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pradeepshringiPinnacle Geometry
Geometry
.
Lines
. Perpendicular Line :- When two lines on the same plane
4
OINT :- Point is a circle having zero radius. It is usually
P intersect each other and form a 90° angle at the point of
represented by a dot (.) . intersection, they are known to be perpendicular lines.
Type of Points
Collinear Points Non -Collinear Point
oints are said to be collinear T
P he points do not existonthe
when a set of three or more same straight line.
points exist on the same
straight line. Angles
hemeasureofthe'opening'betweentwolines/raysiscalledan
T
'angle'. It is represented by the symbol “∠”.
Parts of Angle :-
Note :-From a point, an infinite number of linescan be drawn.
LINE :- A line is a straight one-dimensionalfigurethatdoesnot
ave a thickness, and it extends endlessly in both directions.
h
Types of Line
Types of Angle
.ParallelLine:-Apairoftwolinesthatareonthesameplaneand
1
the distance between them is equal and remains constant.
Note:These lines do not intersect with each other.
i.e.
. Transversal Lines :- A line which cuts parallel lines at a
2
distinct point, as shown in the figure below.
Pair of Angles
1)Complementary Angles :-Sum of two angles is equal to90°.
● F isthetransversalline.ABandCDareparallellines.
E
Symbolofparallellinesis‘||’.Todenotealinesymbols
like𝐴 𝐵or simply AB are used.
.IntersectingLine:-Whentwoormorepairsoflinesareonthe
3
sameplaneandintersecteachotheratonegivenpoint,theyare
known as intersecting lines. ) Supplementary Angles :- Sum ofthetwoanglesisequalto
2
180°. E.g.∠1 + ∠2=180°,∠4 + ∠3=180°etc.
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Pinnacle Geometry
𝑥 + 11𝑥 = 180
4
⇒ 15𝑥 = 180⇒ 𝑥 = 12
∠1 = 48°, and ∠2 = 132°
∠7 = ∠3 = ∠1 = 48°
∠8 = ∠4 = ∠2 = 132°
3) Linear pair of Angles :- A linear pair of angles is apairof xample :- In the given figure, p || q and I is a transversal
E
djacentanglesformedwhentwolinesintersecteachotherata
a cuttingpandqwithanglesasspecified.Thevalueof(5x-y)
point. is :
Linear pair of angles V/S Supplementary Angles :-
RRC Group - D 06/09/2022 (Evening)
( a) 60 (b) 40 (c) 96 (d) 116
Solution :- When two lines are parallel then corresponding
When a transversal line intersects two parallel lines :- angles are equal
So, 6𝑥+ y =𝑥+ 5y
4𝑦
5𝑥= 4y⇒ 𝑥=
5
n a straight line sum of angles = 180°
O
So, 4𝑥+ 6𝑥+ y = 180°
10𝑥+ y = 180° …..(1)
By putting value of𝑥in equation (1)
1)Corresponding Angles :- 8y + y = 180° so, y = 20°
1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6,∠4 = ∠8, ∠3 = ∠7
∠ 4×20°
And𝑥= = 16°
5
)Alternate Angles :-
2 Then the value of 5𝑥- y = 16° × 5 - 20° = 60°
(∠1 = ∠7), (∠2 = ∠8), (∠4 = ∠6), (∠3 = ∠5)
) Vertically opposite angles :-
3 I f three or more parallel lines are intersected by two
(∠1 = ∠3), (∠2 = ∠4), (∠6 = ∠8), (∠5 = ∠7) transversals -
4) Adjacent angles:- ∠1 + ∠2 = 180° inthiscaseastheseare
linear pairs. It is not necessary that their sum should be180°.
)Co-Interior angles :-Sum of Interior angles onsame side
5
= 180°. E.g. ∠3 + ∠6 = 180° , ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°. The angle
made by bisectors of interior angle will be90°.
𝑃𝑄 𝐸𝐹
Results→
=
𝑅
𝑄 𝐺
𝐹
Example:- Inthegivenfigure, 𝑙 ∥ mandtisatransversal.If
1and∠2areintheratio4:11,themeasuresoftheangles
∠
∠7 and ∠8 , respectively, are :
Triangles
RRC Group D 09/09/2022 (Morning)
A triangle has three sides, three angles, and three vertices.
( a) 110° and 70° ( b) 87° and 93°
(c) 132° and 48° (d) 65° and 115°
Solution :- Types of Triangles
Ratio of ∠1 and ∠2 = 4 : 11
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Pinnacle Geometry
(b) The difference between the lengths of any two sides of a
By Side By Angle
t riangle is always less than the length of the third side
• AB - BC < AC
• AB - AC < BC
• BC - AC < AB
( c)Let ABC be a triangle with sides a, b, c.
If c²= a² + b², then the angle at C is a right angle.
If c² < a² + b², then the angle at C is acute angle.
If c² > a² + b², then the angle at C is obtuse angle.
ngle Side Inequality:-
A
(a) The side opposite to the largest angle of a triangle is the
largest side.
(b)The side opposite to the smallest angle is theshortest side.
Example:- In a triangle ABC, the three angles arex, y and Exterior Angle property:- Any exterior angle of the triangle is
y + 10. Also, 2x - 4y = 20°. Which type of triangle is ABC? qualtothesumofitsinterioroppositeangles.Thisiscalledthe
e
SSC CGL 26/07/2023 (3rd shift)
exterior angle property of a triangle.
(a) Equilateral (b) Obtuse (c) Acute (d) Right-angled
• ∠ACD =∠A
BC +∠C
AB (Exterior Angle Property)
Solution :-According to question,
𝑥+𝑦+ (𝑦+ 10) = 180°
𝑥+ 2𝑦= 170° …….(1)
2𝑥 − 4𝑦
= 20°⇒ 𝑥− 2𝑦= 10° ……..(2)
By solving both equations, we get
170°+10°
𝑥= = 90°
2
So, triangle ABC is a right angled triangle.
Example :-In the given triangle, CD is the bisectorof∠BCA.
D = DA. If∠BDC = 76°, what is the degree measureof∠CBD
C
Special cases of a Right-angled triangle :- ?
Isosceles Right - angled Scalene Right - angled
triangle triangle
• 45° - 45° - 90° triangle • 30° - 60° - 90 triangle
• The angles of this triangle • The angles of this triangle SC CGL 01/12/2022 (4th Shift)
S
are in the ratio – 1 : 1 : 2 are in the ratio – 1: 2: 3 (a) 32° (b) 76° (c) 80° (d) 66°
• The sides of this triangle will • The sides opposite to these Solution :-
be in the ratio – 1 : 1 : √2 angles will be in the ratio Exterior angle of a triangle isequaltoSumoftwoopposite
respectively. – 1 : √3 : 2 respectively interior angles.
Properties of Triangles
In∆𝐶𝐷𝐴
∠𝐷𝐶𝐴 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 ……..( DC = DA )
∠D
CA +∠D
AC = 76° ……..(exterior angle )
x° + x° = 76° ⇒ x° = 38°
Now, ∠𝐷𝐶𝐴 = ∠𝐷𝐶𝐵 = 38°…. ( CD is angle bisectorof∠C
)
Now , In∆𝐶𝐵𝐷
AngleSumProperty:-Thesumofanglesofatriangleisalways
∠𝐷𝐶𝐵+∠𝐶𝐵𝐷+∠𝐵𝐷𝐶= 180°
80°.
1
⇒ 38°+∠𝐶𝐵𝐷+ 76° = 180°⇒ ∠𝐶𝐵𝐷= 66°
• ∠ABC +∠BAC +∠A
CB = 180° (Angle sum property)
● In a triangle ABC, angle bisector of interior angle C and
riangle inequality :-
T
∠𝐴
(a)Thesumofthelengthofanytwosidesofatriangleisgreater exterior angle B meet at E, then∠BEC =
2
than the length of the third side.
• AB + BC > AC
• AB + AC > BC
• BC + AC > AB
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Pinnacle Geometry
xample :-In the given figure, AD is bisector ofangle ∠CAB
E Area of Triangle :-The area of a triangle is theregion occupied
and BD is bisector of angle ∠CBF. If the angle at C is 34°, the y the triangle in 2d space.
b
angle ∠ADB is:
1
Area = × Base× Height
2
In∆ABD,
𝐻 𝐻
sinD = or AD =
𝐴𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷
SC CHSL 13/10/2020 (Morning)
S General Formula:
(a) 34° (b) 32° (c) 17° (d) 16°
1
Area = × b× c× sinD
1 2
Solution :-∠ADB = ∠ACB 1
2
= × a× c× sinC
1 2
∠ADB = × 34° = 17° 1
2
= × a× b× sinA
2
● In∆ ABC, AE is angle Bisector of∠A and AD⊥ BC
1
then∠DAE = |∠𝐶 − ∠𝐵| Example :-Find the area of a triangle whose lengthof two
2 ides are 4 cm and 5 cm and the angle between them is 45°.
s
SSC CPO 04/10/2023 (2nd Shift)
2 2 2 2
( a)7 2𝑐 𝑚 (b)4 2𝑐 𝑚 (c)6 2𝑐 𝑚 (d) 5 2𝑐 𝑚
Solution :-According to the question,
1
Sine rule = × a × b × sinፀ (By using the formula)
2
1 1
rea of triangle = × 4 × 5 ×
A =5 2
2 2
Example :-In ΔABC, ∠B = 78°, AD is a bisector of∠A meeting Formulas of triangle :-
C at D, and AE⊥BC at E. If ∠DAE = 24°, then the measure of
B
∠ACB is:
SSC CGL Tier II (29/01/2022)
(a) 32° (b) 38° (c) 30° (d) 42°
Solution :-
In case of equilateral triangle,
3
• Area(A) = (side)2
4
As we know,
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
1 • Inradius(r) =
( ∠ABC – ∠ACB) = ∠DAE 2 3
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
⇒ (78° – ∠ACB) = 24° • circumradius(R) =
2 3
8° – ∠ACB = 48°
7
3
• height(H) = side
×
∠ACB = 78° – 48° = 30° 2
Height andBaseofTriangle:-Theheightofatriangleisequal Example:-The perimeter of an equilateral triangleis 36 m and
t o the length of the perpendicular droppedfromavertextoits t he length of its altitude is 6 3m. The area oftriangle is:
opposite side, and this side is considered the base. RRB NTPC CBT - I 03/02/2021 (Morning)
2 2 2 2
( a) 36 3𝑚
(b) 18𝑚 (c) 24𝑚 (d) 12𝑚
Solution :-
Perimeter of equilateral triangle = 36 m
36
Each Side of triangle = = 12𝑚,
3
3
3 2
ythagoras Theorem :- Inaright-angledtriangle,thesquareof
P Area of triangle = (side)2 = × 12 × 12= 36 3𝑚
4 4
the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.
xample :- An equilateral triangle has sides of18cmeach.
E
The ratio of the inradius to circumradius of the triangle is:
SSC CHSL 14/08/2023 (4th Shift)
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 2
Solution :-
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Pinnacle Geometry
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 • circumradius(R) =
Inradius of equilateral∆ = 4×𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2 3
2
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2
𝑏
circumradius of equilateral∆ = • height(h) = 𝑎 − 4
3
Required ratio = 1 : 2
xample :- ΔPQR is an isosceles triangleandPQ=PR=2a
E
unit, QR = a unit. Draw PX 丄QR, and find the length of PX.
• IfPisanypointinsideanequilateraltriangle,thenthesumof
SSC CGL 06/12/2022 (4th Shift)
perpendiculars drawn from point P to sides AB, BC and AC is
equal to the height of the triangle. 5𝑎 0𝑎
1 5𝑎
1
(a) 5a (b) (c) (d)
2
2
2
Solution :-
3
ℎ1 +ℎ2 +ℎ3 = a
2
Where a = side of equilateral triangle
In an isosceles triangle , perpendicular drawn on the base
f rom the opposite vertex bisect the base.
Example:-‘O’ is a point in the interior of an equilateraltriangle.
𝑎
he perpendicular distance from 'O' to the sides are √3 cm ,
T QX = XR =
2
2√3cm, 5√3 cm. The perimeter of the triangle is: In right angle triangle PQX,
SSC CGL 13/12/2022 (4th Shift)
2
(a) 48 cm (b) 32 cm (c) 24 cm (d) 64 cm 2 𝑎 2 15𝑎
PX = (2𝑎) − ( 2 ) =
Solution :- 4
15𝑎
=
2
• If P is a point on the side BC and DP II AC &EP II AB then
DP + EP = AB = AC
2
Side (a) = (ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3)
3
2
= ( 3+ 2 3+ 5 3) = 16 cm
3
Perimeter of equilateral triangle = 3 × a = 48 cm
In case of scalene triangle :-
• IfPisanypointinsidetheequilateraltriangleandPFIIAB,PD
II AC, PE II CB.
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Semi-perimeter (s) =
2
• Area(A) = 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )
PD + PE + PF = AB = BC = CA.
In case of right angle triangle :-
In case of isosceles triangle :-
1
• Area(A) = × Base × height
𝐵𝐶 2 2 2
• Area(A) = 4𝐴 𝐵 − 𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟+𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
4
• Inradius(r) =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 2
• Inradius(r) = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
• circumradius(R) =
2
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Pinnacle Geometry
Example:-A circle of radius 4 cm is drawn inscribedin a right erimeteris170cm.IfangleABC=60°,theshortestsideof
p
ngle triangle ABC, right angled at C. If AC = 12 cm, then the
a triangle ABC measures_____cm.
value of CB is: SSC CPO 16/03/2019 (Evening)
(a) 17 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 21
Solution :-
a + b + 80 = 170
SC CGL 25/07/2023 (4th shift)
S
(a) 8 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 16 cm
Solution :- a + b = 90⇒ a = 90 - b
Pythagoras triplets:-( 12,1
6,2
0)
rom cosine rule
F
Using hit and trial method , 2 2 2
𝑎 +80 −𝑏
AC = 12 cm , BC = 16 cm and AB = 20 cm Cos60 ° =
2×80×𝑎
16+1
2−2
0
Inradius = = 4 cm ….(satisfy) 0(90 - b) =(90 − 𝑏) + 80 − 𝑏
8
2 2 2
2
7200 - 80b = 8100 - 180b + 6400
100b = 7300 ⇒ b = 73
Sine rule :-
a = 90 - 73 = 17
Some Important Result of Angle Bisector
When bisect internally :
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=
= =2R
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐶
Where R = circumradius of triangle
Example:-Inatriangle,iftheanglesareintheratio1:2:3,
t hen the ratio of the corresponding sides is: 𝑄
𝑃 𝑆
𝑄 𝑄
𝑃 𝑃𝑅
Selection Post 04/08/2022 (4th Shift) = or =
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑅 𝑄𝑆 𝑅
𝑆
(a) 1 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 2 : √3 (c) 1 : √3 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 : 3 HerePSistheinternalanglebisectorandacommonsideofthe
Solution :- Let the angles of a triangle be x, 2xand 3x , ATQ, x t riangles∆𝑃𝑄𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑∆𝑃𝑆𝑅.
