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3.

1/4

Geometrical

drawing questions

CH Octavius Curtis
1
1.
*
GEOMETRICAL DRAWING .
 THE

ARMY EXAMINATION SERIES .

EDITED BY

C. H. OCTAVIUS CURTIS ,

Formerly Science Exhibitioner, St. John's College,

Cambridge ; Late Student, Royal School of Mines.

VOL. I.

Geometrical Drawing Questions .

BY THE EDITOR.

LITERIS
E
SIN

LIOTHER

OUT '81 ·
VITA

EIANAY
FOUL•EIANA

LONDON

MARSHALL JAPP & COMPANY

17, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E. C.

183 13
7
g
 PRINTED BY BOWERS BROTHERS,
89, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.
 PREFACE .

THIS little work was compiled to supply a want that

the Editor has frequently felt while engaged in
preparing candidates for the Army Examinations in
Geometrical Drawing.

It is intended to assist both teachers and candidates

without in any way supplanting other means of
instruction.

It consists of three parts : an introduction on

methods of working ; a selection of miscellaneous
questions ; and a set of former papers set at the Pre-
liminary and Further Examinations of Sandhurst,
Woolwich, and Cooper's Hill.

My thanks are due to Mr. J. T. Treleaven for

assistance kindly given in the arrangement of the
work, which, I venture to hope, will find a place in the
libraries of all Army candidates.
 PART I.

INTRODUCTION .

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED BY STUDENTS OF

GEOMETRICAL DRAWING.

Pair of Large Compasses with arrangement for pen

and pencil.

Two pairs of Bow Compasses, one for ink, the other

for pencil.
Pair of Dividers.

Pair of Spring Dividers.

Rectangular Protractor.

Set of Scales and Squares.

Drawing Pen.
Drawing Pencils (HB, F and H).

The following information is placed at the head of

all papers set at army examinations :—

" The figures should be neatly drawn in clear fine

pencil lines and if time allows, they may be inked in
with Indian ink."
 8

" The solutions must be strictly geometrical, and

particular care taken to show all unnecessary lines of
construction.
These requirements will be fully complied with if the
student will be guided by the following directions :—
Have all instruments in good order, and see that
the pencils are well sharpened with chisel points.

After reading a question decide how you intend to

answer it before allowing the pencil to touch the
paper.
Note particularly the exact lengths of the given
lines. Having measured them, refer again to your
printed question before commencing the work.
Given lines should be light and thin , working lines
dotted, finishing lines dark.
Avoid the use of India rubber as far as possible as
it always leaves traces on the finished drawing.
In all cases where compasses have to be used be
careful that the needle of the compass is placed on the
exact point from which you wish to work, as the slightest
error in this respect will make all the difference
between a correct and an incorrect answer.
Do not let the point of the compass pass through
the paper.

In all problems where the measurement of lines or

angles is to be determined, take great care in reading
off your scale and protractor. When you are certain
as to your answer, insert it in the problem by the use
of dotted lines and arrows as shown in specimen
paper. Practise working in a book ; at all army
examinations the questions have to be worked in a
book, with pages of about 18 inches by 10 inches.
(N.B. The paper tells tales of India rubber.)
 9

Those who intend to line in with ink will follow all

the foregoing directions, except with respect to lining
in . This they will have to practise, holding the pen
in the same way as the pencil, (viz., at right angles to
the paper).
DEFINITIONS.

1. A Point is that which has no parts and has no

magnitude.
For practical purposes dots are used to represent points ; they should
always be as small as possible.
2. A Line is length without breadth.
Therefore in drawing lines the marks made by the pencil or pen
should be as fine as possible.

3. A Straight Line is the shortest distance between

two points.

4. The extremities of lines are points.

5. Parallel lines are those which if produced in both

directions will never meet.

When two straight lines meet one another, the in-

clination of the lines to one another is called an Angle.

6. When a straight line meeting another straight line

makes the adjacent angles equal to one another,
each of the angles is called a Right Angle ; and
each line is said to be a Perpendicular to the
other.

7. An Obtuse Angle is one that is greater than a right

angle.

8. An Acute Angle is one which is less than a right

angle.
9. A Triangle is a plane figure contained by three
straight lines.
 10

10. An Equilateral Triangle is one which has all its

sides equal.

II. An Isosceles Triangle is one which has two equal

sides.

12. A Right Angled Triangle is one in which one of

the angles is a right angle.
The side which is opposite the right angle is called the Hypothenuse.
13. An Obtuse Angled Triangle is one in which one
of the angles is obtuse.

14. An Acute Angled Triangle is one in which all the

angles are acute.

15. A Scalene Triangle is one in which none of the

sides are equal.
The highest angle of a triangle is called the Vertical Angle. A
perpendicular drawn from the Vertical Angle of a triangle to the base
is called its Altitude.
All plane triangles contain 180.°
16. Rectilinear Figures are those contained by straight
lines.

17. A Quadrilateral is a plane figure contained by

four straight lines.

18. A Parallelogram is a quadrilateral having its op-

posite sides parallel and equal.
19. A Square is a parallelogram having all its sides
equal, and its angles right angles.

20. A Rectangle or oblong is a parallelogram having

its opposite sides equal and all its angles right
angles.

21. A Rhomboid is a parallelogram in which the oppo-

site sides are equal but none of the angles are
right angles.
 II

22. A Rhombus is a parallelogram having all its sides

equal, but its angles are not right angles.

23. A Trapezium is a rectilineal figure in which none

of the sides are parallel.

24. Any line joining the opposite angles of a rectilineal

is called a Diagonal.
25. The Perimeter of a rectilineal is the sum of its
sides.

26. A Polygon is a plane figure contained by more

than four sides.
27. A Regular Polygon is one in which all the sides
are equal.
28. The names given to regular polygons are :-
Of 5 sides- Pentagon.
"" 6 "" Hexagon.
"" 7 Heptagon.
"" 8 "" Octagon.
"" 9 "" Nonagon.
"" ΙΟ "" Decagon.
30. A Circle is a plane figure contained by one line
which is called the Circumference, and is such that
all straight lines drawn to the circumference from
a certain point called the centre within the figure
are equal to one another.
31. Any straight line drawn from the centre of a circle
to the circumference is called a Radius.
32. Any straight line drawn through the centre and
terminated both ways by the circumference is
called a Diameter.
33. The two parts into which a circle is divided by its
diameter are called Semicircles.
 I2

34. The part of the circumference cut off between any

two radii is called an Arc.
35. Any straight line drawn to cut a circle is called a
Secant.
36. The portion of a secant intercepted by a circle is
Icalled a Chord.
37. The two figures into which a circle is divided by
a chord are called Segments.
38. The figure included between any two radii and
the included arc is called a Sector.
39. A Tangent is a line which touches a circle (or
higher curve) without cutting it.

40. A rectilineal figure is said to be inscribed in a circle

when all its angular points lie in the circumference.
41. A rectilinear figure is said to be described about a
circle when all its sides are tangents to the circle.
42. One rectilinear figure is said to be inscribed in
another when all its angular points are situated in
the sides of the outer figure, which is said to be
described about the inner one.

43. If A and B be magnitudes of the same kind, the

relative greatness of A with respect to B is called
the Ratio of A to B.
If A = 2 and B = 3, then the ratio is 2 to 3, or as it is more generally
written 23.
44. Magnitudes which have the same ratio are called
Proportionals.
If A B C D be proportionals, the proportion is expressed thus : A is
to B, as C is to D, or A : B :: C : D. If A= 1 , B = 2, C = 3, D = 6,
then the proportion is :-1 : 2 :: 3 : 6.
In this case I and 6 are called the extreme and
2 and 3 the mean proportionals ; the last term,
viz., 6, is called the fourth proportional.
 13

If the two means be equal, as in the case

2 : 44 : 8, then 8 is called the third proportional.
45. The amount of space inclosed by a figure is said
to be the Area of the figure.

46. Parallelograms on the same or equal bases and

between the same parallels are equal.
47. Triangles on the same or equal bases and between
the same parallels are equal.

48. If a parallelogram and a triangle be on the same

base and between the same parallels, the parallelo-
gram has twice the area of the triangle.

49. If a parallelogram and a triangle of equal area be

on the same base, the triangle will have an
altitude twice as great as that of the parallelo-
gram .
50. Parallelograms of equal altitude are to one another
as their bases.

51. Triangles of equal altitude are to one another

as their bases.

52. In any right angled triangle the square which is

described on the side subtending the right angle
is equal to the squares described on the sides
which contain the right angle.

53. If four straight lines be proportionals, the rectangle

contained by the extremes is equal to the
rectangle contained by the means.

54. If three straight lines be proportionals, the

rectangle contained by the extremes is equal to
the square on the mean.

55. Circles are to one another as the squares on their

diameters.
 14

56. Similar polygons inscribed in circles are to one

another as the squares on the diameters of the
circles.
57. A scale is a mode of expressing by a divided or
graduated line the proportion which exists
between a drawing and the object represented
by it.
58. The fraction which expresses the proportion of the
drawing to the real size of the object represented
is termed the Representative Fraction of the scale.
59. A scale in its simplest form is called a Plain Scale.
If divided by the principle of diagonals for the
measurement of more minute quantities than can
be taken from a plain scale it is called a Diagonal
Scale.
60. Comparative scales are such as have the same
representative fraction.

IMPORTANT UNITS OF LINEAR MEASURE USED IN

CONSTRUCTING SCALES .
ENGLISH.
12 Inches = I Foot.
3 Feet =
I Yard.
5 Yards = I Pole.
40 Poles = I Furlong.

8 Furlongs = I Mile.
3 Miles = I League.

66 Feet = I Chain.
IO Chains = I Furlong.

8 Furlongs = I Mile.
 15

FRENCH.

I Metre = 10936 Yards .

I Kilometre = 1000 Metres.

PRUSSIAN.
I Fuss = 10297 Feet.
=
I Ruthe 12 Fuss.
I Meile = 2000 Ruthe.

AUSTRIAN.

I Fuss = 10371 Feet.

I Ruthe = IO Fuss.
I Meile = 24000 Fuss.

RUSSIAN.

I Archine = 23332 Feet.

I Sachine = 3 Archine.
I Verst = 500 Sachine.

SPAIN.

I Vara = 27682 Feet.

SWEDEN.

I Foot = 09742 English Feet.

I Alner = 19484 "" "
I Mile = 18000 Alner.
 PART II .

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS .

1. Draw a straight line 3" in length, and bisect it.

2. Bisect a straight line 3" in length, and at the central

point erect a perpendicular.

3. Draw a straight line 2.5″ long, at one end erect a

perpendicular, bisect the angle between the per-
pendicular and the given line.

4. Draw a straight line 3″ in length, and from any

point about I" above the line draw a perpen-
dicular to the given line.

