+72 6. 48091+59 7. 18468+22 8. 60582+87
9. 46943+58 10. 53960+41 11. 30045+25 12.19687+35

46
WRITING THE REMAINDER AS A FRACTION
You have learnt in Class IV, when you solve huiedaguds Arteyad Hurnipund
a division problem and get a remainder in Patedakal Maeki

the answer, you may or may not use the Badami

130A
remainder in the answer depending on
Jayergen
the question. Gaendrsd
KARNAtAKA
Example 1:Suraj is trekking from the g3

UNESCO world heritage site Hampi in 367

Kuknoor
Karnataka, to Pattadakal, another world
g

heritage site. He walks 136 km over 11

days to do this. If he walks the same FpHampi
ape
distance every day, how many km did he Toranagall
walk each day?
andur
Hayina Hagaribomhanahall1
Here the quotient shows us how many
whole km Suraj walked each day.
The remainder shows 4 km which was also covered by him during the 11 days
1 2
3of
walking that cannot be ignored.
11 1 3 6
So we show that information as a TryThis!
1
- 1 12 6 fraction =(Remainder
A tailor is cutting 35 metres of cloth to make
11 Divisor pillow cases.If he gets 15 pillow cases out of
all the material, how many metres of cloth
-22 Answer: Suraj walked 12km has been used for each pillow case?
on each day.

Exereise 3 D
Solve. Then say which of these you will use in your answer. Give the answer.
A. Only the quotient B. Quotient +1 C. Quotient and the remainder
D. Only the remainder E. Quotient and remainder as a fraction
1. Arjun has to pack 56 pastries into boxes that can hold 6 pastries each.
He has to pack all the pastries. How many boxes will he need?
2. Ashish is taking 53 people on a heritage walk. If he takes people in groups of
8 each, how many people will there be in the last group?
3. The shopkeeper is arranging 28 laptops on shelves that can hold5 laptops on a shelf. How many
shelves will be full? How many laptops will be on the shelf that is not full?

A 1,000 m pack of ice cream was shared equally by 7 people.

How much did each person get?

5. If 67 pencils were distributed equally among 9 students, how many pencils did each student get?
 AVERAGES
children in small villages.
Example 1: Shirish does voluntary work with the UNICEF teaching tnat
medn
does
last week. What
e says he has taught for an average of
3 hours evervday
the heip or dos:
let us show
this with
teaching. Then
L e t us look at the hours he spent
Monday
o oo o o
5 hours 1
Monday Tuesday
2 hours
Tuesday Wednesday
1 hour
Wednesday Thursday
2 hours
Thursday Friday
5 hours
Friday Monday
15 hours Van try this
5 days You can try
has the with c o u n t e r s
or Tuesday
dots that each day
If we arrange the
so
look. rajma seeds. Wednesday o o
number of dots this is how it will
same
dots. Thursday
each row has 3
When rearranged worked each
Shirish
So the average
number of hours Friday
3 hours.
day of the week
was

without dots like this:

We can find the average number of days taught.
number of hours taught by the
Divide the total
15+5 3
+ total number of
quantities
Average sum of quantities
=

Common Mistake!
understand that the average
It is important to
does not alwayshave to be one of the numbers 15 cm,5 m, 25 cm
= average is 15 cm x
in the group.
that are 15 cm, 500 cm, 25 cm
You cannot find the average of quantities
must all be converted = average is 180 cm
expressed in different units. They
to the same unit to find the average.

Activity
To find the average of 4, 8, and 9.
Cut separate strips of4 squares, 8 squares, and9 squares.

4enetsmm

Join them together with the help of adhesive tape to make one long strip.
Then fold and cut into three equal parts. What is the length ofeach part?.
Try This: Find the average of 9, 5, 6,and 4 using the same activity.
Example 2: After an earthquake, the UN organised to deliver food trucks to the
areas. An average of 123 trucks were affected
delivered daily on Monday,
Tuesday, and Wednesday. How many trucks of food in all were
delivered on those three days?
Each day has an average
delivery of 123 trucks of food
Monday+Tuesday +Wednesday (3 days)
123+ 123+123 =
369 or 123 x 3 =369
Answer: In all, 369 trucks of food were delivered on Journal
the three days.
You have found an average
of 5 numbers. If the largest number
Project is left out, will the average of the
remaining 4 numbers increase or
Make a list of the
height (in cm) of the students in your
class who belong to the same school decrease as compared to the earlier
house as you. Find average? If the smallest number is
the average height of the If there
group. is a remainder, left out, will the average increase or
how will you use the remainder in
your answer? decrease? Explain your thinking.