+ 2x + 3x = 180°
180
6x = 180°⇒ x = = 30°
6 xample:-In△ABC,AD,thebisectorof∠A,meetsBCatD.If
E
ow,
N BC = a, AC = b and AB = c, then BD - DC =
2x = 2 × 30° = 60°⇒ 3x = 3 × 30° = 90° SSC CHSL 03/07/2019 (Afternoon)
So, we have following triangle; 𝑎𝑐 𝑎( 𝑐 +𝑏) 𝑎( 𝑐 −𝑏) 𝑎𝑏
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐−𝑏 𝑐+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
olution:- BC = a cm
S
Let BD = x, DC = a - x
Using sine rule, we have;
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=
= = K
𝑠𝑖𝑛30° 𝑠 𝑖𝑛60° 𝑠 𝑖𝑛90°
1
3
a : b : c = K : : K = 1 : 3: 2
K
2 2 We know that, if AD is bisector of ∠BAC then,
So, the required ratio = 1 : 3: 2 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵𝐷 𝑐 𝑥
𝐴𝐶
= 𝐷𝐶
𝑏
⇒=
𝑎−𝑥
𝑎𝑐
Cosine rule :- ⇒ ac - cx = bx ⇒ x =
𝑏+𝑐
2 2 2
𝑐 +𝑏 −𝑎 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑏
CosA = ⇒ DC = a - x⇒ DC = a - =
2𝑏 𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
2 2 2 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑎( 𝑐 −𝑏)
CosB =
𝑐 +𝑎 −𝑏 BD - DC =
𝑏+𝑐
- 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑐+𝑏
2𝑎 𝑐
2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑐
CosC =
2𝑎
𝑏 When bisect externally :-
Example:-Side AB of a triangle ABC is 80 cm long,whose
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Pinnacle Geometry
7x = 216 ⇒ x = 8
2
So, length of SR = 18 - 8 = 10 cm
length of angle bisector→
2
𝑃𝑆 = PQ × PR - QS × SR
2
= 12 × 15 - 8 × 10⇒ 𝑃𝑆 = 180 - 80
𝑄
𝑃 𝑄𝑆 ⇒ PS = 100⇒ PS = 10 cm
=
𝑃𝑅 𝑆
𝑅
PS is the external angle bisector.
(ii)
xample:-InatriangleABCAB:AC=5:2.BC=9cm.BAis
E
produced to D, and the bisectoroftheAngleCADmeetsBC
produced at E. What is the length (in cm)
of CE?
SSC CGL 13/08/2021 (Afternoon)
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 3
Solution :- 2𝑎
𝑏.𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ
Length of angle bisector(AD) =
𝑎+𝑏
(iii)
As AEistheexternalanglebisectorsoitdividetheopposite
ides in the ratio of the corresponding sides
s
Therefore,
𝐵
𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 5 𝐸+9
𝐶
= ⇒ = ⇒ CE = 6 cm
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐸
2 𝐸
𝐶
AD = angle bisector of∠A
ow to find length of angle bisector :-
H 2
𝐴 𝐷 = BD × DC - AB × AC
(i)
Centers of The Triangle
Incentre(r): The point of intersection of angle bisectors of a
t riangle.
1.
AD = angle bisector of∠A
2
𝐴 𝐷 = AB × AC - BD × DC
Example:-Thebisectorof ∠Q PRof△PQRmeetsthesideQR
∠𝐴 𝐵
∠ 𝐶
∠
t S. If PQ = 12 cm, PR = 15 cm and QR=18cm,thenthe
a ∠BIC = 90◦ + ,∠A
IC = 90◦ + ∠A
IB = 90◦ +
2
2
2
length of SR and PS is:-
NTPC CBT II (14/06/2022) 2nd Shift
(a) 10, 10 (b) 12, 5 (c) 8, 7 (d) 13, 15 Example:-In∆ABC,theinternalbisectorsof ∠ABCand∠ACB
Solution :- eet at X and ∠BAC = 30°. The measure of ∠BXC is:
m
SSC CHSL 03/08/2023 (4th Shift)
(a) 120° (b) 115° (c) 105° (d) 150°
Solution :-
By angle bisector theorem,
𝑄
𝑃 𝑅
𝑃 We know that :-
=
𝑄𝑆 𝑆𝑅 ∠𝐵
𝐴𝐶
∠BXC = 90° + = 90° + 15° = 105°
12 15 2
=
𝑥 18−𝑥
216 - 12x = 15x
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Pinnacle Geometry
2.
Exam hall approach:-
Using pythagoras theorem, we have :
2 2
AC = 15 + 8 = 289= 17 cm
xample:- In the above figure, BO and CO are the angular
E
𝐴𝐵+𝐵𝐶−𝐴𝐶 15+8−
1
7
bisectors of ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐵𝐶𝐸 respectively.Themeasureofx Inradius =
2
= 2
is ________.
6
= = 3 cm
2
oncept :- Incentre divides each anglebisectorintheratioof
C
length of sum of two adjacent sides and opposite side.
RB NTPC 01/04/2021 (Evening)
R
(a) 52° (b) 58° (c) 64° (d) 54°
Solution :-
AI : ID = AB + AC : BC
I : IE = AB + BC : AC
B
CI : IF = AC + BC : AB
Excentre :- Theintersectionpointoftheinternalanglebisector
iven , ∠BAC = 52°, BO and CO are the angle bisectors of
G f one angle and bisectors of the other two opposite exterior
o
∠𝐷𝐵𝐶and∠𝐵𝐶𝐸 angles.
52°
Now ,∠𝑋= (90° - ) = (90° - 26°) = 64°
2
3. Inradius (r):
● For any triangle :
𝐴
r = , (where A = area of triangle, S = semi perimeter of
𝑆
triangle)
∠𝐴
Area of triangle = 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 ) (i)∠BEC = 90◦ -
2
∆ ∆ ∆
(ii) 𝑟𝑎 = , 𝑟𝑏 = , 𝑟𝑐 = ; where S is
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐
xample:-InatriangleABC,rightangledatB,BC=15cm,and
E
semiperimeter of triangle
AB=8cm.AcircleisinscribedintriangleABC.Thentheradius
of the circle is:
Centroid (G) :- It is the intersection point of all mediansofa
RRB ALP 13/08/2018 (Evening)
t riangle. It is also called the center of mass.
(a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 1 cm
Solution :-
According to the question,
PM, QS, RN are median
roperties: of medians :-
P
By using triplet (8, 15, 17) = AC = 17 cm a)Median divides any side into two equal parts.
𝐴𝐵+𝐵
𝐶+𝐴𝐶 8+15+1
7 40
⇒ S =
2
= 2
= 2
=20cm
Now,
𝐴
Inradius of circle (r) =
𝑆
1
×8×15 4×15
=
2
20
= 20
=3 cm b) Median divides the triangle into two equal areas.
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Pinnacle Geometry
g) Area of triangles formed by medians
4
= 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )
3
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
S =
2
c) Centroid divides each median in the ratio of 2: 1. h) Sum of any two sidesofatriangleisgreaterthantwicethe
edian with respect to the third side.
m
G : GD = BG : GE = CG : FG = 2 : 1
A
d) Medians divide the triangle into 6 equal Parts.
B + AC > 2AD
A
BC + AC > 2CF
AB + BC > 2BE
SowecansaythatSumoftheperimeter ofatriangleisgreater
than the sum of the medians.
AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF
e).areaoftriangleformedbyjoiningmidpointsoftwosidesand also
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
centroid is of area of triangle. 3(𝐴 𝐵 +𝐵𝐶 +𝐶𝐴 ) = 4 (𝐴 𝐷 +𝐵𝐸 +𝐶𝐹 )
12
xample:-If∆ABCisanequilateraltriangleinwhichD,EandF
E
arethepointsonsidesBC,AC,andABrespectivelysuchthat
AD⟂BC, BE⟂AC and CF⟂AB , which of the following is true ?
SSC CPO 11/12/2019 (Morning)
2 2 2 2
1 (a) 7𝐴 𝐵 = 9𝐴 𝐷 ( b) 2𝐴 𝐵 = 3𝐴 𝐷
ar∆OFE = ar∆ OFD = ar∆OED = area of∆ABC
12 2 2 2 2
( c) 4𝐴 𝐶 = 5𝐵𝐸 (d) 3𝐴 𝐶 = 4𝐵𝐸
Solution :-
Example :- XYZ is a triangle. If the medians ZL and YM
intersect each other at G, then (Area of∆GLM :Area of∆XYZ)
SSC CHSL 12/10/2020 (Afternoon)
( a) 1 : 14 (b) 1 : 12 (c) 1 : 11 (d) 1 : 10
Solution :-
Median divides triangle in two equal parts
ince, ABC is an equilateral triangle
S
Altitude = Angle bisector = Median
We know that the following relation satisfies in case of an
equilateral triangle.
2 2 2
3[𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴 𝐶 ] =
⇒ 2 2 2
[𝐴 𝐷 + 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐶𝐹 ] …..eq .(1)
4
Area of △ GLM: Area of
⇒ AB = BC = AC(∆ABC is an equilateral
△ XYZ = 2 : 24 = 1 : 12
triangle)
Exam hall approach :-
Putting the values in eq .(1)
2 2 2 2
3[ 3𝐴 𝐶 ] = 4[ 3𝐵𝐸 ] ⇒ 3 𝐶 = 4𝐵𝐸
𝐴
i)
e know,
W
Area of∆GLM : Area of∆XYZ = 1 : 12
f ). The line segmentjoiningthemidpointsoftwosidesdivides
the line joining of vertex in between line to the centroidinthe 2
4(𝐴 𝐷 +𝐶𝐸 ) = 5 (𝐴 𝐶 )
2 2
ratio 3 : 1. 2 2 2 2
(𝐴 𝐷 +𝐶𝐸 ) = (𝐴 𝐶 +𝐸 𝐷 )
2 2 2
(𝐴 𝐷 +𝐶𝐸 ) = 5 (𝐸 𝐷 )
j) If two medians bisect at 90◦
AG : GO = BH : HO = CI : IO = 3 : 1
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Pinnacle Geometry
2 2 2
(𝐴 𝐶 +𝐴 𝐵 ) = 5 (𝐵𝐶 ) ∠BOC = 2(180 -∠A) , ∠COA = 2∠B and ∠BOA = 2∠C
k)Apollonius theorem (used to evaluate length ofmedian)
Position of circumcentre in different triangles :-
(i) In an acute angled triangle it lies inside the triangle.
(ii) In a right angled triangle it is the midpoint of the hypotenuse.
2 2 2 2
● (𝐴 𝐵 +𝐴 𝐶 ) = 2(𝐴 𝐷 +𝐷𝐶 )
2
(iii) In an obtuse triangle, it lies outside and in front of the
2 2 𝐵𝐶
2
btuse angle of that triangle .
o
● (𝐴 𝐵 +𝐴 𝐶 ) = 2(𝐴 𝐷 +
)
4
xample :-In∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶, AC = BC, and the length
E Circumradius (R) :-
ofthebaseABis10cm.IfCG=8cm,whereGisthecentroid, ● For any triangle
then what is the length of AC (in cm) ? 𝑎𝑏𝑐
R = where a,b,c is sides of the
SSC CHSL 12/08/2021 (Evening) 4×𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
triangle
( a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 91 (d) 12
Solution :-
● For right angled triangle
𝐻
R = where H is hypotenuse
2
● For Equilateral triangle
𝑎
R = where a = side
3
C = BC
A ● Distance between circumcentre and incentre of any
G is the centroid so GD = 4cm t riangle
Therefore CD = 8 + 4 = 12cm 2
= 𝑅 − 2𝑅𝑟
By apollonius theorem,
(AC² + BC²) = 2(CD² + AD²)
2AC² = 2(5² + 12²)⇒ AC² = 13²⇒ AC = 13 Example :- The circumradius of a triangle is9cmwhilethe
inradius of it is 4 cm. What is the distance between the
circumcentre and the incentre of the triangle?
Circumcentre (O) : point of intersection of perpendicular
isector of sides.
b RRB NTPC 27/03/2021 (Evening)
( a) 4 cm(b) 2 cm(c) 3 cm(d) 5 cm
Solution :-Given, Radius of triangle (R) = 9 cm
And the radius of the triangle (r) = 4 cm
Distance between circumcentre and center of triangle =
2
𝑅 − 2𝑅𝑟
D⊥ AB, OF⊥ AC, OE⊥ BC
O
2
AD = BD, AF = CF, BE = EC = 9 − 2× 9× 4= 3cm
ii)
Orthocentre (H):-point of intersection of altitudesof a triangle.
∠B
OC = 2∠A
,∠A
OB = 2∠C
, ∠A
OC = 2∠B
iii) Useful results :-
∠BOC = 2∠A,∠AOB = 2∠C
, ∠A
OC = 2∠B
( i)∠B
HC = 180◦ -∠A HA = 180◦ -∠C ,∠CHA = 180◦ -∠B
,∠B
(ii) BH× EH = FH× HC ,
iv) In an obtuse angled triangle,
BF× EH = FH× CE
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Pinnacle Geometry
BF× HC = HB× CE (by similarity of∆BFH &∆ CEH ) angled triangle are equal.
( iii) BD× DC = AD× AH
BE× EH = AE× CE
CF× FH = AF× BF
( iv) The perimeter of any triangle is greater than the sum of
5. AAS: ( angle – angle–Siderule):- Whenanytwopairsof
altitudes of the triangle.
orresponding angles and corresponding sides are equal.
c
AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF
osition of Orthocentre in different triangles :-
P xample :-In a circle of diameter 20 cm, chords ABand CD
E
(i) In an acute angled triangle it lies inside the triangle. are parallel to each other. BC is diameter. If AB is 6 cm from
the centre of the circle, what is the length
(ii)Inarightangledtriangleitisatthevertexoftherightangled ( in cm) of the chord CD?
t riangle. SSC CGL 13/04/2022 (Morning)
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 20 (d) 16
( iii) In an obtuse angle triangle, itliesoutsideandintheback Solution :-
side of the obtuse angle of that triangle .
uler’sLine:-AccordingtotheEuler'stheory,inatriangle,there
E
existsastraightlinecalledtheEuler'sline,whichpassesthrough
the orthocenter, the circumcentre, and the centroid of the
triangle. Hence, these given points of concurrencies of the
20
triangle are the collinear points in a triangle. radius = = 10 cm.