5. Draw a straight line 2.5″ long, and from a point

about 1.5" above it, draw a line parallel to the
given line, and equal to it in length.

6. Draw a straight line 2.5″ long, at one end erect a

perpendicular, trisect the angle between the given
line and the perpendicular.
7. Draw a straight line 3.5" long and divide it into six
equal parts, showing all working.

8. Draw a line 26" long and divide it into five

equal parts, applying a different method from
that used in the last question.
B
9
 IS

9. On a given straight line 2.5 ″ long, at a point distant

one-third of its length from either end, construct
angles of 120, 60,° 45,° 30. °

10. Draw a line 32" in length, mark off four points

upon it that shall be equi-distant from each
other (the two end points being counted), con-
struct at each point an angle similar to one of
the angles in the last question , a different angle
being placed at each point.

II. On a given straight line 175" in length construct

an equilateral triangle.

12. A line of 2″ in length is the altitude of an equi-

lateral triangle. Construct the figure.

13. On a line 2.25" in length draw an isosceles triangle,

having its altitude equal to its base.

14. The base of an isosceles triangle is 2″ in length,

the angle at the apex is 30. Construct the
triangle.
15. The angle at the apex of an isosceles triangle is
110,˚ the equal sides are 2.1 " in length. Construct
the figure and write down the length of the base.
16. On a base of 3.5" construct a triangle, the angles
at the base of which are 45° and 60° respectively.

17. On a base of 2.75″ construct a triangle having an

angle at the apex of 72.°

18. Construct a triangle having sides of 15 ,″ 2 ," and

2.25" respectively. Write down the number of
degrees in each of the angles.

19. Construct a triangle having sides of 1.5 ,″ 2 · 5 ,″ and

325" respectively. On a base of 125," construct
a similar triangle.
 19

20 The base of a triangle is 2 · 5," one of its sides 2:25,"

and its altitude 175." Construct the triangle.
Write down the number of degrees in each angle.

21. Find the central point of a triangle with sides of

1.5 ," 1-75 ," and 2″ respectively.
22. Construct a triangle on a base of 2.5 ," having an
angle at the apex of 40,° and one of the angles
at the base 75.° Divide it into three equal parts
by lines drawn from the angles to a point within
the triangle.
23. Divide a triangle of the same dimensions into
three equal parts, by lines drawn from points in
the three sides to a point within the triangle.

24. Construct a triangle having it sides in the ratio of

3:45 and a base 2 " in length. Bisect the
triangle by a line drawn from one of the angles.
to the opposite side.

25. Construct a triangle of the same dimensions as

the above, and bisect it by a line drawn parallel
to one of the sides.

26. Construct a triangle having sides of 1 · 3 ,"″ 2 ·6″ and

29" respectively ; bisect it by a line drawn from
one of the angular points to the opposite side.

27. Trisect a triangle similar to the above, by lines

drawn parallel to the base.

28. The altitude of a triangle is 27," and two of its

angles are 35° and 120° respectively ; divide it
into five equal parts by lines drawn parallel to
one side.
29. Draw a triangle similar to the above, on a base of
2" ; divide it into three equal parts, by lines
drawn from one of its angular points.
 20

30. Construct a triangle having a base of 2.1 ," one

angle at the end of the base being 100° ; divide
it into three parts which shall be in the ratio of
I : 2 : 3.
31. Construct a triangle similar to the above on a
base 2.3" long, and divide it into three parts
which shall be in the ratio of : 3 : 5.

32. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle measures

71." Construct the figure, and write down the
length of the base.
33. Construct an equilateral triangle having an alti-
tude of 1.75″ ; draw a line equal in length to the
perimeter of the triangle.

34. TheO perimeter of a triangle is 6," its angles are

30, 110° and 40° respectively. Draw the triangle.

35. Construct a triangle, the perimeter of which shall

be 5:25," altitude 125," and one of the angles at
the base 50. Write down the lengths of the
sides.
36 The angle at the apex of a triangle is 35 ,° its base
is 275." Construct the triangle, and write down.
the lengths of its perimeter.
37. Construct a triangle of the same dimensions as
that mentioned in the last question, and con-
struct an obtuse angled triangle of twice the
altitude and the same area.

38. On a line of 2.25" in length construct a square.

39. A line 2.75" in length is the diagonal of a square.

Construct it, and write down the length of its
sides.
40. Construct a rectangle having sides of 1.25″ and
2.75" respectively.
 21

41. The diagonal of a rectangle measures 3 ·25," one

of its sides is 13" long. Construct the figure,
and write down the length of the other side.

42. Construct a rectangle with sides of 2 and 3'25

inches. Divide it into five equal parts by lines
drawn parallel to the base.

43. Construct a rectangle of the same dimensions as

the last, and divide it into four similar and equal
areas.

44. The altitude of a rectangle is in the ratio of 2 : 5

to its diameter which is 3.2" long, construct the
figure.

45. Construct a rhombus having a side of 2 ″ and con-

taining an angle of 35.°

46. The diagonal of a rhombus is 3 ″ long and one of

its sides is 19," construct the figure and measure
the included angles.

47. Construct a rhomboid having sides of 2.75" and

13" respectively, and an included angle of 60. °

48. The diagonal of a rhomboid measures 3:25 ," one

side is 225," and an angle of 115° is placed at
one end of the base. Construct the figure ;
write down the measure of the other side.

49. Construct a trapezium having its adjacent sides

15″ and 18″ respectively, and an angle between
the two smaller equal sides of 45.°

50. The diagonals of a trapezium are 24″ and 3′6″

respectively, they cut one another at a point one-
third distant from the end of the greater, construct
the figure and write down the lengths of its sides.
 22

51. The perimeter of a square measures 113 ," con-

struct the figure, and write down the length of
its diagonals .

52. What is the length of the perimeter of a square,

one diagonal of which is 3.5 ″ in length ?

53. Construct a rhombus having a perimeter of 7.3″

and two opposite angles of 42.°

54. A rhombus has two diagonals of 29″ and 1 °3 ″

respectively. Draw a line equal in length to its
perimeter.

55. Construct a rectangle having sides in the ratio of

52, the base being 27" long, measure its peri-
meter.

56. The perimeter of a rectangle is 9.7" and its sides

are in the ratio of 7 : 4, construct the figure.
57. The perimeter of a rhomboid is 7.9" in length and
the sides are in the ratio of 8 : 3, construct the
figure and measure its angles.
58. The angles at the base of a rhomboid are 72° and
108° respectively, and the length of the diagonal
is 41." Write down the measurement of its
perimeter.

59. Construct a rectilinear figure from the following

dimensions : AB = 175 " ; BC = 2.25" ; AD = 2" ;
angle ADC = 120° ; angle ABD = 75.°

60. Construct the rectilineal figure ABCD from the

following conditions : AB = 2'1 " ; AC = 2′8″ ;
CD = 17" ; the angle ABC = 125 ° ; the angle
ACD = 52.° Write down the lengths of BC,
AD, and the size of the angles BAD, ADC .
 23

61. Draw a rectilineal figure ABCDE from the fol-

lowing measurements and angles : Side A B = 2 ″;
angle ABE = 25 ° ; angle DBC = 29° ; angle BED
= 83° ; angle BAE = 83 ° ; angle EBD = 30° ;
angle BDC = 42.°

62. Construct a polygon ABCDEF from the fol-

lowing conditions : sides AB = 2 ,″ AF = 175";
Diagonals AC
O = 3 ,″ AD = 3 ·75 ," AE = 3 ″ ; angles
=
BAC O 355 , BAD = 59'5 ,° BAE = 995 , BAF
= 125.

63. Construct a right lined figure from the following

conditions side AB = 2 ," side BC = 175 ,″ side
CD = 22," side_DE = 12 " ; angle ABC = 120,°
angle BCD = 90,° angle CDE = 120. ° Write down
the length of the remaining side EA, and the
values of the angles DEA, EAB.

64. Draw a line equal in length to the perimeter of

the figure constructed in the last question,
65. Construct a rectilinear figure, having a perimeter
of 98," which shall be similar to the figure con-
structed in question 61 .

66. Draw a circle of 1.75 " radius, and find by con-

struction its centre.

67. A, B and C are three given points, so placed that

the distance between A B is 3.75 ," that between
BC is 275 ," and the angle ABC is 75.° Describe
the circle which will pass through the three points.

68. Describe a circle of 1.25" radius, and divide it into

four equal parts by concentric circles.

69. The diameter of a circle is 3:25 ," describe the

circle, and divide it into five equal parts by con-
centric circles.
 24

70. Describe a circle of 1.5," and divide it into three

equal parts, the equal parts to have equal
perimeters.

71. Describe a circle of 2.25 ″ radius, and from any

point in its circumference draw a tangent to it.
Show all construction.

72. Two points, A and B, are situated at the extrem-

ities of a straight line 3.25" in length ; with A
as centre describe a circle of 2.25" radius, and
from B draw a tangent to the circle. Measure
the angle between the tangent and the line A B.

73. Three points are situated at the angles of a triangle

having its base 2.7″ long, one side
O 19 ," the angle
at one end of the base being 75. Draw a circle
to pass through any two of the angular points of
the triangle, and from the other angular point
draw a tangent to the circle thus formed.

74. Describe a circle of 1.3 ″ radius, and from a point

distant about 2'5" from the centre draw a tangent
to touch the given circle.

75. Describe a circle of 15 " radius, draw a diameter,

and at each end of it draw tangents to touch the
circle ; make each of the tangents 2.75″ in length.

76. Draw a straight line 4.25" long, at one end draw

a circle of 175" radius, and at the other end a
circle of I" radius. Draw a tangent to touch
the two circles which shall not cut the given line.

77. With the same circles and given line as in the

last problem, draw a tangent to touch both circles
and to cut the given line. Show what angle the
tangent forms with the given line (least angle).
 25

78. Describe a segment of a circle which shall con-

tain an angle equal to one of the angles of an
equilateral triangle.
79. Describe a circle with a radius of 15," and from
it cut off a segment which shall contain an angle
of 35.°
80. The radius of a circle is 13," cut off from the
circle segments which shall contain 35° and 72°
respectively.
81. A segment of a circle of 9" radius contains 60,*
what is the length of the chord that cuts it off.

82. Describe the segment of a circle of 13 " radius

which shall contain as many degrees as are con-
tained in the fifth of a right angle.

83. Construct a sector with radii of 2" which shall

contain 60.°

84. Construct a sector having a radius equal to arc

and measure the number of degrees it contains.

85. Describe a segment of a circle which shall con-

tain as many degrees as are contained in the
sector of the last question. Radius of circle
1.7"
86. The radius of a circle is 15 ," and a chord which
divides it into two segments measures 2.5." How
many degrees does each of the segments contain?

87. In a circle, the diameter of which is 275 ," con-

struct a segment which shall contain as many
degrees as the difference between the two seg-
ments of the last question.

