TECHNICAL

WRITING
MUHAMMAD WASIF KHAN
IEEE Citation &
Referencing
Why Reference?

 Citing and referencing source material is a crucial aspect of

academic writing to avoid plagiarism (using someone else’s work as
though it were your own) is a serious form of academic misconduct
and it must be avoided at all costs.

 In-text citation is included in the body of your text and is there to

directly show the reader where an idea, piece of information, and/
or a quotation are from.

 The reader will then be able to match the source cited in the text to
the full reference given in your bibliography where full details of the
publication are presented
Cont.

 Citing of source materials within your assignment is useful and

beneficial to supporting your argument.

 However, be selective. Do not just use as many references as you

can in a bid to impress the marker that you’ve read a massive
amount.

 Your references should be relevant and are an integral part of your

argument, that is you discuss or critique them in your writing
Example

 For example, if you:

 Include data from your reading (e.g.: tables, statistics, diagrams)

 Describe or discuss a theory, model or practice from a particular
writer
 Want to add credibility to your assignment by bringing in ideas of
another author - for or against
 Provide quotations or definitions in your essay
 Paraphrase or summarize information which is not common
knowledge
What is IEEE Style?

 The IEEE is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and

they specify a system of citation in their guidance for authors
writing for their publications.

 IEEE is a numeric system in which a source is given a citation

number in-text in [ ]

 The full details of the source are provided in a reference list at the
end, ordered according to first appearance in the text
Where do I place the Citation?
 Put your citation number directly after the reference, not
at the end of the sentence (unless this is where the
reference is mentioned)

 Punctuation should be placed outside of the brackets.

For example:
…similar results have been recorded
[1-3] that support this hypothesis.
When must I use page numbers in
in-text Citations?
 It is important to give a page number with a reference in the following
circumstances:

 when quoting directly

 when referring to a specific detail in a text (for example, a specific
theory or idea, an illustration, a table, a set of statistics)

 This might mean giving an individual page number or a small range of pages from
which you have taken the information.
 Giving page numbers enables the reader to locate the specific item to which you
refer.
How do I effectively cite
Quotations?
 Use double quotation marks to enclose the direct text
 For short quotations (of less than three lines), use a brief phrase to introduce
the quotation.

 For example: As Neville emphasizes, “you should cite all

sources and present full details of these in your list of
references” [1].

 Reference: [1] C. Neville, The Complete Guide to Referencing

and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open
University Press, 2010, p.37
Cont.
 For longer quotations (of three lines or more) you use block quotation,
without quotation marks, but clearly indent the quote to indicate these
words are not your own. For example:

 Neville comments that:

It can sometimes be difficult, if not impossible, to avoid using some of the
author’s original words, particularly those that describe or label
phenomena. However, you need to avoid copying out what the author
said, word for word. Choose words that you feel give a true impression of
the author’s original ideas or action [1].

 The in-text citation is given at the end of the quotation and before the
punctuation with a full reference including page number in the reference list
being given as in the example above.
Where else an in-text citation
should be given?
 For a summary or paraphrase, you must include an in-
text citation.
 For example:
 According to Neville [1], sometimes it is unavoidable
you will use a few words that the author used.

Reference: [1] C. Neville, The Complete Guide to

Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2nd ed.
Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2010.
What is the IEEE convention for
using capital letters?
 Capitalize the major words of publication titles. Articles
(a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, but, for, or) should
be in lower case.

 For example:

 [2]U. J. Gelinas, Business Processes and Information

Technology. Cincinnati: South Western/Thomson
Learning, 2004.
How do I cite a source that has
three or more authors?
 If there are three or more authors, use et al. after the
name of the first author.

 [2] U. J. Gelinas, et al., Business Processes and

Information Technology. Cincinnati: South
Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.
What if I want to use a number of
sources in one in-text citation?
 If, for example, you are pulling together a number of
sources to support your argument you may want to use
a number of sources in one citation.

 Simply separate out the numbers by comma, for

example [1], [3]. For a range of sources, simply use a
hyphen, for example [5-7].
What happens if I cite the same
source twice?
 If you refer to the same source twice, repeat the earlier
reference number and renumber the reference list
accordingly.
IEEE Reference
Style
References

 At the end of your work, list full details of all of the

sources which you have cited in your text in a section
headed References, in numeric order. References listed
must follow IEEE formatting guidelines (see reference
examples).

 Your reference list should allow anyone reading your

work to identify and find the material to which you have
referred.
Cont.

 In IEEE style your reference list should be formatted in the

following way:

1. Align references left

2. Single-space each entry, double-space between every
new entry
3. Place number of entry at left margin, enclose in square
brackets
4. Indent text of entries
Reference
Examples
Book with a Single Author
Your reference list should be arranged to match the order in which they appear in your
report
 Reference no.: [1]
 Author: W. K. Chen
 Book Title: Linear Networks and Systems
 Place of Publication: Belmont, CA
 Publication House: Wadsworth
 Year: 1993
Book with Two Authors
 Reference no.: [2]
 Authors: F. Giannini and G. Leuzzi
 Book Title: Nonlinear Microwave Circuit Design
 Place of Publication: Chichester
 Publication House: J. Wiley and Sons
 Year: 2004
Book with Three or More Authors
 Reference no.: [3]
 Authors: U. J. Gelinas, S. L. Herman and C. G. Garrard
 Book Title: Business Processes and Information
Technology
 Place of Publication: Cincinnati
 Publication House: South-Western/Thomason Learning
 Year: 2004
Chapter in an Edited Book
 Author: D. Ginat
 Chapter: “Overlooking number patterns in algorithmic problem solving”
 Book Title: Number Theory in Mathematics Education: Perspectives and
Prospects
 Editors: R. Zazkis and S. R. Campbell
 Place of Publication: Mahwah: NJ
 Publication House: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
 Year: 2006
 Page no.: 223-247
Electronic Book
 Reference no.: [5]
 Authors: W. Zeng, H. Yu, C. Lin.
 Year, Month & Date: (2013, Dec 19)
 Book Title: Multimedia Security Technologies for Digital Rights Management
 Type of Medium: [Online]
 Available: URL
 [5] W. Zeng, et al., (2013, Dec 19). Multimedia Security Technologies
for Digital Rights Management [Online]. Available:
http://goo.gl/xQ6doi

 Note: If the e-book is a direct equivalent of a print book e.g. in PDF format,
you can reference it as a normal print book.
Journal Article
 Authors: J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman
 Article: “How easy is matching 2D line models using local
search?”
 Journal: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence
 Volume: 19
 Issue No: 6
 Page no.: 564-579
 Month & Year: June, 1997
 Websites
 Reference no.: [7]
 Author: M. Holland
 Article: Guide to citing internet sources
 Year: 2002
 Available: URL

[7] M. Holland. (2002). Guide to citing internet sources [Online]. Available:

http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html

Note: Include as much of the key information as you can find for a given website. If a
web page has no personal author, you can use a corporate author. Failing that, you
can use either Anon. (for anonymous) or it is permissible to use the title of the site.
Theses/Dissertations
 Reference no.: [8]
 Author: J. O. Williams
 Title of Thesis: “Narrow-band analyzer”
 Dissertation Type: Ph. D. dissertation
 Abbrev. Dept. & Univ.: Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ.
 City & State: Cambridge, MA
 Year: 1993

 [8] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation,

Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
Thank You!