2
s AB∥CD, ∠MBO = ∠NCO and
A
Relation between orthocentre(s), centroid (G) ∠BOM = ∠CON (vertically opposite angles)
and circumcentre(H) BO = CO = 10 (radius)
So, by ASA congruency∆BOM ⩭∆CON
Now, by c.p.c.t., ON = OM = 6 cm
And ∠OMB = ∠ONC = 90°
2 2
C = 10 − 6 = 8 cm
N
CD = 2 × NC = 16 cm
Similarity of Triangles
Congruency of Triangles
).Two triangles are similar if they have the same
1
Two triangles will be congruent if: shape but vary in size.
2).Incongruencythetrianglesaremirrorimagesofeachother.
.SSS:(Side–Side–Siderule):-Whenallthreecorresponding
1 So, We can say that all congruent triangles aresimilarbutthe
sides are equal. vice versa is not true.
. SAS: (Side – Angle –Siderule):-Whentwocorresponding
2
3).Important properties of similar triangles :
sides and one corresponding angle are equal. 2 2 2 2
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆𝐴
𝐴 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆𝑃
𝑄𝑅
= 2 =
2 =
2 = 2
𝑄
𝑃 𝑅
𝑃 𝑅
𝑄 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓∆𝐴
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐶
𝐵 𝐷
𝐴
𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓∆𝑃
𝑃 𝑄𝑅
=
𝑄
𝑃
=
𝑅
𝑃
= 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑆
. ASA: (Angle – Side – Anglerule):Whentwocorresponding
3
angles and one corresponding side are equal. Example:-In ∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶, AC=8.4cm,BC=14cm.Pisapointon
BsuchthatCP=11.2cmand∠ACP=∠B.Whatisthelength
A
(in cm) of BP ?
SSC CGL 04/03/2020 (Evening)
(a) 4.12 (b) 2.8 (c) 3.78 (d) 3.6
Solution :-
. RHS: (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side rule) :-When one
4 In∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶, ∠ACP = ∠B
corresponding side and corresponding hypotenuse of the right
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Pinnacle Geometry
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷
𝐴 𝐷𝐸
In∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶and∆𝐴 𝐶𝑃:
= and
=
𝐵
𝐷 𝐶
𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐶
𝐵
∠ACP = ∠B,
∠A and side AC is common
𝐵
𝐴 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 Example :- In ∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶, the straight line parallel to thesideBC
Hence,
𝐴𝐶
= 𝑃𝐶 = 𝐴𝑃 eetsABandACatthepointsPandQ,respectively.IfAP=
m
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 14 8.4
QC, the length of ABis16cmandthelengthofAQis4cm,
⇒ = 𝐴𝑃 ⇒ 11.2 = 𝐴𝑃 ⇒ AP = 6.72
𝐶
𝑃 then the length (in cm) CQ is:
Similarly, in∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑑∆𝐶𝐵𝑃: SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
⇒ AB× PC = AC× BC (a)(2 21+ 2) (b) (2 18− 2）
⇒ AB× 11.2 = 8.4× 14
(c)(2 17− 2) (d)(2 19+ 2)
⇒ AB = 10.5, BP = 10.5 - 6.72 = 3.78 cm
olution :-
S
4).When a perpendicular is drawn in right angledtriangle
By using Thales theorem
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑄 𝑥 4
= ⇒
=
●
2
𝐴 𝐷 =𝐵𝐷 × 𝐷𝐶 𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
𝐴 6
1 +4
𝑥
2
●
2
𝐴 𝐵 =𝐵𝐷 × 𝐵𝐶 =𝑥 + 4𝑥− 64 = 0
2 2
● 𝐴 𝐶 =𝐶𝐷 × 𝐵𝐶 −4± (4) −4×1×(−64)
𝑥=
𝐴𝐶×𝐴𝐵 2×1
● 𝐴 𝐷=
𝐵𝐶 −4± 272
𝑥=
2×1 (
= 2 17− 2 )
xample:-In ∆𝐶𝐴𝐵,∠CAB=90°andAD ⊥ BC.IfAC=24cm,
E
AB = 10 cm, then find the value of AD (in cm). Example :- R and SarethepointsofthesidesXYandXZ,
SSC CHSL 17/08/2023 (1st Shift) r espectively, of
(a) 9.23 (b) 8.23 (c) 7.14 (d) 10.23 ∆XYZ.Also,XR=15cm,XY=25cm,XS=12cmandXZ=20
Solution :-According to the question, cm. RS is equal to :
Selection Post 27/06/2023 (4th Shift)
2 5 3 3
(a) YZ (b) YZ (c) YZ (d) YZ
5
3
5
4
Solution :-
By using triplet (10, 24 , 26) = CB = 26 cm
𝐴𝐶×𝐴𝐵 24×10
So, AD =
𝐵𝐶
= 26
=9.23 cm
Exam Hall Approach :-
𝑅
𝑋 𝑋𝑆 15 12 3
= ⇒
= ⇒
𝑋𝑌 𝑍
𝑋 5
2 0
2
5
So, RS∥ YZ and ∆𝑋𝑅𝑆∼ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍
𝑅
𝑋 𝑅𝑆 5
1
Using thales theorem,
= =
𝑋𝑌 𝑍
𝑌 25
𝑅𝑆 3
3
= ⇒ 𝑅𝑆= × 𝑌𝑍
𝑍
𝑌
5 5
∆𝐶𝐴𝐵and∆ADB is similar
6
2 24 40
2
= ⇒ AD = = 9.23 [2.] Mid Pointtheorem:Thelinesegmentjoiningthemidpoints
10 𝐷
𝐴 6
2
of any two sides is parallel to and half of the third side.
[1.]Basicproportionalitytheorem:-Alinedrawnparalleltoone
ide divides the other two sides in the same ratio.
s
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Pinnacle Geometry
𝐵𝐶
𝐷𝐸= Some important result :-
2
DE II BC.
Example:- ∆TAP, ∠TAP=60°,TA=6cm,AP=8cm.Kisthe
idpoint of AP. A line form k is produced to meet TP at O
m
such that ∠AKO = 120°. Find the length of OK.
𝐴𝐹 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸
Graduate Level 01/08/2022 (Shift - 4) × × = 1
𝐵
𝐹 𝐶
𝐷 𝐴
𝐸
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm
Solution :-
Polygons
two-dimensional closed shape bounded withminimumthree
A
sides. Triangle is the simplest form of polygon.
ince,
S
∠T AP +∠OKA = 60° + 120° = 180°
By side By Angle
(pair of interior angles on the same side of transversal is
supplementary)
egular polygon - all the
R oncave angle- one interior
C
So,
sides and interior angles of angle must be greater than
𝐴𝑇
OK॥ATandalsoKisthemidpointofAP.⇒ OK= ….(Mid the polygon are equal. 180
◦
2
point theorem)
6 Irregular Polygon- polygons onvex angle- whose all
C
So, OK = = 3 cm t hat do not have equal sides interior angles are less than
2
and not equal angles. ◦
180 .
Mass point Theorem :-
Types of Polygon
𝑀1 𝑌 Triangle Quadrilateral
M1X = M2Y⇒ =
𝑀2
𝑋 • Has 3 sides and 3 vertices • Has 4 sides and 4 vertices
• Has no diagonals • Has two diagonals
• Sum of the interior angles is • Sum of the interior angles is
Example:-DisthemidpointofBCof∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶. PointEliesonAC 180° 360°
1 𝐺
𝐴
such that CE = AC. BE and AD intersect at G.What is ?
3 𝐺𝐷 Pentagon Hexagon
SC CGL 05/03/2020 (Morning)
S • Has 5 sides and 5 vertices • Has 6 sides and 6 vertices
(a) 8 : 3 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 5 : 2 (d) 3 : 1 • Has 5 diagonals • Has 9 diagonals
Solution :- Apply mass point theorem in the following • Sum of the interior angles is • Sum of the interior angles is
diagram: 540° 720°
Heptagon Octagon
• Has 7 sides and 7 vertices • Has 8 sides and 8 vertices
• Has 14 diagonals • Has 20 diagonals
• Sum of the interior angles is • Sum of the interior angles is
900° 1080°
2
Area = 2𝑎 (1 + 2)
AG : GD = 4 : 1
Nonagon Decagon
Cevians : Alinesegmentwhichjoinsavertexofatriangletoa • Has 9 sides and 9 vertices • Has 10 sides and 10
oint on the opposite side of the triangle.
p • Has 27 diagonals v ertices
• Sum of the interior angles is • Has 35 diagonals .
1260° • Sum of the interior angles
is1440°
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Pinnacle Geometry
Some Important Results of Polygon SC CHSL 31/05/2022 (Afternoon)
S
(a) 50 (b) 35 (c) 45 (d) 40
Solution :- Area of quadrilateral ABCD =
1
⇒ × AC ( DE + BF )
2
1 2
= × 10 × (3 + 5) = 5 × 8 = 40𝑐 𝑚
n = number of sides. 2
* Sum of all exterior angles =360°.
1
360° (ii) Area of quadrilateral = × d1 × d2 × sin(θ )
* Each exterior angle = . 2
𝑛
* Exterior angle + Interior angle = 180°
* In case of convex polygon, sum of all interior angles
=(2𝑛 − 4)× 90°
𝑛(𝑛
−3)
* Number of diagonals =
2
2
𝑛𝑎 π
*area of regular polygon = cot (iii) Line joining the midpoints of the adjacent sides of the
4 𝑛
𝑎 π uadrilateral formed a parallelogram.
q
*inradius = c ot
2 𝑛 Where L, M, N, O are the mid points of PS, PQ, QR and RS .
𝑎 π
*circumradius = cosec
2 𝑛
Quadrilateral
Atwo-dimensionalshapewithfoursides,fourvertices,andfour (iv) when the midpoints of adjacent sides of quadrilateral is
ngles.
a ◦
joined and its diagonal intersects at 90 then a rectangle is
formed.
Example:-Iftheanglesofaquadrilateralareintheratioof4:
: 11 : 12, then the largest of these angles is:
9
Special results of quadrilateral :-
RRB NTPC CBT - I 29/01/2021 (Evening)
(a) 168° (b) 72° (c) 166° (d) 120°
Solution :-Sum of angles of quadrilateral = 360°
4𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 12𝑥 = 360°
36𝑥 = 360° ⇒ 𝑥 = 10°
Largest Angle(12x) =120°
2 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑐 = 𝑏 +𝑑
Area of quadrilateral
1
(i) Area of quadrilateral = × diagonal× (h1 + h2)
2
2 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑐 = 𝑏 +𝑑
● If p, q ,r and s be the area of respective triangles then
P× q = r× s
xample :- Find the area (in cm2) of the given quadrilateral
E
ABCD.
● If ABCD is a rectangle/square, then
● r.(P) + ar.(q) = ar.(r) + ar.(s)
a
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Pinnacle Geometry
● Bisectorsofaparallelogram(ABCD)formarectangle(PQRS)
.
● If DO and CO are angle bisectors of ∠A
DCand ∠BCD
t hen,
𝑎+𝑏
● ∠DOC = ● um of squares of all four sides = Sum of squares of
S
2
diagonals.
2 2 2 2 2 2
● 𝐴 𝐶 +𝐵𝐷 =𝐴 𝐵 +𝐵𝐶 +𝐶𝐷 + 𝐴 𝐷
1).Parallelogram:Oppositesidesandanglesofaparallelogram
re equal.
a
● Parallelogram inscribed in a circle is a rectangle.
● B = DC and AD = BC
A
● Parallelogram that circumscribes a circle is a rhombus.
● ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐶 + ∠𝐷 = ∠𝐷 + ∠𝐴 = 180°
Example:-InaparallelogramABCD,ifm∠A=(3x+16)°and
∠B = (2x + 24)°, then find m∠C.
m
RRC Group D 30/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) 56° (b) 28° (c) 100° (d) 110°
● quare, Rectangle and Rhombus are parallelogram.
S
Solution :- ● All rectangles are p
arallelogram but all parallelogram are
not rectangles.
Rectangle
e know,
W
In parallelogram, sum of two adjacent angles = 180°
3x + 16° + 2x + 24° = 180°
5x + 40° = 180°
◦
5x = 140°⇒ x = 28°
● 𝐴 =∠𝐵=∠𝐶=∠𝐷=90
∠
∠A = 3x + 16° = 3 × 28 + 16 = 100° ● Diagonals bisect each other i.e, OA = OC , OB = OD
∠A = ∠C = 100° (in parallelogram , opposite angles are equal) ● Opposite sides are equal i.e, AB = DC , AD = BC.
∠C = 100° ● Area = length× breadth
● Perimeter = 2 (length + breadth)
● ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶and∠𝐵 = ∠𝐷
● he diagonals bisect each other, i.e. AO = OC and OB = OD
T Example :- The two unequal sides of a rectangle are inthe
● Area of parallelogram = Base× Altitude r atio 3:4. If the perimeter is 42 cm, then the length of the
diagonal will be:
RRB NTPC CBT - I 02/02/2021 (Morning)
(a) 30 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 35 cm
Solution :-
Perimeter of rectangle
● Area of parallelogram = 2 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐 ) = 2 ( 3 + 4) = 14 unit
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 14 unit = 42 cm ⇒ 1 unit = 3 cm
● S =
2 Sides are 9 cm and 12 cm
Diagonal of rectangle
2 2
= 9 + 12 = 81 + 144
= 225= 15𝑐 𝑚
● If P be any point inside the rectangle.
2 2 2 2
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐷
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Pinnacle Geometry
𝐴𝐵−𝐷𝐶 18−6 12
EF =
2
= 2
= 2 =6cm
).Rhombus:Allsidesareequalandoppositesidesareparallel
3
● If P be any point outside the rectangle.
2 2 2 2 to each other.
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐷
𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐶 + ∠𝐷 = ∠𝐷 + ∠𝐴 = 180°
∠
● ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶and∠𝐵 = ∠𝐷
2). Trapezium: one pair of opposite sides are parallel. ●
2 2
4𝑎 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
2
i.e. Sum of squares of sides = Sum of squares of diagonals.
Example:-Thelengthofthediagonalsofarhombusis40cm
Area of trapezium ABCD nd 60 cm. What is the length of the side of the rhombus ?
a
1 SSC CHSL 13/03/2023 (4th Shift)
= × 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒× ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
( a) 50 3cm (b) 20 3cm (c) 10 13cm (d) 40 13cm
1
= × (𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐷𝐶)× ℎ Solution :-
2
Example :- The lengths of a pair of parallel sides of a
t rapezium are 20 cm and 25 cm, respectively, and the
perpendicular distance between these two sides is 14 cm.
2
hat is the area (in𝑐 𝑚 ) of the trapezium?