88. On a line of 1.75" in length describe a regular

pentagon.
 26

89. A line of 13" in lengthis one side of a regular

hexagon ; construct the figure.

90. On a line 2:25" long describe a regular hexagon.

91. The diagonal of a regular hexagon is 3.25 inches ;

construct the figure, and write down the length
of its sides.

92. The altitude of a regular pentagon is 275." Con-

struct the figure.

93. On a line of 1.5" describe a regular heptagon. No

circle may be described in answering this question .

94. The shortest line joining any two angles of a

regular heptagon is 2," describe the figure and
write down the length of its sides.

95. A line of 13 in length is one side of a regular

octagon. Construct the figure.

96. The altitude of an octagon is 29," what is the

length of its sides ?

97. The diagonal of an octagon is 31 ," construct the

figure without inscribing it in a circle.

98. Construct a triangle with two sides of 1 " and 2.2"

respectively, and an included angle of 57.°
Inscribe in the triangle a circle that will touch
all three sides.

99. Construct a triangle with a base of 31 ," and an

angle at the apex of 42.° Describe a circle about
the triangle, and write down the length of its
radius.

100. The diagonal of a square is 36," construct it and

within it inscribe a circle ; also describe a circle
about it.
 27

IOI. In a rhombus whose sides are 2.3″ long inscribe

a square.
102. Inscribe a circle in an equilateral triangle of 1.6″
sides ; also describe a circle about the triangle.

103. Construct an isosceles triangle having a base of

175 ," the angle at the ends of it 35 ,° and within
it inscribe a circle . Write down the length of its
radius.
104. Construct a triangle the sides of which are 13,"
2.6" and 29" respectively, and within it inscribe a
circle.
105. Inscribe a square in a triangle having a base of
275," one side 2'1 ," and an altitude of 125."
106. Construct a triangle having its sides in the ratio
of I : 2 : 3 and a base of 2·9″ ; inscribe an oblong
having a base of 15."
107. Construct a regular hexagon on a line 1.75 ″ in
length ; within it inscribe a circle and a square.

108. Construct a square on a line 2 : 3 ″ in length, and

inscribe an equilateral triangle ; about the square
describe a similar triangle. Write down the ratio
of the sides of the two triangles.
109. In a square, of area 4 square inches, inscribe an
isosceles triangle, the base of which is 15."
IIO. In a square, the diagonal of which is 425 ,"
inscribe a regular octagon.
III. In a square of the same size as that of the last
question, inscribe a regular hexagon.

112. Construct a trapezium, with adjacent sides of

125" and 3.1 " respectively ; within it inscribe a
circle and a square. Compare the lengths of the
sides of the square and the radius of the circle.
 28

113. Describe a circle of 17" radius, and inscribe a

regular pentagon.

114. The radius of a circle is 15 ," inscribe a regular

hexagon.

115. About a circle, the diameter of which is 31 ,"

describe a regular hexagon.

116. The diameter of a circle is 3 : 5," find the length of

the sides of a regular heptagon that could be
inscribed in such a circle.

117. About a circle of 17" radius describe a regular

heptagon.
118. In a circle of which two-thirds of the diameter
is 35," inscribe a regular octagon.

119. About a circle of 21 " radius describe a regular

pentagon, and within it inscribe a regular
hexagon.

120. About a circle of 175" radius describe a regular

heptagon, and within it inscribe an equilateral
triangle.

121. The diameter of a circle is 3 ," about it describe a

regular octagon, and within it inscribe a similar
octagon, the angular point of the one being
opposite to the sides of the other.

122. About a circle of 17" radius, describe a regular

nonagon, and within it inscribe a regular
hexagon.

123. The lines joining the angular points of a pen-

tagon with its centre measure 12 ," what is the
length of the radius of the circle about which
this figure is described ?
 29

124. Within a circle of 2.25" radius an octagon and

a heptagon are inscribed, compare the lengths of
their sides.

125. Construct an equilateral triangle on a straight

line of 21 " in length, and inscribe three equal
circles, each circle touching the other two, and
also two sides of the triangle.

126. In a triangle similar to that mentioned in the last

question, inscribe three circles such that each
circle will touch each other and one side of the
triangle.

127. In an equilateral triangle, the altitude of which

is 275," inscribe six equal circles to touch each
other and the sides of the triangle. Join the
centres of each circle by straight lines with the
centre of the triangle, and measure the angle
between any two of the lines thus drawn.

128. In a circle of 1'9″ radius , inscribe six equal circles

touching each other and the given circle.

129. About a circle, the diameter of which is 29,"

describe five equal circles touching each other
and the given circle.
130. In a square, of which a line 16" in length repre-
sents half a diagonal, inscribe four equal circles,
each circle to touch two other circles and one
side of the square.

131. In a square, the base of which is equal to the

altitude of a triangle whose base is 2" and the
angles at each end of the base are 30° and 130°
respectively, inscribe four equal circles so that
each circle shall touch each other circle and two
sides of the square.
 30

132. Draw two circles having radii of 13 and 17

respectively, touching each other.

133. Draw three circles having radii of 1 ," 15 " and

175" respectively, each circle touching the other
two.
134. Draw a straight line 2′1 ″ long, and at one end
draw a line 27" long, making an angle of 110°
with the given line. Describe a circle which will
touch the given line and pass through the extreme
point of the constructed line.
135. Draw a straight line 3′1 ″ long, at one end
describe a circle with radius 17," at the other end
describe a circle with radius 13." Describe a
circle which will be touched by the two given
circles internally.

136. DrawO any two straight lines inclosing an angle

of 54, describe a circle within the given angle
touching the two straight lines.

137. Draw two parallel straight lines distant 1 " apart,

on the outer sides of each line draw lines
which shall make angles of 15° with the given
lines, mark off 25 from the angular points on
each of these lines. Describe a circle which shall
touch the two constructed lines.

138. Construct a trefoil within a circle of 1'9" radius.

139. The diagonal of a square is 31 , construct the

figure and inscribe four equal semicircles having
adjacent diameters.

140. In a circle, the diameter of which is 275," inscribe

a quatrefoil.
141. In a circle, the radius of which is 13," inscribe a
cinqfoil of adjacent semicircles.
 31

142. Divide a line 3′1″ long into two parts in ratio of

5 : 7.
143. Divide a line 37" long into two parts which
shall be in the ratio of 2:75 : 3'5 .
144. Draw a line 275" long, and divide it in the ratio
of I : 3 : 5.
145. Divide a line 3 · 5″ in length so that its parts shall
be in the ratio of 1 : 2:48.

146. Find a fourth proportional to three lines, the

lengths of which are 2 : 5," 2" and 1 " respectively.

147. Find a fourth proportional to three straight lines

with lengths of 13," 24" and 27" respectively.
148. Find a third proportional to two lines of 1.5" and
I " long.
149. Find a third proportional to two lines whose
lengths are 17" and 2.3" respectively.
150. Find a mean proportional to two lines whose
lengths are II" and 24" respectively, and write:
down its length.

151. Find a mean proportional to two lines of lengths

2.5" and 3.6″ respectively.

152. Find a third and mean proportional to two

straight lines 1 ″ and 1.5″ respectively.

153. Find both a mean and a third proportional to

two straight lines, 12" and 18 " long.

154. Divide a line 3′1 ″ long into extreme and mean

proportion.

155. Find a fourth proportional to three lines in the

ratio of 1 3 5, one given line being 2.5" in
length.
 32

156. Find a third proportional to the two sides of a

rhomboid whose diagonal is 2 : 3," one of the angles
at the end of the base being 55.°
157 Find a mean proportional to the two sides of an
isosceles triangle having a base of 19,″ and an
angle at the apex of 35.

158. Divide a line equal in length to the altitude of an

equilateral triangle, one side of which is 31 " in
length, into extreme and mean proportion.
159. Construct a square, the area of which shall be to
that of a square the diagonal of which is 3" in
the ratio of 3 : 5.
160. Construct a triangle the area of which shall be to
that of a triangle the sides of which are 3," 2'5,"
17" respectively, in the ratio of 1 · 5 : 4.
161. The radius of a circle is o'9" Construct a circle
that shall be in a ratio of 7 : 3 with the given
circle.
162. On a line 17" construct a regular pentagon, and
around it a similar figure whose ratio shall be
32 to the given figure.
163. The sides of a parallelogram are in the ratio of
4 7, the length of the smaller side being 1 ·8,"
and the two opposite angles being 65.° Construct
a similar figure whose ratio shall be 9 : 4 to the
given figure.
164. Construct a triangle similar to an equilateral tri-
angle, the base of which is 1'5, so that the altitudes
of the figures shall be in the ratio of 3 : 5.
165. Construct a triangle the sides of which are in
the ratio of 3 : 57, the base being 2″ long, and
divide it into two parts having a ratio of 5 : 6 by
a line drawn from a point in any side.
 33

166. Divide a triangle, having a base of 2.75" and a

vertical angle of 72, into two parts in the ratio
of 4 7 by a line drawn through one angle to
the opposite side.
167. In a circle of 13" radius construct a triangle
that shall be similar to one described on a
line 27" in length, having an angle at the apex
of 50.
168. Construct a right angled triangle equal in area
to the sum of the areas of two equilateral triangles
constructed on bases of 1" and 13" respectively.

169. Construct a triangle which shall be equal in area

to the sum of the areas of two triangles having
the following dimensions : ( 1 ) Base 1 ," angle at
one end of base 35 ,° angle at apex 60.° (2 ) Alti-
tude 26," angles at base 75 ° and 60.°
170. Having given a right angled triangle with two
sides of 21" and 2'9" respectively. Construct two
isosceles triangles, the sum of their areas being
equal to the area of the given triangle.
171. Construct a hexagon having one side 12″ long ;
bisect it by a line joining any two opposite
angular points. Construct a triangle having an
area equal to the area of half the hexagon.
172. On a straight line of 2" in length construct an
equilateral triangle, and on the same base con-
struct a triangle having one angle of 120° which
shall have an area equal to that of the equilateral
triangle.
173. On a line 2· 3″ long construct an isosceles triangle
having an angle at the apex of 42,° on the same
base construct Oa triangle one angle at the base
of which is 72, that shall contain an area equal
to that of the given triangle.
C
 34

174. On a line 19" in length construct an isosceles

triangle having an altitude of 2.7." Construct an
equilateral triangle which shall have the same
area as the given triangle.

175. Draw a straight line of any length and on it

construct an equilateral triangle, an isosceles
triangle, and an obtuse angled triangle, that shall
all have an equal area.

176. A rhomboid has two sides of 32″ and 16″

respectively and an included angle of 35 ,°
construct an isosceles triangle equal in area to the
given figure.
177. The diagonal of a rhomboid is 2.7″ and one side
is 18" in length, construct an equilateral triangle
equal in area to the given figure.

