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Selected Sensor Calibration and Measurement

Selected Sensor Calibration and Measurement

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akworldart
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14 views

Selected Sensor Calibration and Measurement

Selected Sensor Calibration and Measurement

Uploaded by

akworldart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sensor Calibration and Measurement

Input/output relation of Sensors

𝑺 = 𝒇(𝒔)

where S = output signal; s = stimulus; and f(s) = functional relationship

For binary sensors/application: S = 1 if s > 0 and S = 0 if s < 0.

The ideal functional form for an analogue measuring device is a simple


proportional relationship, such as:

𝑺 = 𝑪 + 𝒎𝒔

where C = output value at a stimulus value of zero

and m = constant of proportionality (sensitivity)


Example: The output voltage of a particular thermocouple sensor is registered to be 42.3 mV at
temperature 105°C. It had previously been set to emit a zero voltage at 0°C.
Determine
(1) the transfer function of the thermocouple, and
(2) the temperature corresponding to a voltage output of 15.8 mV.

Solution:
1.

𝑺 = 𝑪 + 𝒎𝒔

42.3 mV = 0 + m(105°C) = m(105°C)

or m = 0.4028571429

S = 0.4 (s)

2.

15.8 mV = 0.4 (s)

15.8 / 0.4 = s

s = 39.22°C

MQ6 Gas Sensor for gas concentration threshold monitoring


The sensor node measures the concentrations of gases in the environment using an array of gas
sensors. When the sensor values exceed the default threshold value, the alarm system is triggered
and the control room is also notified.
The calibration constants, line equation constants and complex processes were calculated for every
family variant using its graph. Using such methods, the real-time software is implemented to
calculate the gas concentration in ppm using sensor output voltage. This process is repeated for
both sensors. Fig. 3 shows the LPG sensitivity graph of MQ6 sensor using data obtained from the
datasheet. The calibration calculation is carried out by reading the analog values from the sensors
through an Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC). The gas sensor provides an output voltage which
is fed to the microcontroller’s ADC input. ADC reads this signal and digitizes it.
The value of the sensor resistance Ro measured in clean air is 20kΩ (note this for
calibration).

Figure 3. Mq6 sensor sensitivity graph

The relationship between the sensor resistance and the gas concentration for LPG can be
expressed as:
RS
= c(PPM)m (1)
RO

Where ‘c’ is a constant, RS is the average value of sensor readings in the presence of gas.

From the Mq6 sensitivity graph in Fig. 3 and taking two points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) as (1000, 1) and
(10000, 0.4) respectively on the LPG curve,

Log10 (Y) = mLog10 (X) + Log10 (C) (2)


R
Where; X = PPM, Y = R S and c = intercept
O

d[Log (Y)]
and m = d[Log10(X)]. (3)
10

Where m and c are calculated as -0.4 and +1.19, respectively.


Figure 4. Sensor Connections

In the sensor circuit shown in Fig 4, RS is the sensor resistance that is series- connected to the
load resistance (RL) and they both form a voltage divider circuit, VCC is the input voltage and VOUT
is the output load voltage of the sensor which is read through the analog output and converted to a
digital value using (5).

Anolog Value x 1023


Vout = (5)
5

Applying voltage divider rule to the circuit in Fig. 4 and dividing by RO:
Rs (Vc−Vout) RL
= (6)
Ro Vout R0

From (2),
R
log( s )−Log (C)
RO
[ ]
m
ppm = 10 (7)
substituting (6) into (7),

R (Vc−Vout
log( L )−log (C)
RO Vout
[ ]
m
ppm = 10 (8)

Where, RL, VC, and Vout are constants, m and c calculated already.

The gas concentration in parts per million (ppm) is obtained from (8). The software is
implemented by applying these equations. The value of the load resistance used is 47kΩ.

Q.
1. Distinguish between proprioceptive sensors and exteroceptive sensors

2. Write short notes on the following sensor properties: Sensitivity, Linearity,


Measurement/Dynamic range, Response time, accuracy, Repeatability, Resolution, Bandwidth.
3. Explain the operation of the Golgi tendon organ.
Thermistor
Analog temperature-measuring device based on change in electrical resistance of a
semiconductor material as temperature increased.

Calibration Measurement: Nonlinear curve can be modelled by quadratic equations or by use of


some software-based linearization (signal conditioning) scheme.

Suggested approach would be to extract the data points from the figure and determine the
coefficients to align or overlap the measurement data with curve from datasheet.
Actuators
Actuators: are hardware devices that convert a controller command signal into a change in a
physical parameter.

The change is usually mechanical (e.g., position or velocity).

An actuator is also a transducer because it changes one type of physical quantity into some
alternative form (e.g. electric current to rotational speed of electric motor).

Types of Actuators

1. Electrical actuators
 Electric motors (linear or rotational)
 DC servomotors
 AC motors
 Stepper motors
 Solenoids
 Relay

2. Hydraulic actuators
 Use hydraulic fluid as the driving force

3. Pneumatic actuators
 Use compressed air as the driving force
DC motors

 DC motors are widely used:


 Convenience of using direct current e.g. motors in automobiles.
 Linear Torque-Speed relationship.
 One special type of DC motors is Servomotors.
 A feedback back loop is used to control speed

AC motors
 Most used in industry.

Advantages:
 Higher power supply
 Ease of maintenance

Stepper Motors

 Provides rotation in the form of discrete angular displacement (step angles).


 Each step angle is actuated by a discrete electrical pulse.
 Are used in open loop control systems

360
Step angle is given by: 𝛼 = 𝑛𝑠

where ns is the number of steps for the stepper motor (integer)


Total angle through which the motor rotates (Am) is given by:

𝐴𝑚 = 𝑛𝑝 𝛼
where np = number of pulses received by the motor.

Angular velocity is given by:

2𝜋𝑓𝑝
𝜔=
𝑛𝑠

where fp = pulse frequency

Speed of rotation is given by:

60𝑓𝑝
𝑁=
𝑛𝑠

Example:
A stepper motor has a step angle = 3.6°.
(1) How many pulses are required for the motor to rotate through ten complete revolutions?

(2) What pulse frequency is required for the motor to rotate at a speed of 100 rpm (rev/min)?

Solution

360
𝛼=
𝑛𝑠

3.6° = 360 / ns; 3.6° (ns) = 360; ns = 360 / 3.6 = 100 step angles

𝐴𝑚 = 𝑛𝑝 𝛼

Ten complete revolutions: 10(360°) = 3600° = Am


Therefore np = 3600 / 3.6 = 1000 pulses
60𝑓𝑝
𝑁=
𝑛𝑠

Where N = 100 rev/min:


100 = 60 fp / 100

10,000 = 60 fp

fp = 10,000 / 60 = 166.667 = 167 Hz

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators

 Powered by pressurized fluid.


 Oil for hydraulic systems
 Compressed air for pneumatic systems

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