W
ength of the diagonal is 40cm and 60cm
L
SSC CHSL 02/06/2022 (Afternoon)
Then, in ΔAOB
(a) 512 (b) 250 (c) 300 (d) 315
2 2
Solution :-Area of trapezium= AB = (20) + (30) = 1300= 10 13cm
1 So, the side of rhombus = 10 13cm
× (sum of parallel side) × perpendicular
2
distance between them
● iagonals bisect each other at right angles andformfour
D
1
1
⇒ × (20 + 25) × 14 = × 45 × 14 right angled triangles with equal areas.
2 2
2
⇒ 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆𝐴 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆𝐶𝑂𝐷
= 315𝑐 𝑚
1
= 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆𝐷𝑂𝐴= × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝐴 𝐵𝐶𝐷
4
● If Eisthemidpointof 𝐴 𝐷andFisthemidpointof 𝐵𝐶,then ● The diagonals of Rhombus are not of equal length.
𝐴𝐵+𝐷𝐶
EF = . 4). Square: Allsidesareequalinlengthandadjacentsidesare
2
● IfPisthemidpointofdiagonal 𝐵𝐷andQisthemidpointof erpendicular to each other.
p
diagonal𝐴 𝐶, then
𝐴𝐵−𝐷𝐶
PQ =
2
● B = BC = CD = AD and∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐷 = 90°
A
● Diagonals bisect each other at right angles andformfour
right angled isosceles triangles.
xample:-ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB ∥ DC.E and F
E
● Diagonals are of equal length i.e.AC = BD.
are the midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD, respectively. If
AB = 18 cm and CD = 6 cm, then EF = ?
5) KITE :
SSC CGL TIER 2 (29 / 01/22)
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 12
Solution :-
● adjacent sides are equal in length. i.e, AB = AC , BD = DC
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Pinnacle Geometry
● Diagonal AD bisect BC but diagonal BC does not bisect 2 θ
2)Area of Sector =π𝑟 × 360 ……(θ is in degree)
iagonal AD i.e,BO = 0C
d
● It has one pair of opposite angles(whichareobtuse)that
1
Or Area of Sector = × 𝑙× r ….(𝑙islength of arc and r is radius)
2
are equal. Here, ∠B = ∠C
◦
● iagonals cuts at90
D
● Perimeter = 2 (a + b) xample :-The area ofasectorofacirclewithcentralangle
E
1 60°isA.ThecircumferenceofthecircleisC.ThenAisequal
● Area = × 𝑑1× 𝑑2 to :
2
SSC CHSL 10/07/2019 (Evening)
2 2 2 2
Circle (a)
𝑐
6π
(b)
𝑐
18π
(c)
𝑐
24π
(d)
𝑐
4π
Solution :-We know that
circle is a two-dimensional figure formed by a set ofpoints
A
ircumference of a circle (C) =2π𝑟
C
thatareatafixeddistance(radius)fromafixedpoint(center)on
𝑐
the plane. ⇒ r =
2π
θ 2
Area of the sector (A) = × π𝑟
360
2
0
6 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
⇒ A = × π× × =
360 π
2 π
2 24π
Parts of Circle: Semi - Circle :-
2
π𝑟
Diameter = 2 × radius, Perimeter =(π+ 2)r, Area =
2
Properties of circles
I mportant Formulae: 1).Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angle atthe centre.
1)Circumference of circle = 2πr, If AD = BC then, ∠ AOD = ∠COB
2
2)Area of circle =π𝑟
θ
𝑙) = 2πr×
3)Length of Arc ( ……(θ is in degree)
360
𝑙) = r× θ …..(θ is in radian)
Or Length of Arc (
◦
180 2).Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Change radian to degree =θ in radian×
π
xample :- In a circle of radius 14 cm, an arc subtends an
E
angle of 90°atthecenter.Thelengthofarc(incm)isequal
to:
22
Take (π = )
7 xample:- In the given figure O is thecentreofthecircle.If
E
SC CHSL 02/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
S ∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 35°, then find∠ARS.
(a) 22 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 24
θ
Solution :-Length of the arc = × 2π𝑟
360°
90° 22
= × 2× × 14
60°
3 7
1 22
= × 2× × 14= 22 cm
4 7
Sector :- RRB NTPC 11/01/2021 (Evening)
( a) 125° (b) 55° (c) 65° (d) 115°
Solution :-
θ
1)Perimeter of sector = [2r + × (2𝜋r)]
360
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Pinnacle Geometry
48
From the given figure, MQ = = 24 cm
2
40
and NS = = 20 cm
2
x + y = 22 ----------- (1)
In△MOQ, we have :
2 2 2
𝑟 =𝑥 +24 ----------- (2)
In△NOS, we have :
PRB = 35° (angle made by same chord)
∠ 2 2 2
∠ARB = 90° ( Angle made by diameter) 𝑟 =𝑦 +20 ----------- (3)
∠ARP = 90 - 35 = 55° From equation (2) and (3) we have :
2 2 2 2
∠ARS = 180- 55 = 125° 𝑥 +24 =𝑦 +20
2 2
⇒ 𝑥 + 576 =𝑦 + 400
2 2
). The angle subtended by an arc at the centre isdoublethe
3 ⇒ 𝑥 -𝑦 = - 176 ⇒ (x - y)(x + y)= - 176
angle subtended by it at any point on the circumference of circle. (x - y)22 = - 176 (from eqn(1))
x - y = - 8 ----------- (4)
Solving eqn(1) and (4) we have :
x = 7 and y = 15
Now putting x = 7 in eqn(2), we get :
r = 49 + 576= 25 cm
Exam hall approach :-
xample :- InacirclewithcentreO, ChordABanddiameter
E Pythagoras triplets→
CDintersecteachotheratpointE,insidethecircle.If∠AOD= (15 , 20 ,25) and (7 , 24 ,25)
42° and ∠BOC = 104° then what is the measure (in degrees) of 20 and 24 are the given chords of the circle .
∠AED ? Distance between the chord = (15 + 7)
SSC CHSL 04/08/2021 (Evening) = 22 cm
(a) 73° (b) 62° (c) 58° (d) 84° Given conditions satisfied .
Solution :- Clearly , radius of the circle = 25 cm
5) Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in
length. AB = CD
∠AOD = 42°, ∠BOC = 104°
1
∠ABD = ∠AOD ( Angle subtended by an arc at the
2
circumference is half of angle subtended at the center)
1 ). Angle dropped on the circumference of a circle with the
6
∠ABD = 21° , ∠BDC = ∠BOC = 52°
2 diameter as base is always a right angle.
∠AED = ∠ABD + ∠BDC = 73° (External angle theorem )
) The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord
4
bisects the chord.
Example:-MNisthediameterofacirclewithcentreO.Pand
are twopointsonthecircumferenceofthecircleoneither
S
sideofMN,suchthat∠PMN=50°and∠MNS=35°.Whatis
the degree measure of the difference of ∠PMS and ∠PNS ?
SSC CHSL 04/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
Example:-PQandRSaretwoparallelchordsofacirclesuch
(a) 25° (b) 55° (c) 65° (d) 30°
t hat PQ is 48 cm and RS is 40 cm.Ifthechordsareonthe
Solution:-
opposite sides ofthecentreandthedistancebetweenthem
is 22 cm, what is the radius (in cm) of the circle?
SSC CPO 09/11/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 35 (d) 22
Solution :-
∠𝑆𝑀𝑁= 180°− (90° + 35°) = 55°
𝑀𝑁𝑃= 180°− (90° + 50°) = 40°
∠
Now , ∠𝑃𝑀𝑆− ∠𝑃𝑁𝑆
= (55° + 50°)− (40° + 35°) = 30°
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Pinnacle Geometry
7). Theanglesinthesameareaofacirclewiththesamebase
Solution :-
re always equal.
a
). Equal chords of two equal circles subtend equal angles at
8
their centres and vice versa.
If AB = PQ then, ∠ AOB = ∠POQ S = SR
Q
If ∠AOB = ∠POQ then, AB = PQ So , ∠PQR = ∠PRQ = 40°
PQ = PR
So , ∠SQR = ∠SRQ = 60°
Now , ∠SRP = 60°− 40° = 20°
10) A circle externally touch side QR of a ∆PQR at A, PQ
roduced at S and PR produced at T. Then perimeter of
p
∆PQR ?
xample :- In the given figure, if ∠RPS = 25°, the value of
E
∠ROS is _______ .
Perimeter of ∆PQR = 2× PS
xample:-Aisapointatadistance26cmfromthecentreO
E
SC CHSL 27/05/2022 (Afternoon)
S ofacircleofradius10cm.APandAQarethetangentstothe
(a) 155° (b) 145° (c) 135° (d) 165° circle at the point of contacts P and Q . If a tangent BC is
Solution :- drawnatapointRlyingontheminorarcPQtointersectAPat
B and AQ at C, then the perimeter of∆ABC is:
SSC CHSL 20/10/2020 (Morning)
(a) 40 cm (b) 48 cm (c) 46 cm (d) 42 cm
Solution :-
25°
∠ORS =∠OSR =
2
In△ORS,
25° 5°
2 AO = 26 cm , PO = OQ = 10 cm
∠ROS = 180° -( + )
2
2
2 2
= 180° - 25° = 155° P = 26 − 10 = 24
A
AP = AQ = 24 cm
we know,
9).PAandPBaretwotangents,Oisthecenterofthecircleand AP + AQ = AB + BC + AC
and S are the points on the circle, then
R 24 + 24 = AB + BC + AC
the perimeter of∆ABC = 24 + 24 = 48 cm
11) .If a quadrilateral ABCD circumscribe a circlethen
Example:-ΔPQRandΔSQRarebothisoscelestrianglesona
ommon base QRsuchthatPandSlieonthesamesideof
c AB + CD = AD + BC
QR. If ∠QSR = 60° and ∠QPR = 100°, then find ∠SRP.
SSC CHSL 03/08/2023 (1st Shift)
(a) 80° (b) 60° (c) 100° (d) 20° Example :- A circle touches all four sides of a quadrilateral
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Pinnacle Geometry
iii) ∠PAO = ∠PBO = 90 ◦
BCD.IfAB=18cm,BC=21cmandAD=15cm,thenlength
A
iv) OA = OB
CD is:
SSC CGL Tier II (02/03/2023)
(a) 16 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 18 cm xample :- If two tangents to a circle of radius 3 cm are
E
Solution :- inclinedtoeachotheratangleof60°,thenthelengthofeach
tangent is:
SSC CPO 09/11/2022 (Afternoon)
3 3
(a) cm (b) 3 3cm (c) 3cm (d) 6 cm
4
Solution :-
AB + CD = BC + AD ……(as per theorem)
8 +𝑥 = 21 + 15 ⇒𝑥= 18 cm
1
12). Two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect, internally or
xternally, at E then:
e △AOC ≅△BOC (by RHS)
𝐴 𝐸× 𝐸 𝐵 = 𝐶𝐸× 𝐸 𝐷 In△AOC , we have:
𝑂
𝐴 3
Tan30° = =
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
1 3
⇒
= ⇒AC = 3 3
cm
3 𝐴𝐶
So,the length of each tangent = 3 3cm
xample :- In the figure,Oisthecentreofthecircle.Itstwo
E
chords AB and CD intersecteachotheratthepointPwithin 15).Foratangent,PT,andasecant,PB,drawntoacirclefroma
thecircle.IfAB=20cm,PB=12cmandCP=8cm,thenfind oint P,
p
the measure of PD. 2
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐵× 𝑃𝐴
SC CGL 06/12/2022 (3rd Shift)
S
(a) 12 cm(b) 11 cm (c) 22 cm (d) 14 cm
Example :- In the given figure, PAB is a secant and PT isa
Solution :-
t angenttothecirclefromP.IfPT=8cm.PA=6cmandAB=
x cm. then the value of x is:
oncepts:-PA × PB = PC × PD
C
….( intersecting chord theorem) SSC CGL 14/07/2023 (1st shift)
⇒ 8 × 12 = 8 × PD⇒ PD = 12 cm 14
1 14
4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 3 3
Solution :-Using tangent and secant formula :-
3). The tangent to a circle at a point on its circumference is
1 2
perpendicular to the radius at that point. 𝑃𝑇 = PA × PB⇒ 64 = 6 × (6 +𝑥)
32 4
1
OI⊥ PT ⇒(6 +𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑥 = cm
3
3
16).Anglemadebyachordwithatangentisalwaysequaltothe
ngle made by that chord in any point of circumference.
a
∠𝑃𝑇𝐴 = ∠𝐴 𝐵𝑇
14).TwotangentsPAandPBaredrawnfromanexternalpointP
n a circle with center O is equal.
o
17).In the following case:
2
i) ∠APO = ∠BPO 𝐴 𝐵× 𝐴 𝐶 + 𝐴 𝐸× 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴 𝐸
ii) PA = PB
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Pinnacle Geometry
2 2
Length of transverse tangent (L) = 𝑑 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2)
8). If two circles touch each other externally, then distance
1
between their centres is the sum of their radius. xample:-Ifthedistancebetweenthecentresoftwocircles
E
is12cmandtheradiiare5cmand4cm,thenthelength(in
cm) of the transverse common tangent is :
SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
( a) 9 (b) 143 (c) 63 (d) 7
Solution :-
Here, PQ = R + r
Length of transverse common tangent
2
9). If two circles touch each other internally, then distance
1 ( )2 2
= 𝑑 − 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 12 − (5 + 4)
2
between their centres is the difference of their radius.
= 144 − (81) = 63
19)TwocirclesofradiiRandrintersectsandABisthecommon
hord, then
c
𝐴𝐵
AQ = BQ =
2
Here, PQ = R - r
∠𝐴 𝑄𝑃 = ∠𝐴 𝑄𝑂= 90◦
Direct common Tangents :-
2 2
AP=90°i.e.ThetangentofacircleatpointAorB
0)When ∠O
2
Length of direct common tangent (L) = 𝑑 − (𝑟1 − 𝑟2) passes through the centre of the other circle.
Where, d = distance between two centers and𝑟1, 𝑟2 are radii of
the circles.
xample:- Radiioftwocirclesare20cmand4cm.Lengthof
E
the direct common tangent is 30 cm. What is the distance
between their centres ? (in cm) 2
OP = 𝑅 + 𝑟
2
SSC CHSL 17/03/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a) 36 (b) 38 (c) 34 (d) 32 21) When radii of both the circles are equal and the both the
Solution :-
ircles pass through the centres of the other circle, i.e. R =𝑟
c
et AB be the direct common tangent
L
Then, AB = ⇒ AB = 3𝑟
2 2
(𝑑𝑖𝑠. 𝑏
/ 𝑤
𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠) − (𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑏
/ 𝑤
𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝑜
𝑓𝑏
𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑐 𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
2
⇒ (30) =(𝑂𝑂') − (20− 4)
2 2 Example :- Two circles having equal radius intersect each
2 ther suchthateachpassesthroughthecenteroftheother.
o
⇒ (𝑂𝑂') = 1156⇒ (𝑂𝑂') = 34 cm
Sum of diameter of these two circles is 84cm.Whatisthe
length of the common chord ? (in cm)
SSC CHSL 17/03/2023 (4th Shift)
( a) 21 3 (b) 14 3 (c) 28 3 (d) 24 3
Solution :-
ength of direct common tangent (L) = 2 𝑅𝑟
L
Distance between the centre = R + r
Transverse common Tangents :-
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Pinnacle Geometry
ythagoras triplets→
P
(15 , 20 ,25) and (7 , 24 ,25)
20 and 24 are the given chords of the circle .