178. A rectangle has a diameter of 31 ," construct a

triangle that shall contain an angle of 127° and
shall be equal in area to the given figure.
179. One side of a rhombus is 18" in length and the
angle included between the side and the diagonal
is 15, construct a triangle containing angles of 54°
and 38° that shall be equal in area to the given
figure.
180. The area of a square is four square inches, con-
struct an equilateral triangle that shall have the
same area.
181. The diagonal of a square is 2:2," measure the
angles at the base of an isosceles triangle that
shall have the same area.
182. The sides of a triangle are 32,″ 27″ and 21"
respectively, construct a triangle on a base of
25" that shall have the same area as the given
triangle.
 35

183. The angles at the base of a triangle are 35° and

72° respectively, and one side is 24" in length,
construct a triangle equal in area to the given one,
which shall have a base of 34."

184 Construct a parallelogram containing two opposite

angles of 112, which shall be equal in area to a
square, one side of which is 175 .

185. Construct a parallelogram, one side of which is

1.25″ long, equal in area to a square, the diagonal
of which is 29."

186. The altitude of a parallelogram is 1.3″ and one

side is 17" long, construct a square equal in area
to the given figure.

187. One of the angles at the base of a parallelogram

is 72° and the opposite sides are 16″ long, con-
struct a square and an equilateral triangle that
shall each be equal in area to the given square.
What is the ratio between a side of the triangle
and a side of the square ?

188. Construct a triangle whose sides are respectively

17,″ 2′4″ and 3 ·2,"″ construct a parallelogram equal
in area and perimeter to the given figure.

189. The sides of a rectangle are in the ratio of 3 : 7,

and the smaller side is 16" long, construct an
isosceles triangle equal in areato the parallelogram
and measure the angle at the apex.

190. The diagonal of a rectangle is 2.8" long and one

side is o'9" long, construct a triangle containing an
angle of 119° that shall be equal in area to the
given figure ; measure the remaining angles of the
triangle.
 36

191. The areas of two squares are in the ratio of 4 : 9,

find the altitude of a triangle, the area of which
is equal to half the sum of the areas of the two
squares.
192. The areas of two squares are in the ratio of 5 to
3, construct a square which shall have an area
equal to the difference of the areas of the two
squares.
193. Construct a rectilinear figure from the following
measurements and angles : side A B = 13 ," side
AD = 27," angle ABC = 110 ,° angle BAD = 90,°
angle ACD = 35 , and construct a triangle equal
in area to it.

194. Construct a rectilinear figure from the following

measurements and angles : side A B = 14 ,″ side
AE = 175," side ED = 09 ,"″ angle ABC = 90,°
angle BAE = 115 ,° angle AED = 103 ,° angle
EDC = 60° ; construct an isosceles triangle equal
in area to the given figure.

195. The altitude of a regular pentagon is 2 : 3 ," con-

struct a triangle equal in area to it.

196. The diameter of a regular hexagon is 175," what

is the altitude of an isosceles triangle equal in
area to it ?

197. Construct a parallelogram having a base 2.3″ long,

the angles at each end being 130° and 50°
respectively, and the altitude 18" ; construct a
square having an area of half the size of the area
of the given figure.

198. The diagonal of a parallelogram is 3′1 ″ in length

and the angles at the base are 115° and 75°
respectively, construct a regular hexagon equal in
area to the given figure.
 37

199. The altitude of a regular pentagon is 2 : 1 ," con-

struct a regular hexagon equal in area to the
figure.
200. On a line 16″ long construct a regular heptagon,
and on a line of twice the length construct an
isosceles triangle that shall have an area equal to
the area of the heptagon .

201. Draw the arc of a circle of 13" radius and

containing 110,° draw a straight line equal in
length to the constructed arc.

202. Draw a circle of 15" radius, and construct a

square which shall be approximately equal in
area to the given circle.

203. Two circles are described from the same centre,

having radii of 13 " and 14" respectively ; deter-
mine approximately, by geometrical method , the
ratio between their circumferences.

204. Construct half of an ellipse of which the major

and minor axes measure 4.8 and 3.2 inches.
205. Construct an ellipse having its axes in the ratio
of 27 : 1 , the minor axis measuring 13 inches.

206. In an ellipse similar to the above inscribe a circle

and about it describe a circle ; compare the two
radii.
207. Construct a scale to measure inches and tenths
of inches, having for its representative fraction .
To measure one foot.
208. Construct a scale to measure eighths of inches
having its representative fraction . To measure
eighteen inches.
209. Draw a scale with representative fraction , to
measure eighths of inches. To measure I yard.
 38

210. Draw a scale to measure inches, having a repre-

sentative fraction of . Scale to measure 3 yards
211. Construct a scale to measure inches whose rep-
resentative fraction is Scale to measure 10
yards.
212. Construct a scale of 2″ to the foot, long enough
to measure five yards, and divided so that inches
can be read off. Write down its representative
fraction.
213. Construct a scale of o'5" to the foot, to measure 5
yards. Write down its representative fraction.

214. Construct a scale having a representative fraction

, to measure poles and yards. Draw a line
15 poles 2 yards long.

215. Construct a scale of , to measure paces. Scale

long enough to measure 60 paces.
216. Draw a scale to measure distances between 700
yards and 10 yards, in which 250 yards are rep-
resented by 2.5 inches.

217. Draw a scale of feet, long enough to measure

500 feet, the least dimension being 10 feet ; 60
feet being represented by 75 inches ; give the
calculation.
218. Draw a scale of 25 inches to the mile, to measure
yards ; the smallest division on the scale is to
represent 10 yards.
219. Draw a scale of feet and inches 6 feet long, in
which 9 feet are represented by 10 inches ; show
the calculation.
220. Construct a plain scale in which 564 feet are
represented by 64 inches. The greatest dimension
shown is to be 600 feet, and the least 10 feet.
 39

221. Construct a scale on which 80 feet are represented

by 6 inches. Make the whole scale of such a
length that 50 feet are shown by it.

222. Construct a scale to read feet and inches, 8 feet

being equivalent to 5:27 inches. Mark the repre-
sentative fraction.

223. Draw a plain scale of miles and furlongs in which

of a furlong is represented by of an inch
The scale should be long enough to measure 10
miles. Show the calculation, and mark the rep-
resentative fraction.

224. Draw a plain scale of yards and eighths of yards

long enough to measure 7 yards, of a yard
being represented by 45 inches. Give the calcu-
lation, and mark the representative fraction.
1
225. Construct a scale of paces of 32″ of 90.
1
226. Construct a scale of 300 to show 1000 paces—
-
a pace = 30 inches. The scale to be properly
figured.

227. Construct a scale of chains. Representative

1
fraction 1080 Smallest unit, one chain. Show
I mile.

228. Divide a line 12" long into 77 equal parts by

diagonal division.

229. Make a scale of feet , to show inches diagonally ,

230. Construct a scale of furlongs , and divide it

diagonally to show chains.

23 1. Draw a diagonal scale of 120 feet to an inch to

measure single feet. Show 700 feet.
 40

232. Draw a diagonal scale, 850 paces to the inch,

to measure all distances between IO and
6000 paces. From the scale draw a line 3560
paces long . Show the calculation and mark the
representative fraction , assuming the pace to
measure 32 inches .

233. Draw a diagonal scale to measure perches, yards,

and feet, 30 yards being represented by 7 inches.
From the scale draw a line 3 perches, 2 yards, I
foot long. Show the calculation. N.B.- 1 perch
= 5 yards.

234. What is the representative fraction of a scale in

which 210 yards are represented by 1.75 inches ?
(a) Construct a scale of 13 yards to 1 inch.
(b) Construct a diagonal scale of reading
furlongs.
235. Draw a diagonal scale of of a mile to the inch,
to measure miles, furlongs, and chains, 4 miles to
be the greatest length shown. Give the cal-
culation, and mark the representative fraction.
From the scale draw a line 2 miles, 2 furlongs,
2 chains long. I mile = 8 furlongs, I furlong = 10
chains.

236. Draw a diagonal scale of furlongs and chains

long enough to measure 50 furlongs, 23 furlongs
being represented by 27 inches. From the scale
draw a line 32 furlongs 7 chains long. Give the
representative fraction and calculation.

237. Draw a diagonal scale to measure miles, furlongs,

and chains, 50 furlongs being represented by 9
inches. From the scale draw a line 2 miles, 5
furlongs, 7 chains long. N.B.- 1 mile = 8 furlongs
= 80 chains.
 41

238. Draw a scale of feet to measure all distances

between 70 feet and I foot, 5 feet being repre-
sented by 52 inches ; by the method of diagonal
division make the scale available for measuring
inches. From the scale draw a line 45'2″ long.

239. The relative areas of a map and the country it

represents are 121 square inches and 144 square
miles. Draw the scale of the map to show miles
and furlongs and diagonally chains. From the
scale draw a line 3 miles, 2 furlongs, 6 chains long.
Mark the representative fraction of the scale.

240. The distance between two places is 7 miles,

and measures on a map II." Draw a scale of
miles to suit the map representing 40 miles. By
the diagonal method make the scale to show
furlongs. Write down the representative fraction ,
and show your calculations.
241. Two buoys in a harbour are distant from each
other 15 kilometres ; on a drawing of the harbour
their plans are 8.5″ apart. Required a scale of
English miles for the plan. I kilometre = 1093'33
yards.

242. The mouth of a harbour is 1250 yards wide, and

this width is expressed upon a plan by 15˚5 .″
Required a scale of French metres for the drawing.
1
243. Construct a scale of 844800 to show 80 miles
Construct also a comparative scale showing 100
versts. I verst = 6933 yards.

244. Make a diagonal scale of French metres, to

show decimetres .

245. Make a diagonal scale of yards comparative to

one of Russian versts of 1780.
 42

246. Taking a line 13" as unit, construct a line which

shall represent 3.

247. Draw two lines which shall be in the ratio of

√25, taking a line o'9 as unit.

√5
248. Determine the value of √5 and of
√5.

249. The sum of the diagonals of a parallelogram is

52 ," and the angles at the base are 127° and 53 °
respectively ; draw the figure.

250. Draw a line of 7, taking 1'2" as unit. Construct

a square having this line for one of its diagonals..
Write down the value of the sides of the square.
 PART III.

Papers set at the Preliminary and Admissions

Examinations of the

ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY,

WOOLWICH .

1. Construct a triangle of which the three sides are

25, 3 , and 375 respectively, and their sum equal
to 9 inches. Drop a perpendicular from the apex
to the longest side of the triangle ; divide the
perpendicular into ten equal parts, and through
the points of division draw lines parallel to the
base of the triangle.

2. Construct a parallelogram having two of its angles

each equal to 75,° and its longest sides and the
diagonal equal to 3 and 4 inches respectively, and
place within it five parallelograms enclosing one
another, with intervals of inch between them.

