What is physics?

● Is a natural science; it deals with

natural phenomena.
● Physics is also called Physical science
– it may seem redundant, but it is
emphasized the goal is to discover
the laws governing the physical
universe.
● Physics is a fundamental natural
science because it examines the
principles that apply to all parts
(astronomy, biology, chemistry, and
geology et. Al) of the physical world.

Physics is the study of force, motion, and matter.

Physics revolved around law and principles of science
such as astronomy, geology, chemistry, and biology.
One of the famous topics or theories in physics is
quantum mechanics wherein it deals with the behavior
of the atom or matter and light on a subatomic and
atomic level. It explores the characteristics of atoms
and molecules, as well as the basic particles that make
them up, including protons, neutrons, electrons,
gluons, and quarks.

Units and Measurements

● The unit is a unique name we assign
● REMEMBER! Only quantities with the
to measure the amount of a physical
same units can be added or
quantity.
subtracted.

● Prefixes and symbols used to denote

multiples of powers of 10.
 Scalar and Vector Quantity

Physical quantities are classified into two

main categories:

● Scalar quantities - is one that can be

described by a single number
(including any units) giving its size or
magnitude.
● Vector quantities - is one that deals
with both magnitude and direction.

Scalar: A Vector:

Scalar vs. Vector quantities

Scalar
● Length
● Area
● Volume
● Speed
● Density
● Pressure
Trigonometry ● Temperature
Trigonometry is one of the branches of Vector
mathematics that we will use in ● Displacement
problem-solving. Throughout the text, three ● Velocity
trigonometric functions will be used: sine, ● Acceleration
cosine, and tangent. ● Force
● Weight
Kinematics Time interval
Kinematics: Motion along a Straight Line The time difference between two events.
● Kinematics (from Greek, kinein, to (units: sec, min, hr)
move) is the branch of classical
mechanics that describes the motion 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑜
of objects without consideration of
the causes leading to the motion Velocity (Vector)
Speed (Scalar)
The rate of change of position with respect to
time (interval). units : km/hr, m/s, ft/s

Average Velocity

𝑠 𝑥𝑓−𝑥𝑜
𝑣= 𝑡
= 𝑡𝑓−𝑡𝑜
From this equation, we can derive:
Linear Motion
● Linear or translational kinematics is
𝑠
the description of the motion in space 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑣
of a point along a line, also known as
trajectory or path.
This is only applicable when acceleration is
● This path can be either straight
constant.
(rectilinear) or curved (curvilinear).

Subscripts Change in Velocity (∆𝑉)

Terms with the subscript “O” – denote the
initial or starting or original value or your ∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑜
initial reference value.
Instantaneous Velocity
𝑋𝑜: means initial position in x-axis The instantaneous velocity is the specific rate
of change of position (or displacement) with
Terms with the subscript “F” – denote the respect to time at a single point.
final or end value at a certain condition (time
or displacement)

𝑉𝑓 : means end reference velocity

Displacement (Vector)
Acceleration
Distance (Scalar)]The change of position.
The rate of change of velocity with respect to
(units : m, cm, km, ft)
time (interval).
2 2 2
△𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑜 Units: 𝑚/𝑠 , 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 , 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

𝑠 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑜
 velocity of one segment is the initial
Average Acceleration velocity for the next.
∆𝑣 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑜 6. Keep in mind that there may be two
𝑎= 𝑡
= 𝑡𝑓−𝑡𝑜 possible answers to a kinematics
problem.
Instantaneous Acceleration
Vertical Motion (Along Y-axis)
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= 𝑑𝑡
The displacement is now VERTICAL.
We refer to it as HEIGHT.
Sign convention:
For Displacement & Velocity ∆𝑦 = ℎ
● The sign convention would just tell if
the object is going to the left or right. Acceleration here is a fixed value called the
For Acceleration gravitational acceleration (g).
● The sign convention would just tell if
2 2 2
the object is speeding up or slowing 𝑔 = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 = 980 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 = 32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
down.
For height and velocity — The sign
convention would just tell if the object is
going down (-) or up (+)

Sign Convention for gravitational acceleration

(g) — ALWAYS NEGATIVE

Newton’s Law of Motion and Forces

Forces
● Force, in common usage, is a push or
a pull
● Vector quantity
● SI Unit: Newton (N)

