Full download test bank at ebook ebookmass.

com

Petroleum Refining Design and

Applications Handbook, Volume 4 A.
Kayode Coker

CLICK LINK TO DOWLOAD

https://ebookmass.com/product/petroleum-
refining-design-and-applications-handbook-
volume-4-a-kayode-coker/

ebookmass.com
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language 4th Edition

u2013 Ebook PDF Version

https://ebookmass.com/product/petroleum-refining-in-nontechnical-
language-4th-edition-ebook-pdf-version/

eTextbook 978-1118112830 Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook

Volume 2: Design Instrumentation and Controls 4th
Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-1118112830-
mechanical-engineers-handbook-volume-2-design-instrumentation-
and-controls-4th-edition/

Methods and Applications in Petroleum and Mineral

Exploration and Engineering Geology Said Gaci

https://ebookmass.com/product/methods-and-applications-in-
petroleum-and-mineral-exploration-and-engineering-geology-said-
gaci/

Principles of Metal Refining and Recycling Engh

https://ebookmass.com/product/principles-of-metal-refining-and-
recycling-engh/
Design and Construction of Bioclimatic Wooden
Greenhouses, Volume 4: Architectural Integration and
Quantitative Analyses Gian Luca Brunetti

https://ebookmass.com/product/design-and-construction-of-
bioclimatic-wooden-greenhouses-volume-4-architectural-
integration-and-quantitative-analyses-gian-luca-brunetti/

Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience: Exploration,

Characterization, and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon
Reservoirs Soumyajit Mukherjee

https://ebookmass.com/product/handbook-of-petroleum-geoscience-
exploration-characterization-and-exploitation-of-hydrocarbon-
reservoirs-soumyajit-mukherjee/

Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in

Reservoir Simulation (Volume 68) (Developments in
Petroleum Science, Volume 68) 1st Edition Kamy
Sepehrnoori
https://ebookmass.com/product/embedded-discrete-fracture-
modeling-and-application-in-reservoir-simulation-
volume-68-developments-in-petroleum-science-volume-68-1st-
edition-kamy-sepehrnoori/

The Handbook of Systemic Family Therapy Volume 4 :

Systemic Family Therapy and Global Health Issues Mudita
Rastogi

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-handbook-of-systemic-family-
therapy-volume-4-systemic-family-therapy-and-global-health-
issues-mudita-rastogi/

Aircraft Systems Classifications: A Handbook of

Characteristics and Design Guidelines Allan Seabridge

https://ebookmass.com/product/aircraft-systems-classifications-a-
handbook-of-characteristics-and-design-guidelines-allan-
seabridge/
Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Petroleum Refining Design and Applications
Handbook
Volume 4
Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener
Scrivener Publishing
Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
and Applications Handbook
Petroleum Refining Design

• Process Safety Incidents

A. Kayode Coker
Volume 4

• Pinch Analysis
• Heat Transfer
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center,
Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan-
ical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://
www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no rep­resentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy
or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-­ability
or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa­tives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this
work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further informa­tion does not mean
that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organiza­tion, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This
work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be
suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any
other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites
listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119827528

Cover image: Heat Transfer, provided by Kayode Coker

Cover design: Kris Hackerott

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Companion Web Page

This multi-volume set includes access to its companion web page, from which can be downloaded useful software,
spreadsheets, and other value-added products related to the books. To access it, follow the instructions below:

1. Go to https://scrivenerpublishing.com/coker_volume_four/
2. Enter your email in the username field
3. Enter “Refining” in the password field

v
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
In Loving Memory of
My Parents
Gabriel Shodipo Coker
and
Modupe Ajibike Coker
For their fortitude and kindness in paving the path for being a worthwhile person. Wishing
them the Almighty Father's mercy, grace and blessings, the most wonderful and beautiful
journey in the Luminous Realm of joyful activities in the beyond.
Gratitude to the Elemental and Created beings in higher realms, faithfully fulfilling the Will of
the Almighty father.

“God wills that His Laws working in Creation should be quite familiar to man, so that
he can adjust himself accordingly, and with their help can complete and fulfill his course
through the world more easily and without ignorantly going astray.”
Abd-ru-shin
(In the Light of Truth)

The Laws of Creation

The Law of Motion

The Law of the Attraction of Homogeneous Species
The Law of Gravitation
The Law of Reciprocal Action

“What is Truth?”
Pilate (John 18, 38)
“Only the truth is simple.”
Sebastian Haffner
“Woe to the people to whom the truth is no longer sacred!”
Friedrich Christoph Schlosser
“Truth does not conform to us, dear son but we have to conform with it.”
Matthias Claudius
“Nothing will give safety except truth. Nothing will give peace except the serious
search for truth.”
Blaise Pascal
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
“Truth is the summit of being; justice is the application of it to affairs.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson

“The ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage
to face life cheerfully, have been Kindness, Beauty and Truth.”
Albert Einstein

“It irritates people that the truth is so simple.”

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

“Aglow with the Light of the Divine, I surrender my whole attention to the Presence
of Truth that guides my path.”
Michael Bernard Beckwith

“Truth means the congruence of a concept with its reality.”

G.W. Friedrich Hegel

“Truth is the revealing gloss of reality.”

Simone Well

“We are the Multi-dimensional Universe becoming aware of Itself. Live in this One
Truth – That God is Real As your very Life!”
Michael Bernard Beckwith

“Truth is a torch, but a tremendous one. That is why we hurry past it, shielding our
eyes, even terrified of getting burnt.”
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

“Truth is the spirit’s sun.”

Marquis de Vauvenargues

You will recognise the Truth, and the truth will set you free
John, 8:32

“Truth is the Eternal – Unchangeable! Which never changes in its form, but is as
it has been eternally and will ever remain, as it is now. Which can therefore never
be subjected to any development either, because it has been perfect from the very
beginning. Truth is real, it is ‘being’! Only being is true life. The entire Universe is
“supported” by this Truth!”
Abd-ru-shin
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Truth

To honour God in all things and to perform everything solely to the glory of God

Abd-ru-shin

(In the Light of Truth)

Awake!

Keep the heart of your thoughts pure, by so doing you will bring peace and be happy.

Love thy neighbour, which means honour him as such!

Therein lies the adamantine command: You must never consciously harm him, either in his body
or in his soul, either in his earthly possessions or in his reputation!

He who does not keep this commandment and acts otherwise, serves not God but the darkness,
to which he gives himself as a tool!

Honour be to God Who only sows Love! Love also in the The Law of the destruction of the darkness!

Abd-ru-shin

(In the Light of Truth)

Love & Gratitude

Crystal Images © Office Masaru Emoto, LLC
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Contents

Prefacexix
Acknowledgmentsxxii
21 Heat Transfer 1
21.1 Introduction 1
21.1.1 Types of Heat Transfer Equipment Terminology 2
21.2 Details of Exchange Equipment 19
Assembly and Arrangement 19
Construction Codes 19
Thermal Rating Standards 19
Details of Stationary Heads 19
Exchanger Shell Types 20
21.3 Factors Affecting Shell Selection 24
21.3.1 Details of Rear End Heads 25
21.4 Common Combinations of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 26
AES 26
BEM 26
AEP 27
CFU 28
AKT 28
AJW 28
Tubes 29
21.5 Bending of Tubing 56
Baffles 56
Tube Side Baffles (TEMA uses Pass Partition Plates) 56
21.6 Shell-Side Baffles and Tube Supports 57
Tie Rods 67
Tubesheets 67
Tube Joints in Tubesheets 69
Seal Strips 72
Example 21.1 Determine Outside Heat Transfer Area of Heat Exchanger Bundle 73
Tubesheets Layouts 73
21.7 Tube Counts in Shells 73
Applications of Tube Pitch Arrangements 93
21.8 Exchanger Surface Area 93
Number of Tubes 93
Exact Distance Between Faces of Tubesheets 94
Net Effective Tube Length 94
Exact Baffle Spacing 94
Impingement Baffle Location 94
Effective Tube Surface 94

x
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Contents xi

Effective Tube Length for U-Tube Heat Exchangers 107

21.9 Tube Vibration 107
21.9.1 Vibration Mechanisms 109
21.9.2 Treatment of Vibration Problems 110
21.9.3 Corrective Measures 110
Example 21.2 Use of U-Tube Area Chart 111
Nozzle Connections to Shell and Heads 112
21.10 Types of Heat Exchange Operations 112
21.10.1 Thermal Design 112
21.10.2 Temperature Difference: Two Fluid Transfer 116
Example 21.3 One Shell Pass, Two Tubes Passes Parallel-Counterflow Exchanger Cross,
After Murty 117
21.10.3 Mean Temperature Difference or Log Mean Temperature Difference 120
21.10.4 Log Mean Temperature Difference Correction Factor, F 123
21.10.5 Correction for Multipass Flow Through Heat Exchangers 133
Example 21.4 Performance Examination for Exit Temperature of Fluids 134
Example 21.5 Calculation of Weighted MTD 136
Example 21.6 Calculation of LMTD and Correction 137
Example 21.7 Calculate the LMTD 140
Solution 140
Temperature for Fluid Properties Evaluation–Caloric Temperature 142
Tube Wall Temperature 142
Example 21.8 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger 145
Solution 145
21.11 The Effectiveness—NTU Method 148
Example 21.9 Heating Water in a Counter Current Flow Heat Exchanger 148
Solution 152
Example 21.10 LMTD and ε-NTU Methods 154
Solution 154
Example 21.11 156
Solution 156
21.12 Pressure Drop, Δp 158
21.12.1 Frictional Pressure Drop 164
21.12.2 Factors Affecting Pressure Drop (Δp) 168
Tube-Side Pressure Drop, Δpf169
Shell-Side Pressure Drop Δpf170
Shell Nozzle Pressure Drop (Δpnoz)172
Total Shell-Side Pressure Drop, Δptotal172
21.13 Heat Balance 173
Heat Load or Duty 173
Example 21.12 Heat Duty of a Condenser with Liquid Subcooling 174
21.14 Transfer Area 174
Over Surface and Over Design 174
21.15 Fouling of Tube Surface 175
21.15.1 Crude Oil Fouling In Pre-Heat Train Exchangers 199
Crude Type 199
Crude Blending 199
Crude Oil Fouling Models 202
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers’ Association (TEMA) and Model Approach
for Fouling Resistance, Rf of Crude Oil Pre-Heat Trains 208
Fouling Mitigation and Monitoring 209
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xii Contents

HIS smartPM Software 213

Effect of Fouling on Exchanger Heat Transfer Performance 216
Example 21.13 216
Solution 216
Example 21.14 217
Solution 217
Prevention and Control of Liquid-Side Fouling 218
Prevention and Control of Gas-Side Fouling 219
UnSim Design HEX Network Digital Twin Model 219
Selecting Tube Pass Arrangement 220
Super Clean System Technology 221
21.16 Exchanger Design 223
21.16.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Plain or Bare Tubes 224
Example 21.15 Calculation of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
from Individual Components 235
Approximate Values for Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 235
Simplified Equations 247
Film Coefficients With Fluids Outside Tubes Forced Convection 253
Viscosity Correction Factor (μ/μw)0.14255
Heat Transfer Coefficient for Water, hi257
Shell-Side Equivalent Tube Diameter 258
Shell-Side Velocities 265
Design and Rating of Heat Exchangers 265
Rating of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 266
Design of a Heat Exchanger 270
Design Procedure for Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Exchanger Design 272
Design Programs for a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 273
Example 21.16 Convection Heat Transfer Exchanger Design 274
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design Procedure (S.I. units) 286
Tubes  288
Tube Side Pass Partition Plate 288
Calculations of Tube Side Heat Transfer Coefficient 288
Example 21.17 Design of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (S.I. units) Kern’s Model 291
Solution 292
Modified Design 298
Shell-Side Pressure Drop, Δps298
Pressure Drop for Plain Tube Exchangers 300
Tube Size 300
Tube-Side Condensation Pressure Drop 304
Shell-Side 305
Unbaffled Shells 305
Segmental Baffles in Shell 306
Alternate: Segmental Baffles Pressure Drop 307
A Case Study Using UniSim® Shell-Tube Exchanger (STE) Modeler 310
Solution 311
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers: Single Phase 329
Effect of Manufacturing Clearances on the Shell-Side Flow 329
Bell-Delaware Method 331
Ideal Shell-Side Film Heat Transfer Coefficient 332
Shell-Side Film Heat Transfer Coefficient Correction Factors 333
Baffle Cut and Spacing, Jc333
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Contents xiii

Baffle Leakage Effects, JL335

Bundle and Partition Bypass Effects, Jb337
Variations in Baffle Spacing, Js338
Temperature Gradient for Laminar Flow Regime, Jr338
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U 338
Shell-Side Pressure (Δp) 339
Tube Pattern 341
Accuracy of Correlations Between Kern’s Method and the Bell-Delaware’s Method 341
Specification Process Data Sheet, Design, and Construction of Heat Exchangers 341
Rapid Design Algorithms for Shell and Tube and Compact Heat Exchangers:
Polley et al. [173]344
Fluids in the Annulus of Tube-in-Pipe or Double Pipe Heat Exchanger, Forced Convection 347
Finned Tube Exchangers 348
Low Finned Tubes, 16 and 19 Fins/In. 348
Finned Surface Heat Transfer 348
Economics of Finned Tubes 353
Tubing Dimensions 353
Design for Heat Transfer Coefficients by Forced Convection Using Radial Low-Fin
Tubes in Heat Exchanger Bundles 355
Pressure Drop in Exchanger Shells Using Bundles of Low Fin Tubes 357
Tube-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 358
Design Procedure for Shell-Side Condensers and Shell-Side Condensation
With Gas Cooling of Condensables, Fluid–Fluid Convection Heat Exchange 358
Vertical Condensation on Low Fin Tubes 358
Nucleate Boiling Outside Horizontal or Vertical Tubes 358
Design Procedure for Boiling, Using Experimental Data 360
Double Pipe Finned Tube Heat Exchangers 362
Finned Side-Heat Transfer 364
Tube Wall Resistance 370
Tube-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 370
Fouling Factor 371
Finned Side Pressure Drop 371
Design Equations for The Rating of A Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 372
Inner Pipe 374
Annulus 375
Vapor Service 376
Shell-Side Bare Tube 376
Shell-Side (Finned Tube) 377
Tube Side Pressure Drop, Δpt378
Annulus 378
Calculation of the Pressure Drop 379
Effect of Pressure Drop (Δp) on the Original Design 380
Nomenclature 381
Example 21.19 382
Solution 383
Heat Balance 383
Pressure Drop Calculations 389
Tube-Side Δp 390
Shell-Side Δp 390
Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 393
Design Charts for Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 397
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xiv Contents

