CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNET OF THINGS
Learning Objective

 Definition of IOT
 IOT Growth
 Application areas of IOT
 Introduction to the industrial revolution
 Characteristics of IOT
 Things in IOT
 IOT Stack
 Enabling Technologies
 IOT Challenges
 IOT Levels
 Cyber Physical System Vs IOT
 Wireless Sensor Network Vs IOT
CONTD….

 Scope is not just limited to getting the devices connected / network it is

more than that!!
 It is more about the exchange of meaningful information from one device
to another to get another meaningful accomplishment.
 But, this data has to be interpreted correct and it needs many other thing
come hand in hand. Many technologies to work side by side.
• If you just get the data from the sensors without understanding how to use
or where to use, it is useless!
 IOT is not anyone technology! It is collection of technologies and domain
knowledge!
 A mechanical engineer has to work with electrical engineer and CS
engineer for a complete IOT product!
CONTD….
YES, IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING WITH IOT!

 When you wake up, the water heater would have hot water ready.
 During your bath, the microwave would have cooked your food.
 When you locked the door of your house, the car doors would open for you
 Your AC would adjust based on your body temperature / room
temperature.
 Parking slots would be informed while your car is nearing your office.
 While nearing home the lights shall be ON.
 Your workout room lights shall be set , heart bit/ Km alert shall be updated.
 Refrigerator shall order milk or egg on need
Characteristics of IOT
 Connectivity – Things in IOT should be connected to the infrastructure and
connectivity is an important character / requirement for an IOT
infrastructure. Anyone anytime anywhere connectivity should be
guaranteed at all times . Without connection nothing makes senses.
 Intelligence and Identity – Each IOT device has unique identity ( Eg : An IP
address ). This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment.
 Scalability – The number of things getting connected to IOT zone is
increasing day by day. Hence, An IOT set up should be capable of
handling the massive expansion.
 Dynamic and Self Adapting ( Complexity ) – The IOT device should
dynamically adapt itself to the changing environment. As you, camera
meant for surveillance. It may have to work in different conditions as
different light situations ( Moring , Afternoon , Night ).
 Architecture – Architecture can not be homogeneous in nature it should be
hybrid , supporting different manufactures product to be in the IOT network.
 Safety – Having got all the thing connected to the internet, personal data is
under threat hence data security is a major challenge . Therefore ,
equipment safety is also critical.
Components Of IOT

• Sensors and Actuators

 For data collection and performing action
• Connectivity
 Wifi, blutooth, Zigbee.
• Data Processing
1. Data Acquisition
2. Edge Computing
3. Data aggregation
4. Cloud computing
5. Data Analysis
 Ex. Smart home
IOT STACK
 Layer 1(Physical or Sensor layer):
This layer is concerned about the physical component, which mainly
include sensors.
IOT Stack

 Layer 2(Processing and Control action layer)

Includes Microcontrollers or processors
IOT Stack

 Layer 3(Hardware interface layer)

Include hardware components and communication standards.
IOT Stack

 Layer 4(RF layer)

Protocols used for communication and transport of data based on RF are listed in
this layer
IOT Stack

 Layer 5(Session/message layer)

There are protocols which oversee how messages (data) are broadcasted to the
cloud.
IOT Stack

 Layer 6(User experience Layer)

This layer deals with providing best experience to the end users of IOT products.
IOT Stack

 Layer 7(Application layer)

This layer talks about the possible applications that can be built with the support of
the rest of the layers.
IOT Stack

 Suppose example, Vegetable monitoring during transport from source to

destination using IOT.
IOT Stack

 the consolidated view of all the seven layers in the IOT stack is presented in
following figure.
Enabling Technologies

 Now it is time to learn the enabling technologies!!!

 As we have been repeatedly saying, IOT is a collection / group of many
technologies / devices .
 Starting from the simplest sensors , embedded systems ( The Boards ), data
analytics , mobile and mobile internet , security aspects protocols involved ,
cloud storage – all these become enabling technologies
 Overall we can understand that the enabling technologies shall fall under any
of the following sections :
• Technologies help in acquiring data
• Technologies that help in analyzing data
• Technologies that help in taking control action
• Technologies that help in enhancing the security
Sensors
Cloud Computing

Cloud services are categorized as follows :

• IAAS ( Infrastructure As A Service )
Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. IaaS offers
essential computing, storage, and networking resources on demand.
Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine
(GCE), Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines.
Use Case: A startup can use IaaS to quickly set up and scale their
infrastructure without investing in physical hardware.
Cloud Computing