3. Describe a triangle similar to the triangle, Q. I , and

equal to the parallelogram, Q. 2.
 44

4. Find a mean proportional between two straight

lines 3 inches and 2 inches long respectively, and
find a fourth proportional to these three lines.
Write down the length of the fourth proportional .

5. Describe a circle with a radius of 1 inches, and in

it inscribe an equilateral and equiangular hexa-
gon . Draw lines over the hexagon inch apart
parallel to any two of its sides.

6. Construct a polygon ABC ... F from the following

conditions sides AB = 2 inches , BC = 1.7 inches ,
CD = 22 inches, DE = 1.5 inches EF = 2 inches ;
diagonals BD = 3 inches , CE = 3 · 3 inches ; angles
ABC 143 ,° DEF = 118. ° Write down the length
of the side AF, the length of the diagonal AD,
and the magnitude of the angle EFA.

1870.
I. Draw a line AB 3 inches long ; assume a point C
about 1 inches from it, and through C draw CD
parallel to AB. Draw also six other lines
between AB and CD parallel to these lines, and
at inch apart .

2. Set off with your protractor an angle of 57, and

bisect this angle. Again bisect the two angles
thus obtained.

3. Draw a square of 3.3 inches side. In it describe

four equal circles , each touching one side of the
square and the other three circles. Within each
of these four circles and with their centres, but
with a shorter radius by inch, describe a second
circle. Ink in the larger circles with a thin line ,
the smaller ones with a thick line.
 45

4. Construct a rhombus having an angle of 65 ° and a

base of 3 inches. Measure its two diagonals
accurately, and write down their lengths.

5. Draw a triangle having one of its angles = 52 ,° and

the two sides containing this angle 18 and 26
inches. Find the centres of the inscribed and
circumscribing circles.

6. Assume three lines, 2 inches, I inch, and 2 inches

long respectively, and find a fourth proportional
to them .

7. Divide a line 5 inches long into seven equal parts,

and describe seven equal circles having their
centres in this line, and cutting it at the points of
division .

8. Construct a right line figure from the following

conditions ::
--

The side AB = 2 inches. The angle ABC = 120°

"" BC = 175 "" "" BCD = 90°
‫دو‬ CD = 22 ‫دو‬ CDE = 120°
‫دو‬ DE = 12 "

Write down the length of the remaining side EA,

and the size of the angles DEA, EAB.

1872.

I. Construct a parallelogram with two adjacent sides.

measuring 34 and 26 inches respectively, the
included angle being 62.° Divide each side into
six equal parts, and through the points of division
draw dotted lines parallel to the respective sides.
Write down the lengths of the diagonals of the
parallelogram and the sizes of the angles at
which they intersect.
 46

2. Upon a straight line, 12 inches long, construct a

regular heptagon, and about it describe a circle.
Reduce the heptagon to a triangle of equal area.
3. Construct the sector of a circle of 2 inches radius,
to contain IIO. In the sector inscribe a circle.
4. Construct a square to contain an area of 46 square
inches ; (the side of the square must be de-
termined geometrically.)
5. Construct a scale to measure feet and inches, 25
feet being represented by 38 inches. Mark the
representative fraction.
6. Construct a diagonal scale of to measure deci-
metres (ie., tenths of metres). From the scale
draw a line 116 metres long. N.B.- 1 metre =
39'3 inches.
7. Three points are situated respectively inch, 2
inches, and 2 inches above the horizontal plane ;
the plans of these points when joined form an
equilateral triangle of 3 inches side. Determine
(1) the inclination of the plane in which they lie,
(2 ) the inclination of each of the lines joining
them, and (3 ) their true distances apart.
8. Draw the plan of a cube of 21 inches sides when
one diagonal of a face is horizontal and the other
diagonal of the same face is inclined at 55.°
Draw an elevation of the cube on a plane parallel
to the horizontal diagonal.

1874.
I. At the point A in AB, which is 23 inches long,
draw (by construction and without producing
AB) AC perpendicular to AB and 33 inches
long ; from B draw (on the same side of AB)
BD, making the angle ABD 112. ° Join CD, and
divide it by construction into five equal parts.
 47

2. Construct a rhombus (ie., a figure with four equal

sides) of which a side and angle measure respec-
tively 3.15 inches and 74.° Inscribe a circle in
the rhombus, and measure and write down the
length of its radius.

3. From A and B, the extremities of AB, which is

440 yards long, the following angles are observed
to C and D on the same side of AB, viz. , CAB
102, DAB 35 ,° CBA 29,° DBA 68. ° Determine
and write down the lengths in yards of CD, AC,
and BD. Scale (which need not be drawn) 100
yards = I inch.

4. About a circle of 1 inches radius, circumscribe a

regular hexagon.

5. Determine by construction a mean proportional

between two straight lines 3 inches and 1 inches
long. On the mean proportional construct a
square.

6. On a straight line 2.85 inches long construct a

segment of a circle to contain 125, and in the
segment draw the lines containing the angles.

7. Construct a diagonal scale to measure feet, inches,

and eighths of an inch on a scale of ths of a
foot to an inch.

8. On a given plan a distance of ths of a mile

measures 4 inches. Construct a scale of yards
for this plan to measure distances from 50 up to
1,000 yards.
 48

December, 1875.

1. Draw a scale of 200 to show furlongs .

2. Draw a scale of a yard to a mile, showing yards
and feet on upper and lower sides respectively
of the scale.
3. Construct a triangle two of whose angles, A and B,
each measure 76° : AB - 3 inches.
4. Construct a pentagon with a perimeter of 105
inches, and transform it into a square of equal
area.
5. Within a hexagon of 3 inch sides inscribe seven
circles of equal radii, so arranged as to occupy
the greatest possible proportion of the area of
the hexagon : the diameters of the circles are
not to be less than two inches.
6. Trisect a circle of 4 inches in diameter, and trisect
the segments so as to form a nonagon , and reduce
the nonagon to a triangle.
7. Construct an ellipse 45 inches in the major, and
25 inches in the minor axis, respectively, and
within it construct the largest possible rectangle,
stating the length of its sides.
8. A ball is allowed to fall from a point 40 feet from
the earth, but the force of the wind deviates it
10° from the vertical in the first 10 feet, 6° in the
second 10 feet, 3 ° in the third , and 2 ° in the fourth.
Draw the course of the ball to a scale of 10 feet
to an inch, and determine its deviation at the
point where it strikes the earth.

July, 1876.

I. Draw a scale of a foot to an inch, to show inches

and feet.
 49

2. It is desired to increase the size of part of a plan

which is drawn to a scale of to one which is
on the scale of 8 feet to an eighth of an inch.
Draw the scales.

3. Construct a triangle, two of whose sides shall be

24 and 315 inches respectively, and the included
angle 136.°

4. Draw a circle in whose circumference the three

angles of a triangle shall lie, whose sides shall be
in the proportion of 6, 19 , and 21. Make the
diagram on a suitable scale.

5. Draw a regular pentagon of 2 inches side, and

convert it into a regular hexagon of equal
area.

6. Determine by construction a third proportional to

two lines of 1 and 3.265 inches in length, greater
than either of them.

7. In a circle of 2.8 inches radius inscribe five equal

circles.

8. Draw the straight line AB 6 inches long, and take

a point C half an inch above AB and 2 inches
from A ; through ACB draw the arc of a circle
(the centre being inaccessible) determining at least
four other points in the arc.

November, 1876.

I. Construct a scale of to show 1,000 yards and

read to 10 yards. Construct a comparative scale
of metres. (A decimetre = 0· 327 feet.)
D
 50

2. A room whose area is 640 square feet is represented

on a plan by 40 square inches. Construct a scale
for the plan .

3. Draw five concentric, similarly situated squares

025″ apart, the smallest having a side of 1 · 35 .”
Ink in these squares with lines increasing in
strength from the smallest to the largest.

4. Describe a circle of 1'54" diameter. Surround this

circle by six equal circles touching the given
circle and each other successively. Circumscribe
the six circles by a circle.

5. Draw two lines including an angle of 71 . Divide

this angle by construction into four equal parts.
In each of the four small angles inscribe a circle
of 092" diameter.

6. In a circle of 3″ diameter inscribe a triangle which

has two of its angles 62° and 47. Reduce this
triangle to a square and write down the length of
the side of the square .

7. A ship sails so that the sum of its distances from

two lighthouses is always 4,750 yards. The light-
houses are 4,000 yards apart. Trace the ship's
course for not less than 3,000 yards, starting from
a position 1200 yards from one of the lighthouses.
Scale 30000

8. Draw a continuous curve of circular arcs to pass

through seven points a b c d e f g, whose relative
positions are indicated below. The points are
to be taken in the order in which they are lettered.
 51

Draw any straight line gh, 5′9″ long ; from the

point g, with distance 13 ,″ 255 ,″ 295 ,″ 405 ″ and
5.70" respectively, mark offpoints 1 , 2, 3, 4, and at
I, 2, 3 , and 4 erect perpendiculars, make the first
If0.66″ long, the second 2e 13 ," the third 3d 0·7,"
and the fourth 4c 10," at h erect a perpendicular
bh 103" long. Then a b c d e fg are the given
letters.
November, 1877.
I. Construct a scale on which 80 feet are represented
by 6 inches. Make the whole scale of such a
length that 50 feet are shown by it.
2. Describe a regular pentagon of 2.25 ″ side , and
reduce it to a triangle of equal area.
3. Draw a diagonal scale of 120 feet to an inch to
measure single feet. Show 700 feet.
4. Draw the geometrical pattern shown in the figure.
Radius of the larger circle 175 ," and that of the
smaller 0.65 ."

Q 4 Fig.1 .

5. On a base 47″ long describe a triangle having its

two sides 3.5" and 39," and in the triangle in-
scribe a square.
 52

6. In a circle of 1.75" radius inscribe three equal

circles touching each other and the given circle.

7. Draw AB and CD two straight lines not parallel,

but inclined at such an angle that the point
of intersection , cannot be determined on the
paper. Through a point P, not equidistant from
B and D, draw a straight line that would if
produced pass through the point of intersection
of the two given lines.

8, Draw two straight lines containing an angle of 35.°

With a radius of 1'2" describe a circle touching
both the lines containing the angle. Describe a
second circle touching the first and the lines
containing the angle.

March, 1878.

I. Construct a scale of 8448

100 to show 80 miles. Con-
struct also a comparative scale showing 100 versts
(a verst equals 693.3 yards) .

2. Draw six parallel straight lines 4″ long 045″ apart.

Ink in these lines, gradually increasing the
strength from the highest to the lowest. Crossing
these lines at right angles, draw a series of nine
dotted lines o'5" apart.

3. Draw a series of circles, diameters 1 ," 125 ," 15 ,"

175," touching each other successively and all
touching a given line.