Selection 400
Advantages 400
Disadvantages 400
Example 21.20 401
Solution 401
Pressure Drop Calculations 408
Cooling Water Side Pressure Drop 410
Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 412
Induced Draft 412
Forced Draft 413
General Application 422
Advantages-Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 422
Disadvantages 423
Bid Evaluation 424
Design Consideration (Continuous Service) 428
Mean Temperature Difference 433
Design Procedure for Approximation 435
Tube Side Fluid Temperature Control 440
Rating Method for Air Cooler Exchangers 441
The Equations 441
The Air Side Pressure Drop, Δpa (in. H2O)447
Example 21.26 448
Solution 448
Operations of Air Cooled Heat Exchangers 448
Monitoring of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 450
Boiling and Vaporization 450
Boiling 450
Vaporization 455
Vaporization During Flow 455
Vaporization in Horizontal Shell; Natural Circulation 470
Pool and Nucleate Boiling—General Correlation for Heat Flux and Critical Temperature
Difference472
Example 21.27 474
Solution 475
Reboiler Heat Balance 480
Example 21.28 Reboiler Heat Duty after Kern 480
Solution 481
Kettle Horizontal Reboilers 482
Maximum Bundle Heat Flux 483
Nucleate or Alternate Designs Procedure 489
Kettle Reboiler—Horizontal Shells 490
Horizontal Kettle Reboiler Disengaging Space 491
Kettle Horizontal Reboilers, Alternate Design 491
Boiling: Nucleate Natural Circulation (Thermosyphon) Inside Vertical Tubes or Outside
Horizontal Tubes 493
Gilmour Method Modified 493
Suggested Procedure for Vaporization with Sensible Heat Transfer 496
Procedure for Horizontal Natural Circulation Thermosyphon Reboiler 499
Kern Method 499
Vaporization Inside Vertical Tubes; Natural Thermosyphon Action 499
Fair’s Method 500
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Contents xv

Process Requirements 505

Preliminary Design 506
Circulation Rate 506
Heat Transfer—Stepwise Method 507
Circulation Rate 510
Heat Transfer: Simplified Method 516
Design Comments 516
Example 21.29 C3 Splitter Reboiler 518
Solution 519
Preliminary Design 519
Circulation Rate 519
Heat Transfer Rate—Stepwise Method 520
Heat Transfer Rate—Simplified Method 522
Example 21.30 Cyclohexane Column Reboiler 522
Solution 523
Preliminary Design 523
Circulation Rate 523
Heat Transfer Rate—Simplified Method 524
Kern’s Method Stepwise 525
Design Considerations 527
Other Design Methods 530
Example 21.31 Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler, Kern’s Method 530
Solution 531
Calculation of Tube Side Film Coefficient 538
Simplified Hajek Method—Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler 539
General Guides for Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers Design 540
Example 21.32 Hajek’s Method—Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler 542
Physical Data Required 542
Variables to be Determined 542
Determine Overall Coefficient at Maximum Flux 543
Determine Overall ΔT at Maximum Flux 543
Maximum Flat 545
Flux at Operating Levels Below Maximum 545
Fouled ΔT at Maximum Flux 547
Fouled ΔT, To Maintain Plus for 10°F Clean ΔT 548
Analysis of Data in Figure 21.225 548
Surface Area Required 548
Vapor Nozzle Diameter 549
Liquid Inlet Nozzle Diameter 549
Design Notes 549
Reboiling Piping 550
Film Boiling 550
Vertical Tubes, Boiling Outside, Submerged 550
Horizontal Tubes: Boiling Outside, Submerged 550
Common Reboiler Problems 554
Heat Exchanger Design with Computers 555
Functionality 557
Physical Properties 558
UniSim Heat Exchanger Model Formulations 559
Case Study 1: Kettle Reboiler Simulation Using UniSim STE 559
Nozzle Data 564
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xvi Contents

Process Data 564

Case Study 2: Thermosyphon Reboiler Simulation Using UniSim STE 572
Process Data (SI Units) 574
Solution 580
Troubleshooting of Shell and Tube Exchanger 580
Maintenance of Heat Exchangers 580
Disassembly for Inspection or Cleaning 580
Locating Tube Leaks 580
Hydrocarbon Leaks 596
Pass Partition Failure 596
Water Hammer 596
General Symptoms in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 598
Case Studies of Heat Exchanger Explosion Hazard Incidents 599
A Case Study (Courtesy of U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board) 599
TESORO ANACORTES REFINERY, ANACORTES, WASHINGTON 599
Process Conditions of the B and E Heat Exchangers 602
US Chemical Safety Board (CBS) Findings 602
Recommendations 606
Maintenance Procedures 607
References 612
22 Energy Management and Pinch Technology 621
22.1 Introduction 621
22.2 Waste Heat Recovery 624
22.2.1 Steam Distribution 625
22.2.2 Design for Energy Efficiency 626
22.2.3 Energy Management Opportunities 628
22.3 Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks 631
22.3.1 Application of Process Integration 638
22.4 Pinch Technology 639
22.4.1 Heat Exchanger Network Design 640
22.4.2 Energy and Capital Targeting and Optimization 643
22.4.3 Optimization Variables 643
22.4.4 Optimization of the Use of Utilities (Utility Placement) 645
22.4.5 Heat Exchanger Network Revamp 645
22.5 Energy Targets 649
22.5.1 Heat Recovery for Multiple Systems 650
Example 22.1: Setting Energy Targets and Heat Exchanger Network 650
Solution 650
22.6 The Heat Recovery Pinch and Its Significance 655
22.7 The Significance of the Pinch 656
22.8 A Targeting Procedure: The Problem Table Algorithm  658
22.9 The Grand Composite Curve 661
22.9.1 Placing Utilities Using the Grand Composite Curve 663
22.10 Stream Matching at the Pinch 665
22.10.1 The Pinch Design Approach to Inventing a Network 666
22.11 Heat Exchanger Network Design 666
Example 22.2 673
Solution 673
22.11.1 Stream Splitting  678
Example 22.3 (Source: Seider et al., Product and Process Design Principles—Synthesis,
Analysis, and Evaluation 3rd Ed. Wiley 2009 [26]) 679
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Contents xvii

Solution 680
Example 22.4 [Source: Manufacture of cellulose acetate fiber by Robins Smith
(Chemical Process Design and Integration, John Wiley 2007 [34])] 681
Solution 687
22.12 Heat Exchanger Area Targets 693
Example 22.5 (Source: R. Smith, Chemical Process Design, Mc Graw-Hill, 1995 [20]) 695
Solution 696
Example 22.6 703
Solution 703
22.13 HEN Simplification 703
Example 22.7: Test Case 3, TC3 Linnhoff and Hindmarch 703
Solution 704
22.13.1 Heat Load Paths 709
22.14 Number of Shell Target 710
22.14.1 Implications for HEN Design 711
22.15 Capital Cost Targets 712
22.16 Energy Targeting 714
22.16.1 Supertargeting or ∆Tmin Optimization 714
Example 22.8: Cost Targeting 714
Solution 715
Example 22.9: HEN for Maximum Energy Recovery (Warren D. Seider et al. [26]) 722
Solution 722
22.17 Targeting and Design for Constrained Matches 725
22.18 Heat Engines and Heat Pumps for Optimum Integration 726
22.18.1 Appropriate Integration of Heat Engines 729
22.18.2 Appropriate Integration of Heat Pumps 731
22.18.3 Opportunities for Placement of Heat Pumps 731
22.18.4 Appropriate Placement of Compression and Expansion in Heat Recovery Systems 732
22.19 Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in Process Integration 732
22.20 Total Site Analysis 732
22.21 Applications of Process Integration 736
22.22 Sitewide Integration 741
22.23 Flue Gas Emissions 741
22.24 Pitfalls in Process Integration 744
Glossary of Terms 789
Summary and Heuristics 795
Nomenclature 796
References 796
Bibliography 800
Appendix D 801
Appendix G 877
Appendix H 919
Glossary of Petroleum and Petrochemical Technical Terminologies 927
About the Author 1053
Index1055
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Preface

Petroleum refining is a complex industry that world- With this realignment, and planned refining open-
wide produces more than $10 billion worth of refined ings and capacity expansions in Asia, trade press
products. Improvements in the design and operation reports suggest China will overtake the US as the coun-
of these facilities can deliver large economic value for try with the most refining capacity by the end of 2022.
refiners. Furthermore, economic, regulatory and envi-
ronmental concerns impose significant pressure on
World Economic Situation
refiners to provide safe working conditions and at the
same time optimize the refining process. Refiners have Russia’s war in Ukraine is further expected to advance
considered alternative processing units and feedstocks economic consensus’s expectations for higher price
by investing in new technologies. inflation and slower global GDP growth.
The United States, Europe and countries else-
where in the world are embarking on full electrifica-
On Oil
tion of automobiles within the next couple of decades.
Furthermore, the current pandemic of the coronavi- As solid global oil demands is expected to reach
rus with lock downs in many countries has restricted record highs in 2023 per International U.S. Energy
the movement of people, less use of aviation fuel and Information Administration (EIA), supply challenges
motor gasoline. This has resulted in the barrel of crude have persisted for oil and natural gas production. The
being sold at $42.0 per barrel presenting problems to oil global demand of 98.8 million barrels per day (mb/d)
producers and refiners. The venture of electrification in Q2, 2022 is projected to grow to a record high 102.7
still poses inherent problems of resolving rechargeable mb/d in December 2023 per (EIA).
batteries and fuel cells and providing charging stations Uncertainties: This results in effective Russian pro-
along various highways and routes. Oil and natural-gas duction losses; potential OPEC and US growth.
will for the foreseeable future form an important part US petroleum net exports reached a record high
of everyday life. Their availability has changed the as 94.3%, 7.3% above its 5-year average. Presently US
whole economy of the world by providing basic needs refineries are operating at or near maximum utiliza-
for mankind in the form of fuel, petrochemicals and tion and about 1/3 of recent refining capacity loss is
feedstocks for fertilizer plants and energy for the power due to conversions to biofuels plants (e.g., renewables
sector. fuels and oxygenaged plants (Volume 5 of these vol-
Recently, the prices of Brent crude and WTI have ume series)).
now risen to $113.1 and $109.8 respectively, caused US refiners is a long-cycle business and where refin-
by various factors such as the war between Russia ers could bring more refining capacity on line despite
and Ukraine. Refining capacity is the maximum these challenges, the result could be higher demand
volume of crude oil that refineries can produce in and higher costs for crude oil.
a day. Setting the US as a benchmark for the world, Presently, the world economy runs on oil and natu-
it had 135 operable petroleum refineries and a total ral gas, and the processing of these feedstocks for pro-
of refining capacity of 19 millions barrels per day ducing fuels, and value-added products has become
in 2020 to 128 operable refineries with a total crude an essential activity in modern society. The availabil-
distillation capacity of 17.9 million barrels per day, ity of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has enhanced the
a loss of 1.1 million barrels. In the same period of environment, and recent development in the tech-
time the world lost a total of 3.3 millions barrels of nology of natural gas to liquids (GTL) has further
daily refining capacity, and about 1/3 of these losses improved the availability of fuel to transportation and
occurred in the US. other sectors.