• PAAS ( Platform As A Service )

Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.
Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Service, Heroku.
Use Case: A development team can use PaaS to develop and deploy a
new application rapidly, focusing on the code without worrying about
server maintenance.
Cloud Computing

• PAAS ( Platform As A Service )

Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.
Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Service, Heroku.
Use Case: A development team can use PaaS to develop and deploy a
new application rapidly, focusing on the code without worrying about
server maintenance.
Cloud Computing

• SAAS ( Software As A Service ):

Delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscription basis.
Users can access the software via web browsers.
Examples: AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, Azure Functions.
Use Case: An e-commerce site can use FaaS to automatically process
image uploads, handle user authentication, or manage backend logic for
payment processing.
Big Data Analytics

SOME MAKE IT 3VS.S OME MAKE IT 4VS.

• Scale ( Volume ) – Huge volume of data generated every minute
• Complexity ( Variety ) – Data is in different formats. Say audio, video, text and many more.
• Speed ( Velocity ) – Rate at which data is generated is very fast.
• Data in doubt ( Veracity ) – The data’s nature is getting changed quickly.
So, Who here generate data?
1. Sensors from the security systems
2. Sensors from weather monitoring systems
3. Sensors from the car/ navigation systems
4. Data from wearable ( Band )
5. Social Media
Communication Protocols

Data Exchange happens through these protocols, which take care of the
following:
 Addressing
 Format of the message
 Message Security(Encryption and Decryption)
 Routing
 Flow Control
 Error Monitoring
 Sequencing
 Retransmission guidelines
 Segmentation of data packets
User Interface

 IOT devices/services should be designed in such a way that accessing and

handling the services are easier and comfortable for the end user.
IOT Challenges
while building an IOT application we have toface many
challenges-both technical and non technical.
 Security or personal safety
Data generated by social media.
Damage the network.
wearables used by people.(device should not cause any physical damage to the
person)
 Privacy:
“How do we ensure that the data that is sensed/collected from the user is with their
permission?”
 Data extraction with consistency from complex environments
during transportation environmental measurement is always expected to be accurate
“ How do we sense the data input ( Temperature, Humidity , etc.) during commute from a
vehicle ?”
Extracting data inside a room is different from extracting data from an open environment.
Contd….

 Connectivity
Requirement of wired and wireless connectivity is necessary.
 Power requirements
All the IOT devices require power and most of them are battery operated.
Hence, usage of green power sources such as solar and wind should be motivated.
 Complexity involved
 Storage
Cloud is becoming mandatory for the data to be stored and analyzed . The challenge
with respect to this aspect is connected to the following points.
• Which cloud do we use ( Private , Public , or Hybrid ) ?
• How do we identify the service provider ?
• How much does it cost ?
• Do we really need cloud ?
 IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:

• Device

• Resource

• Controller Service

• Data Base

• Web Service

• Analysis component

• Application
IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about
various examples of IoT devices in section
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT
device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information,
or controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also
include the software components that enable network access for
the device.
• Controller Service:Controller service is a native service that runs
on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores
the data generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT
device, application, database and analysis components. Web
service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (Representational state transfer) or using WebSocket
protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are
easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can
use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow users to view the system status and view
the processed data.
IoT
Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a
single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs
analysis and hosts the
application
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modeling low- cost
and low-complexity solutions
where the data involved is not
big and the analysis
requirements are not
computationally intensive.

• Ex. Home automation system

IoT
Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a
single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is usually cloud-
based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where the
data involved is big, however,
the primary analysis
requirement is not
computationally intensive and
can be done locally itself.
• Ex smart irrigation
IoT
Level-3
• A level-3 IoT system has a single
node. Data is stored and
analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud- based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are
computationally intensive.
• Ex tracking package handling
 IoT
Level-4
• A level-4 IoT system has multiple
nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive information
collected in the cloud from IoT
devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions where multiple nodes are
required, the data involved is big and
the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
• Ex. Noise monitoring(sound sensors
are used)
 IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end
nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from
the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
• Ex. Forest fire detection
Sensor measure the temp, smoke,
weather
 IoT Level-6
• A level-6 IoT system has multiple
independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation
and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes
the data and stores the results in
the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the
cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware
of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to
the nodes.
• Ex weather monitoring system
Cyber Physical System Vs IOT

Is IOT is the same as cyber physical systems ( CPS )?