Problem Solving Strategy

1. Make a drawing
2. Decide which direction are to be
called positive (+) and negative (-).
Use a standard sign conversion.
3. Write down the values that are given
for any of the five kinematic variables.
4. Verify that the information contains
values for at least three of the five
kinematic variables. Select the
appropriate equation.
5. When the motion is divided into
segments, remember that the final
Types of Forces:
● Contact Forces: Forces that arise from
the physical contact between two Net Force: Vector sum of all forces
Inertia:
objects.
The natural tendency of an object to remain at
● Noncontact Forces: Forces that are rest or in motion at a constant velocity. The mass
exerted even without physical of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia.
contact. SI Unit: kilogram (kg)
Inertia Reference Frame: The reference frame is
Newton’s Law of Motion and Forces was not accelerating; the reference frame is one in
developed by Isaac Newton in the 17th which Newton’s law of inertia is valid.
century. It provides the basis for
understanding the effect of forces on an
object.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Law of

Acceleration
When a net external force, Σ𝐹, acts on an
object of mass m, the acceleration, 𝑎, that
results is directly proportional to the net force
and has a magnitude that is inversely
proportional to the mass. The direction of the
acceleration is the same as the direction of
the net force.
Isaac Newton by Godfrey Kneller
(1689)

Newton’s First Law of Motion: ● SI Unit of Force:

Law of Inertia 2
𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑛)
An object that continues in a state of rest or in a
state of motion at a constant velocity (constant
Free body diagram (FBD)
speed in a constant direction), unless compelled
to change that state by a net force. ● A free-body diagram is a diagram
that represents the object and the
forces that act on it.
● Only the forces that act on the object
appear in a free-body diagram.
● Forces that the object exerts on its
environment are not included.

Σ𝐹 = 0
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Law of Weight: is the gravitational force that the
Action-Reaction earth exerts on the object. The weight always
Whenever one object exerts a force on a acts downward, toward the center of the
second object, the second object exerts an earth. On or above another astronomical
oppositely directed force of equal magnitude body, the weight is the gravitational force
on the first object. exerted on the object by that body.
● SI Unit: Newton (N)
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔

Normal Force
One component of the force that a surface
exerts on an object with which it is in contact
Contact Forces: forces that arise from the — namely, the component that is
physical contact between two objects. perpendicular to the surface.
● Normal Force
● Frictional Forces
● Tension Force
Noncontact Forces: forces that are exerted
even without physical contact.
● Gravitational Force
● Electric Force
● Magnetic Force
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: Every
FRICTIONAL FORCE, or simply FRICTION, is a
particle in the universe exerts an attractive
component of a force that the surface exerts
force on every other particle. A particle is a
on the object when the object is moving or
piece of matter, small enough in size to be
attempting to move.
regarded as a mathematical point.
● It is a force that is parallel to the
surface.
● One possible cause is the
microscopic roughness of the two
materials in contact.
Types of Fiction
● Static fiction
● Kinetic fiction Tension
Pulling force that are often applied by rope,
cable, etc.

Static Fiction (𝑓𝑠)

The magnitude 𝑓𝑠 of the static fiction can
have any value from zero up to a maximum
𝑀𝐴𝑋
value of 𝑓𝑠 , depending on the applied
𝑀𝐴𝑋
force. In other words, 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 , where the
symbol ≤ is read as “less than or equal to.”
The equality holds only when 𝑓𝑠 attains its
maximum value, which is

𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝑓𝑠 = µ𝑠𝐹𝑁
Where µ𝑠 is the coefficient of static friction
and 𝐹𝑁 is the magnitude of normal force.

Kinetic Friction (𝑓𝑘)

● Friction experienced by a moving
object
● Usually less than the maximum static
fiction
𝑓𝑘 = µ𝑘𝐹𝑁
Where µ𝑘is the coefficient of kinetic friction
and 𝐹𝑁 is the normal force.
Circular Motion In the simplest kind of rotation, points on a
Uniform circular motion os the motion of an rigid object move on circular paths.
object travelling at a constant (uniform)
speed on a circular path.

2Π
𝑣= 𝑇
1
Period = T = [ ]
𝑠
Period is reciprocal of time
Angular Displacement
Centripetal Acceleration The angle through which a rigid object
The centripetal acceleration of an object rotates about a fixed axis is called the angular
moving with a speed v on a circular path of displacement.
radius r has a magnitude 𝑎 given by
𝑐
2
Si Unit of Angular Displacement: radian (rad)
𝑣
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟

Rotational Kinematics
Symbols used in Rotational and Linear
Kinematics

∆θ = θ − θ0
Equations of rotational kinematics

Terms to remember regarding Torque

● Line of action
● Lever arm (Line of action happens)
Torque
Torque depends on the magnitude of the
force, on the point where the force is applied
of relative to the axis of rotation (the hinge)
and on the direction of the force.