xix
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xx Preface

The complex processing of petroleum refining has simulation software excises, cases studies and a
created a need for environmental, health, and safety Conversion Table.
management procedures and safe work practices. These Chapter 21, “Heat Transfer” provides types of heat
procedures are established to ensure compliance with exchanger equipment terminology, fouling of exchang-
applicable regulations and standards such as hazard ers, and crude oil fouling models, fouling mitigation
communications (PHA, HAZOPS, MoC, and so on), and monitoring, prevention and control of liquid/
emissions, Waste Management (pollution that includes gas side fouling; design and rating of shell and tube
volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monox- exchangers; design of double pipe including finned
ide, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), par- tube exchangers, plate frame heat exchangers, design
ticulates, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and techniques for difficult condensing situations and for
toxic organic compounds) and waste minimization. the application of thermosiphon reboilers, design of
These pollutants are often discharged as air emissions, air-coolers, heat tracer requirements for pipeline and
wastewater or solid wastes. Furthermore, concerns heat loss from insulated pipelines, troubleshooting of
over issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer that heat exchangers and case studies of heat exchanger
results in global warming is increasingly having a sig- failures.
nificant impact on earth’s nature and mankind, and car- The chapter provides computer/software programs
bon dioxide (CO2) is known to be the major culprit of for the design/rating of these exchanger types.
global warming. Other emissions such as H2S, NOx, and Chapter 22, “Process Integration (PI)” reviews PI
SOx from petroleum refining have adversely impacted in heat exchanger networks involving a systematic
the environment, and agencies such as Occupational and oriented approach to heating and cooling and
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and power generation to process design, and optimization
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Health and that exploits the interaction between different units,
Safety Executive (U.K. HSE) have imposed limits on exchangers and utilities in order to employ resources
the emissions of these compounds upon refiners. effectively and minimize costs. The chapter uses the
Flaring has become more complicated and concerns Honeywell UniSim Design software with an Appendix
about its efficiency have been increasing and discussed F that reviews the steps to determine pinch tempera-
by experts. The OSHA, EPA and HSE have imposed ture, cold and hot pinch temperatures, hot and cold
tighter regulations on both safety and emission control, composite curves, grand composite curve, hot and cold
which have resulted in higher levels of involvement in utility requirements. The program further produces
safety, pollution, emissions and so on. graphical outputs of pinch temperatures, hot and cold
Petroleum refining is one of the important sectors of utility requirements at varying ΔTmin.
the world economy, and it’s playing a crucial and piv- The Excel spreadsheet program from Ian C. Kemp's
otal role in industrialization, urbanization, and meet- text has been used to determine the pinch temperature,
ing the basic needs of mankind by supplying energy cold and hot pinch temperatures, hot and cold com-
for industrial and domestic transportation, feedstock posite curves, grand composite curve, hot and cold
for petrochemical products as plastics, polymers, agro- utility requirements. The program further produces
chemicals, paints, and so on. Globally, it processes graphical outputs of pinch temperatures, hot and cold
more materials than any other industry, and with a utility requirements at varying ΔTmin.
projected increase in population to around 8.1 billion Appendix H reviews the failure scenarios of heat
by 2025, increasing demand for fuels, electricity and transfer equipment. Potential safety systems are catego-
various consumer products made from the petrochem- rized as inherently safer/passive, active and procedural
ical route is expected via the petroleum and refining in decreasing order of robustness and reliability. The
process. appendix provides description of these systems thus
Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Hand­ ensuring the design engineer to take a very broad and
book, Volume Four, is a continuation of the previous vol- holistic approach to complete design, thereby accounting
umes; comprising of two chapters including extensive for the many different, and often competing, objectives
case studies of process safety incidents in the refineries, which the design must accomplish. Safety, environmen-
a revised glossary of petroleum and technical termi- tal impact, loss prevention, health effects, economic and
nology, process data sheets, and Excel spreadsheet pro- business factors, product quality, technical feasibility
grams, computer developed programs, UniSim – Design and many other factors must be considered.
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Preface xxi

Finally, there are case studies of process safety inci- case studies of lessons learned database (LLD). It pro-
dents in this volume, which the author hopes will spur vides major process safety incident vs. root cause map
readers to process safety management, investigating matrix in a quick reference guide (https://lnkd.in/
the root causes and near misses of incidents in the dm3t5VPe) in process safety incidents. Readers are
refinery plants, finding ways in mitigating these inci- advised to view these websites and will find them edu-
dents in the future thereby saving lives of personnel in cational and informative.
the refinery facilities and chemical process industries Finally, the volume provides a glossary of petroleum
worldwide. and technical terminology, process datasheets, and a
The US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation conversion table, developed Microsoft Excel spread-
Board (www.csb.gov) has provided case studies of sheet programs and developed programs including
process safety incidents with animations, and recently UniSim design software programs that can be readily
the U.K. Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) accessed from the publisher’s website using a password.
(www.icheme.org) from IChemE Safety and Loss
Prevention Special Interest Group (SIG) has published A. Kayode Coker (www.akctechnology.com)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Acknowledgments

This project is the culmination of five years of I have been privileged to have met with Phil Carmical,
research, collating relevant materials from organiza- Publisher at Scrivener Publishing Co., some twenty
tions, institutions, companies and publishers, devel- years ago. Phil initiated the well-known Ludwig’s proj-
oping Excel spreadsheet programs and computer ect at the time during his tenure at Gulf Publishing
programs; using Honeywell’s UniSim steady state Co., and Elsevier, respectively. His suggestions in col-
simulation programs and providing the majority of laborating on these important works some seven years
the drawings in the text. ago were timely to the engineering community, as I
Sincere gratitude to Honeywell Process Solutions for hope that these works will be greatly beneficial to this
granting permission to incorporate the use of UniSim community world-wide. I’m deeply grateful to Phil for
Design simulation and many other suites of software agreeing to collaborate with me, his suggestions and
programs in the book. I express my thanks to Dr. Jamie assistance since. I believe that upon completing this
Barber of Honeywell Process Solutions for his friendship aspect of the project that the book will save lives in the
and help over many years of using the UniSim Design refinery industry.
simulation software. I also wish to express my thanks to the Wiley-Scrivener
To Mr. Ahmed Mutawa formerly of SASREF Co., team: Kris Hackerott- Graphics Designer, Bryan Aubrey
Saudi Arabia for developing the Conversion Table pro- – Copy editor, Myrna Ting – Typesetter and her col-
gram for the book. leagues. I am truly grateful for your professionalism,
Many organizations, institutions and companies assistance and help in the production of this volume.
as Gas Processor Suppliers Association (GPSA), USA,
Honeywell Process Solutions, Saudi Aramco Shell Finally,
Refinery Co. (SASREF), Absoft Corporation, USA,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, The Bow down in humility before the Greatness of God,
Institution of Chemical Engineers, U.K., Chemical whose Love is never-ending, and who sends us his
Engineering magazine by Access Intelligence, USA, help at all times.
Hydrocarbon Processing magazine have readily given He alone is Life and the Power and the Glory for ever
permission for the use of materials and their release and ever.
for publication. I greatly acknowledge and express my
deepest gratitude to these organizations. A. Kayode Coker (www.akctechnology.com)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
21
Heat Transfer

21.1 Introduction
The escalating cost of energy in recent years has resulted in increased attention being given to conservation and
efficient energy management. Other types of technology, for example, energy management and pinch technology
(Chapter 22) have been employed in the energy integration of process plants and of heat exchangers, in particular.
This has resulted in an improved performance of the plants at reduced operation costs. Heat transfer is perhaps the
most important, as well as the most applied process, in refining, gas processing, chemical and petrochemical plants.
The economics of plant operation is controlled by the effectiveness of the use and recovery of heat or cold (refriger-
ation). The service functions of steam, power, refrigeration supply, and the like are dictated by how these services or
utilities are used within the process to produce an efficient conversion and recovery of heat.
Shell and tube heat exchanger types are widely employed and generally, they are custom designed for any capacity
and operating conditions, including from high vacuums to ultra-high pressures over 15,000 psig (100 MPa), from
cryogenics to high temperatures ~ 2000°F (1100°C), and any temperature and pressure differences between the flu-
ids, limited by the materials of construction. They can be designed for special operating conditions: heavy fouling,
highly viscous fluids, erosion, corrosion, toxicity, multicomponent mixtures, vibration, etc. They are the most versa-
tile exchanger types made from a variety of metals (e.g., Admiralty, copper, alloys, monel, nickel, aluminum, carbon/
stainless steel, etc.) and nonmetal materials (e.g., graphite, glass and Teflon) and in various sizes from 1 ft2 (0.1 m2)
to 106 ft2 (105 m2). They are extensively employed as process heat exchangers in petroleum refining, petrochemicals
and chemical industries; as boiler feed water heaters, phase change heat exchangers (e.g., reboilers and condensers),
evaporators, steam generators, and oil coolers in power plants, in some air conditioning and refrigeration applica-
tions; in waste heat recovery applications with heat recovery from liquids and condensing fluids and in environmen-
tal control. The tube side is for corrosive, heavy fouling, scaling, hazardous, high temperature and pressure, and more
expensive fluids, while the shell side is for cleaner, more viscous, lower flow rate, evaporating and condensing fluids.
When a gas or vapor is used as an exchanger fluid, it is typically introduced through the shell side and viscous liquids,
for which the pressure drop for flow through the tubes is high, are introduced on the shell side.
Generally, shell and tube exchanger types are non-compact exchangers, and the heat-transfer area per unit volume ranges
from 15 to 30 ft2/ft3 (50–100 m2/m3). Therefore, they require a considerable amount of space, support structure, capital
and installation costs. As a result, they are often replaced with compact heat exchangers (e.g., plate exchangers, spiral
plate heat exchangers) in those applications where the operating conditions permit it. For the equivalent cost of the shell
and tube exchangers, compact heat exchangers provide high effectiveness and are more efficient in heat (energy) transfer.

A. Kayode Coker. Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4, (1–620) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC

1
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Although many excellent references [1−14] are available, and the technical literature contains important details of
good heat transfer design principles and good approaches to equipment design, an unknown factor still enters into
every design. This factor is the scale or fouling from the fluids being processed and is wholly dependent on the fluids,
their temperature and velocity, and to a certain extent, the nature of the heat-transfer tube surface and its chemical
composition. Due to the unknown nature of the assumptions, these fouling factors can markedly affect the design
of heat transfer equipment. We shall review this aspect with others such as the pressure drop later in the chapter
as these could have deleterious effects on the performance of heat exchangers resulting in high operating costs of
millions of US dollars per annum. Conventional practice is presented here; however, Kern and Seaton [15] have
proposed thermal concepts that may offer new approaches.
The most popular and reliable software packages for the design or rating of shell and tube heat exchangers are:
• BJAC: USA based company.
• HEI: Heat Exchange Institute, USA
• HTRI: Heat Transfer Research Institute (www.HTRI.net) USA
• HFTS: Heat Transfer Fluid Flow Services (HTFS programs are part of Aspen Technology’s Aspen
Engineering Suite and Honeywell’s UniSim Design Suite).
Generally, the design methods and equations used by these companies and institutes are proprietary and therefore,
are not provided in open literature. Tinker [16, 17] published the first detailed stream analysis method for predicting
shell and tube heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop, and his model has been used as the basis for the proprietary
computer methods developed by these institutes and companies. Tinker’s method is difficult and tedious to apply in
manual calculations. However, it has been simplified by Devore [18, 19], using standard tolerances for commercial
exchangers and only a limited number of baffle cuts. Devore presented nomographs that facilitate the application to
the method in manual calculations. Mueller [20] has further simplified Devore’s method and provides an illustrative
example. Bell [21, 22] provided a semi-analytical method based on research programs carried out on shell and tube
exchangers at the University of Delaware, where his results accounted for the major bypass and leakage streams.
This text provides the designer with a basis for manually checking the expected equations, coefficients, etc., enabling
him/her to accept or reject the computed results. The text provides a basis for completely designing the process
heat transfer equipment, and (except for specialized items such as fired heaters, steam boiler/generators, cryogenic
equipment, and some other process requirements) and sizing (for mechanical dimensions/details, but not for pres-
sure strength) the mechanical hardware that will accomplish this function. Additionally, the text presents research
studies on fouling in shell and tube heat exchangers, and, in particular, to pre-heat trains in the refining of crude oil.

21.1.1 Types of Heat Transfer Equipment Terminology

The chemical process industries (CPIs) require heat exchanger types to transfer heat from a hot stream to a cold stream.
This heat transfer equipment must meet various codes/standards to deal with the thermal, mechanical, operational,
installation and maintenance demands on the process. The optimal heat exchanger design should minimize operating
costs and maximize product output. Shell and tube heat exchangers (Figures 21.1B–D) consist of a bundle of tube inside
a cylindrical shell. One fluid (the tube side fluid) flows inside the tubes whilst the other fluid (the shell side fluid) flows
through the shell and around the tubes. Heat is transferred across the tube wall separating the hot and cold streams. The
shell type has a significant effect on the flow configuration and thermal performance of the heat exchangers. Shell and
tube heat exchangers use baffles to transport heat to or from tube side process fluids by directing the shell side fluid flow.
The increased structural support that baffles provide is essential to the tube stability, as they prevent the tube from sag-
ging due to structural weight and also minimize vibration due to cyclic flow forces. Baffles improve heat transfer at the
expense of increased pressure drop. Tubesheets seal the ends of the tubes, ensuring separation between the two streams.
The process engineer needs to understand the terminology of the heat-transfer equipment manufacturers in order
to properly design, specify, evaluate bids, and check drawings for this equipment.
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 3

FRONT END REAR END

SHELL TYPES
STATIONARY HEAD TYPES HEAD TYPES

E L
A FIXED TUBESHEET
ONE PASS SHELL LIKE “A” STATIONARY HEAD

CHANNEL
AND REMOVABLE COVER F M
FIXED TUBESHEET
TWO PASS SHELL LIKE “B” STATIONARY HEAD
WITH LONGITUDINAL RAFFLE

B
G N

FIXED TUBESHEET
LIKE “N” STATIONARY HEAD
BONNET (INTEGRAL COVER) SPLIT FLOW

P
H
OUTSIDE PACKED FLOATING HEAD
C
DOUBLE SPLIT FLOW

CHANNEL INTEGRAL WITH TUBE- S

SHEET AND REMOVABLE COVER J FLOATING HEAD
WITH BACKING DEVICE

DIVIDED FLOW

T
N

PULL THROUGH FLOATING HEAD

K
CHANNEL INTEGRAL WITH TUBE-
SHEET AND REMOVABLE COVER
U
KETTLE TYPE REBOILER

U-TUBE BUNDLE

D X

SPECIAL HIGH PRESSURE CLOSURE CROSS FLOW EXTERNALLY SEALED

FLOATING TUBESHEET

Figure 21.1A Nomenclature for Heat Exchanger Components. Figures 21.1A–G used by permission: Standards of Tubular Exchanger
Manufacturers Association, 7th Ed., © 1988. Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.

The shell and tube exchanger consists of four major parts:

• Front header—this is where the fluid enters the tube-side of the exchanger. It is sometimes referred to
as the stationary header.
• Rear header—this is where the tube-side fluid leaves the exchanger or where it is returned to the front
header in exchangers with multiple tube-side passes.
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
4 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

36 4 3 34 5 31 6 34 12 29 7 8 27 28 18 36 32

36

15

16

1 5 34 3 10 35 35 12 34 11 13 17 33
AES

Figure 21.1B Floating head (© 1988 by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.).