CPS refers to systems that integrate physical processes with

computational and networked components. They use computational
algorithms and communication networks to monitor and control physical
processes in real time.
For complex level operations and to address larger network of “Things”, A
new term called Cyber physical systems.
CPS is not same as IOT. CPS has IOT as open of it’s components.
CPS is more complex than IOT and is much more challenging.
CPS is much more autonomous than IOT.
It is not merely about identifying “ Things” ; It is more about understanding
and taking decisions in a more dynamic way.
Wireless sensor networks Vs IOT

WSNs consist of a network of distributed, wireless sensors that

collect and transmit data about their environment. These sensors are
often used for monitoring physical conditions such as temperature,
humidity, or motion.
WSNs are specifically designed for collecting and transmitting sensor
data over wireless networks.
WSN contains sensors, communication modules, aggregating nodes
WSNs can be a part of an IoT system
Introduction to the Industrial Revolution

 Overview of Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution refers to the transition from agrarian
and handicraft economies to industrial and machine-based
manufacturing.
Evolution of Industrial Revolutions: From Industry 1.0 to Industry
4.0
Introduction

 Definition: Stages of industrial development characterized by distinct

technological and socio-economic changes.
 Importance: Understanding these phases helps in grasping the rapid
evolution of industry and technology.
Key Phases of the Industrial Revolution
 Introduction to Industrial Revolutions
 Industry 1.0: The First Industrial Revolution
 Industry 2.0: The Second Industrial Revolution
 Industry 3.0: The Third Industrial Revolution
 Industry 4.0: The Fourth Industrial Revolution Impact and Future Trends
Industry 1.0: The First Industrial
Revolution (1760–1840)
The First Industrial Revolution began in Britain around 1760 and was
characterized by the transition from manual labor and handcrafted goods to
machine-based manufacturing.
 Technological Advancements:
• Steam Engine (James Watt)
• Mechanization of Textile Production (Spinning Jenny, Water Frame)
• Iron Production (Bessemer Process)
 Key Features:
• Shift from hand production to machines
• Growth of factories
• Introduction of steam power
 Socio-Economic Impact:
• Urbanization and growth of industrial cities
• Changes in labor and production methods
Industry 2.0: The Second Industrial
Revolution (1840–1900)
Late 19th century to early 20th century. The Second Industrial Revolution, also
known as the Technological Revolution, was marked by the expansion of
electricity, steel production, and chemical processes.
 Technological Advancements:
• Electricity and Electrical Engineering
• Mass Production (Henry Ford’s introduction to Assembly Line)
• Steel Production and Chemical Processes
 Key Features:
• Electrification of factories
• Development of transportation and communication (Railways, Telegraph).
• Innovations in communication, such as the telegraph and telephone,
transformed how information was shared and coordinated.
 Socio-Economic Impact:
• Expansion of industrial and economic activities
• Innovations in communication, such as the telegraph and telephone,
transformed how information was shared and coordinated.
• Growth of large corporations and monopolies
Industry 3.0: The Third Industrial
Revolution (1900–late 20th century)
Mid-20th century to early 21st century. The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as
the Digital Revolution.
 Technological Advancements:
• Electronics and Information Technology
• Automation and Computerization
• Advances in Robotics and Telecommunications
 Key Features:
• Introduction of computers and digital technologies
• Automation of production processes
• Development of the internet and digital communication
 Socio-Economic Impact:
• Globalization and increased connectivity
• Changes in labor markets and job types
• Emergence of the knowledge economy
Industry 4.0: The Fourth Industrial Revolution
(21st Century)
Industry 4.0 represents the current phase of industrial development, characterized by the
integration of digital, physical, and biological systems.
 Technological Advancements:
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
• Machine Learning
• Advanced Robotics and Automation
• Big Data and Analytics
• Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS combine physical processes with software to monitor and
control the physical environment, creating opportunities for innovation in areas such as
autonomous vehicles and smart cities.)
 Key Features:
• Smart factories and interconnected systems
• Real-time data analysis and decision-making
• Enhanced customization and efficiency
 Socio-Economic Impact:
• Transformation of manufacturing and service industries
• New business models and innovation
Comparative Analysis: Industry 1.0 to
Industry 4.0
 Technological Evolution:
• From steam power to digital and smart technologies
 Economic and Social Changes:
• Increasing complexity and interconnection
• Shift from manual labor to high-tech skills
 Impact on Society:
• Changing nature of work and industries
• Influence on daily life and global economy