4. Construct a parallelogram from the given dimen-

sions. [The dimensions given were diagonals of
41" and 21," and base 3."]
 53

5. By means of the protractor, plot the given angles

in the order shown. In each angle inscribe a
circle of 1 " diameter. [ The given angles placed
at one point were 33 , 44, and 27.°]

6. Determine a mean proportional between two lines

235" and 125." By a similar construction ob-
tain 3, taking 1" as unit.

7. Draw the given figure from the dimensions shown.

8. Draw the given geometrical figure twice the size

shown. The distinction between fine and strong
lines to be preserved.

Fig 14 Q.8 .
 54

December, 1878.

1. The distance between two towns being 19 English

miles and measuring on a map 27" ;

(a). Draw a scale by which single miles may be

measured, and show 40 miles.

(b) Draw a comparative scale to show 10 Austrian

miles. [The Austrian mile equals 3 · 3312 English
miles.]

2. With a radius of 1.25" describe a circle ABC, and

from a point P, distant 275" from the centre,
draw a straight line PBC to cut the circle so that
BC may be equal to two inches.

3. Construct a square equal in area to the sum of the

areas of three squares whose sides are respec-
tively 1 ," 15," and 2."

4. With a radius of 2.5"″ describe a quadrant of a

circle, and in it inscribe a circle.

5. Construct a triangle having its sides 3.5,″ 2 : 5 ,"″ and

2" respectively, and divide it into four equal parts
by lines drawn parallel to the shortest side.
 55

March, 1879.
I. Draw and complete the figuring of the given scale
No. I. Give the representative fraction of this
scale. Draw scale No. 2, converting it into a
diagonal scale reading centimetres, give all
necessary figuring, and state the representative
fraction. (A decimetre = 0'327 feet.)

Fig
2
.
N.I.
No.
2.
Met
4
 56

2. Construct a scale of chords at a radius of 4," to

read to 5° Use the scale to plot an angle of 55.°

3. Construct a five-sided figure from the data supplied .

Draw a similar, similarly situated figure whose
sides are half those of the first.

Side AB = 45 in. Diagonal BD = 47 in.

BC =26 "" "" CE = 275 ",

Angle ABC - 85°

BAE = 46°

"" AED = 133° (extreme).

4. Describe the inscribed and the three external

described circles of a triangle whose sides are 2.2,"
2'45" and 3.25."

5. Describe all the circles of 0· 7″ and 2′4″ radius which

can be made to pass through p and touch ab.

a b is a straight line 28" long, p is a point placed

above it, and is so situated that if a perpendicular
be let fall from it to ab touching the line in a point
c, then b c = '9" and pc = 1'1″

6. A point starting from the intersection of two lines.

mutually at right angles, moves so that the ratio
of its distances from the two lines is always 3 : 4.
Trace the curve for about 3" from its starting point.

7. The figure representing the section of an egg-shaped

sewer is made up of tangential arcs of six
different radii. All necessary dimensions are
given. Draw the section. Scale 1 " to 1 ' 0."
 57

Fig.3.

Q.7.
bc -tab

rad
ius
ab

g C

8. The given figure is the diagram of a bowstring roof.

The points A, 1 , 2 , 3 , etc. , lie on an arc of 80 ' 0"
radius : A, 1 , ' 2, ' 3 , ' etc. , on an arc 140 ′ 0″ radius.
The distances A I , I 2, 2 3, etc., are all equal.
Draw the diagram. Scale 1 " to 20 ' 0."
Fig 4 4
Q.8.

A 60'
 58 1

December, 1879.

I. The distance between two places is known to be 13

miles, and measures on a map 21 inches :--

(a) Draw a scale of leagues and miles to suit the

map, showing 10 leagues.

(b) Draw a comparative scale of yards by which

distances of 1,000 yards may be measured.

In each case show your calculations, figure the

scale properly, and write above it its representative
fraction. (Aleague = 3 miles. A mile = 1,760 yards.)

2. With a radius of one inch describe a circle, and

about it describe seven equal circles, each touching
two of the others and the given circle.

3. Describe two circles of 1.5″ and 2.25″ radius res-

pectively, touching each other, and draw a
common tangent to them. Show clearly how the
tangent points are determined .

4. Draw a triangle ABC according to the dimensions

given. Let fall the straight line AD = 13 ," and
from the point D draw two straight lines that
shall with AD divide the triangle into three parts
of equal area.

Side AB = 3'45 ."

AC = 425."
"" BC = 5'5."

The length of AD is marked off upon a perpendicu-

lar letfall from A on BC.
 59

5. The double spiral shown is made up of semicircles.

Draw a similar figure having the diameter of the
smallest or inner semicircle = 25."

Fig.5 .

6. Describe a regular pentagon of 2" side, and in it

inscribe a square.

7. Draw the pattern shown, making your drawing to

a scale one third larger than the copy.

Fig.6.

7AVAVA
 60

July, 1880.

I. On a plan 6.5″ represents an English mile, or 1760

yards ;

(a). Draw a plain scale of yards to suit the plan,

showing 1500 yards, and divide it to show
distances of 50 yards.

(b) Draw a comparative scale of Spanish yards.

A Spanish yard = 927 of an English yard.

Each scale to be properly figured , and all calcu-

lations shown.

2. The hypothenuse of a right angled triangle is 275,"

and the other two sides are to each other in the
ratio of 3 to 5. Construct the triangle.

3. Draw two straight lines 2" apart and parallel to

each other by construction. Take a point I"
between them and distant 5 ″ from one of them.
Describe a circle which shall touch the two
straight lines and pass through the point P.

4. Describe a circle of 15" radius, and in it inscribe

three equal circles, each touching the other two
and the original circle.

5. Construct the trapezium according to the dimensions

given.

6. Draw a straight line AB, and take a point P one

inch above it. Draw a curve every part of which
shall be equally distant from AB and the point
P.
 61

7. Draw the geometrical pattern shown, making it

half as large again as the copy.

Fig.7. Q.7.

November, 1880.

I. A distance of 37 miles is represented on a map

by 415." Draw a scale for the map by which
single miles may be measured , showing 50 miles.
Convert the scale so drawn into a diagonal scale
to read furlongs. Figure the scale properly, show
your calculations, and give the representative
fraction. ( I mile = 1,760 yards.)
 62

2. Draw the trapezium ABCD according to the

dimensions given, and inscribe in it a parallelo-
gram having one of its angles at the point E.

Side DC = 45 in.
"" CB = 175 ,
AB = 25 99
"" AD = 3
Angle A CD = 60°

E is a point in the line DC placed at a distance of

2.5 in. from C.

3. Construct a square having an area equal to 46

square inches, the construction to be strictly
geometrical. In the square inscribe an equilateral
triangle having one of its angles in one of the
angles of the square.

4. Take two points A and B 2.5" apart. With A as

centre and radius 75" describe a circle, and with
B as centre describe a circle of 1.25" radius.
Determine the centre of a circle of 1 " radius that
shall touch these two circles.

5. In a circle of 1.75" radius inscribe a regular octagon,

and in the octagon inscribe four equal circles,
each touching two others and two sides of the
octagon.

6. The perimeter of a triangle is 45 ," and two of its

angles are 60° and 45° respectively ; construct the
triangle.
 7. Draw the geometrical pattern shown in the accom-
panying diagram, making it half as large again
as the copy. This should be inked in if possible.

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 62

2. Draw the trapezium ABCD according to the

dimensions given, and inscribe in it a parallelo-
gram having one of its angles at the point E.

Side DC = 45 in.
"" CB = 175 ,
"" AB = 25
39 AD = 3

AngleACD = 60°

E is a point in the line DC placed at a distance of

2.5 in. from C.

3. Construct a square having an area equal to 46

square inches, the construction to be strictly
geometrical. In the square inscribe an equilateral
triangle having one of its angles in one of the
angles of the square.

4. Take two points A and B 2.5″ apart. With A as

centre and radius 75" describe a circle, and with
B as centre describe a circle of 1.25" radius.
Determine the centre of a circle of 1 " radius that
shall touch these two circles.

5. In a circle of 1.75" radius inscribe a regular octagon,

and in the octagon inscribe four equal circles,
each touching two others and two sides of the
octagon.

6. The perimeter of a triangle is 45 ,″ and two of its

angles are 60° and 45 ° respectively ; construct the
triangle.
 63

7. Draw the geometrical pattern shown in the accom-

panying diagram, making it half as large again
as the copy. This should be inked in if possible.

Fig . 8 .
 64

Papers set at the Preliminary and Admission

Examination of the

ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE,

SANDHURST.

July, 1878.

1. What is the representative fraction of a scale in

which 210 yards are represented by 175 inches.
(a) Construct a scale of 13 yards to I inch.
(b) Construct a diagonal scale of 70240 reading
furlongs.
2. Determine a fourth proportional to the given lines
a, b, c, and a third proportional to a and b. Write
down the lengths obtained.
a =26 inches.
b = 1.25 ""
C = 2.25 ""

3. Show how a tangent can be drawn to a circle

from any exterior point without making use of
the centre of the circle.

4. The line ab represents a piece of thread unwound

from the given circle. Draw the curve traced by
the extremity a when the thread is wound back
on to the circle.
Describe a circle of 1 " radius, draw a diameter,
and at one end erect a perpendicular 26" long.
This is the line ab.
 65

5. In a hexagon the distance from an angle A to D,

the middle point of the side BC is 21." Draw
the hexagon.
6. Draw a circle touching the given parallel lines and
passing through the given point P.
The parallel lines are to be drawn at a distance
of 1.25" apart, and the point P is placed so that it
will be at a distance of 16" from one line and 3"
from the other.
7. The figure shown is made up of arcs of circles of
two different radii. Sufficient dimensions are
given ; draw the figure.

Fig.9 .

8. Draw the " Greek fret " or " key pattern " shown in
the figure, the lines to be all " apart. The dis-
tinction between fine and strong lines is to be
preserved.

Fig.10.

厄可
E
 66

April, 1879.
N.B.- Not more than six Questions are to be answered.

1. Draw a plain scale of miles and furlongs (long

enough to measure 6 miles) in which 2 miles is
represented by 2.35 inches. Show your calcula-
tions and give the representative fraction.
2. Draw a straight line AB 4 inches long, and with-
out producing it erect at B a perpendicular BC
175 inches long. With centre C and radius equal
to 125 inches describe a circle. From A draw a
tangent to the circle on the side furthest from
AB. Show how the tangent point is determined .

3. ABC is a right-angled triangle, having the right

angle ABC. AB = 2 inches and the perpendicu-
lar drawn from B to AC = 1.5 inches. Construct
the triangle and write down the length of BC.

4. Determine geometrically two lines equal to √✅5 and

3 respectively.