Distance between the chord = (15 + 7)
= 22 cm
Given conditions satisfied .
Clearly , radius of the circle = 25 cm
In∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶,
AB = BC = CA … (radius)
So ,∆𝐴 𝐵𝐶is an equilateral triangle with side equalsto 21 cm. ii) Same side of centre
3×𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒
Height of equilateral triangle =
2
21 3
= cm.
2
Now, Length of chord CD=2 × CO
= 21 3cm. 2 2 2
𝑟 =𝑃𝐶 + 𝑋 ------------- (i)
2 2 2
𝑟 =𝐴 𝑄 + (𝑑) ------------ (ii)
hen two chords are drawn parallel in a circle :-
W
i) Opposite side of centre
xample :- PQ and RS are two parallel chordsofacircleof
E
length 10 cm and 24 cm, respectively, and lie on the same
side of the centreO.Ifthedistancebetweenthechordsis7
cm, what is the radius (in cm) of the circle?
SSC CHSL 03/06/2022 (Afternoon)
2 2 2 (a) 11 (b) 9 (c) 13 (d) 7
𝑟 =𝐴 𝑃 + 𝑋 ------------- (i)
2 2 2
Solution :-
𝑟 =𝐶𝑄 + (𝑑 − 𝑥) ------------ (ii)
xample:-PQandRSaretwoparallelchordsofacirclesuch
E
that PQ is 48 cm and RS is 40 cm.Ifthechordsareonthe
opposite sides ofthecentreandthedistancebetweenthem
is 22 cm, what is the radius (in cm) of the circle? 𝑃𝑄 0
1 𝑆
𝑅 4
2
SSC CPO 09/11/2022 (Afternoon) BQ= = =5cm,AS= = =12cm,AB=7cm,
2
2
2
2
(a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 35 (d) 22 Q = OS = r
O
Solution :- In△BOQ,
2 2 2
𝑂𝐵 +𝐵𝑄 =𝑂𝑄
2 2 2
(7 + 𝑥) +5 =𝑟 ……….. (1)
In△OAS,
2 2 2
𝑂𝐴 +𝐴 𝑆 =𝑂𝑆
48 2 2 2
From the given figure, MQ = = 24 cm ⇒ 𝑥 + 12 =𝑟 …………. (2)
2
From equation (1) and (2) We get,
40
and NS = = 20 cm (7 + 𝑥)2 +52 =𝑥2 +122
2
2 2
x + y = 22 ----------- (1) 9 +𝑥 + 14x + 25 =𝑥 + 144
4
In△MOQ, we have : 74 + 14x = 144
2 2 2
𝑟 =𝑥 +24 ----------- (2) ⇒ 14x = 70 ⇒ x = 5 cm
In△NOS, we have : Now putting x = 5 in equation (2)
2 2 2 𝑟 2 =52 +122 = 169 ⇒ r = 13 cm
𝑟 =𝑦 +20 ----------- (3)
From equation (2) and (3) we have :
2 2 2 2
𝑥 +24 =𝑦 +20 • Two Chords AB and CD of a circle with center O,intersect each
2 2 other at P. If ∠AOC = x° and ∠BOD = y° then the value of ∠BPD
⇒ 𝑥 + 576 =𝑦 + 400
2 2 is :-
⇒ 𝑥 -𝑦 = - 176 ⇒ (x - y)(x + y)= - 176
(x - y)22 = - 176 (from eqn(1))
x - y = - 8 ----------- (4)
Solving eqn(1) and (4) we have :
x = 7 and y = 15
Now putting x = 7 in eqn(2), we get :
r = 49 + 576= 25 cm 𝑥+𝑦
Short Trick :- ∠BPD =
2
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Pinnacle Geometry
• Chords are intersecting at external points.
𝑥−𝑦 i)When AC cuts BD ;
∠BPD =
2 B× BC = CD× AD
A
Cyclic Quadrilateral ii)When BD cuts AC ;
B× AD = BC× CD
A
i)Aquadrilateraldrawninsideacirclewith itsverticeslyingon
t he circumference. I mportant result :- In thefollowingtypeofcyclicquadrilateral
remember the relationship between the angles, as shown:
um of opposite angles = 180°
S
i.e.∠𝐴 + ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐷 = 180°
Example :- In a circle, ABCDisacyclicquadrilateralACand
D intersect at each other at P.IfAB=ACand∠BAC=48°,
B xample:-. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle.
E
then the measure of ∠ADC is : ∠POQ = 54°. What is the measure (in degree) of ∠PRQ?
SSC CGL 12/04/2022 (Evening)
(a) 104° (b) 112° (c) 132° (d) 114°
Solution:-
SC CGL 13/04/2022 (Afternoon)
S
(a) 235 (b) 137 (c) 207 (d) 153
ere AB = AC, hence ∠ABC = ∠ACB
H
Solution:-
In
∆ABC,
∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180°
2∠ABC = 180° – 48° = 132°
∠ABC = 66°
So, ∠ADC = 180° – ∠ABC = 180° – 66°
= 114° (sum of opposite angles in cyclic quadrilateral is 180°)
ii) Exterior angle ofthecyclicquadrilateralisequaltoopposite Let S be any point on the circumference.
1
interior angle. ∠PSQ = × ∠POQ = 27°
2
∠𝐴 =∠𝐷𝐶𝐸
PSQ + ∠PRQ
∠
= 180° (cyclic quadrilateral)
∠PRQ = 180° – 27° = 153°
When the radius are in GP :-
iii ) Ptolemy's Theorem:If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral,then
AB× DC + BC× AD = AC× BD
2
𝑟 = 𝑟1 × 𝑟3
I f the diagonal of cyclic quadrilateral bisects other diagonal
then:-
and
𝑟2 𝑟3 +𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
1
= =
𝑟1 𝑟2 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
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Pinnacle Geometry
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
● Height of triangle = P1 + P2 +P3
Mensuration (2D) ● side of triangle =
2
(P1 + P2 +P3)
3
[Surface Area and Perimeter] 2
(𝑃1+𝑃2+𝑃3)
● Area of triangle =
3
- D :U
2 nder 2 dimensions we will study
● Triangles xample :- ‘O’ is a point in the interior of an equilateral
E
● Quadrilateral triangle. Theperpendiculardistancefrom'O'tothesidesare
● Polygons √3 cm , 2√3cm, 5√3 cm. The perimeter of the triangle is:
● Circle SSC CGL 13/12/2022 (4th Shift)
(a) 48 cm (b) 32 cm (c) 24 cm (d) 64 cm
Note:- For 2D figures, area and perimeter are calculated.
Solution :-
Triangle
For a triangle with height, h, and base, b;
1
Area = × 𝑏× ℎ
2
Perimeter = Sum of all sides
Special Cases
2
1)Equilateral Triangle-All sides are equal and each angle is60° Side (a) = (ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3)
3
2
= ( 3+ 2 3+ 5 3) = 16 cm
3
Perimeter of equilateral triangle = 3 × a = 48 cm
2
2 ℎ
3
● Area = 𝑎 =
4
3
3
● Height = 𝑎
2
● Perimeter = 3𝑎
𝑎
ℎ
● Inradius(r) = =
2 3 3
𝑎 2ℎ
2
π 2 2
● Circumradius(R) = = ● Area of shaded part = (𝑟 + 𝑟 2 +𝑟3)
3 3 6 1
2
𝑎
3 π 2 2 2
● Area of unshaded part = − (𝑟 + 𝑟 2 +𝑟3)
2 4 1
6
xample:-Iftheareaofanequilateraltriangleis25 3 c𝑚 ,
E
then the length of each side of the triangle is :
RRC Group D 23/08/2022 ( Afternoon ) xample :- Three horses are tethered with 7 meter long
E
(a) 12 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 8 cm (d)10 cm ropes at the three cornersofatriangularfieldhavingsides
20m , 34m and 42m. The area of the plot which can be
3 2
Solution :-Area of equilateral triangle = × (𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒) grazedbythehorsesandtheareaoftheplotwhichremains
4
ungrazed
3 2 25 3×4 Solution :-
⇒ × (𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒) = 25 3⇒ 𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = 10 cm
4 3
2
π 2 2
Area of shaded part :- (𝑟 + 𝑟 2 +𝑟3)
6 1
IfP1,P2andP3areperpendiculartoasidefromapointinside
t he triangle, then
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
π 2 2 2 2
((7) +(7) +(7) ) = 77𝑚
6
Area of unshaded part :-
20+34+42
Semiperimeter of triangle = = 48 m
2
Area of triangle = 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )
2
= 48(48 − 20)(48 − 34)(48 − 42) = 336𝑚 2
1
2 ● Area = 𝑎
So, area of unshaded part = (336 - 77) = 259𝑚 2
● Hypotenuse (b) = a 2
2)Scalene Triangle–Sides are of unequal lengths.
Example :- The area of an isosceles right- angled triangle
hose perimeter is 16 cm is:
w
Delhi Police H.C.M. 12/10/2022 (Evening)
( a) 32(5 - √2) cm² ( b) 64(3 - 3√3) cm²
(c) 56(3 - √2) cm² (d) 64(3 - 2√2)cm²
Area = 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 ) This formula is called
● olution:-Letthetwosidesandhypotenuseofaisosceles
S
Heron's formula. right - angled triangle be x and y respectively Using
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 pythagoras theorem, we have
Where, Semi - perimeter (𝑠 ) = 2
2 2 2 2
𝑦
𝑦
● Perimeter =𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 2𝑥
=𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥=
2
2
xample:-Findtheareaofatrianglewhosesidesmeasure
E 2x + y = 16 (Given)
42 cm, 36 cm and 34 cm, respectively. 𝑦
2 × + y = 16 ,
RRC Group D 06/10/2022 (Morning) 2
(a) 112 110cm² (b) 56 110cm² 16
y( 2+ 1) = 16 , y =
2+1
(c) 14 55cm² (d) 28 55cm²
2
1
Solution :-Sides = 42, 36 and 34 Area of isosceles triangle = 𝑥
2
42+36+34 2
S = = 56
1
𝑦 1 16 2 64
2 = × × (
= ) = 2
2 2
4 +1
2 ( 2+1)
Area of triangle =
64 64
56× (56 − 42)× (56 − 36)× (56 − 34) = = (on rationalization)
2+1+2 2 3+2 2
Area of triangle = 56× 14× 20× 22 2
= 64(3 - 2 2)𝑐 𝑚
Area of triangle = 4× 14× 14× 4× 5× 2× 11
2
Area of triangle = 56 110𝑐 𝑚
4)Right angle Triangle:- One of the angles is 90° .
) Isosceles Triangle :- two sides and two angles are equal.
3
Altitude bisects the base.
Here, p = perpendicular , b = base and , h = hypotenuse
1
● Area = × 𝑏× 𝑝
2
● Perimeter =𝑝 + 𝑏 + ℎ
2 2 2
𝑏 2 2 ● Pythagoras Theorem :ℎ = 𝑝 + 𝑏
● Area = 4𝑎 − 𝑏
4 𝑝+𝑏−ℎ
● Inradius (r) =
2
𝑏 2
1
● Height =
2
𝑎 − ( )
2
=
2
2
4𝑎 − 𝑏
2
Circumradius (R) =
●
ℎ
2
● Perimeter =𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑏= 2𝑎 + 𝑏 2 2
Note :-CommonPythagorastriplets:(2n, 𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 + 1),(1,1,
2
𝑎
● Circum radius = ) ,(1,2, 5 ),(3,4,5),(5,12,13),(7,24,25),(20,21,29),(9,40,
2
2 2
4𝑎
−𝑏 41), (8, 15, 17), (12, 35, 37), (11, 60, 61),(65,72,97),(96,110,
146). Try remembering them.
If an isosceles triangle is right angle triangle then,
Example :-ABC is a right -angled triangle .If thelengths of
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
t wosidescontainingtherightangleare4cm and3cm.The
radius of its incircle is :
RRB NTPC CBT - I 15/02/2021 (Morning)
(a) 1 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 3 cm
Solution :-
Area of parallelogram = Base× Altitude
or base AD,
F
300 = AD× CP ⇒ 300 = AD× 30 ⇒ AD = 10 cm,
BC = AD = 10 cm
Similarly, for base CD,
300 = CD× AQ ⇒ 300 = CD× 20
⇒ CD = 15 cm, AB = CD = 15 cm
So, perimeter = AB + BC + CD + AD
1 2 = 10 + 15 + 10 + 15 = 50 cm
Area = × 4 × 3 = 6𝑐 𝑚
2
3+4+5
S = = 6𝑐 𝑚 ) Square :- It is a parallelogram with all foursidesequaland
2
2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓∆ each angle is equal to 90° .
Inradius = r =
𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
6
Inradius = r = = 1𝑐 𝑚
6
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 3+4−5
Exam hall approach:-Inradius = = =1𝑐 𝑚
2 2
Quadrilateral 2 2 𝑑
2
● Area =(𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒) = 𝑎 =
2
A figure enclosed by four sides is called a quadrilateral. A ● Perimeter = 4× side = 4a
uadrilateralhasfouranglesandsumoftheseanglesisequalto
q ● Diagonal (d) = a 2
360° .
Example :- What is the area of a square whose diagonalis
Special Cases
5 2cm ?
SC MTS 11/05/2023 (Morning)
S
) Parallelogram:–It is a quadrilateral with oppositesides
1
(a) 64 cm² (b) 25 cm² (c) 100 cm² (d) 36 cm²
parallel and equal.
olution :-Diagonal of square ( 2𝑎) = 5 2
S
Side(𝑎) = 5 cm
2 2
Area of square(𝑎) = 5 × 5 = 25𝑐 𝑚
) Rectangle :– It is aparallelogramwithequaloppositesides
3
and each angle is 90°
Area = base × height
● ● Area = Length× Breadth = L× B
● Perimeter = 2 (a + b) ● Perimeter = 2 (L + B)
2 2 2 2 2 2
●𝑑1 +𝑑2 = 2(𝑎 +𝑏 ) ● Diagonal (d) = 𝐿 + 𝐵
● In a parallelogram,oppositesidesareequal,oppositeangles
re equal and diagonals bisect each other
a Example:- Thelengthandthebreadthofarectangleisinthe
r atioof3:4.Iftheareaoftherectangleis108cm².Findits
2 perimeter.
xample:-TheareaofaparallelogramABCDis300𝑐 𝑚 .The
E
SBI Clerk Pre 22/06/2019 (1st Shift)
distance between AB and CD is 20 cm and the distance
(a) 40 cm (b) 42 cm (c) 24 cm (d) 56 cm (e) None of these
betweenBCandADis30cm.Whatistheperimeter(incm)of
olution:-Letthelengthandbreadthofrectanglebe3𝑥
S and
the parallelogram?