Exereise 3E
1. Find the average of these numbers.
a. 15, 14, 21,30 b. 15,78,T14, 76, T12
C. 124 cm, 137 cm, 114 cm, 125 cm d. 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 13 minutes, 12 minutes
2. This table shows the number of newspapers collected by students of Classes 1,2,3,4, and 5
to donate to an animal shelter over the month of December.

Classes 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week Total Collection Average Collection
Class 1 38 49 62
********************;*******************************************************.*********..****************. **-
Class 2 71 63 90
***

Class 3 45 54
******************************************************************************************************************** ********** *********

Class 4 90 85 TT0
Class 5 148 130 171 119

a. Find the total collection of each class. Then find their average collection.
b. Which class has the highest average?
C. Which class has the lowest average?
d. Find the average collection of all 5 classes.
3. Solve.
a. Anu, Azim, Jo, and Aastha got an average of 95 points each in a spelling competition.
What was their total score?
b. Make a list of 4 different numbers whose average works up to 50.
C. On a driving holiday, a family travelled 75 km, 49 km, 81 km, 36 km, and 59 km in the first
5 days of the week. What was the average distance travelled by them per day?

49
 SPEED, DISTANCE, AND TIME
Light travels at 3,00,000 km
You must have often seen lightning in the sky before you hear per second and sound travel
the thunder. That is because the speed of light is much faster at 343 m per second
than the speed of sound.
Speed is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time it takes to travel that
distance.
In everyday life, we need to calculate the speed of cars, trains, planes, or even a person
walking. If a car goes 340 km in 4 hours, its speed is:
340+4 85 kilometres per hour (kmph)

Exercise 3 F
1. Find the speed.
a. b.

I have gone 350 km in 5 hours. Ihave gone 75 km in 5 hours

What is my speed? What is my speed?
d.

Ihaveflown 7,560 km in 7 hours. Ihave gone 720 km in 6 hours.

What is my speed? What is my speed?
2. Find the speed.
a. Distance travelled- 120 km b. Distancetravelled -64 km c. Distance travelled 12 km
Time taken -4 hours Timetaken -8 hours Time taken - 3 hours

Data Connect
Open the Data Bank on page 243 and study the data on 'Fastest Land Animals'. Then answer the
questions below.
1. Write the names of the animals starting from the fastest going to the slowest in the list.
2. In an hour, how much further would a pronghorn antelope have gone as compared to a
springbok
antelope?
3. Usain Bolt is the fastest man in the world with an averge speed of almost 45 kmph. Which
has twice the speed of Usain Bolt?
animal
4. A lion can go 80 km in 60 min. How far can it go in a minute? (Give
your answer as a fraction.)
5. Ifa high speed cyclist can go at twice the speed of a cheetah, what would the cyclist's speed be?

50
PROBLEM SOLVING
Building Skills-Ask the Question
In this section you will learn how to frame a
know the facts and the answer.
question when you
The school library receives 14 cartons of 25 books each. These have to
be kept equally in 7 cupboards.
Answer: 50 books.
What is the question?
On reading the problem and the answer, we Mental Maths
realise that the figure of 50 books is arrived at by:
Break up the dividend to divide mentally.
a. 14x 25 350, giving the total number of
=
69+3 ? Solve:
books received. Think:69 = 60+9 a. 63 3
b. 350+7 =50, giving the number of books kept 60+3 20 b. 48+4
in each cupboard. 9+3=3 C. 68+ 2

So the question must be: 20+3 23 d. 36+3

69 3 23 e. 82 2
How many books were kept in each cupboard?

Exereise 3 G
The problems given below have the answers but not the questions. Write the question that fits
the answer.
1. Jamal pasted 952 stamps equally on 17 pages.
Answer: 56 stamps
2. An average of 98 people visited the bookshop daily in the month of June.
Answer: 2,940 people
3. 5 friends went on a bird walk. Each saw 12 birds in a day.They saw the same number of birds on
each of the 10 days that they went bird watching.
Answer:600 birds
4. Jasraj sold one second hand car for 1,10,500 and two second hand scooters for 7,500 each.
Answer: 95,500
5. A paper kite was flying 95 m above the ground. Another kite was flying 19 m above that.
Answer:114 m

51
 MODELS
PROBLEM
SOLVING USING

Multiplication Models
times that
for Independence Day. His friend Pranay made 6
made 53 flags
Example 1: Sujith
number. How many flags
did they make altogether?
with box.
represent Sujith's flags
one
W e can

Sujith's flags 53

Pranay made 6 times that number, represented

by six boxes.
53 53 53 53 53
Pranay'sflags 53
made in all.
We have to find how many flags were

53
Sujith's flags Flags in al 5 3
53 53 53 53 x 7
Pranay's flags - 53 53
3 7 1
Answer:They made 371 flags in all.
for 2 hours every day during
Example 2: Priya practised playing her guitar
in the month?
the month of June. How many hours did she practise
June has 30 days. When there are too many
In one day she practised for 2 hours boxes to show, we can use
such models.