5. A length of 8 feet 9 inches measures on a plan

2 inches. Draw a diagonal scale of feet and
inches to suit the plan. Show 20 feet and give
the representative fraction

6. Find both a mean and a third proportional to two

straight lines 16 inches and 22 inches long.
Write down their lengths.
7. Construct a parallelogram having two of its ad-
jacent sides equal to 18 inches and 3 inches
respectively, and the angle between these two
sides equal to 45. (The angle must be deter-
mined without the aid of a protractor.) On the
longer side of the parallelogram describe an
isosceles triangle equal in area to the parallelo-
gram .
 67

8. Construct a square of 3 inches side, and inscribe in

it four equal circles, each touching two of the
others, and each touching two sides of the square.

July, 1879.
I. The section of a shelter trench is given (see figure),
The depth of the trench is I ft. 6 in.; the breadth
5 ft. What is the representative fraction of the
scale to which it is drawn ? Construct this scale.
Draw the section to a scale 1 times as great.
What is the representative fraction of the new
scale ?

Fig.11 .

2. Describe a circle of 1 inches diameter. Circum-

scribe the circle by a square. Circumscribe the
square by a second circle, and the second circle
by a second square. Continue the process till
three squares and three circles have been drawn.

3. Plot an angle of 73° with the protractor. Divide

the angle into four equal parts, and in each part
inscribe a circle I inch in diameter.

4. Describe a circle of 3.25 inches diameter. Consider

this circle to represent the face of a watch. Draw
two radii indicating the position of the hands at
20 minutes past 8. The protractor is not to be
used, and arcs may be divided up by trial.

5. Divide the given line AB (3.5 inches long) into two

parts whose ratio is 2 : 32. On each side of each
part describe an equilateral triangle. In each
of the two rhombi obtained inscribe a circle.
 68

6. Find a point on the given line CD equidistant from

the point P and S.
Line CI = 46." P and S are placed on opposite
sides of CD. The perpendicular let fall from P
to CD, cuts it in a point E, then CE = 9," PE = 125,"
the perpendicular from S cuts CD at a point F,
then DF= 8,″ and SF = ·6.″

7. Divide a line 7 inches long into six equal parts.

On each part as chord describe an arc of 0.85
inches radius, placing the arcs alternately above
and below the line as shown (see figure.)
[ If properly drawn, the arc should form a con-
tinuous wave-curve without any break whatever. ]

Fig . 12 .

September, 1879.
I. Construct a scale of 183 of an inch to a foot, and with
its aid draw a parallelogram having two of its
sides equal to II feet and 14 feet 3 inches respec-
tively, and the angle between them is 60. ° Write
down the area of the parallelogram .

2. Construct a triangle having its sides 3.25 inches, 3

inches, and 2.5 inches long, and in it inscribe a
circle.
3. Draw five parallel lines 4 inches long and 7 inches
apart. Show the two outer ones by dotted lines,
the two inner ones by fine full lines, and the
centre one by a thick line. Divide the upper one
by construction into three parts in the ratio of
the numbers 2, 5 , and 8.
 69

4. Determine by geometrical construction two lines

equal to 5 and VII respectively, taking one
inch as the unit. Scale and write down their
lengths in inches and decimal of inches.

5. The distance between two places is 35 miles, and

the measure on a map is 44 inches. Draw a
diagonal scale of miles and furlongs to suit the
map, showing 50 miles. Show your calculation,
figure the scale properly, and write down its
representative fraction . ( 1 mile = 8 furlongs .)

6. On a base 2 inches long describe an isosceles

triangle of 4 inches sides ; divide it into four
triangles, equal to each other and similar to the
original triangle.

7. Describe a regular hexagon of 2 inches side, and in

it inscribe a second regular hexagon, having each
of its angular points in the centre of each side of
the first. In the second hexagon inscribe a third
having its sides parallel to those of the first.

December, 1879.

1. What is the representative fraction of the given

scale ? Draw the scale and convert it into a
diagonal scale reading inches.

10 40Feet

Fig.13.
 70
2. Draw a rectangle 31″ × 6" and fill it up with the
geometrical pattern given. This pattern is made
up merely of quadrants of circles and two sets of
parallel equidistant lines perpendicular to each
other. These parallel lines are to be 3" apart.
Fig.14.

3. In a right-angled triangle " the square on the

hypothenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
on the sides." Prove this by construction in the
case of a right-angled triangle whose hypothenuse
is 21" and one side 1.6."
4. Find a point X on the given line AA such that
the perpendiculars dropped from X on the given
lines BB and CC are equal.
Draw a straight line 4" long and mark it A A ;
at a distance of 08" from A draw a line CoC
making an angle of 113° with AA , make Co 2′25″
long and oC 1" long ; at o erect a perpendicular
oB 2.5" long, at A erect a perpendicular AB
I" long, join BB ; then AA, BB and CC will be
the given lines.
 71

5. Two upright poles are 30 ′ 3″ apart ; their heights

are 9 ' 7" and 23 ' 9." Determine distance apart
of their tops. Scale " to 1 ' o."

6. How many circles of 3 ″ diameter can be drawn to

touch the given circle and pass through the point
P ? Describe them all.

Draw any straight line AP 175 inches long, at A,

with radius I inch, describe a circle. This will be
the given circle and P the given point.

April, 1880.

I. A distance of 2 miles is represented on a map by

4 inches.

(1) Construct a plain scale of miles and furlongs

to suit the map, showing 4 miles.

(2) Construct a comparative scale of yards by

which distances of 100 yards may be measured .

Each scale to be properly figured and calculations

shown. ( I mile = 8 furlongs = 1,760 yards.)

2. Draw a straight line AB 2 inches long, and from

the point A draw three straight lines, AC, AD,
A E, all on the same side of AB, and making the
angle BAC = 15 ,° CAD = 30, ° DAE = 15.°
Make AC = 3 inches, AD = 2.75 inches, AE = 175
inches, and join BC, CD , and DE.

Without the irregular pentagon thus formed draw

two similar figures having their sides parallel to
to those of the first and distant from them an
inch and I inch respectively .
 72

3 Draw a straight line AB 2.75 inches long, and at

the extremities A and B erect perpendiculars
AD and BC 175 inches and 125 inches long
respectively. Describe a circle that shall pass
through D and C and have its centre in the line
AB. Show clearly how the centre is determined.

4. Draw two straight lines AB and CD one inch

apart and parallel to each other by construction,
making them each three inches long. Divide (by
geometrical construction) AB in the ratio of 2 to
5, and CD in the ratio of 1 to √2.

5. Upon a base of 2 inches describe an isosceles

triangle having each of the angles at the base
double the third angle. Construct a square equal
in area to the triangle.

6. Construct a parallelogram having two of its

adjacent sides 3'5 inches and 2.5 inches long, and
one of its angles 60. Draw the diagonals, and
in each of the four triangles thus formed inscribe
a circle.

7. With a radius of 1.5 inches describe a semicircle,

and in it inscribe a square .

Fuly, 1880.

I. The length of an ordinary pace is 30" ; in "stepping

short " it is 21 " : draw a scale of 3000 to show 600
ordinary paces, and also a comparative scale of
" short " paces .
 73

2. In the given figure the five points of the star are

situated at the angles of a regular pentagon.
Draw the figure from the dimensions attached .
(N.B.- No marks will be given if the diagram be
merely copied or pricked off. )

Fig . 15 .

3. Draw a straight line AA 6″ long, and take a point

P 2.25" above its centre ; from the point P draw
all the lines, which make angles of 38,° 56,° and
74, with the line AA.

4. Construct four concentric, similarly situated hexa-

gons 0.3" apart : the side of the largest to be 2:25 ."

5. Draw two lines cutting each other at an angle of

55, and describe all the circles of 2" diameter
which will touch both.
 74
6. Between two concentric arcs of circles of 24" and
37" radius describe four circles touching the
given circles and each other successively, as shown
in the figure.

Fig.15.
" .4
2

7. Transfer the diagram to your paper, by pricking

through or otherwise, and construct an isosceles
triangle standing on AD as base, and equal in
area to the given triangle ABC .
The diagram consisted of a triangle having the
following dimensions given :-
Side AB = 38 inches
"" BC= 2 99
AC = 2.8 ""
The point D was placed on the line AC at a
distance of 28 inches from the point A.
 75

30th November, 1880.

1. Divide (by construction) a straight line 8 inches

long into 9 equal parts. Construct a triangle
with the sides equal to 2 , 3 , and 4 of these parts
respectively. Measure and write down the size
of the angles of the triangle. Circumscribe the
triangle with a circle.

2. On the same straight line 13" long and on the

same side of it construct a square and regular
hexagon. Reduce the space enclosed between
the two figures to a triangle of equal area.
Measure the length of the base of this triangle
and of the perpendicular let fall from the apex
to the base.

3. Draw a circle of 1 inches radius to touch the

two given circles externally, and one of 2 inches
radius to be touched by them internally. Draw
two straight lines each touching both the given
circles.

Draw any two parallel lines at a distance of '5"

apart. With any point in the upper line as centre,
describe a circle of 105" radius ; also with the
same point as centre and with a radius of 2,"
describe an arc which will cut the parallel line;
taking the point thus determined as centre, describe
a circle of 1125" radius. These two circles will
be equivalent to the two given circles.
4. From the point A draw lines making angles of 75,°
60, 45° and 30° with BC. The angles must in
each case be found by construction, the mode of
construction being clearly indicated.

Print in your book the words " Question 4 " and

"Geometrical Drawing " in the same style and size
and in the same position as in the diagram.
 76

Draw a straight line BC 5′2″ long at a distance of

1.75" from C, erect a perpendicular 208" long, and
mark the extreme point A. This to be similar to
the given figure.

Question 4.

Geometrical Drawing.

5. Describe a circle of 1 inches radius, and in it

inscribe seven equal circles, each touching two of
the others and the original circle.

6. Draw a plain scale of feet and inches to measure 7

feet, I feet being represented by 13 inches ; draw
also a diagonal scale comparative to the above to
show metres, tenths of metres, and hundredths of
metres. Give the calculations and mark the
representative fraction. From the comparative
scale draw a line 137 metres long. (Assume I
metre = 39 inches.)

February, 1881 .

1. Construct angles of 15,° 221, 30,° 75° and 105 °

without the aid of a protractor.

2. The following measurements of a five-sided field

ABCDE are given :-

Side AB = 40 yards. Diagonal AC = 45 yards.

"" BC = 14 "" BD = 40 99
"" CD = 30 99 Angle CDE = 115 °
"" DE = 28 ""

Draw a scale of 15 yards to an inch showing

exactly 50 yards, and draw a plan of the field to
that scale
 77

3. Describe two circles of I inch and inch radius

respectively, and having their centres 2 inches
apart. Describe a third circle of 1 inch radius
that shall touch the first externally and be touched
internally by the second or smaller one.

4. Construct a diagonal scale of chains and links for

a plan on which 27 chains are represented by 31
inches. The scale to be properly figured and all
calculations shown. Show 5 chains. ( One chain
= 100 links. )

5. The base of a triangle is 2.5 inches, its altitude 1.8

inches, and its vertical angle 60° ; construct the
triangle.