4𝑥respectively
SSC MTS 05/10/2021 (Evening)
(a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 40 (d) 100 rea of the rectangle = 3𝑥× 4𝑥= 108
A
⇒ 12𝑥² = 108 ⇒ 𝑥² = 9 ⇒ 𝑥= 3cm
Solution :-According to question,
Length = 3 × 3 = 9 cm
Breadth = 3 × 4 = 12 cm
required perimeter = 2(9 + 12) = 42 cm
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
(a) Path Inside A Rectangular Field :-
SC MTS 07/10/2021 (Afternoon)
S
(a) 440 (b) 600 (c) 80 (d) 360
Solution :-
Area of path = 2d (l + b - 2d)
●
● Perimeter = 4(l + b - 2d)
2
Area of the path = (22× 20) – (10× 8) = 440– 80 = 360𝑚
Example:-Apatharoundtheinnersideofarectangularpark Exam hall approach :-Area of path = 2d (l + b + 2d)
2 2
easuring 37m × 30moccupies570 𝑚 . Whatisthewidth
m = 2× 6 (10+ 8 + 2× 6) = 360𝑚
of the path ?
RRB NTPC CBT - I 01/02/2021 (Evening)
(c) Path Midway of A Rectangular Field :-
(a) 10 m (b) 15 m (c) 5 m (d) 28 m
Solution :-
Area of path = d (l + b - d)
●
rea of path = Area of bigger rectangle - Area of smaller
A
● Perimeter = 2(l + b - 2d)
rectangle
⇒ 570 = 37× 30- (37 - 2𝑥)(30 - 2𝑥)
2 Example:-Thetwocrosspathsoftherectangularfield40m
⇒ 570 = 1110 - (1110 - 134x + 4𝑥 )
longand34mwide,oneparalleltothebreadth.Thewidthof
2 2
⇒ 570 = 134𝑥- 4𝑥 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 134𝑥 + 570 = 0 eachpathis4m.Findthecostofgravellingthepathatrupee
2 2
⇒ 4𝑥 − 20𝑥 − 114𝑥 − 570 = 0 4.5 per𝑚 .
⇒ 4𝑥(𝑥 − 5) − 114(𝑥 − 5) = 0 Solution :- According to the question,
⇒ (𝑥 − 5)(4𝑥 − 114) = 0 2
114 Area of the path = d(l + b - d) = 4(40 + 34 - 4) = 280𝑚
𝑥 = 5
𝑜𝑟𝑥 =
4 Required cost = 280 × 4.5 = 1260 rs
Exam hall approach :-area of path = 2𝑑(l + b -2𝑑
)
570 = 2 × (𝑑)[37 + 30 - 2 ×𝑑] ) Rhombus :– It is a parallelogram with allfoursidesequal.
4
2
570 = 2𝑑[67 - 2𝑑] ⇒ 4𝑑 − 134𝑑 + 570 = 0 The opposite angles in a rhombus are equal.
2
⇒ 4𝑑 − 20𝑑 − 114𝑑 − 570 = 0
⇒ 4𝑑(𝑑 − 5) − 114(𝑑 − 5) = 0
⇒ (𝑑 − 5)(4𝑑 − 114) = 0
114
⇒ 𝑑 = 5𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑑 = m
4
(b) Path Outside A Rectangular Field :- Here, a = side;𝑑1 and𝑑2 are diagonals.
1
● Area = × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
2
1 2 2
● Side (a) = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
2
● Perimeter = 4a
2 2 2
●4𝑎 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
● Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
Area of path = 2d (l + b + 2d)
● Example:- Findthearea(incm²)oftherhombus,lengthsof
● Perimeter = 4(l + b + 2d) hose diagonals are, respectively, 7.5 cm and 5.6 cm.
w
SSC MTS 11/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 21 (b) 28 (c) 27 (d) 30
Example :- A path 6m wide runs around and outside of a
r ectangularplotoflength 10mandbreadth8m.Findthe area
1
Solution :-Area of rhombus = × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
2 2
(in𝑚 ) of path ?
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
.Thediagonalsofarectangleareof equallengthsandbisect
3
1
= × 7.5× 5.6 = 21 cm2 each other.
2
4.Thediagonalsofasquareareequalandbisecteachotherat
right angles.
5) Trapezium :– It is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite
5.Arhombushasunequaldiagonalsandtheybisecteachother
ides parallel.
s
at right angles.
6.Aparallelogramandarectanglehave equalareasiftheyare
on the same base and between the same parallel Lines.
Regular Polygon
Inaregularpolygonallsidesandallinterioranglesareequal.A
polygon is called a pentagon, hexagon , heptagon , octagon,
Here, a and b are parallel sides and h is the height or nonagon and a decagon as they have 5, 6, 7 , 8, 9, 10 sides,
erpendicular distance between a and b.
p respectively.
1 If each side of a regular polygon of ‘n’ sides is equal to ‘a’ then:
● Area = × height× sum of parallel side
2 6.9
2
● Area of regular pentagon = × 𝑎
1 4
= × ℎ× (𝑎 + 𝑏)
2 3 2
● Area of regular hexagon =6× 𝑎
4
xample:-Afieldisintheshapeofatrapeziumwhoseparallel
E
360°
sides are 200 mand400mlong,whereaseachoftheother ● each exterior angle =
2
𝑛
t wo sides is 260 m long . what is the area (in𝑚 ) of the field ? ● Sum of all exterior angles = 360°
SSC CPO 11/12/2019 (Morning) (𝑛−2)
(a) 48000 (b) 52000 (c) 72000 (d) 60000 ● Each interior angle =
𝑛
× 180°
Solution:- Each interior angle = 180°- exterior angle
●
● Sum of all interior angles =(𝑛 − 2)× 180
𝑛(𝑛−3)
● Number of diagonals =
2
Example:-Whatistheareaofaregularhexagonthelengthof
ach of whose sides is 4 cm?
e
In∆𝐴 𝐷𝐸, by pythagoras theorem
2 2 2
RRC Group D 27/09/2022 ( Morning )
⇒ 260 − 100 = 𝐴 𝐸 2 2 2 2
2
(a) 24 3𝑐 𝑚 (b) 27 3𝑐 𝑚 (c)25 3𝑐 𝑚 (d) 26 3𝑐 𝑚
⇒ 360 × 160 = 𝐴 𝐸
3
⇒ AE = 6× 4× 10⇒ 𝐴 𝐸 = 240 Solution:-Area of regular hexagon = 6 × × a²
4
1
area of trapezium = × (200 + 400)× 240 3
2 ⇒ 6 × × 4 × 4 = 24 3cm²
4
= 600× 120 = 72000m2
) Kite:- Akiteisaquadrilateralinwhichtwopairsofadjacent
6 xample:- If the ratio of an external angle and an internal
E
sides are equal. angleofaregularpolygonis1:5,thenwhatisthenumberof
sides in the polygon?
SSC MTS 22/07/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) 24 (b) 22 (c) 12 (d) 30
Solution : -
ratio of an external angle and an internal angle = 1:5
As per question,
x + 5x = 180 ⇒ x = 30
360° 60
3
● djacent sides are equal in length. i.e, AB = AC , BD = DC
a Number of sides (𝑛) = = = 12
𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 0
3
● The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal.
i.e,BO = 0C
● Perimeter = 2 (a + b) Example:- The number of diagonals in a 28-gon is:
1
● rea = × 𝑑1×
A 𝑑2 Solution :-Number of diagonals in a polygon withn sides
2
𝑛(𝑛−3)
=
2
NOTE : Important Points about Quadrilaterals :-
Number of diagonals in a polygon with n sides
.The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
1 28(28−3) 28×25
2. Diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of = = = 350
2 2
equal area.
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
2 2
xample:- Find the measure of each interior angle of a
E Area of ring =π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
●
regular polygon of 18 sides : ● Difference in circumference of both the rings =2π𝑅 − 2π𝑟
Solution :-The sum of interior angles of polygonof n sides
=(n - 2) ×180°(n = number of side of polygon) Example :- The difference between the areas of two
= (18 - 2) ×180°= 2880° 2
concentric circles is 264 𝑐 𝑚 . What is the difference
2880
Each interior angle of the regular polygon = = 160° 22
18 between the square of their radius? (useπ = )
7
(𝑛−2)
Exam hall approach:-Each interior angle = × 180° SSC CGL Tier II (08/08/2022)
𝑛
2 2 2 2
(18−2) (a) 70𝑐 𝑚 (b) 140𝑐 𝑚 (c) 84𝑐 𝑚 (d) 64𝑐 𝑚
Each interior angle of regular polygon = × 180°
18 olution :- Let the radius oftheinnerandoutercircleber
S
= 160° and R respectively.
ccording to the question,
A
Difference between the areas of two concentric circles =
Circle 2 2 2 2 2
264𝑐 𝑚 ⇒ π𝑅 - π𝑟 = 264⇒ π(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) = 264
22 2 2 2 2 2
It is a plane figure enclosed by a line on which every point is ⇒ × (𝑅 − 𝑟 ) = 264⇒ 𝑅 − 𝑟 = 84𝑐 𝑚
7
equally distant from a fixed point (centre) inside the circle.
Successive Increase or Decrease
. If the length andbreadthofarectangleareincreasedbya%
1
and b%, the area of the rectangle will be increased by
𝑎𝑏
(𝑎
+ 𝑏+ )%
100
2
Area= π𝑟
●
● Circumference (perimeter ) =2π𝑟 xample :- The length and breadth of a rectangle are
E
● Diameter = 2r increased by 8% and 5%, respectively. By how much
θ percentage will the area of the rectangle increase?
● Length of Arc (AB) =2π𝑟× SSC CGL 01/12/2022 (1st Shift)
360°
2 θ (a) 13.4% (b) 15.4% (c) 12.4% (d) 16.4%
Area of sector AOB =π𝑟 ×
●
360° 2
1
Solution :-8%
= ,5%
=
● Length of Arc (AB) =𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ×radius , (whereangle in radian) 25 20
Length : Breadth = Area
xample :-An arc on a circle, whose length is 19.25cm,
E st case
1 25 : 20 = 500
subtendsan18°angleatthecentre.Whatistheareaofthe 2nd case 27 : 21 = 567
22 567−500
circle? [Use π = ] % change in area = × 100 = 13.4%
7 500
SSC CGL 21/07/2023 (4th shift) Exam hall approach:-
θ Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth
Solution :-Length of arc = × 2π𝑟
360 Areaofrectangleisdirectlyproportionaltoproductoflength
8
1 22 nd breadth of rectangle .
a
19.25 = × 2× × 𝑟
360 7 8×5
% change in area = 8 + 5 + = 13.4%
1 22 100
19.25 = × × 𝑟
10 7
19.2
5×10×7
𝑟= = 61.25 . If the length and breadth of a rectangle are increased and
2
22
2 decreasedbya%andb%respectively,percentagechangeinthe
hence , area of the circle =π𝑟 area of the rectangle will be
22 𝑎𝑏
= × 61.25 × 61.25 = 11,790.625 cm2 ● (a - b - )%
7 100
Example :- The length of a rectangle is increased by 25%
Circular Ring nd breadth was decreased by 20% then what will be the
a
percentage change in the area of the rectangle?
IBPS Clerk Pre 12/12/2020 (2nd Shift)
(a) 10 % increase (b) 0% (c) 15% increase
(d) 25% increase (e) 20% decrease
1
1
Solution :-25%= ,20%=
4 5
Length : Breadth = Area
1st case 4 : 5 = 20
Here, R = radius of bigger ring , r = radius of smaller ring
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
nd case
2 5 : 4 = 20
No changes in area in any case
Exam all approach:-
25×20
Using successive method = 25 - 20 -
100
= 0 % (change in area) 𝑎×𝑐
● side of square, x =
𝑎+𝑐
𝑎×𝑐 2
3. All the sides of any two dimensional figure changedbya%, ● area of inscribed square = ( )
𝑎+𝑐
2
𝑎
then its area will change by (2a+ )%
100 3.In the following figure:
Note:-Whenever there is a decrease, use negativevalue for ‘a’
Example :- If each side of arectangleisincreasedby22%,
t hen its area will increase by :
SSC CHSL 08/07/2019 (Morning)
(a) 44% (b) 50% (c) 46.65% (d) 48.84%
22×22 𝑝×𝑏×ℎ
Solution :-%age increase in area = 22 + 22 + ● Side of square =
100 2 2
𝑝 +𝑏 +𝑝𝑏
22×22
= 44 +
100
= 48.84%
4.Ifa,bandcareradiiofthreecirclesandallthreecircleshave
common tangent as shown, then
a
4. If all the sides of any two dimensional figure has changed
( increasedordecreased)bya%thenitsperimeteralsochanges
bya%.Inthecaseofacirclesuchchangestakeplacebecause
of the change in radius (or diameter).
5. Area of a squareinscribedinacircleofradius‘r’isequalto
2
2𝑟 .
6. The area of the largest triangle inscribed in a semicircle of
1 1 1
2
radius r is equal to𝑟 . ● = +
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Some Direct Results xample:-InthegivenfigureAllthreecirclesaretangentsto
E
the same line and also to each other. Circles a andahave
1.In the following figure: equalradii.Findtheradiusofa,iftheradiusofcisequalto
20 cm.
𝑏×ℎ
● Side of the square =
𝑏+ℎ
Solution :- According to the question,
Example:-inthegivenfigurebaseandheightofthetriangle et the radius of the circle a is𝑥cm.
L
BCis10and8cmrespectively.PQRSisasquarethenthe
A 1 1 1
then , formula :- = +
side length of the square. 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 1
1 +1
1
⇒ = + = = ⇒ 𝑥= 80,𝑥= 80 cm
20 𝑥 𝑥 20 𝑥
5.In the following figure
Solution :- According to the question,
𝑏×ℎ
Side of the square =
+ℎ
𝑏
10×8 0
4
ide of the square =
S
= cm
10+8
9
● r = ( 2− 1) R
2. In the following figure:
Example :-if ABC is a quarter circle and a circleis inscribed
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
in it and if AB = 24cm,thenfindtheradiusofthesmaller
circle.