32 2 3 6 32 8 7 37 27 28 14 12 34 2

5 34 12 37 33 6 5
BEM

Figure 21.1C Fixed tubesheet (© 1988 by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.).

36 4 3 5 34 31 12 34 29 27 28 8 7 32 15 23 24 25 22 36

1 34 5 3 6 10 33 35 35 34 12 15 29 21
AEP

Figure 21.1D Floating head—outside packed (© 1988 by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.).
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 5

36 4 3 34 5 31 34 12 8 30 28 27 7 32 9

1 34 5 6 10 12 34 35 35 33
CFU

Figure 21.1E Removable U-bundle (© 1988 by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.).

8 34 12 39

36 4 3 34 5 31

15 17 36 38

16

1 5 34 3 6 18 34 12 35 27 28 7 35 12 34 39

AKT

Figure 21.1F Kettle reboiler (© 1988 by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.).

36 34 5 3 10 8 7 28 12 34 27 23 24 26 24 23 15 1 36

4 3 1 6 34 12 35 35 34 12 34 5 3 4
AJW

Figure 21.1G Divided flow-packed tubesheet (© 1988 by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.).
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
6 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Vapor Plus
Liquid Out

Top End

Liquid In

Figure 21.1H Fixed tubesheet, single-tube pass vertical heater or reboiler (used by permission: Engineers & Fabricators, Inc. Houston).

SEAL STRIP CHANNEL CHANNEL

BAFFLE CUT
SECTION “A” . ”A”

Figure 21.1I Floating head, removable type (used by permission: Yuba Heat Transfer Division of Connell Limited Partnership).
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 7

Figure 21.1J Split-ring removable floating head, four-pass tube-side and two-pass shell side (used by permission: Engineers & Fabricators,
Inc., Houston).

CHANNEL CHANNEL

Figure 21.1K U-tube exchanger (used by permission: Yuba Heat Transfer Division of Connell Limited Partnership).

Figure 21.1L A shell and tube heat exchanger showing an inlet nozzle on the shell-side in preparation for pressure testing.
Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

Figure 21.1N A shell and tube heat exchanger showing the nozzles on the shell and tube sides and nozzles at the rear end.
Figure 21.1M Reactor effluent vertical shell and tube heat exchangers in series of a hydrocracking unit.
Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4
8
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 9

Figure 21.1O Heat exchanger tube bundles with baffles.

• Tube bundle—this comprises of the tubes, tubesheets, baffles, and tie rods, etc., which hold the bundle
together.
• Shell—this contains the tube bundle.

The standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) [23, 24] is the only assembly of unfired
mechanical standards, including selected design details and Recommended Good Practice and is used by all reputable
exchanger manufacturers in the U.S. and many manufacturers in other countries who supply U.S. plant equipment.
These standards are developed, assembled, and updated by a technical committee of association members. The stan-
dards are updated and reissued every 10 years. They do not designate or recommend thermal design methods or
practices for specific process applications, but they do outline basic heat transfer fundamentals, and list suggested
fouling factors for a wide variety of fluid or process services.

Figure 21.1P A tube bundle with segmental baffles.

 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
10 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Figure 21.1Q Shell-side of a shell and tube heat exchanger.

The three classes of mechanical standards in TEMA are Classes R, C, and B, and they represent varying degrees of
mechanical details for the designated process plant applications’ severity. The scope of standards/code designations
[TEMA-2007, 9th Ed] for mechanical design and fabrication are:
RCB—Includes all classes of construction/design and are identical; shell diameter (inside) not exceeding
100 in. (2540 mm), product of nominal diameter, in. (mm) and design pressure of 100,000 psi (17.5
× 106 kPa) and maximum design pressure of 3000 psi (20,684 kPa). The intention of these parameters
is to limit the maximum shell wall thickness to approximately 3 in. (76 mm), and the maximum stud
diameter to approximately 4 in. (102 mm).
R—Designates severe requirement of petroleum and other related processing applications.
C—Indicates generally moderate requirements of commercial and general process applications.
B—Specifies design and fabrication for chemical process service.
RGP—Recommended Good Practice, includes topics outside the scope of the basic standards.
Note: The petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, and other industrial plants must specify or select the design/
fabrication code designation for their individual application as the standards do not dictate the code designation to
use. Many chemical plants select the most severe designation of Class R rather than Class B primarily because they
prefer a more rugged or husky piece of equipment.
In accordance with the TEMA Standards, the individual vessels must comply with the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div. 1, plus process or petroleum plant location
state and area codes. The ASME Code Stamp is required by the TEMA Standards.
Figures 21.1A–G and Table 21.1 from the Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association [23] give the
nomenclature of the basic types of units. Note the nomenclature type designation code letters immediately below
each illustration. These codes are assembled from Table 21.1 and Figures 21.1A–G.
Many exchangers can be designed without all parts; specifically the performance design may not require (a) a float-
ing head and its associated parts, or (b) an impingement baffle but may require a longitudinal shell side baffle (see
Figures 21.1F and 21.1G). It is important to recognize that the components in Figures 21.1B–K are associated with
the basic terminology regardless of the type of unit. Application and selection guides are shown in Table 21.2, Table
21.3, and Figure 21.2. Table 21.4 compares the attributes of these three classes of exchangers in order of decreasing
cost and mechanical performance. Figures 21.1O and 1P show photographs of tube bundles with baffles, and Figure
21.1Q shows a typical shell of a shell and tube heat exchanger.
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 11

Table 21.1 Standard TEMA heat exchanger terminology/nomenclature*.

1. Stationary Heat—Channel 21. Floating Heat Cover—External
2. Stationary Heat—Bonnet 22. Floating Tubesheet Skirt
3. Stationary Heat Flange—Channel Bonnet 23. Packing Box
4. Channel Cover 24. Packing
5. Stationary Head Nozzle 25. Packing Gland
6. Stationary Tubesheet 26. Lantern Ring
7. Tubes 27. Tierods and Spacers
8. Shell 28. Transverse Baffles or Support Plates
9. Shell Cover 29. Impingement Plate
10. Shell Flange—Stationary Head End 30. Longitudinal Baffle
11. Shell Flange—Rear head End 31. Pass Partition
12. Shell Nozzle 32. Vent Connection
13. Shell Cover Flange 33. Drain Connection
14. Expansion Joint 34. Instrument Connection
15. floating Tubesheet 35. Support Saddle
16. Floating Head Cover 36. Lifting Lug
17. Floating head Cover Flange 37. Support Bracket
18. Floating Head Backing Device 38. Weir
19. Split Shear Ring 39. Liquid Level Connection
20. Slip-on Backing Flange
*Key to Figures 10.1B–G. See Figure 10.1A for Nomenclature Code.
Used by permission: Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 7th ed., Table N-2, © 1988, Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 21.2 Selection guide heat exchanger types.

Approximate
relative cost in
Significant Applications best carbon steel
Type designation Figure no. feature suited Limitations construction
Fixes Tube Sheet 21-1C Both tubesheets Condensers; Temperature 1.0
21-1H Fixed to shell liquid–liquid; difference at
Gas–gas; gas– extremes of
liquid; cooling about 200°F due
and heating, to differential
horizontal expansion.
or vertical
reboiling.
Floating Heat 21-1B One tubesheet High temperature Internal gaskets 1.28
or Tubesheet 21-1D “floats” in shell differentials, offer danger
(removable and 21-1G or with shell, above about of leaking.
nonremovable 21-1I tube bundle 200°F extremes; Corrosiveness
bundles) 21-1J may or may not dirty fluids of fluids on
be removable requiring shell-side
from shell, but cleaning of floating
back cover can inside as well as parts. Usually
be removed to outside of shell, confined to
expose tube horizontal or horizontal units.
ends. vertical.
(Continued)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
12 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Table 21.2 Selection guide heat exchanger types. (Continued)

Approximate
relative cost in
Significant Applications best carbon steel
Type designation Figure no. feature suited Limitations construction
U-Tube; 21-1E Only one High temperature Bends must be 0.9–1.1
U-Bundle 21-1K tubesheet differentials, carefully made,
required. which might or mechanical
Tubes bent require damage and
in U-shape. provision for danger of
Bundle is expansion in rupture can
removable. fixed tube units. result. Tube side
Clean service or velocities can
easily cleaned cause erosion
conditions on of inside of
both tube side bends. Fluids
and shell side. should be free
Horizontal or of suspended
vertical. particles.
Kettle 21-1F Tube bundle Boiling fluid on For horizontal 1.2–1.4
removable shell side, as installation.
as U-type or refrigerant, or Physically
floating head. process fluid large or other
Shell enlarged being vaporized. applications.
to allow boiling Chilling or
and vapor cooling of
disengaging. tube-side fluid
in refrigerant
evaporation on
shell side.
Double Pipe 21-4A Each tube has own Relatively small Services suitable 0.8–1.4
21-4B shell forming transfer area for finned tube.
21-4C annular space service, or in Piping-up a
21-4D for shell-side banks for larger large number
fluid. Usually applications. often requires
use externally Especially cost and space.
finned tube. suited for high
pressures in
tube (greater
than 400 psig).
Pipe Coil 21-5A Pipe Coil for Condensing, or Transfer 0.5– 0.7
21-5B submersion relatively low coefficient is
in coil-box of heat loads low, requires
water or sprayed on sensible relatively large
with water is transfer. space if heat
simplest type of load is high.
exchanger.
(Continued)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 13

Table 21.2 Selection guide heat exchanger types. (Continued)

Approximate
relative cost in
Significant Applications best carbon steel
Type designation Figure no. feature suited Limitations construction
Open Tube 21-5A Tubes require Condensing, Transfer 0.8–1.1
Sections (water 21-5B no shell, only relatively low coefficient is
cooled) end headers, heat loads low, takes up
usually long, on sensible less space than
water sprays transfer. pipe coil.
over surface,
sheds scales on
outside tubes
by expansion
and contraction.
Can also be
used in water
box.
Open Tube 21-6 No shell required, Condensing, Transfer 0.8–1.8
Sections (air only end high-level heat coefficient is
cooled); Plain headers similar transfer. low, if natural
or finned Tubes to water units. convection
circulation, but
is improved
with forced
air flow across
tubes.
Plate and Frame 21-7A Composed of Viscous fluids, Not well suited 0.8–1.5
21-7B metal-formed corrosive fluids for boiling or
21-7C thin plates slurries, high condensing;
separated heat transfer. limit 350–500°F
by gaskets. by gaskets.
Compact, easy Used for liquid–
to clean. liquid only; not
gas–gas.
Small-tube Teflon 21-8 Chemical Clean fluids, Low heat transfer 2.0–4.0
resistance of condensing, coefficient.
tubes; no tube cross-exchange.
fouling.
Spiral 21-9A Compact, Cross-flow, Process corrosion, 0.8–1.5
21-9B concentric condensing, suspended
21-9C plates; no heating. materials.
21-9D bypassing, high
turbulence.
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
14 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Table 21.3 Characteristics of tubing.

Ft2 external Ft2 internal Weight Moment
Tube Internal surface surface per ft Tube of Section Radius of Transverse
O.D. B.W.G. Thickness area per ft per ft length I.D. inertia modulus gyration Constant O.D. metal
in. gage in. in.2 length length steel lb* in. in.4 in.3 in. C** I.D. area in.2
¼ 22 0.028 0.0296 0.0654 0.0508 0.066 0.194 0.00012 0.0791 0.0791 46 1.289 0.0195
24 0.022 0.0333 0.0654 0.0539 0.054 0.206 0.00010 0.0810 0.0810 52 1.214 0.0158
26 0.018 0.0360 0.0654 0.0560 0.045 0.214 0.00071 0.0823 0.0823 56 1.168 0.0131
27 0.016 0.0373 0.0654 0.0571 0.040 0.218 0.00065 0.0829 0.0829 58 1.147 0.0118
⅜ 18 0.049 0.0603 0.0982 0.0725 0.171 0.277 0.00068 0.0036 0.1166 94 1.354 0.0502
20 0.035 0.0731 0.0982 0.0798 0.127 0.305 0.00055 0.0029 0.1208 114 1.230 0.0374
22 0.028 0.0799 0.0982 0.0835 0.104 0.319 0.00046 0.0025 0.1231 125 1.176 0.0305
24 0.022 0.0860 0.0982 0.0867 0.083 0.331 0.00038 0.0020 0.1250 134 1.133 0.0244
½ 16 0.065 0.1075 0.1309 0.0969 0.302 0.370 0.0021 0.0086 0.1555 168 1.351 0.0888
18 0.049 0.1269 0.1309 0.1052 0.236 0.402 0.0018 0.0071 0.1604 198 1.244 0.0694
20 0.035 0.1452 0.1309 0.1126 0.174 .0430 0.0014 0.0056 0.1649 227 1.163 0.0511
22 0.028 0.1548 0.1309 0.1162 0.141 0.444 0.0012 0.0046 0.1672 241 1.126 0.0415
⅝ 12 0.109 0.1301 0.1636 0.1066 0.601 0.407 0.0061 0.0197 0.1865 203 1.536 0.177
13 0.095 0.1486 0.1636 0.1139 0.538 0.435 0.0057 0.0183 0.1904 232 1.437 0.158
14 0.083 0.1655 0.1636 0.1202 0.481 0.459 0.0053 0.0170 0.1939 258 1.362 0.141
15 0.072 0.1817 0.1636 0.1259 0.426 0.481 0.0049 0.00156 0.1972 283 1.299 0.125
16 0.065 0.1924 0.1636 0.1296 0.389 0.495 0.0045 0.0145 0.1993 300 1.263 0.114
17 0.058 0.2035 0.1636 0.1333 0.352 0.509 0.0042 0.0134 0.2015 317 1.228 0.103
18 0.049 0.2181 0.1636 0.1380 0.302 0.527 0.0037 0.0119 0.2044 340 1.186 0.089
19 0.042 0.2299 0.1636 0.1416 0.262 0.541 0.0033 0.0105 0.2067 359 1.155 0.077
20 0.035 0.2419 0.1636 0.1453 0.221 0.555 0.0028 0.0091 0.2090 377 1.126 0.065
¾ 10 0.134 0.1825 0.1963 0.1262 0.833 0.482 0.0129 0.0344 0.2229 285 1.556 0.259
11 0.120 0.2043 0.1963 0.1335 0.808 0.510 0.0122 0.0326 0.2267 319 1.471 0.238
12 0.109 0.2223 0.1963 0.1393 0.0747 0.532 0.0116 0.0309 0.2299 347 1.410 0.219
13 0.095 0.2463 0.1963 0.1466 0.665 0.560 0.0107 0.0285 0.2340 384 1.339 0.195
14 0.083 0.2679 0.1963 0.1529 0.592 0.584 0.0098 0.0262 0.2376 418 1.284 0.174
15 0.072 0.2884 0.1963 0.1587 0.522 0.606 0.0089 0.0238 0.2411 450 1.238 0.153
16 0.065 0.3019 0.1963 0.1623 0.476 0.620 0.0083 0.0221 0.2433 471 1.210 0.140
17 0.058 0.3157 0.1963 0.1660 0.429 0.634 0.0076 0.0203 0.2455 492 1.183 0.126
18 0.049 0.3339 0.1963 0.1707 0.367 0.652 0.0067 0.0178 0.2484 521 1.150 0.108
20 0.035 0.3632 0.1963 0.1780 0.268 0.680 0.0050 0.0134 0.2531 567 1.103 0.079
(Continued)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 15