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

A rigid body is in equilibrium if it has zero
translational acceleration and zero angular
acceleration. In equilibrium, the sum of the
externally applied forces is zero, and the sum
of the externally applied torques is zero:

Reasoning Strategy
Rotational Dynamics
Applying the Conditions of Equilibrium of a
Torque
Torque depends on the magnitude of the force.
Rigid Body.

1. Select the object to which the

equations for equilibrium are to be
applied.
2. Draw a free-body diagram that
shows all the external forces acting
on the object.
3. Choose a convenient set of x, y axes
and resolve all the forces into
components that lie along these axes.
4. Apply the equations that specify the
balance of forces at equilibrium:
 Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion
Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 About a Fixed Axis
The goal of this section is to put Newton’s
5. Select a convenient axis of rotation. second law into a form suitable for describing
The chice is arbitrary. Identify the the rotational motion of a rigid object about a
point where each external force acts fixed axis.
on the object, and calculate the
torque produced by each force about
the chosen axis. Set the sum of the
torques equal to zero: Στ = 0.
6. Solve the equations in Steps 4 and 5
for the desired unknown quantities. The equation above is the form of Newton’s
second law we have been seeking. It indicates
Center of Gravity
that the net external torque τ is directly
proportional to the angular acceleration 𝑎. The
2
constant of proportionality is 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 , which is
called the moment of inertia of the particle. The
2
SI unit for moment of inertia is 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚 .

Suppose we have a group of object, with

known weights and centers of gravity, and it
is necessary to know the center of gravity for
the group as whole.
Moment of inertia per particle, then get the
summation.
Work

𝑊=𝐹·𝑥
Where:
F = Force applied (N)
x = displacement (m)
—-----------------
W = Fd
= [N] [m]
= [kg][m/s^2][m]
= [J] 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
—-----------------
One newton · meter is referred to as a joule Power
(J), in honor of James Joule (1818 - 1889) and 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 [𝐽]
his research into the nature of work, energy, 𝑃 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝑡
= [𝑠]
= [𝑊]
and heat.

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑃 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

SI Unit of Power: joule/s = watt (W)

Energy

Non-conservative Force
e.g.
- Friction
- Normal force
- Tension
- Air resistance

Kinetic Energy
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣

SI Unit: Joule (J) = Newton · meter

Work-Energy Theorem Potential Energy

Potential energy or commonly referred to as
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 stored energy is an energy associated with
conservative forces.
2 2 Gravitational Potential Energy
1 1
𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸0 = 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 2
𝑚𝑣0
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Conservative Force
e.g. Work done due to conservative forces
- Gravitational force
𝑊 =− ∆𝑃𝐸
- Electric force
- Elastic force
What is the same about each of the potential
energies in the two animations?
 Impulse and Momentum
Impulse

SI Unit: 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 · 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑁 · 𝑠)

Momentum

Total Mechanical Energy SI Unit:

The concept of work and the work-energy 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 · 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠)
theorem have led us to the conclusion that an
object can possess two kinds of energy:
kinetic energy, KE, and gravitational potential
energy, PE. The sum of these two energies is
called the total mechanical energy.

● Work due to non-conservative forces

𝑊𝑛𝑐 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸

● Mechanical Energy is the sum of the
potential and kinetic energy of an
object. If non-conservative forces are
non-existent, mechanical energy is
conserved.
0 = ∆𝐸
𝑃𝐸𝑖 + 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 𝑃𝐸𝑓 + 𝐾𝐸𝑓
Impulse-Momentum Theorem

Elastic Collision

Impulse, Momentum, and Collisions

Conservation of Linear Momentum
The total kinetic energy of the system is
conserved.

Two types of Collison:

Elastic Collision: kinetic energy of the system
is conserved
Inelastic Collision: kinetic energy of the
system is not conserved; if the objects stick
together after colliding, the collision is said to
be completely inelastic.
 ● Linear Momentum is conserved

● Kinetic Energy is conserved

Inelastic Collision

The objects stick together after colliding.

Ideal Spring
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
- The force (𝐹 ) required to
𝑥
stretch or compress and ideal spring
is directly proportional to the
displacement (x).

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
- Spring Constant (k): a measure of the
stiffness of the spring.
- SI Unit: N/m