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TCC Lesson 2

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TCC Lesson 2

educational purposes

Uploaded by

Marco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

Concept of Human Behavior:


Philosophical, Psychological, and
Sociological Perspective
By
Enrico M. Españo II, MSCJ/RCrim.
Human Behavior
is defined as the term used to describe a person’s actions
and conduct, according to Natalie Boyd (2015) in her
article entitled Human Behavior.
It also refers to the reaction to facts of
relationship between the individual and his environment.
Human behavior is mainly influenced by both
heredity and environment. Everything that we say and do
is a freedom of our own being. It speaks of who we are as
a person.`
In the book of Understanding the Self, by French Anthropologist Marcel
Mauss, every self has two (faces) –

Personne
Moi (“me”) (individual person, someone,
somebody)
▪ refers to a person’s
sense of who he is, his ▪ is composed of the
body, and his basic social concepts of what
identity, his biological it means to be who he
givenness. is.
For example, Mrs. Dela Cruz is a policewoman; she is also a wife and a mother of two kids.

(a) as a policer officer she needs to maintain a courage but calm


personality in order to be respected.

(b) as a mother, she may be sweet toward her husband and caring
and loving toward her children.

Mrs. Dela Cruz self that shifts in order to blend and fit with the given situation is her personne
but her self that is static or constant is her moi. (understanding the self, Marcel Mauss)
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

impulsive morally correct/conscience

Rational/makes decisions
What is Human Behavior?
▪ Anything an individual does that involves self-
initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation.

▪ The sum total of man’s reaction to his environment or


the way humans react.
Two Basic Types of Behavior

1) Inherited (inborn) Behavior


▪ Refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by
people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of
natural selection.

2) Learned (operant) Behavior


▪ Involves knowing or adaption that enhances human beings
ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which
improve the chances of survival.
Classifications of Human Behavior
Habitual
▪ Refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language
and emotion.

Instinctive
▪ they are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s
instinct w/c can be seen among instinctive survival behaviors.

Symbolic
▪ are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid
words and shown through symbols or body signs.

Complex
▪ are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.
Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior
1) Extroversion
▪ Characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of
people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.
2) Introversion
▪ Characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world
of experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less
outgoing, and less sociable.
3) Ambiversion
▪ Is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is
normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also
relishes time alone and away from the crowd.
4) Neuroticism
▪ Persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody,
touchy, depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous.
5) Psychoticism
▪ Is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger,
troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual.
TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
1. Overt Behavior
Overt behavior refers to behavior that is
openly displayed and readily observable.
2. Covert Behavior
Covert behavior refers to our behaviors
that are not obviously apparent to others.
This is often behaviors that are subtle and
demonstrate self-restraint or self-control.
3. Conscious Behaviour
Conscious behavior refers to behaviors
that we are aware we are making. It may
be either covert or overt.
4. Unconscious Behaviour
it happens without our awareness.
Because we’re not aware of it, it also tends
to be out of our control.

Examples of unconscious behaviors in humans include all


the little things our executive function does to keep us
alive: breathing, blinking, digesting, and smelling.
5. Rational Behavior
Rational behavior refers to behaviors that
comes about as a consequence of logical
thought processes. Such as use of
common sense, or critical analysis.
6. Irrational Behavior
Irrational behavior is often driven by our
emotional side rather than logical
processes. Irrational behaviors can include
phobias, emotional outbursts, and
disproportionate reactions.
7. Voluntary Behaviour
Voluntary behavior is behavior that we
choose to do of our own volition (own will),
consciously, and without coercion or force.
8. Involuntary Behaviour
Involuntary behavior refers to things that
we do that we cannot control.

An involuntary behavior may be a reflexive response to a


stimulus that we find unstoppable. For example, flinching
(reaction to fear, pain, surprise).
9. Ethical Behavior
Ethical behavior refers to behaviors that
are compelled (force or oblige) by a
person’s moral framework.
10. Unethical Behavior
Unethical behaviors are those behaviors
that are inconsistent with a a moral
framework.
Criminal Behavior
What is Criminal Behavior?