Table 21.3 Characteristics of tubing. (Continued)

Ft2 external Ft2 internal Weight Moment
Tube Internal surface surface per ft Tube of Section Radius of Transverse
O.D. B.W.G. Thickness area per ft per ft length I.D. inertia modulus gyration Constant O.D. metal
in. gage in. in.2 length length steel lb* in. in.4 in.3 in. C** I.D. area in.2
⅞ 10 0.134 0.2894 0.2291 0.1589 1.062 0.607 0.0221 0.0505 0.2662 451 1.442 0.312
11 0.120 0.3167 0.2291 0.1662 0.969 0.635 0.0208 0.0475 0.2703 494 1.378 0.285
12 0.109 0.3390 0.2291 0.1720 0.893 0.657 0.0196 0.0449 0.2736 529 1.332 0.262
13 0.095 0.3685 0.2291 0.1793 0.792 0.685 0.0180 0.0411 0.2778 575 1.277 0.233
14 0.083 0.3948 0.2291 0.1856 0.703 0.709 0.0164 0.0374 0.2815 616 1.234 0.207
15 0.072 0.4197 0.2291 0.1914 0.618 0.731 0.0148 0.0337 0.2850 655 1.197 0.182
16 0.065 0.4359 0.2291 0.1950 0.563 0.745 0.137 0.0312 0.2873 680 1.174 0.165
17 0.058 0.4525 0.2291 0.1987 0.507 0.759 0.0125 0.0285 0.289 706 1.153 0.149
18 0.049 0.4742 0.2291 0.2034 0.433 0.777 0.0109 0.0249 0.2925 740 1.126 0.127
20 0.035 0.5090 0.2291 0.2107 0.314 0.805 0.0082 0.0187 0.2972 794 1.087 0.092
1 8 0.165 0.3526 0.2618 0.1754 1.473 0.670 0.0392 0.0784 0.3009 550 1.493 .0433
10 0.134 0.4208 0.2618 0.1916 1.241 0.732 0.0350 0.0700 0.3098 656 1.366 0.365
11 0.120 0.4536 0.2618 0.1990 1.129 0.760 0.0327 0.0654 0.3140 708 1.316 0.332
12 0.109 0.4803 0.2618 0.2047 1.038 0.782 0.0307 0.0615 0.3174 749 1.279 0.305
13 0.095 0.5153 0.2618 0.2121 0.919 0.810 0.0280 0.0559 0.3217 804 1.235 0.270
14 0.083 0.5463 0.2618 0.2183 0.814 0.834 0.0253 0.0507 0.3255 852 1.199 0.239
15 0.072 0.5755 0.2618 0.2241 0.714 0.856 0.0227 0.0455 0.3291 898 1.168 0.210
16 0.065 0.5945 0.2618 0.2278 0.650 0.870 0.0210 0.0419 0.3314 927 1.149 0.191
18 0.049 0.6390 0.2618 0.2361 0.498 0.902 0.0166 0.0332 0.3367 997 1.109 0.146
20 0.035 0.6793 0.2618 0.2435 0.361 0.930 0.0124 0.0247 0.3414 1060 1.075 0.106
1¼ 7 0.180 0.6221 0.3272 0.2330 2.059 0.890 0.0890 0.1425 0.3836 970 1.404 0.605
8 0.165 0.6648 0.3272 0.2409 1.914 0.920 0.0847 0.1355 0.3880 1037 1.359 0.562
10 0.134 0.7574 0.3272 0.2571 1.599 0.982 0.0742 0.1187 0.3974 1182 1.273 0.470
11 0.120 0.8012 0.3272 0.2644 1.450 1.010 0.0688 0.110 0.4018 1250 1.238 0.426
12 0.109 0.8365 0.3272 0.2702 1.330 1.032 0.0642 0.1027 0.4052 1305 1.211 0.391
13 0.095 0.8825 0.3272 0.2775 1.173 1.060 0.0579 0.0926 0.4097 1377 1.179 0.345
14 0.083 0.9229 0.3272 0.2838 1.036 1.084 0.0521 0.0833 0.4136 1440 1.153 0.304
16 0.065 0.9852 0.3272 0.2932 0.824 1.120 0.0426 0.0682 0.4196 1537 1.116 0.242
18 0.049 1.0423 0.3272 0.3016 0.629 1.152 0.0334 0.0534 0.4250 1626 1.085 0.185
20 0.035 1.0936 0.3272 0.3089 0.455 1.180 0.0247 0.0395 0.4297 1706 1.059 0.134
(Continued)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
16 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Table 21.3 Characteristics of tubing. (Continued)

Ft2 external Ft2 internal Weight Moment
Tube Internal surface surface per ft Tube of Section Radius of Transverse
O.D. B.W.G. Thickness area per ft per ft length I.D. inertia modulus gyration Constant O.D. metal
in. gage in. in.2 length length steel lb* in. in.4 in.3 in. C** I.D. area in.2
1½ 10 0.134 1.1921 0.3927 0.3225 1.957 1.232 0.1354 0.1806 0.1853 1860 1.218 0.575
12 0.109 1.2908 0.3927 0.3356 1.621 1.282 0.1159 0.1545 0.4933 2014 1.170 0.476
14 0.083 1.3977 0.3927 0.3492 1.257 1.334 0.0931 0.1241 0.5018 2180 1.124 0.369
16 0.065 1.4741 0.3927 0.3587 0.997 1.370 0.0756 0.1008 0.5079 2300 1.095 0.293
2 11 0.120 2.4328 0.5236 0.4608 2.412 1.760 0.3144 0.3144 0.6660 3795 1.136 0.709
12 0.109 2.4941 0.5236 0.4665 2.204 1.782 0.2904 0.2904 0.6697 3891 1.122 0.648
13 0.095 2.5730 0.5236 0.4739 1.935 1.810 0.2586 0.2586 0.6744 4014 1.105 0.569
14 0.083 2.6417 0.5236 0.4801 1.701 1.834 0.2300 0.2300 0.6784 4121 1.091 0.500
*Weights are based on low carbon steel with a density of 0.2836 lb/in.3 For other metals multiply by the following factors:

Aluminum 0.35 A.I.S.I. 300 Series S/Steels 1.02 Nickel–Chrome–Iron 1.07 Nickel–Copper 1.12
Titanium 0.58 Aluminum Bronze 1.04 Admiralty 1.09 Copper and Cupro-Nickels 1.14
A.I.S.I. 400 Series S/Steels 0.99 Aluminum Brass 1.06 Nickel 1.13

lb per tube hour
**Liquid Velocity = in. ft per s (sp. Gr. Of water at 60°F = 1.0)
C X sp. gr. of liquid

Used by permission: Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 7th Ed., Table D-7, © 1988. Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 17

Shell and tube

Exchangers

Severe No
thermal expansion
stresses

Yes
Are
bellows Yes
allowed?
High
No Is chemical Yes shell side fouling
cleaning possible? factor > 0.00035
W/m2.K
Yes No
High
Yes Is inter-stream Removable tube side fouling Yes
leakage factor > 0.00035
bundle design
allowed? W/m2.K
Fixed
No No tubesheet

Are No
LOW Frequency pressure and temp. Is chemical Yes
of bundle within TEMA cleaning possible?
removal For the W? No

HIGH Yes

No Are ‘F’ shells

Yes Is
Number of or multi- FT in unacceptable
passes > 2 allowed? region?

Yes No

Is there a high tube side fouling factor (< 0.00035 W/m2.K)?

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Is tube access required without disturbing pipework?

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No No No No No
No No AEU AEL
No AES No AET AEW AEP
AFU AEM

BES BET BEW BED BEU BFU BEM

Figure 21.2 Selection chart for choice of heat exchange configuration (see Figure 21.1 for definition of types). Source: Linnhoff, B. et al.,
User Guide on Process Integration for the effecient of use of energy, IChemE., 1996.

Table 21.4 Comparison of TEMA classes R, C, and B heat exchangers (cost decreases from left to right) [204].
Attribute Class R Class C Class B
Application Generally severe Generally moderate General process service
requirements such as requirements such as
petroleum and related commercial and general
processing applications process applications
Corrosion allowance on 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm) 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm)
carbon steel
Tube diameters, OD ¾, 1, 1¼, 1½, and 2 in. R + ¼, 3/8, ½, and 5/8 in. R +5/8 in.
Tube pitch and minimum 1.25 x tube OD ¼ in. lane R + 3/8 tubes may be R + lane may be 3/16 in. in
cleaning lane located 1.2 × tube OD 12 in. and smaller shells
for 5/8 and ¾ in. tubes
Minimum shell diameter 8 in., tabulated 6 in., tabulated 6 in. tabulated
Longitudinal baffle ¼ in. minimum 1/8 in. alloy, ¼ in. carbon 1/8 in. alloy, ¼ in. carbon
thickness steel steel
(Continued)
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
18 Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook Volume 4

Table 21.4 Comparison of TEMA classes R, C, and B heat exchangers (cost decreases from left to right) [204]. (Continued)
Attribute Class R Class C Class B
Floating head cover cross- 1.3 × tube flow area Same as tube flow area Same as tube flow area
over area
Lantern ring construction 375°F maximum 600 psi maximum 375°F maximum
300 psi up to 24 in. diameter 300 psi up to 24 in. diameter
shell shell
150 psi for 25 to 42 in. 150 psi for 25 to 42 in.
75 psi for 43 to 60 in. 75 psi for 43 to 60 in.

Gasket materials Metal jacketed or solid Metal jacketed or solid Metal jacketed or solid
metal for metal for metal for
a) internal floating head a) internal floating head a) internal floating head
cover, b) 300 psi and up b) 300 psi and up
b) 300 psi and up,
c) all hydrocarbons
Peripheral gasket contact Flatness tolerance specified No tolerance specified No tolerance specified
surface
Minimum tubesheet Outside diameter of the 0.75 × tube OD for 1 in. and 0.75 × tube OD for 1 in. and
thickness with expanded tube smaller smaller
tube joints 1/8 in. for 1¼ OD 1/8 in. for 1¼ OD
1 in. for 1½ OD 1 in. for 1½ OD
1.25 in. for 2 OD 1.25 in. for 2 OD
Tube hole grooving Two grooves Above 300 psi design Two grooves
pressure or 350°F design
temperature:2 grooves
Length of expansion Smaller of 2 in. or tubesheet Small of 2 × tube OD or 2 Smaller of 2 in. or tubesheet
thickness in. thickness
Tubesheet pass partition 3/16 in. deep grooves Over 300 psi; 3/16 in. deep Over 300 psi; 3/16 in. deep
grooves required grooves required or grooves required or
other suitable means for other suitable means for
retaining gaskets in place retaining gaskets in place
Pipe tap connections 6000 psi coupling with bar 3000 psi coupling 3000 psi coupling with bar
stock plug stock plug
Pressure gage connections Required in nozzles 2 in. Specified by purchaser Required in nozzles 2 in.
and up and up
Thermometer connections Required in nozzles 4 in. Specified by purchaser Required in nozzles 4 in.
and up and up
Nozzle construction No reference to flanges No reference to flanges All nozzles larger than 1 in.
must be flanged
Minimum bolt size ¾ in. ½ in. recommended; 5/8 in.
smaller bolting may be
used
 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by ibrahim ragab - Cochrane Germany , Wiley Online Library on [14/01/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Heat Transfer 19

21.2 Details of Exchange Equipment

Assembly and Arrangement
The process design of heat exchange equipment depends to a certain extent upon the basic type of unit considered
for the process and how it will be arranged together with certain details of assembly as they pertain to that particular
unit. It is important to recognize that certain basic types of exchangers, as given in Table 21.2, are less expensive than
others and inherently this is related to the fabrication of construction materials to resist the fluids, cleaning, future
reassignment to other services, etc. The following presentation alerts the designer to the various features that should
be considered. Furthermore, see Rubin [25, 285].

Construction Codes
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Unfired Pressure Vessel Code [26] is accepted by almost all
states as a requirement by law and by most industrial insurance underwriters as a basic guide or requirement for fab-
rication of pressure vessel equipment, which includes some components of heat exchangers. The code does not cover
the rolling-in of tubes into tube-sheets. For steam generation or any equipment having a direct fire as the means of
heating, the ASME Boiler Code [27] applies, and many states and insurance companies require compliance with this.
These classes are explained in the TEMA Standards and in Rubin [28−30].