Solution :-
𝑟
● Side of square=
2
𝑟
Radius of small circle = ( 2− 1)R ● Area of square = ( ) 2
2
⇒ ( 2− 1)24 ● Area of shaded region = area of quadrant - area of square
2
1 𝑟 2
= πr - ( )
4 2
6.In the following figure
9.In the following figure:
● Area of shaded region = Area of square - Area of one circle
22 2 2 2
2
6
● Length of string = 2πr + 3 × 2r = 2r (Π + 3)
2 2
= (2𝑟) -π𝑟 = 4𝑟 -
2
7
𝑟 =𝑟 (4 -
7
)= 7 𝑟 2
2
6
xample :-Three circles of radius 6 cm are kept touching
E Area of shaded region = 𝑟
7
each other. The string is tightly tied around these three
circles. What is the length of the string? Where r = radius of each circle
SSC CGL 03/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
Solution :- 10.In the following figure:
●Areaofshadedregion=areaofsquare-areaofonecomplete
ircle.
c
Example :- inthegivenfigureiftheradiusofthecircleis28
m, then find the area of the shaded region.
c
t he length of string = 2r (Π + 3)
the length of string = 2 × 6 + (π + 3) = 36 + 12π
7.If‘r’betheradiusof3identicalcirclesthen,Radius(x)ofthe
ircle touching all the 3 circles is as shown:
c
olution :-
S
Areaofshadedregion=areaofsquare-areaofonecomplete
2 2
circle⇒ 56 - 22 × 28 × 28 = 672𝑐 𝑚
7
Exam hall approach:-
2− 3 2 6
6
● x = × r Area of shaded region= 𝑟 = 7 ×28 × 28 = 672𝑐 𝑚2
3 7
8.In the given figure
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
Basic Formulae Table
Triangle Shapes Area Perimeter
Equilateral 2 ℎ
3
2 3𝑎
𝑎 =
Triangle 4
3
Scalene Triangle 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 ) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
Where,
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Semi - perimeter (𝑠 ) =
2
Isosceles 𝑏 2
4𝑎 − 𝑏
2 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑏= (2𝑎 + 𝑏)
Triangle
4
Right angle
1
× 𝑏× 𝑝
𝑝 + 𝑏 + ℎ
Triangle 2
Quadrilateral Shapes Area Perimeter Diagonal
Parallelogram base × height 2 (a + b) 2 2 2 2
𝑑1 +𝑑2 = 2(𝑎 +𝑏 )
Square 2 2
𝑑
2 4× side = 4a a 2
(𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒) = 𝑎 =
2
Rectangle Length× Breadth 2 (L + B) 2
𝐿 + 𝐵
2
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Pinnacle Mensuration (2D)
Rhombus
1
× 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
4a 2 2 2
4𝑎 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
2
1 2 2
Side (a) = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
2
Trapezium
1
× height× sum of parallel side
Sum of all sides
2
Or
1
× ℎ× (𝑎 + 𝑏)
2
Kite
1
× 𝑑1× 𝑑2
2 (a + b)
2
Circle Shapes Area Circumference
Circle = π𝑟
2 2π𝑟
Circular Ring 2
π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
2 Difference in circumference
2π𝑅 − 2π𝑟
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
xample 1 :-Convert 10 km into m, cm and mm ?
E
Mensuration (3D) Solution :- 10 km = 10 × 1000 = 10000 m
[ Volume ] 10 km = 10 × 100000 = 10 ×10 cm
5
6
10 km = 10 ×10 mm
bjectsorshapethathasthreedimensionsi.e.x,y,z iscalled
O
Example 2 :-Convert 10 mm into km, cm and m ?
a 3D object or shape 10 −5
Solution :-10 mm = 6 = 10 km
10
0
1
10 mm = = 1 cm
10
10 −2
10 mm = 3 = 10 m
10
Three Dimensional Figures & Formula
Cube
Important terms :-
Acubeisathree-dimensionalfigurewithallsidesequalandhas
Perimeter erimeter is the total distance around the
P
faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges.
6
shape or the length of the boundary of any
closed shape.
Area Area is the amount of space occupied by a
two - dimensional figure. It is expressed in
square units.
Surface Area Surface Area is the total area occupied by
the surfaces of a 3D object. They are
classified into two parts - Curved or Lateral
Surface Area and Total Surface Area.
Volume Volume is the amount of space occupied by
a 3D shape. It is expressed in cubic meter.
3
Lateral surface area Area of 4 walls. ● Volume =𝑎
2
● Area of each Face =𝑎
Important Unit Conversion 2
● Lateral surface area = 4𝑎
2
3
● 1𝑚 = 1000 litres ● Total surface area = 6𝑎
3 ● Face Diagonal =𝑎 2
● 1 litre = 1000𝑐 𝑚
2
Body Diagonal =𝑎 3
●
● 1 Hectare = 10000𝑚 ● Sum of all edges = 12a
● 1 Acre = 4046.86≈4047𝑚
2 Here, a = length of the side
Example:-Acuboidalwatertankis12mlong,9mwideand
.5 m deep. How many litres of water can it hold?
7 Example :-The volume of a cube is 2.197 cm³. Findthe side
SSC CHSL 08/08/2023 (1st Shift) ( cm ) of the cube
(a) 840000 (b) 805000 (c) 780000 (d) 810000 SSC MTS 19/05/2023 (Morning)
3 (a) 1.3 (b) 1.4 (c) 1.1 (d) 1.2
olution : - 1𝑚
S = 1000 litre
Solution :-Let side of cube = a
Volume of cuboid = l × b × h = 12 × 9 × 7.5
According to the question,
3
= 810𝑚 = 810000 litre 3
Volume of cube (𝑎 ) = 2.197
3
a = 2. 197= 1.3 cm
Some Other Important Unit Conversion
Cutting of Cube :-
1).CuttingCubehorizontallyorVerticallytooneoftheside,then
ne cut adds two new surfaces
o
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
1 cut increases area by 2𝑎
2 cubepaintedbyallthefacesandthencutintonnumberof
A
cubes, will always have 8 smallercubespaintedalongthree
faces.
).Cutting cube at corner adds 2 new Triangular surfacearea
2
Number of cubes with 3 faces painted = 8 (always)
(Pyramid)
Cuboid
A rectangular body having 3D rectangular shape, is called a
uboid.
c
Find the number of cubes of painted faces formula :-
Volume =𝑙× 𝑏× ℎ
●
● Total surface area =2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
● Lateral Surface Area = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)× h
2 2 2 2
● Face diagonal = 𝑙 + 𝑏 or 𝑙 + ℎ
2 2 2
● Body Diagonal = 𝑙 + 𝑏 + ℎ
● Volume of cuboid = 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐
(Here a, b and c are the area of three faces)
umber of cubes with 0 side painted = (n - 2)3
N
Example:-Theareasofthethreeadjacentfacesofacuboid
Number of cubes with 1 sides painted= (n - 2)2 × 6
re32cm2 ,24cm2 and48cm2.Whatisthevolume(in𝑐 𝑚 )
3
Number of cubes with 2 sides painted= (n - 2) × 12 a
Number of cubes with 3 sides painted= 8 (always) of the cuboid ?
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 SSC CGL 04/06/2019 (Evening)
Where n =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 (a) 192 (b) 256 (c) 288 (d) 128
olution :-Volume of cuboid = 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐
S
( Here a, b and c are the area of three faces )
xample :- A cube of side 125cm is painted red on all the
E
3
faces and then cut into smaller cubes of side 25 cm each. Volume of cuboid = 32 × 24 × 48= 192𝑐 𝑚
Find the number of smaller cubes havingatleasttwofaces
painted.
SSC CGL 12/04/2022 (Evening) Box
(a) 48 (b) 36 (c) 44 (d) 52
Solution :- Given :Side of the large cube = 125cm Aboxhasitsshapelikeacubeorcuboid.Theamountthatabox
Side of each smaller cubes = 25 cm an hold or contain is called the capacityofthebox.Capacity
c
125 means internal volume.
n = = 5
25
We know that , number of cubes with 2 sides painted
= 12 (n - 2) = 12 (5 - 2) = 36
and number of cubes with 3 sides painted = 8 (always)
So number of such smaller cubes havingatleasttwofaces
painted = 36 + 8 = 44
xample :- Acubeofside80cmispaintedyellowonallthe
E
faces and then cut into smaller cubes of sides 8cm each . ● Surface area of an open box
Find the number of smaller cubeshavingallthethreefaces = 2 ( length + breadth )× height + length × breadth
painted. =2( 𝑙 + 𝑏)× ℎ + 𝑙× 𝑏
SSC CGL 12/04/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) 32 (b) 28 (c) 8 (d) 64 ● Capacity of box
=(𝑙 − 2𝑡)(𝑏 − 2𝑡)(ℎ − 2𝑡);
where, t = thickness of box
● Volume of the material of the box
= External volume – Internal volume(or capacity)
=𝑙𝑏ℎ − [(𝑙 − 2𝑡)(𝑏 − 2𝑡)(ℎ − 2𝑡)]
Example :- A swimming pool is 40 m in length, 30 m in
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
breadth and 2.2mindepth.Thecostofcementingitsfloor Hollow Cylinder
2
and the four sides at Rs. 25/𝑚 is:
SC CPO 16/03/2019 (Afternoon)
S
(a) Rs.43,980 (b) Rs.37540 (c) Rs.34260 (d) Rs.37700
Solution : - Total area to be painted
2
40 × 30 + 2(40× 2.2 + 30× 2.2) = 1508𝑚
=
Total cost = 1508× 25 = Rs. 37700
Room
2 2
Volume of hollow cylinder =π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )ℎ
●
rectangularroomhasfourwalls(surfaces)andoppositewalls
A ● Curved surface area =2π(𝑅 + 𝑟)ℎ
have equal area. ● Total surface area =2π(𝑅 + 𝑟)ℎ + 2π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
2 2
● Total Area of walls =2(𝑙 + 𝑏)× ℎ =2π(𝑅 + 𝑟){ℎ + 𝑅 − 𝑟}
● Total volume of the room =𝑙× 𝑏× ℎ Where, R = External radius of cylinder , r = internal radius of
● Area of floor or roof =𝑙× 𝑏 cylinder , h = height
Example:-Volumeofmaterialusedinconstructingahollow
xample:-Thelength,breadth,andheightofaroomare10m,
E ylinderofheight24cmandthickness1cmis96π.Whatis
c
8 m and 6 m respectively. Findthecostofwhitewashingthe the sum of the Internal and external radius ?
walls of the room and the ceiling at the rate of ₹7.50 per m². RRB JE 24/05/2019 (Evening)
SSC CGL 24/07/2023 (2nd shift) (a) 7 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm
(a) Rs.2220 (b) Rs.1850 (c) Rs.2150 (d) Rs.2000 Solution :- Given:-h = 24 cm,
Solution :-Given, length = 10m, breadth = 8m, height= 6m thickness (R - r) = 1 cm
Area of four walls = 2 (l + b) × h We know that volume of hollow cylinder = π(R² - r²) × h
= 2(10 + 8) × 6 = 216 m2 ⇒ π [ (R + r) (R - r) ] × h = 96 π
Area of the ceiling = length × breadth = 10 × 8 = 80m2 ∵ { a² - b² = (a + b) (a - b) }
Cost of white washing the walls and ceiling = (216 + 80) × 7.5 6
9
⇒ (R + r) × 1 × 24 = 96 ⇒ (R + r) = = 4cm
= Rs. 2,220 24
Cylinder Embankment
2
Volume of cylinder = area of base× height =π𝑟 ℎ
●
● Lateral/Curved surface area = Perimeter of base× height
=2π𝑟ℎ
● Total surface Area = curved surface area + area of both the olume of the cylindrical well = Volume of the hollow
V
circles cylindrical embankment
2
2π𝑟 + 2π𝑟ℎ = 2π𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ π𝑟 𝐻=π [𝑅 − 𝑟 ]× ℎ⇒ 𝑟 𝐻= [𝑅 − 𝑟 ]× ℎ
● When the rectangular sheet is folded along its length, then the
length becomes the circumference of the base of the cylinder
and breadth becomes the height of the cylinder. Example:-Awellofradius2misdug16.8mdeep.Thesoil
t akenoutofitisspreadevenlyallaroundthewelltoforma48
cm high embankment. What is the width (in m) of the
xample :- Thelateralareaofacylinderis3168cm2 andits
E
embankment?
height is 48 cm. Find the volume. NTPC CBT II (13/06/2022) 2nd Shift
SSC CGL 19/07/2023 (2nd shift) (a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 9.6 (d) 8.4
(a) 5244 cm3 (b) 5544 cm3 (c) 5644 cm3 (d)16632 cm3 Solution :- Radius(r) = 2 m
Solution :-Lateral surface area of the cylinder = 2π𝑟ℎ Height = 16.8 m
According to the question, Let the radius of embankment = R
22 Width of embankment = R - r
2 × ×𝑟× 48 = 3168
7
As per question,
3168×7 21
𝑟=
= cm 22 2
2
2×22×48 2 × 2 × 2 × 16.8 = × (R2 - 4) × 0.48
7
7
2
Now, volume of the cylinder =π𝑟 ℎ 2 = 144 ⇒ R = 12
R
22 1
2 1
2 3 Width of embankment = R - r = 12 - 2 = 10 m
= × × × 48 = 16632𝑐 𝑚
7
2
2
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Cone Height of Cone = Base of Triangle
A solid and round body with a round base and pointed peak. here :radius = Height , Height = Base and
W
slant height = Hypotenuse
Hint: to form a cone, the side through which the triangle is
r otated, always remains constant.
xample :-Arightangledtriangleofheight4cmandbase3
E
cm is rotated around the height of the triangle to a form a
22
cone. Find the volume of cone formed. (Takeπ = )
1 2
1 7
● Volume =
3
×𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎×height = 3
π𝑟 ℎ Solution : - According to the question,
2 2
● Slant height (
𝑙) = 𝑟 + ℎ
2 2
● Curved surface area =π𝑟𝑙 = π𝑟 𝑟 + ℎ
2
Total surface area =π𝑟𝑙 + π𝑟 =π𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
●
● Cone formed by rotating right angled triangle about its height:
2
1
1 2
2 2 52
3 3
Volume of a cone = π𝑟 h = × ×(4) × 3 = 𝑐 𝑚
2
3 3
7
7
Example :- The area of the baseofaconeis186.34 𝑐 𝑚 .If
t heheightoftheconeisnineseventhofitsradius,thenwhat
3 2). Rotation of Right Angle triangle along Height :-
is its volume (in𝑐 𝑚 ) ?