Criminal behavior refers to a behavior


which is criminal in nature, a behavior
which violates a law.
Three (3) Elements for behavior to become a crime:

1. Legally – defines the action must prohibits by the law


2. Materially – criminal act must be committed and recognized
3. Spiritually – refers to an aspect where the criminal act should be
accompanied by criminal intent or guilt.
Origins of Criminal Behavior

Biological Factor
Heredity as a factor implies that criminal
acts are unavoidable, inevitable
consequences of the bad seed or bad
blood.
Origins of Criminal Behavior

The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-


Mindedness (1912), by Henry Herbert Goddard

“he argues that people inherit feeble-mindedness, which is


presently known as intellectual disability. Feeble-
mindedness, according to Goddard, is the source of, what
he refers to as, degeneracy, including behaviors such as
alcoholism, criminal behavior, prostitution, and sexual
promiscuity.”
Origins of Criminal Behavior

Dugdale believed that the results of his research


indicated that heredity was of more importance than
environment as a limiting factor in determining character
and behavior, although at the same time he tried to give
proper emphasis to environment. As evidence, he cited
statistics relating to "the Jukes family." He discovered that
of 709 persons (540 of "Jukes" blood and 169 of other
strains connected to the family by marriage or
cohabitation)
• 140 had been convicted of criminal offenses,
• 60 had been habitual thieves,
• 7 had been murdered, and
• 50 had been common prostitutes.
Origins of Criminal Behavior

Sociological Factor
include social class, poverty, and social
inequity. The sociological factors make the
most sense in explaining criminal behavior.
Origins of Criminal Behavior

Personality Disorder Factor


A factor refers to an act that exhibits a
pervasive pattern of disregarded for and
violation of the rights of others
CONCEPTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

PHILOSOPHICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Philosophical Perspective
Socrates – was a Greek philosopher and the main source of Western thoughts.
▪ believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involved
reasoning (use one’s mind).
▪ He also believed that nobody willingly chooses to do wrong.

Plato - ancient Greek philosopher taught the philosophical doctrines that would later
become known as Platonism

▪ Plato, on the other hand, believed that human behavior flows from three main
sources: (desire, emotion, and knowledge).
(Rousseau and Kant) normative aspect to personhood.
▪ a person ought to be an ‘autonomous being’

▪ on the other hand, if another being is not acting


autonomously, it might be appropriate not to treat them as
a person.

Example:

is a situation where you are walking home with your


friend, and you found a wallet. Inside the wallet are fifty-
thousand-peso bills. You have now the choice or freewill
whether to forward it to the police station so that it could
be returned to the owner or spend it for beverage or go
for shopping and not for the reason to return the money
back to the owner, then you are not autonomous. You do
not possess the vital condition of personhood. Hence, the
behavior is not for the real human being. Just like
crocodile that has the desire to eat the chicken but not
knowing the reason why it eats the chicken. It just eats it.
Psychological Perspective

▪ (Woodford, 2018) human


behavior was all about the
way a certain stimulus
produces an appropriate
response.
For example, when you see your crush, it
is your sense of sight through your eyes
that recognize stimulus (your crush).
Then neurons send signal to your limbic
brain causing your hypothalamus to
release the neurohormone known as
dopamine. As a result, you feel happy
and inspired on the outside. In short,
all our behaviors observed by others are
the product of how our physiological
system inside our body works.
Sociological Perspective

Functionalism

▪ explains that society is a system having


parts which are connected and related
with each other.

▪ It is through this system that human


behavior is being formed in the process of
socialization.
Human Shared Activity

(Bratman) claim is that the key ingredients in


human shared activity are the intention to do
something together, combined with engaging
and intended work plans.

For example, the congressmen and senators of two houses


of Congress maybe against each other politically but when
it comes to drafting a bill, they agreed to work together on
it. It is because they have the shared intention and
commitment to do it for the public who voted for them.

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