Thermal Rating Standards

The TEMA Code [23] does not recommend thermal design or rating of heat exchangers. This is left to the rating or
design engineer, because many details are associated uniquely with individual applications. TEMA does offer some
common practice rating charts and tables, along with some tabulations of selected petroleum and chemical physical
property data in the sixth (1978), seventh (1988), eight (1999), and ninth (2007) editions.

Details of Stationary Heads

Many combinations of front header, shell and rear header can be made, although essentially there are three main
combinations:

• Fixed tubesheet exchangers.

• U-tube exchangers.
• Floating header exchangers.

Fixed tubesheet exchangers: In a fixed tubesheet exchanger, the tubesheet is welded to the shell that results in a sim-
ple and economic construction in which the tube bores can be cleaned either mechanically or chemically. However,
the outside surfaces of the tubes are inaccessible except to chemical cleaning. If large temperature differences occur
between the shell and the tube materials, it may be necessary to incorporate expansion bellows in the shell to elim-
inate excessive stresses caused by the expansion. However, such bellows are often a source of weakness and may
result in failure in operation. In circumstances where the consequences of failure are problematic, U-tube or floating
header units are normally used.

U-tube exchangers: In a U-tube exchanger, any of the front header types may be used and the rear header is nor-
mally a M-type. The U-tubes permit unlimited thermal expansion, the tube bundle can be removed for cleaning, and
small bundle to shell clearances can be achieved. However, since internal cleaning of the tubes by mechanical means
is difficult, it is normal only to use this type where the tube-side fluids are clean.

Floating head exchanger: In this exchanger type, the tubesheet at the rear header end is not welded to the shell but
allowed to move or float. The tubesheet at the front header (tube-side fluid inlet end) is of a larger diameter than the
shell and is sealed in a similar manner to that used in the fixed tubesheet design. The tubesheet at the rear header end
of the shell is of slightly smaller diameter than the shell, allowing the bundle to be pulled through the shell. The use of
a floating head means that thermal expansion can be allowed for, and the tube bundle can be removed for cleaning.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
usiampia ja toivotettavasti vasta hävittää, mitä niistä vielä on
voimassa.

Sanoja. v. 9. Ruopotella, pahasti menetellä, julmasti, ilkiasti

käytellä. v. 11. Perjakkansa, lehmänsä (perjantaina syntynyt).
Lehmille annetaan useinki nimi päivästä, jona syntyvät, vaan paljo
muitaki nimiä lehmillä, koirilla, hevosilla jne, jotka ansatsivat kootuksi
tulla. Aina tulisi niistä jotai tiedonlisää, jos ei muusta, niin vanhan
aikasista nimistä, v. 15. Winkuvatki, pienimmätki elävät (porsaat,
vasikat jne), v. 23. Tasotun, tasaseksi tehdyn, puhtaaksi laastun,
sileäksi pannun, v. 37. Kytenyt, mirkaan ruvennut, vähitellen,
verkoilleen tullut, v. 66. Miltömästä, mitättömästä, joka ei näytä
miltään, ole minkänä veronen. v. 68. Pihissä, kiinni sidottuna,
kansien välissä, tallella, v. 92. Tenkoa tinaista, pienintään äyriä,
halvintaan lanttia, v. 108. Jättäiten, jätäme, jätätsen, jättäyn, jään,
jätän itseni, v. 110, Pistäiten, pistäme, pistätsen, pistäyn, pistyn,
pistän itseni.

Pyhäjoen Pitäjästä.

[Muualta Ruotsinkielellä kirjotettuna saatu ja kiitollisuudella tähän

otettu.]

Samatekun moni muu paikka Suomessa, on Pyhäjoen pitäjä

ennen muinen Lappalaisilta asuttu. Sen todistanevat vielä löytyvät
Lapinkieliset paikkain nimet Liminoja, Oulais ja monet muutki.
Rahvaassa käy tarina, kolme äveriästä Lappalaista veljestä
muinasaikaan ympäri kierrellen merirannoilla ja ylempänäki
sydänmailla, näillä pohjasilla seuduilla. Nimensä olisivat olleet Hiio,
Oulas ja Limas eli Limmi. Heistä lienee Oulu, Oulais, Liminko,
Liminkoja jne nimensä saaneet.

Noin sadan vuoden paikoilla ennen Wapahtajan syntymää,

karkotettiin Lappalaiset Suomalaisilta eli Wendeiltä, itsevaltasilta,
raivoilta kansoilta Suomenlahden rantamailta kotosin. Muisto heidän
jumalanpalvelosta elää vieläi monissa paikkain nimissä. Semmoisia
ovat Pyhäjärvi, Pyhäkoski, Pyhälä, Pyhäluoto, Pyhäniemi jne.

Wapahtajan syntymäaikoina taikka heti jälkeen alkovat

Ruotsalaiset ryöstöretkiänsä Suomessa. Alinomasia tappeloita sattu
Ruotsalaisten ja Suomalaisten välillä siksi että, kahdennentoista
vuosisadan alussa, Suomalaiset peräti lannistettiin vainojiltansa.
Jälkisillä ajoilla annettiin Suomi eli joku osa siitä palkinnoiksi
ansiollisille miehille. Niin sai kuningas Kaarlo kahdeksannen aikana,
v. 1468, Wallanhoitaja Eirikkä Askon poika Totti Suomen aluekseen.
Kuudennentoista vuosisadan keskitiessä oli Suomi Hertua Juhanan
omasuutena, joka Hertua sitte myöhemmin kuningasna Ruotsia
hallitsi Juhana kolmannen nimellä. Sata vuotta siitä, taikka
naisvaltian Kristiinan aikoina, oli melkein joka pitäjäs Suomessa
erityisten ritarien eli aateli- miesten alla. Pyhäjoki oli annettu
vapamaaksi Falkenperin ja Bielken herrassuvuille, jossa arvossa oli
siksikun v. 1674, kuningas Kaarlo yhdennentoista hallitessa, ruunulle
jälle perittiin. Ei tässä pitäjässä kuitenkan ole vapaherrallisia
asuntoja taikka kartanoita löytynyt.

Maaselkä on itäpuolella Pyhäjoen rajana. Mainittu Maaselkä niillä

tienoin ei ole erittäin korkia; kuitenki saapi pitäjän suurin järvi,
Pyhäjärvi nimeltään, siltä enimmän vetensä ja niin itse Pyhä jokiki,
joka samasta järvestä lähtien juoksee monimutkasesti ja, kaksi
muuta, ehkä pienempätä järveä matkallansa kuljettua, viimmen
Pohjalahteen laskeupi.

Seuraavat pitäjät kohtaavat Pyhäjokea: itärajoilla Iinsalmi ja

Siikajoki, pohjaspuolella Salo, länteenpäin meri ja Kalajoki, etelässä
Kalajoki, Wiitasaari, ja Pielavesi. Pituudelleen on Pyhäjoki noin 20
penikulmaa, leveydelleen korkeinta kolme, koko laajuudelleen noin
30 nelikkopenikulmaa. Pitäjän äärimmäisin perukka on etelyyttänsä
Pietarsaaren kaupungin kohdalla. Joka täältä lähtisi pitäjän toiseen
päähän vaeltamaan, eikä tahtoisi pitäjästä matkallansa ulota, hänen
tulisi kulkea ensin 8 penik. pohjasta vasten Kärsämäen kirkon
seuduille, siitä kääntyä luodetta kohti ja matkata 5 penik.
Haapajärven kirkolle asti, josta vielä tulee noin 8 penik. länsiluoteista
suuntaa Pyhäjoen suulle, meren rannalla.

Ilman jo mainittua Pyhäjärveä ovat muita suurempia vesiä

pitäjässä Haapajärvi ja Merijärvi, joiden halki Pyhäjoki juoksee.
Enokoskista eli keskiputouksista, joita yleiseen luetaan päälle
seitsemänkymmenenki lienevät Pyhä-, Pohjas- ja Etelähouru
suurimmia. Korkeimmat vuoret ja vaarat tavataan Pyhäjärven
seuduilla, epäilemättä pienempiä säärilöitä isosta maaseljästä.
Niiden seassa ovat mainittavia Mäkiöisten vuori ja Hiidenmäki.

Epäilemättä ovat tämän pitäjän rannimmaiset ääret ennen olleet,

mikä veden alla, mikä saari- ja luotomaana. Mutta jo 3 eli 4 sataa
vuotta sitte on maatuminen ja meriveden laskeuminen ollut
yhtäläiseen merkittävä. Moniaita pienempiä niemekkeitä ja saariloita
löytyy kyllä vieläi, vaan ei kokonaiseksi saarestoksi. Mainittavimmia
taitaisi olla Wuotinkari eli Hahtikari, jossa entiseen aikaan muutamia
kalasaunoja löyty, vaan myöhemmin asetettiin turvallinen
markkinapaikka. Wainonaikana, syksyllä v. 1808, hävittivät
Ruotsalaiset tämän markkinapaikan pitäjän asukasten suureksi
onneksi, koska muuta hyvää ei ollutkan samoista markkinoista, kun
että menettivät talonpoikain tavat ja tavaran. Tällä niemellä
ammuttiin Ruotsalainen överisti Flemminki ja kaputeini Bruunkruona,
pääsiäisaattona 1808, ja kuolivat vähä aikaa jälkeen Braahessa. —
Mainittama on myös Tervonenä, jossa näihin aikohin asti on löytynyt
eräs kivistä rakettu mutkakuja Pietarinleikiksi kutsuttu. Se oli siitä
laadusta, että vaivoin osasi palata, ken kerran oli sisäytynyt. Joku
Pietari lienee sen hankkia ollut, eikä näytä sillä alustaankan muuta
mielenä olleen, kun saada siinä kesäsaikoina lystäillä. Nykyään on
se hävitetty. — Samalla niemellä saavutettiin Ruotsalainen keneraali
Lyövenjelmi, pääsiäisaikoina 1808, hevosen esinnä altansa
ammuttua. Pisin mereen pistäyvä niemi on Hyytämä, eteläpuolella
joensuuta. Tällä niemellä kävi herrasväki ennen aikausein
kesäsaikana lystäilemässä ja kasvo sillä sillon viljalta kaikenlaisia
marjoja. Lukemattomia nimiä ja muita kuvaelmia, hakatut kallioon
niemen eteläpuolella, löytään vielä muistona tästä herrasväen
käynnistä. Tästä niemestä kolme neljännestä Pohjoseen on
Hanhikiven saari. Saarella löytyy iso kivi, ympärimitaten 45
kyynärää, 9 kyynärää korkia. Hanhikivellä sanotaan muinastaikaa
olleen Wenäjän ristin ja Ruotsin ruunun ynnä muiden merkkein
hakattuna. Nyt niitä ei enään tunnu, eikä ollut tuntunu vuosina 1736
ja 1744, jollon provasti Mathesius, ensimmäisellä kerralla isä, poika
jälkimmäisellä, muutamain herrain kanssa oli Hanhikiveä
katsomassa käynyt. Myös sanotaan Hanhikivi olevan rajamerkkinä
Pyhäjoen ja Salosten pitäjäin välillä, samatekun Wasankari Pyhäjoen
ja Kalajoen. Sama Wasankari ei ole muu kun eräs hiekkaluoto, kallio
keskellä. Pyhyjoen laivasatama, Waaraniemi nimeltä onki hyvin
vaarallinen ja Harvoin laivoilta etsitty, jos ei pienemmiltä, sillä se on
amonna pohjas-, luode ja länsi-tuulillenki. Braahen kauppiailla on
täällä tervahovi ja pikiruukki, joka jälkimmäinen laitos jo kuitenki
tovista on rappiossa ollut, koska termaruukki pitäjässä viimmivuosina
on vähennyt. Luultamasti tulee tervahoville sama loppu ja koko
satamalle samate. Monta lähdettä erimakusella vedellä löytyy pitäjän
sisässä. Muutamia jousilyöntiä ylipuolella Luodontaloa
Pohjaskylässä on tavallinen terveyden lähde, jossa ei niinkän aikoja
sitte vielä seiso avaratupanen lähdehuone. Saman lähteen vesi on
lääkäreiltä tutkittu ja hyväksi kiitetty. Wielä 1813 nautittiin tätä vettä
monelta kivulaiselta ihmiseltä suureksi hyödyksi, vaan siitä ruveten
on lähde joutunut unhotuksiin.

Pyhäjokea on ennen suuremmillaki veneillä kuljettu, paitsi

hourupaikoissa. Tähjän jokea kaivautti ruunu v. 1760, Kemin
kompanialla, venekulkua varten. Weneissä kulettivat ylimaalaiset
voinsa ja muun kalunsa alas, venehin kulki pappi pitäjällä, siksikun
pitäjän maatie Maaherra, Baruuni Karpelaanin ja seurakunnan
kirkkoherran, Tohtori Westsynthiuksen ahkeroimalla ja huolella vähä
ennen v. 1790 toimeen saatiin. Mainittava asia on se, että vesi
joessa vuosi vuodelta mähenee ja vanhain tarinaa myöten ennen
meitäki on samalla tavalla vähennyt. Kuitenki on tulva vieläki hyvin
korkia keväillä. Kuivan tähden on maatietä täällä alempana
neljänneksen matkalta muuttaa aiottu. Rata uudelle tielle suinattiin ja
hakattiin Elokuussa 1816, vaan taitaa kuitenki aikoja mennä,
ennenkun saadaan valmiiksi.