30 days
2hours 2 hours
30 x 2 60 hours
Answer: Priya practised playing her guitar for 60 hours in the month of June.

TryThis!
Model with a bar diagram.
a. Ashutosh weighs 28 kg. His older brother weighs twice that. What is their combined weight?

28 kg

b. Biju eans 55 a day selling popcorn. How much would he earn over 92 days?

92 days

755 ***************** 55
Division Models

Finding how many in a group (Equal Sharing)

Example 1: A mobile phone shop has 168 phones on display. If they

were displayed equally in 6 glass cases, how many phones were there
in each case? 2EH
168

The bar on top shows the total number of phones to be put into groups.
The second bar shows that it has been put into 6 equal groups. *****************smwseeten

1686 number of phones in each glass case Divide to find the answer.
168+6 28
Answer: Each glass case has 28 mobile phones on display. ********

Finding how many groups (Equal Grouping)

Example 2: A flower seller has 216 strings of flowers. He wants to sell them in bunches of
8 strings. How many bunches can he make?
Divide to find
216 the answer.
8 8 216 8

Here the bar on top shows the total number of flower strings.
We do not know how many bunches of 8 strings each can be made, so we don't know
how many parts to put the second bar into. We show this with the help of a question
mark in the centre of the bar.
216+8 27 bunches.
Answer: The flower seller can make 27 bunches of 8 strings each.

Two-Step Problem
Example 1: A fruit vendor's cart has only oranges and apples.
The weight of all the fruit is 48 kg. The weight of the apples on the
cart was three times as much as the weight of the oranges. How many
kilos of apples and how many kilos of oranges were there on the cart?

f the weight of the oranges is shown as

Together both the apples
Then the weight of the apples are and oranges weigh 48 kg.

So48+4= the value of one

Check:
484 12
$0,one box represents 12 kg. There are 12 kg of oranges. 12 kg+36 kg =48 kg
Apples are three times that weight, ie., 3x 12 kg = 36 kg.
Answer: There were 12 kg of oranges and 36 kg of apples on the cart.
53
 Exercise 3 H
models if you like.
Solve. You can use
correct 12 books
in one hour,
books to correct. If he can
1. A teacher had 60 books?
hours does he need to correct all the
how many cost?
desks. How much did each desk
5
An office paid 6,260 for
new
2. 72 newspapers
man delivers
NEWSPAPER A newspaper delivery
3. each house,
Ifhe delivers 3 papers to
every day.
how many houses does
he deliver to? needed 3 times that
minutes on Sunday. On Saturday, she
Anaida finished her homework
in 23 together?
4. homework on both days
she spend on her
much time does of both on the
amount of time. How are 25 pieces
and onion. In total, there
5. A largepizza has toppings of capsicum how many pieces of each
onion pieces as capsicum pieces,
pizza. If there are 4 times many
as

vegetable are there on the pizza?

MathsndA eati

Vedic Square Patterns

all the double digit numbers to single digits by
Take a multiplication square (A) and convert
once if necessary (e.g. 49
= 4+9 13 and
adding the digits in each product, morethan
1+3 4). Thisis a vedic square (B).
Make 9 copies ofthe vedic square. Colour all the 1s on one of
the vedic squares and join them.
Do you see a pattern? Try different ways of joining the 1s to create different designs.

Multlplication Square: A Vedic Square:B

x1 2 34 56 7 8 9
1 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 78 9
9
2 2 46 8 10 12 14 16182 4 6 81 3 5 7 9 24 6 3 5 7
3 36 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 36 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 36 9 6 3 69
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 364 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 94 72G
5 5 1015 2025 30 35 40 45 5 16 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 2 274 4 9
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 3 96 9 63
63 9 6 3 9 6 3 9
9 6
7 71421 28 35 42 49 56 63 7 5 31 8 6 4 29 7 5 3864 2 9
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 8 7 6 544 3 2 19 87 6 5 4 3 2
99 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9
Repeat with all the 2s, 3s, and so on up to 9 on different vedic squares.

54