6. Taking one inch as the unit, determine by two

different geometrical constructions a line equal
to √6.

7. Describe a circle of 24 inches diameter, and from

a point 3 inches from its centre draw two tangents
to the circle, one on either side of it, showing
how the tangent points are determined. Within
the angle formed by these two tangents describe
a second circle touching the first and each of the
tangents.
 OTHER ARMY PAPERS .

DIRECT COMMISSIONS .

I. Draw nine circles of inch radius in three rows,

their centres to be in lines parallel to each other
and 1 inches apart.

2. Draw a circle with a radius of inch. Inscribe

and circumscribe this circle with two equilateral
triangles having their sides parallel.

3. Find a mean proportional between two lines

2 inches and inch long, and figure its length
on the diagram .

4. Draw a regular hexagon of 1 inches side and .

within it six equal circles, each touching two
other circles and also two sides of the polygon .

5. Draw a circle with a radius of I inch, and place in

it a chord such that the angle standing on it
and having the point in the circumference may
be 47.

I. Divide a line five inches long into six equal parts,

by construction.

2. Describe a circle with a radius of 16 inches, and

inscribe in it 3 equal circles, each touching the
circumscribing circle and the other two inscribed
circles.
3. Find by construction and state the smallest angle
of the triangle whose sides are 2 inches, 23 inches,
and 2 inches in length respectively.
 79

4. Draw a triangle having one angle equal to 55 ,˚ and

the two sides containing this angle equal to I
and 21 inches respectively. Find the centres of
its inscribed and circumscribing circles.
5. Draw 9 parallel lines at inch apart, and 9 others
at right angles to the first lines and at the same
distance apart.

6. Construct a right line figure from the following

:-
conditions :-
The side AB = 2 inches . The angle ABC = 120°
BC = 175 DBC = 90°
CD = 22 CDE = 120°
DE = 12
Ascertain and state the length of the remaining
side EA and the size of the angles DEA, EAB.

I. At the point A in AB, which is 23 inches long,

draw (by construction, without producing AB)
AC perpendicular to AB and 3 inches long ;
91
from B draw (on the same side of AB) BD 1-
inches long, making the angle ABD 112. Join
CD, and divide it by construction into five equal
parts.
2. Construct a rhombus (ie., a figure with four equal
sides) of which a side and angle measure re-
spectively 3.15 inches and 74.° Inscribe a circle
in the rhombus, and measure and write down the
length of its radius.
3. From A and B, the extremities of AB, which is
440 yards long, the following angles are observed
to C and D on the same side of AB, viz., CAB
102 , DAB 35 ,° CBA 29,° DBA 68.° Determine
and write down the lengths (in yards) of CD,
AC, and BD. Scale (which need not be drawn)
100 yards = 1 inch.
 80

4. About a circle of 1 inches radius, circumscribe a

regular hexagon.
5. Determine by construction a mean proportional
between two straight lines 3 inches and 1 inches
long ; on the mean proportional construct a square.
6. On a straight line 2.85 inches long construct the
segment of a circle to contain 125, and in the
segment draw the lines containing the angle.
7. Construct a scale of 60 inches to the mile to
measure 500 feet as a maximum and 10 feet as a
minimum.
8. Construct a diagonal scale of to measure yards
(up to 6), feet, and inches. From the scale draw
a line 2 yards I foot 9 inches long.
INDIAN C. E. COLLEGE.

I. On a straight line 43 inches long construct a square,

using different methods for obtaining two of the
perpendiculars.

2. Construct the figure from the given dimensions.

Write down the length (in feet) of AF and DG
(perpendicular to AF) and the size of the angle
DEF.
Side AB = 8 feet Angle BAF = 25.°
"" BC = 3 "" "" ABC = 160 .
"" CD = 4'5 " BCD = 110.
"" DE = 12 ,, "9 CDE = 105.
"" EFA = 40.
Scale (which need not be drawn, 5 feet 1 inch.)
3. On the same side of a straight line draw two circles
with radii respectively of 1 inch and 2 inches, to
touch the straight line in two points 4 inches
apart. Describe a third circle with a radius of
1 inches, to touch each of the other circles
externally.
 81

4. Determine geometrically a mean proportional and

a third proportional to two straight lines 3'4
inches and 16 inches long. Write down the
length of each proportional.

5. In a circle of 21 inches radius inscribe a regular

pentagon ; construct an equilateral triangle of
equal area with the pentagon.

6. On a straight line 33 inches long construct the

segment of a circle to contain an angle of 74.°
In the segment inscribe a square.

7. On a map a distance of 53 miles measures 6.75

inches. Construct the scale of a map to measure
distances of from I mile up to 600 miles.
8. By the diagonal method make the scale in question
capable of measuring furlongs, and from it draw
a line 30 miles 3 furlongs in length.

I. Construct the irregular figure of which the dimen-

sions are given :
Sides AB = 20 feet Angles ABD = 28°
"" BD = 14 " "" EBF = 21
" BF = 13 "" "" DBE = 13 .
"" B C = 16 "" "" CBG = 58
"" BE = 10 ""
BG = 12 ""

Reduce the figure to a triangle of equal area,

having F for its vertex, and its base in AC (pro-
duced if necessary). Scale 7 feet = 1 inch .

2. Construct a triangle of which two sides measure

3.2 inches and 26 inches respectively, and the
included angle 108. Draw an equilateral triangle
of equal area. F
 82

3. Divide a straight line 3 inches long in extreme

and mean ratio. Find a third proportional (the
less) to the two segments of the line, and write
down its length.

4. With a radius of 2.35 inches describe a circle and

divide it into five equal parts, each having the
same area.

5. Draw a scale of feet and inches 6 feet long, in

which 9 feet are represented by 10 inches. Show
the calculation.

6. Draw a diagonal scale to measure perches, yards

and feet, 30 yards being represented by 7 inches.
From the scale draw a line 3 perches 2 yards
I foot long. Show the calculation.
N.B.-I perch = 5 yards.

1. Construct a scale to measure all distances between

700 poles and I pole, the 62 poles being repre-
sented by 55 inches. From the scale draw a
line on your paper 333 poles long. What is
the fractional value of the scale ?

2. In a figure the angles at O are all equal, and the lines

radiating from it are of the given lengths. Join
ABCDEFGA, reduce the figure to a triangle of
equal area, having E for its vertex and AB
produced for its base. Measure the sides (in
yards) and the angles of this triangle, and write
down their magnitudes. Scale 20 yards = 1I inch.

Line OA = 52 yards. Line OE = 43 yards

OB = 55 99 "" OF = 22
"" CC= 27 "" "" O G = 47
"" OD = 76
 83

3. In a circle 19 in. radius inscribe three equal circles.

4. Construct a rhombus, its sides being 24 inches long

and one of its angles 45.° Construct a square
of equal area.
5. About a circle of 1 inches radius describe a regular
heptagon.

6. Determine by construction the value of the

I
quantities 3 and
√2
7. The plan of a triangle is equilateral, each side
being 2 inches. One side is inclined at 25 ,° and
another at 56. ° Determine the true form of the
triangle and the inclination of the third side.

8. A cube with an edge Oof 21 inches has one of its

faces inclined at 40, and an edge in that face
at 20. Draw a plan of the cube.
 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

FOR ADMISSION TO

THE ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE,

SANDHURST.

(See Answers at end of Book. )

GEOMETRICAL DRAWING.

13th August, 1880.

I. Draw two straight lines parallel to each other by

construction, 15 inches apart, and each 425
inches long. Divide one into 16 equal parts and
the other into three parts in the ratio of the
numbers 3 , 5 , and 7, using a different method of
construction in each case.

2. Draw a parallelogram having two of its adjacent

sides 2.75 inches and 18 inches long, and the angle
between them 60.° Determine the side of a
square equal in area to the parallelogram.
 85

*3. Construct a diagonal scale of miles and furlongs

for a map on which 23 miles are represented by
26 inches. Show 50 miles. Give the represen-
tative fraction and show your calculations. (I
mile = 8 furlongs.)

4. Draw a straight line AB 4 inches long, and with

centre A and radius I inch describe a circle, and
with centre B describe a circle of 15 inches
radius. Show how to draw a common tangent
to the two circles, touching them on the opposite
sides of the line AB.
30:
*
23 miles are represented by 2'6"
.. 2.6 2.6

23 23 × 1760 × 36

13

23 × 17600 x 18

13

7286400
= Representative fraction.

If a distance of 23 miles is represented by 26

inches, then
23 50 26 : x

50x 2'6
= 5.65
23

. 50 miles will be represented by 5.65 inches.

 86

5. Describe a circle of 1.75 inches radius. Draw two

diameters at right angles to each other, and in
each quadrant inscribe a circle, showing how the
centre of each inscribed circle is determined.

6. The base of a triangle

O is 3 inches, one of the angles
at the base 35, and the sum of the remaining
two sides 4.25 inches. Draw the triangle and
bisect it by a line parallel to its shortest side.

7. Draw a straight line AB 175 inches long, with

centre A and radius of 1 inch describe a circle.
From A draw a radius AC, making an angle of
30° with AB. Describe a circle passing through
the point B and touching the first circle in the
point C.
 H
•
 MESSRS. MARSHALL JAPP & CO.'S

ARMY EXAMINATION SERIES .

EDITED BY C. H. OCTAVIUS CURTIS,

Formerly Science Exhibitioner, St. John's College,

Cambridge.

It has been remarked that, notwithstanding the great

number of works avowedly prepared for the use of ex-

amination candidates, and embracing in their wide range

almost every subject selected by examining Boards, no

one series of books has been issued having in view the

nature of the Army Examinations and the special know-

ledge required of Army Candidates.

Messrs . Marshall Japp & Co. , in endeavouring to

supply this want, are about to issue a series of works

dealing with the various subjects set.

Hateri
 VOL. I. NOW READY.

GEOMETRICAL DRAWING QUESTIONS .

This work consists of three parts, including, firstly,

General Hints to Candidates ; secondly, a Series of former

Papers set at the Preliminary and Further Examination ,

with a specimen paper fully worked out ; and, thirdly,

some Two Hundred and Fifty Questions for Practice in

Scales and General Problems.

By the Editor.
Price, in Cloth, Half-a-Crown.

The Publishers will supply Tutors with Specimen

Copies at half price.

IN THE PRESS .

VOL. II.

FRENCH EXAMINATION PAPERS .

Set at the Preliminary and Further Examination of

Woolwich and Sandhurst.

By EMILE HINDERER , B.L. ,

AND THE EDITOR.

Shortly to follow ; Examination Papers in English,.

Arithmetic and Dictation , Classics, Mathematics and
Science.

All Orders to be forwarded to

MESSRS. MARSHALL JAPP & CO.

17, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.