Wähä paremmin, kun puolipenikulma merestä, jakaupi joki

kahtaalle ja haarain keskelle jääpi Luodon saari, jonka meriaärisessä
päässä äskenmainitulla Wuotikarilla on paikkansa. Tällä luodolla,
suuruudeltaan 1/26 osa nelikkopenikulmasta, elää yhdeksän taloa,
paitsi muita eläjiä, torppareja, mökkiläisiä ja muita semmoisia.
Luodon ylipäässä toinen toistansa rinnatusten ovat ennen mainitut
houruenot. Etelähourulla oli ennen sahamylly ja nykysemmin
tuumattiin sihen rautaruukkia saada ynnä naulapajan kanssa. Waan
siitä tuumasta ei syntynyt kun uusi jauhomylly pohjaspuolella hourua;
vanhoja löytyy usiampia eteläpuolella. Pohjashourulla on vieläki
sahamylly vaan rappeunut ja heittiönä jo päälle kymmenen vuoden
ollut. Näiltä tienoin katsellen on erittäinki meripuolinen suunta mitä
kaunihimmia. Maa sinnepäin viettävä on kaunistettu vaihtelevilta
kunnailta, laksoilta, saariloilta, putailta, vihannoilta vainioilta, hyvin
raketuilta taloilta jne. Wihdoin ennättää silmä merenrannalle
karinensa, nieminensä, saarinensa. On sitä siinä kylläki äkkinäisen
katsella. Kun vielä tyynnä kesäiltana meri toisinaan kangastelee ja
luopi etäisemmät, muuten näkymättömät louhet, saaret ja luodot
silmän näkymiin, niin siinä sillon oikein iloksensa jonkun hetken
silmiänsä sulottelee. Senlainen kangastaminen merellä tulee
valosäteiten taittumisesta veden pinnassa. Jos panet lantin
johonkuhun astiaan ja astut ulommaksi, ettet enää näe lanttia
pohjassa, niin aivan samalta seisopaikaltasi rupeat sen taasen
näkemään, jos annat jonkun toisen lyödä mettä astiaan. Siinäki
tapahtuu samanlainen valo säteiten taittamus. Kun meri kangastaa,
ennustavat Pyhäjokelaiset pohjaista myrskyä seuraavaksi päiväksi,
mutta kuitenki tuulee kyllä usein etelästä seuraavana päivänä.

Mistä Pyhäjoella lienee nimensä, on vaikia arvata. Luulisi tulleen

Pyhäjärvestä, josta joki alkaa, vaan eikö ennen lie itse järviki
nimensä Pyhäkoskesta perinyt, joka on seitsemän neljänneksen
päästä merenrannalta ylös lähtien.[7] Epäilemättä ovat täällä, kun
muuallaki tavallisesti, rantaseudut ennen sydänmaita tulleet asutuksi
ja niin Pyhä koski ennen Pyhäjärveä tutuksi joutunut. Waan kuinka
tämä koski ynnä monen muun paikan on pyhän nimen saanut, siitä
olemma tätä ennen maininneet: eikö lie tämänki seuduilla pyhiä
juhlallisia toimituksia esivanhempamme pakanallisessa uskossa
harjotettu. Seuraava tarina käypi vielä Pyhälän maasta: oli joukko
vihollisia kerran niille tienoin asettaunut ja yöksi nukkumaan
ruvenneet. Waan yöllä oli pensaita maasta kasvanut ja peittänyt
makaajat. Wartiat aamulla ei ketänä nähden rupesivat pensaita
raivaamaan, vaan samassa katkovat päät kumppaleiltansa. Sen
havattua jopa säikähtäin juoksivat pois ja huusivat mennessään; se
on pyhä paikka.

Wanhoista tiedoista on vähin uskottava, Pyhäjoen ennen muinan

Kemin pitäjän yhteyttä olleen. Myöhemmin tuli se siitä erotetuksi
yhdessä Salon pitäjän kanssa, jolla jo 1310 näyttää omituinen
kirkkoherra olleen. Wähä ennen Upsalan papiskokousta v. 1593
joutu Pyhäjoki Salosta erille. W. 1805 oli kysymys pitäjän
halkasemisesta kahdeksi, vaan johon esivalta ei sillon lupaa antanut.
Arvattamasti tulee sama kysymys ensi someliaassa tilassa
uudistettavaksi. Kansan edesmenneinä aikoina suunnattomasti
lisäynyt paljous, ylemmäisten kahden eli kolmen seurakunnan tarve
lähemmästä ja huolellisemmasta kirkkoherran hoidosta tekisi
kaikite'ki hyödylliseksi asiaksi pitäjän kahtaalle halkasemisen.
Haapajärven ja Oulaisten kappelien välille 1805 käyty raja erottaaki
jo pitäjän kahteen osaan, ylipuoleen ja alapuoleen. Koko pitäjässä
on 20 suurta kyläkuntaa, 220 mantaalia, 900 taloa, 10,000 henkeä, 6
kirkkoa. Papeista, kirkkoherroista ja kappalaisista on muualla
kirjotettu.

[7] Sana pyhä näyttää ennen vanhaan merkinneen jotai

kauhittavaista, johon oi ollut menemistä, koskemista eli muuten
sen kanssa mitään toimittamista, Suomentaja.
 Emäkirkosta.

Emäkirkon seurakunnan rajalla ovat P. Salo, I. Oulaisten ja

Merijärven kappelit, E. Kalajoki ja L. meri. Laajuudeltaan on se 5
nelintäpenikulmaa ja luetaan emäkirkon ala 6 kyläkuntaa, 46
mantaalia, 210 taloa, 2330 eläjätä. Suurimmat järvet ovat Pelkonen,
Ahmenlampi, Polus, Liminkajärvi, Wiirretjärvi ja Majavajärvi. Kirkolta
lasketaan 2½ penikulmaa polkutietä etäisimpään taloon
Liminkojassa, metsäkylä Wihannin kappelin erämaiden rajalla.
Kirkko, joka seisoo pohjaspuolella jokea likellä merenrantaa, on
rakettu v. 1593. W. 1669 kaasi eräinen kova myrsky kirkontornin ja
repi osan katostaki. Oululaiset, jotka sihen aikaan purjehtivat
lähemmin itärantaa, olisivat omilla kuluillaan uuden tornin
rakentaneet, koska oliki se heidän retkillään tarpeellinen merkki.
Waan pitäjän miehet luulivat kunniansa ja armonsa, ehkä
jumalisuutensaki siitä polkeuvan, eivätkä suanneet vieraita sihen
työhön, jonka itset v. 1671 tekivät. Sama torni on vieläki pystössä ja
on noin 100 kyynärää korkia.

Tapuli on rakettu v. 1739. Siinä on kaksi jommoistaki kirkonkelloa

somasti yhtyvillä äänillä. Sanotaan niitä ennen kolmeki olleen, vaan
yhden isonvihan aikana vihollisilta viedyksi. He olivat — hokua
myöten — kokeneet kaikkiaki saada, vaan ylös tapuliin sitä varten
noustuansa olivat surkian kyydin keiulaisilta saaneet. Kuitenki olivat
hengissä maahan päässeet ja sitte myötänsä vieneet kolmannen
kellon Merijärvelle asti, jossa se oli monen sylen syvyyteen jään alle
uponnut. Siellä luulevat lujauskoset sen vieläki olevan. Tosi kuitenki
on, että ennen kolme kelloa oli tapulissa, vaan luultavasti myötiin
kolmas, emäkirkolla joutava, kello jollekulle kappelin kirkolle.
 Merijärven kappeli.

Merijärvelle luetaan emäkirkolta 2 penikulmaa kaakossuuntaa.

Rajoina ovat P. ja I. Oulasten kappeli, E. Kalajoki ja L. emäkirkon
lääni. Koko seurakunta on kun kairana emäkirkon ja Oulaisten välillä.
Sisällänsä pitää 3 nelintä penikulmaa, 3 kyläkuntaa, 18 mantaalia,
75 taloa ja 800 eläjätä. Järvistä on jo itse Merijärvi nimitetty ja toisia
löytyy Riitalampi, Savanlampi ja Saukonjärvi. Pyhäkosken tähden,
jota veneellä ei päästä, on Merijärvestä jokeen uusi veneväylä
kaivettu, jota kutsutaan Tähjänjoeksi. Kirkolle tulee 3 neljännestä
maatiestä, neljännes maisin, 2 vesitse Merijärveä.

Oulaisten kappeli.

Oulaisille luetaan 4 penik. itäänpäin emäkirkolta. Rajoina P.

emäkirkko ja Salo, I. Haapajärvi, lou. Kalajoki ja Merijärvi.
Suuruudeltaan 4 nelintäpenik., 4 kyläkuntaa, 40 mantaalia, 190
taloa, eläjätä. Suurimmat järvet tässä seurakunnassa ovat Piipsjärvi,
Niitunlampi, Kallisjärvi ja Wiitajärvi, viimmenen puoliksi Kalajoen
sisässä. Enin osa seurakuntaa on maatien vaiheilla. Seurakunta sai
oman kirkon v. 1682.

Haapajärven kappeli.

Haapajärven kirkolle tulee 7 penik. emäkirkolta itäänpäin. Rajoina

P. Oulaisten kappeli ja Siikajoki, I. Siikajoki, E. Kärsämäki ja Kalajoki,
L. Oulaisten seurakunta. Järviä kappelin sisässä ovat itse
Haapajärvi, kahden neljänneksen pitkä, yhden leviä, Watjusjärvi,
Ainali, Osmanki, Korkatti, Rytky, Mäyrä ja Pirmisjärvi. Penikulman
matkan Haapajärvestä ylöspäin on saari Pyhäjoessa, Keräjäsaari
nimeltään. Sillä saarella sanotaan muinen Wenäjän ja Ruotsin vallan
asiamiesten tähdellisistä valtakunnan asioista välillänsä
keskustelleen. Tämä seurakunta on erittäinki koko pitäjässä
maisemiltaan kaunis. Järvenrannat ovat yleiseen korkiat ja niillä
kauniita taloja. Maatie kulkee tämänki seurakunnan halki.
Äärimmäisiin talohin I. ja E. tulee 2½ penik. kirkolta polkuteitä taikka
vesimatkaa. Haapajärven luullaan olevan vanhin Pyhäjoen kappeli,
vaikk' ei kuitenkan seurakunnalla vielä m. 1689 ollut omituista
pappia, niinkuin samana muonna kirjotetusta Acta visitationis on
nähtävä, jossa "Haapajärveläiset anoivat saada pappia heidän
kirkollansa asumaan".

Kärsämäen ja Pyhäjärven kappeleista tällä kerralla emme voi

antaa tämmöisiäkän tietoja. Jos vasta saisimma niin niistä kun
muistaki paikoista Suomessa täydellisempiäki tietoja, niin
mielellämme präntäyttäisimmä.

Kuolasta 16 Helmikuuta 1837.

Post varios casus, varia et discrimina rerum

Stetimus hic tandem — — —

Muusta matkastani tällä kertaa en huoli'kan mainita, vaan ainoasti

muutamilla sanoilla kirjottaa Suomalaisten ja Lappalaisten
asuntopaikoista ja rajoista näillä seuduin. Kotoa matkaan
antautessani luulin suomalaisia kyliä löytyvän sillä saarennollaki,
jonka rajoittaa pohjaspuolelta Jäämeri, itäpuolelta Walkiameri
etelätse Wienameri ja Kantalahti, lännetse vastamainittu lahti,
Imantrajärvi, Kuolajärvi, Kuolajoki ja niiden välimanteret. Wielä luulin
Petsoran maallaki, Wienan kaupungista itäänpäin, Suomalaisia
paikoitse asukselevan, koska kartasta katsoen siellä löytyy
suomalaisia nimiä, esimerkiksi Kylmäjoki, Elmajoki, Usajoki,
Jeletsjoki, Kolvajoki jne, jotka näyttää tavallisista suomalaisista
nimistä Kylmajoki, Ilmajoki, Uusijoki, Jäletjoki, Kolvajoki tulleen.
Waan täällä ja matkallani ylöspäin tarkemmin asiata tiedusteltuani,
edellämainitulla saarennolla ei asu, kun harvakselta Lappalaisia ja
Petsoran maalla ei muuta, kun Samojeetalaisia. Heitä siis en ni
kehtaa'kan paikalla katselemaan lähteä, jolla toimeni, Suomen
runoja ja muita semmoisia kerätä, tulisi kehnosti täytetyksi, vaan sen
siasta lähden täältä Suomen puolelle Inaran seuduille ja siitä rajaa
myöten eteläksi Pääjärven paikoille, josta taasen käännyn Wenäjän
Karjalaan Tuoppajärven ja Alakuittijärven itärantoja Kemin linnaan
saati seuraten. Niin sieltä taasen lähden Suomen rajoja kohti ja tulen
Toukokuun alussa viikoksi eli kahdeksi Kajaaniin, kesävaatteisiin
muuttaumaan. Siitä sitte matkaun rajaa myöten Sortavalan
kaupunkiin saati ja luultavasti edelle Aunuksen maalle. Sillä tavoin
Wienassa eli Arkankelissa en tule'kan käymään, vaikka esinnä aion.
Se matka vaan suotta veisi minulta kaksi eli kolme viikkoa, ettei siitä
olisi muuta hyötyä, kun vähäsen itselleni, jos voisin oppia paremmin
Wenäjän kieltä sillä ajalla puhumaan. Täällä ja kylissä Kannanlahden
rannalla olen mainittua kieltä viikkokauden lukenut ja kirjottanut, jotta
puhe jo alkaa jotensa'ki käydä, vaan peräti toisin, kun tavallisesti
tapahtuu. Muut oppivat esinnä ymmärtämään, siitä puhumaan outoa
kieltä, vaan itse olen oppinut ennen puhumaan, kun oikein
ymmärtämään, mitä toiset puhuvat. Sentähdenpä isäntäni, kun
muuten en saa tolkkua, välistä kirjottaa sanat paperille, josta
paremmin älyän. Ilman, on minulla ollut kyllin kielien kanssa näinä
aikoina tekemistä. Kylissä Kannanlahden länsirannalla puhuttiin
enimmäksi Wenäjän kieltä, harvat Suomen eli Karjalan kieltä,
Kannanlahden päästä pohjaseen tuli Lappi vastaan ja Kuolassa
puhutaan Wenäjätä, paitsi mitä kaksi eli kolme miestä, jotka ovat
tänne Karjalan kylistä muuttauneet, vähin puhuvat suomeaki. Tohtori
taasen puhuu latinata ja Kommentantin roua saksaa. Niin on minulla
välistä neljän eli viiden kielen kanssa yhtaikaa tekemistä. Jotta
sillätavoin toisinaan naurattavia sekannuksia ja erhetyksiä tapahtuu,
on kyllä arvattava asia. Niin kysyi muutamana päivänä isäntäni
minulta Wenäjästi, jos minulla oli vaimoa. Waan kun hän paremmin
älytäkseni, eli muutenko, ei käyttänyt venäläistä sanaa sjena, vaimoa
merkitsemään, vaan juutilaisen eli ruialaisen sanan kona, niin
älysinki kysymyksen, kun olisi hevosia (конь) vaarantanut ja sanoin
kaksiki itselläni kodissa olevan. Roua, joka myös oli huoneessa,
silmäili esinnä pitkältä minua ja sitte, asiasta oikian tolkun saatua,
rupesi nauramaan, jotta ei tahtonut loppua tulla.

Waan näistä ja muista mainitessani, jopa peräti unohdan asian,

josta esinnä rupesin kirjottamaan. Niin on siiis viimmenen
suomalainen kylä, Wenäjän puolella rajaa, Tumtsa Pääjärven
pohlaspäässä Suomen pitäjän, Kuusamon, pohjaspäätä kohti. Siitä,
jos suoraan lähdet Kannanlahden päähän, ei ole yhtäkän kylää
välillä, eikä pohjaspuolella sitä liniata ollenkan suomalaisia kyliä,
harvassa likimmäisillä seuduilla eteläpuolellesi. Tavalliset taipalet
kylien välillä ovat 2, 3 ja 4 penikuormaa. Rantakylissä Wienamerta
vasten puhutaan kaikissa Wenäjän kieltä, harvat malttavat karjalata
eli suomea. Semmoisia kyliä mainitulla rannalla löytyy 1. Kieretti,
siitä 40 virstaa luoteesenpäin 2. Mustajoki (venäj. Tjsernarieka), 20
virstan päässä yhtä suuntaa 3. Kouta, siitä pohjaseen 30 virstan
matkalla 4. Knäsöi ja viimmeseksi koillista suunta 5. Kannanlaksi,
taasen 30 virstaa matkattua. Niin tällä 120 virstan pituudella ja itsellä
meren rannalla ei ole, kun viisi kylää, vaikka kyllä Kieretti ja Kouta
ovatki suuria, kun Kajaanin kaupunki. Wähän pienempi on
Kannanlaksi, ja Mustajoki ja Knäsöi vielä pienempiä, noin 30 eli 40
talosta. Mitä vähä ulompana meren rannasta pienosia kyliä löytyy,
niissä kaikissa paajitaan (puhutaan) karjalaksi, vaikkei ole'kan niissä
sitä miestä, tuskin pientä poikanalikkaakan, joka ei keralla sokertelisi
Wenäjänki kieltä. Karjalan runot ovat niissä pian kokonansa
hävinneet ja Wenäjän tavalliset pajahdusvirret niiden siaan tulleet. —
——

Mehiläisen Toimittajalle.

Kunnioitettama Wirka-veli! Eihän mehiläinen inhonne ko'ota mettä

vierailta kukka-ke'oilta, sentähten toivon Mehiläisennekin suostuvan
ventoon kirjallisuuteen. "Myrsky" on käännetty tarinasta: Мореходъ
Никишинъ сог: Александра Марлинскаго. Jos kuukaus-kirjassanne
tilaa lienee, ja tämä koet kelvannee, anon nöyrästi painattamaan
siihen. Ansaisi Kaunis-kirjallisuus Suomenkin kielessä, luuloani
myöten, enemmin tarkauutta kuin tähän asti on nähty. Sen kauttahan
muut täydellisimmiksi viljellyt kielet lieneet saaneet arvonsa,
ihanuudensa.

Narvan Linnassa 11/23 Helmik. 1837.

Cn. Sr.

Myrsky.

(Wenäjästä).
 Tuuli tuhahti, kiihtyi, väki kohta. Maininki vieri mäkinä, vetelät mäet
muuttuit jyrkiksi alloiksi, ja meri rupesi kohajamaan kuin vesi
suuressa kattilassa ennen kiehumistaan. Aurinko laskisiin tulisiin
pilviin, koko länsi kiehu ikään-kuin veressä, tuttu merkki myrskyksi;
säteihen puotessa hiiluvalle sinille, vierevälle viherjälle, lipai lainet
lasina, palo kuin pilvi salamasta, ja sammu, ja pimeni, ja upposi
survattu toiselta.

Ja yö peitti taivaan raskailla pilvillä, ja pilvet vierivät lainetten

tavalla, ja meren pinnalla oli yhtäläinen melu kuin taivaankin. Wihuri
paino, myllysi, pirsko utuja ja altoja. Wälistä avasit mustat pilvet
tulisen kitansa, jossa pitkäsen ota loisti; välistä nielasit valkia-
harjaset allot pauhinalla vuotavan aluksen ja syöksit sen uudestaan
povestaan. Wettä kerittiin tuskin mättää haaksesta. Purjeet olit jo
raivatut, kuitenkin tärisit mastot, tuulelta vimmasti muokatut: alus
lensi, hurjan hevosen tavalla tupruten, ja meri-miehistä näkyi joka
silmän-räpäyksellä — nyt, nyt se uppoaa! Ja äkkiästi jyrähti heidän
päänsä päällä ukkonen: tuli leimahti halenneen taivaan-kannen
kaikissa raoissa ja samassa ajan-rahdussa jysähti alto, paiskattu
myrskyltä, esihankaa vasten. Haaksi joi kuolemaa: silmän-räpäys oli
hirmuinen. Meri-miesten ympärillä kohisi tulinen koski: he sulkit
huikastut silmänsä, ikänänsä ei arvataksensa…

Mutta raju väsy julmuudestaan. Tuuli lankesi keralla. — Luonto

kuin ihminen, eli, paremmin sanottu, ihminen kuin luonto, on
kesänään pikanen ja myrskynen — ajan-rahdun. Ukkosen tulelta
pilvet ikään-kuin sulattiin sateeksi, ja kuu lävähti, umeessa uituansa,
ilosesti vahvuuden pimillä; ainoastaan taivaan-rannalla joukkoiliksit
pilvet pakolaisena. Huhdotut laineilta katosit hekin, ehkä jurolla,
uhkaavalla muodolla; altot vielä kävelit ristin rastin ja tunkeilit
keskenänsä muinasten vihollisten tavalla, jotka sodankin lopetettua,
vielä ryhtyyvät riitan, sammuttaaksensa veristä janoansa ja
jäähyttääksensä tottumisesta kytyvätä tappelu-kiimaansa. Waan
kohta vuosit laineet laviaan laimiin ja sen selällä kärmeeliit vaahen
valkiat hivukset, äsken altoin harjalla liehuttuansa. Juovina vetisiit ne
veden aavalla, himiällä pinnalla, ikään-kuin sukukuntain jälet elämän
merellä. Katosi vaahtikin, ja tyynen sini peitti meren kasvot. Se
huokaili jo raskaasti ja harvoon kuolevan tavalla, ja vihdoin aamu-
puolella heitti se sumuna hengensä, sillä ikään-kuin kuvaillakseen —
"kaiken jalon maan päällä huokuvan ainoastaan myrskyillä, ja kaiken
jalon lopun olevan käärityn, niin tekiälle kuin katsojalle,
tiettämättömyyden pimiästä udusta kudottuun kuollo-paitaan."

Koi kylvi ruusunsa kannelle, meri rusotti, alus torkku laineella.

—n. —r.

Satuja.

1. Hirvi ja Sarvensa.

Hirvi lähteen partaalla seisoen katseli kuvaansa ja sano: "voi

kuinka olenki kaunis! ja nuo julkiset sarvet; semmoisiapa ei ole itsellä
jalopeurallakan. Jalkani ainoastaan ovat vähä hoikkalännät ja
auttaisivatpa ne lyhempänäki." Samassa tuli jousimies koirinensa.
Hirvi juoksi pakoon ja ennättiki kuinka kauas koirilta, niin kauan kun
lakiata kesti, vaan metsässä estivät sarvet, ja koirat tavaten purivat
hänen kuoliaksi. Wähä ennen kuolematansa oli sillon hirvi lausunut:
"voi typeryyttäni! jalat, joita äsken moitin, minun pelastivat, sarvet,
joita kiitin, saattivat surman suuhun."

Kiitä huomenna hevoista, vuonna toissa morsianta.

2. Karhu ja Jalopeura.

Karhu ja jalopeura tapasivat hirven ja alkoivat niellä saaliistaan.

Waan heidän kiivahimmallaan riidellessä ja riidasta viimmen
tappeloon yhdyttyä juoksi hirvi tiehensä. Jonkun ajan tapeltuahan
vasta havatsivat, ettei hirveä enää ollut missänä.

Hyväpä, jos sillä tavalla useinki riiteliäin kä'visi!

Suomen kansan Arvutuksia.

1. Kaksi uppia merellä, toinen nousee, toinen laskee.

2. Lautta pyörii, salko vetää.

3. Wiipsinpuu Wirosta tuotu, alla aian käänteleksen.

4. Neljä kantaa, neljä antaa, kaksi katsoo, kaksi kuuntelee, kaksi

tietä raivaa, yksi koiria hosuu.

5. Mies merellä hakkaa, tänne lastut kimpuaa.

Osviittoja. 1. Kuu ja aurinko. 2. Käsikivi (jau- haissa). 3. Käärme.

4. Lehmä. 5. Lumisade.
 Suomen kansan Sanalaskuja.

1. Kyllä syötävä kuluu, otettava onnahtaa.

Pahoin sentähden tekee, joka ei kuluvan siaan hanki uutta.

2. Joka tauloa tekee, monta vaivaa näkee, monta koivua kokee,

pökkelöä pönnistää.

Näillä sanoilla vertailee moniki toisilta pieniksi, mitättömiksi

katsotuita töitänsä.

3. Jolla vaimo, sillä vaiva; jolla lapsi, sillä kaksi.

Niinkö ainaki lienee?

4. Jo on suussa suksen voie, tallella talipalanen.

Niin sanoo köyhä kansa elämästään, joka ei juuri liene'kän paljon

maksavainen, koska suksen voide'ki on pitänyt ruoaksi menettää.

5. Itse kiitän itseäni, kun ei muut minua kiitä, itse mä tapani

tunnen.

Älytön vaan ei ollut sekän, joka tämän sanalaskun jälkeen

käyttihen.
Jopa muuten olisi tainnut saada peräti kiitoksetta elää.

6. Ei liikkuva vaihate liikkumattomaan.

Huvempi ja hyödyllisempi usein onki liikkeellä olla, kun yksien

seinäin sisässä asua.
 7. Juoksevi hyvä hevonen uuen kellon toiviolla.

Palkinnon toivo muuttaa kevyiksi vaikiammatki toimitukset.

8. Kiertää ja kaartaa, kun lempo lautamiestä.

Emme tiedä, missä tilassa Lempo lautamiestä kiersi, vaan niin on

tapa sanoa, kun jolta kulta ei saa oikein rauhassa olla.

MEHILÄINEN W. 1837.
Kesäkuulta.

Tanssin Synty.

Ei oo Tanssi minun rotima,

Eikä toisen kumppalini;
Tanssi on tuotu tuolta maalta,
Kisa taampata taluttu:
Wienan päälliltä vesiltä, 5
Saksan salmilta syviltä.
 Eipä vielä sieltäkänä,
Ei perän pereäkänä;
Tanssi on tuotu tuonempata,
Kisa taampata taluttu: 10
Alta Wiipurin vihannan,
Alta suuren Suomen linnan.

Eipä Wielä sieltäkänä,

Ei perän pereäkänä;
Tanssi on tuotu tuonempata, 15
Kisa taampata taluttu:
Takoa Tanikan linnan,
Uuen linnan ulkopuolin,
Pietarin pihoja myöten,
Kautta Wiipurin mihannan. 20

Winku Wiipurin veräjät,

Nauku Narman linnan portit,
Tanssia taluttaessa,
Ilokasta tuotaessa.
Hevoset hikoveessä, 25
Warsat vaahessa samosi,
Tanssia taluttaessa,
Ilokasta tuotaessa.

Wesi tippu vempelestä,

Rasva rahkehen nenästä, 30
Tanssia kaluttaessa,
Nokasta tuotaessa.

Reki lautanen ratsasi,

Kapla patvinen patsasi,
Jalas koivunen kolasi, 35
Luokki tuominen tutisi,
Tanssia taluttaessa,
Ilokasta tuotaessa.

Pyyhyet vihertelivät
Wesasilla vempelillä, 40
Oravat samoelivat
Aisoilla vaahterisilla,
Tetryet kukertelivat
Korjan kirjavan kokalla,
Tanssia taluttaessa, 45
Ilokasta tuotaessa.

Kannot hyppi kankahalla,

Mäellä pelmusi petäjät,
Kivet rannalle rakosi,
Someret siottelihen, 50
Tanssia taluttaessa,
Ilokasta tuotaessa.

Lehmät partensa levitti,

Härät katko kytkyensä,
Naiset kaikki naurusuulla, 55
Emännät ilolla mielin,
Tanssia taluttaessa,
Ilokasta tuotaessa.

Herrat nosti hattuahan,

Kuninkaat kypäriähän, 60
Miehet mieli muutuksihin,
Pojat puoli pyörryksihin,