DDA JE (Civil) 01/04/2023 (Morning)
3
(a) 614.922 (b) 611.657 (c) 612.754𝑐 𝑚 (d) 613.841
2 2
Solution :-Area of base of cone = π𝑟 = 186.34𝑐 𝑚 ,
2 186.3 4×7 2
𝑟 = = 59.29𝑐 𝑚 =𝑟= 7.7 cm,
22
9×7.7
Height of cone = = 9.9 cm, adius of Cone = Base of Triangle
R
7
1 2 1 22 Height of cone = Height of Triangle
Volume of cone = π𝑟 ℎ= × × 7.7× 7.7× 9.9
3 3 7
3
here:radius=Base,Height(cone)=Height(triangle)andslant
W
= 614.922𝑐 𝑚 height = Hypotenuse
xample:-Thecircumferenceofbaseofarightcircularcone
E xample :- A rightangledtriangleofheight4cmandbase3
E
is88cm.Iftheheightoftheconeis28cm,thenwhatisthe cmisrotatedaroundtheheightofthetriangletoformacone.
Find the volume and surface area of cone formed.
curved surface area of the cone ? 22
SSC CHSL 09/03/2023 (2nd Shift) (Takeπ = )
7
2 2 2 2
( a) 670 3𝑐 𝑚 (b) 616 5𝑐 𝑚 (c) 627 3𝑐 𝑚 (d) 661 5𝑐 𝑚 Solution :-
Solution :-According to the question,
Circumference of the base of the cone
(2𝛑r) = 88cm
7
1
Then, r =88× × = 14cm
22 2
Slant height of the cone (
𝑙)
2 2 2 2
= (𝑟) + (ℎ) = (14) + (28) = 980= 14 5 ccording to the question,
A
The height of the triangle is rotated to form a cone.
Therefore, curved surface area of the cone (𝛑r
𝑙)
Then, Height of the cone = 4 cm and radius of a cone = 3 cm
22 2
= × 14× 14 5= 616 5𝑐 𝑚 2
1
1 2
2 2 64
2 3
7 ⇒ Volume of a cone = π𝑟 h = × ×(3) × 4 = 𝑐 𝑚
3 3
7
7
Using Triplet (3 , 4 , 5 ) = slant height of a cone = 5 cm
22 64
2 2
Formation Of Cones By Rotating Triangles ⇒ Surface area of a cone =πr𝑙=
7
× 3 × 4 =
7
𝑐 𝑚
1). Rotation of Right Angle triangle along Base :-
3). Rotation of Right Angle triangle along Hypotenuse :-
When given triangle is rotated along AC,
Radius of Cone = Height of Triangle
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Here,diameterofthecone=‘b’,and2differentslantheights=‘a’ Results Of Cutting Of Cone
nd ‘c’.
a
2
(𝑎𝑐)
1
Sum of volume of 2 cones = π
3 𝑏
xample :- A right angled triangle havingtwosidesof7cm
E
and 24 cmrespectivelyisrotatedalongitshypotenuse.Find
the total volume of the shape formed.
Solution :- According to the question,
Using the property of similarity, we get the following results:
𝑟 ℎ 𝑙
𝑟1 = ℎ1 = 𝑙1
2 2 2
onsidering the two cones i.e., smaller and bigger, we have:
C
Ratio of CSA of smaller and bigger cone =
y using triplet (7 , 24 , 25) = diameter of a cone = 25 cm
B 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝐶𝑆𝐴 Π𝑟1𝑙1 𝑟1 ℎ1 𝑙1
2 2 2
and two different slant height 7 cm and 24 cm 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝐶𝑆𝐴 =
Π𝑟2𝑙2
=(
𝑟2
) =(
ℎ2
) = (
𝑙2
)
2
(𝑎𝑐)
1
Total volume of 2 cones = π Ratio of volume of 2 cones
3
𝑏
2
1 22 (7×24)
1 2
=
×
× 3
π𝑟1 ℎ1
3 7 25 𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
1 2
2 (49×576) 3
=
𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
=
1 2
= × × =1182.72𝑐 𝑚 3
π𝑟2 ℎ2
3
7 25
For the following figure :
Rotation of sector to form a cone :-
θ
R = 𝑟
360
he ratio of CSA of 5 parts is as:
T
lant height of cone (L) = Radius of sector (r)
S 12 : 22- 12 : 32- 22 : 42- 32 : 52- 42 = 1 : 3: 5 : 7 : 9
Curved Surface Area of cone = Area of Sector The ratio of Volume of 5 parts is as:
13 : 23- 13 : 33- 23 : 43- 33 : 53- 43 = 1 : 7 :19 : 37 : 61
Example :- The diagram belowshowsasectorofacircleof
r adius 14 cm. The angle ofthesectoris270°.Thesectoris Frustum Of Cone
folded to form a cone. Find the radius of the cone.
Solution : - Ifaconeiscutbyaplaneparalleltoitsbase,soastodividethe
one into two parts: upper part and lower part, thenthelower
c
part is called frustum.
According to the question,
θ
Radius of the cone (R) = ×𝑟( radiusof a sector)
360
2 2
70
2 Slant height (l) = ℎ + (𝑅 − 𝑟)
●
= × 14 = 10.5 cm
360 ● Curved Surface Area =π(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙
2 2
● Total surface area =π(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + π𝑅 + π𝑟
2 2
=π{(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 𝑅 + 𝑟 }
1 2 2
● Volume = πh(
𝑟 + 𝑅 + 𝑟𝑅)
3
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
2 2 2
xample:-Theradiioftheendsofafrustumofacone7cm
E Total surface area =4π𝑟 + 2π𝑟 = 6π𝑟
2
high are 5 cm and 3 cm. Find its volume correct to one ● N cut increases area = 2π𝑟 𝑁
22
decimal place. (Useπ = )
7
SC CGL 12/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
S Hollow Sphere Or Spherical Shell
(a) 345.6 cm³ (b) 359.3 cm3 (c) 379.3 cm³ (d)369.3 cm³
1 2 2
Solution:Volume of a frustum = × π × h(𝑅 +𝑟 + R × r)
3
1 22 2 2
= × × 7(5 +3 + 5 × 3)
3 7
22 22×49 078
1 3
= (25 + 9 + 15) = = = 359.3𝑐 𝑚
3 3
3
Example:-Asolidfrustumofaconeisofheight8cm.Ifthe
r adii of its lower and upper ends are 3 cm and 9 cm
4 3 3
● Volume of hollow sphere = π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
respectively, then its slant height is: 3
RRB NTPC CBT - I 11/03/2021 (Morning) ● Internal surface area =4π𝑟
2
(a) 9cm (b) 12 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 15 cm 2
2 2 2
External surface area =4π𝑅
●
Solution:-Slant height (𝐿 ) =𝐻 + (𝑅 − 𝑟) ● Total surface area of a hollow hemisphere
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝐿 =8 + (9 − 3) ⇒ 𝐿 = 64 + 36⇒ 𝐿 = 100⇒ 𝐿 = 10𝑐 𝑚 2 2 2
2π(𝑅 +𝑟 ) + π(𝑅 –𝑟 )
=
2
Here, R = external radius and r = internal radius
Sphere
xample :- Find the total surface area (in square cm) and
E
volume(in cube cm) of a hollow hemisphere whose outer
radius is 10 cm and inner radius is 5 cm.
RRC Group D 06/10/2022 ( Afternoon )
Solution :-Total surface area of a hollow hemisphere
2 2 2 2
= 2π(𝑅 +𝑟 ) + π(𝑅 –𝑟 )
2
= 2π(102 + 52) + π(102 - 52) = 250π + 75π = 325 π𝑐 𝑚
4 3 3
3
4 Volume of hollow hemisphere = π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
● Volume of sphere = π𝑟 3
3
4 3 3 4×825 3
● Curved Surface area = Total surface area =4π𝑟
2
= π(10 -5 ) = π = 1100π 𝑐 𝑚
3 3
3
xample:-Ifthevolumeofasphereis24,416.64𝑐 𝑚 ,findits
E
Hemisphere
surface area (take π = 3.14) correct to two places of decimal.
SSC CGL 03/12/2022 (1st Shift)
2 2
(a) 3069.55𝑐 𝑚 (b) 4069.44𝑐 𝑚
2 2
(c) 5069.66𝑐 𝑚 (d) 6069.67𝑐 𝑚
4 3
Solution :- volume of a sphere = × π𝑟
3
4 3
2
Now,24416. 64= × 3. 14× 𝑟 ● Volume of the hemisphere =
3
π𝑟
3 3
3 7776×3 2
𝑟 = = 5832 ⇒ r = 18 cm ● Total surface area =3π𝑟
4
2
Now, surface area of sphere =4π𝑟
2 ● Curved surface area =2π𝑟
2 Where, r = radius
= 4 × 3.14 × 18 × 18 ⇒ 4069.44𝑐 𝑚
Example :- The total surface area of a solid hemisphere is
Cutting of sphere symmetrically from center :-
158 cm². Find its volume (in cm³).
4
SSC CPO 05/10/2023 (1st Shift)
(a) 9702 (b) 19404 (c) 1848 (d) 462
2
Solution :-T.S.A of hemisphere = 3π𝑟
2 2 4158×7
⇒ 3π𝑟 = 4158⇒ 𝑟 = ⇒ 𝑟 = 21𝑐 𝑚
3×22
Volume of hemisphere
2 22 3
= × × 21× 21× 21=19404𝑐 𝑚
3 7
2
● 1 cut increases area = 2π𝑟
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Hexagonal Heptagonal
Example :- The total surface area ofahemisphereis64.57
2 2
𝑐 𝑚 . Find its curved surface area(𝑐 𝑚 ).
SSC CHSL 08/06/2022 (Morning)
(a) 64.57 (b) 53.44 (c) 43.04 (d) 33.04
Solution :-
The total surface area of a hemisphere = 64.57 cm2
22
⇒ 3πr2 = 64.57 ⇒ 3 ×
r2 = 64.57⇒ r2 = 6.848
× → 8 faces(2 Hexagonal and
7 → 9 faces(2 Hexagonal and 7
22 6 rectangular)
urved surface area = 2 ×
C × 6.848 = 43.04cm2 rectangular)
7 → 18 edges
→ 19 edges
→ 12 vertices
→ 14 vertices
Spherical Cap Octagonal Trapezoidal
→ 6 faces(2 trapezoidal and 4
→ 10 faces(2 Octagonal and 8 rectangular)
rectangular) → 12 edges
→ 24 edges → 8 vertices
→ 16 vertices
here:r=radiusofbaseofthecap,R=radiusofthesphere,h
W
● Volume of prism = area of base× height
= height of the spherical cap and θ = angle between the rays
from the centre of the sphere to the apex of the cap ● Lateral surface area = Perimeter of base× height
Using R and h Using r and h Using R andθ ● Total surface Area = Lateral surface area + area of base and
Volume 2 πℎ 3 top surface
πℎ × π𝑅
(3𝑅 − ℎ) 6 ×
3 3
2 2
(3𝑟 + ℎ ) (2 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ ) × Example:-Thebaseofarightprismisanequilateraltriangle
2
(1 − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ ) hosesideis10cm.Ifheightofthisprismis10 3cm,then
w
Area 2π𝑅ℎ 2
π(𝑟 + ℎ )
2
2π
2
𝑅 (1 - cosθ ) what is the total surface area of prism?
SSC CGL Tier II (08/08/2022)
( a) 125 3 (b) 325 3 (c) 150 3 (d) 350 3
Prism Solution :-Total surface area of prism
= [Perimeter of base× height] + [2× area ofbase]
( Prism based on different shapes )
3 2
= [(10 + 10 + 10)× 10 3] + [2× × 10 ]
4
Triangular Rectangular 2
= [30× 10 3] + 50 3 = 300 3+ 50 3 = 350 3𝑐 𝑚
Example:- The base of arightprismisaregularhexagonof
3
ide 5 cm. If its height is12 3c
s m, then its volume(in𝑐 𝑚 )
SSC CGL Tier II (15/11/2020)
→ 6 faces (all rectangular)
→ 5 faces(2 triangular and (a) 900 (b) 1800 (c) 1350 (d) 675
→ 12 edges
3 rectangular) Solution :-Regular hexagon consists of 6 equilateraltriangles.
→ 8 vertices
→ 9 edges 3 2 5 3
2
→ 6 vertices Area of triangle = a =
4
4
Pentagonal Square 150 3
Area of base = 6× Area of triangle =
4
Volume of prism = area of base× height
150 3 3
= × 12 3 = 1350𝑐 𝑚
4
Pyramid
→ 7 faces(2 pentagonal and 5 → 6 faces(2 square and 4
rectangular) r ectangular) ote :- If the base is not round, it will be called a pyramid. A
N
→ 15 edges → 12 edges pyramid can have various shapes of the base example: square,
→ 10 vertices → 8 vertices rectangular, triangular etc.
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
1
And Area of its lateral face = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
1 15
= × 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡= 30 ⇒ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡=
× 8
2 2
2 2
Height of the pyramid = 𝑙 − 𝑟
15 2 4 2 611
= ( 2
) − ( ) = 12
cm
3
● Pyramid means a structure with regular polygon as its base xample :- A pyramidhasanequilateraltriangleasitsbase,
E
and sloping sides that meet in a point at the top. ofwhicheachsideis8cm.Itsslantedgeis24cm.Thewhole
● In Pyramid, with n sided regular polygon at its base, total urface area of the pyramid (in𝑐 𝑚 ) is:
s
2
number of vertices = n + 1 SSC CGL Tier II (06/03/2023)
1
● Volume = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎× ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (a) (16 3+ 24 35) (b) (12 3+ 24 35)
3
2 2
(c) (24 3+ 36 35) (d) (16 3+ 48 35)
● Slant height (
𝑙) = 𝑟 + ℎ
1
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟×𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Solution :-LSA = × Perimeter of Base × Slantheight
2
Lateral surface area =
●
2 TSA of pyramid = LSA + Area of Base
● Total Surface area = Lateral surface area + Area of base 2 2 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 2
(𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝐸 𝑑𝑔𝑒) = (𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) + ( )
3
(1) Equilateral Triangular Pyramid :- 8
) 2
2 2
(24) = (𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) + (
3
8
) 2= 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2 2
(24) - (
3
76×3−64
5 2
=𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3
1664
=𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3
16×104
=𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3
𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡=4 35cm
1 2
3 LSA =48 35cm
●Volume = × × h
𝑎 2
3 4 TSA = 16 3+48 35𝑐 𝑚
1
Curved Surface area = × 3a ×𝑙
●
2
(2) Rectangular Pyramid :-
𝑎 2 2
2 2
𝑙) = 𝑟 + ℎ =
●Slant Height( ( ) + ℎ
2 3
𝑎 2 2
2 2
●Slant Edge = 𝑅 + ℎ = ( ) + ℎ
3
1 2
3
●Total Surface Area = × 3a𝑙+
𝑎
2 4
Example :- The base of a right pyramid is an equilateral
2
triangle with area 16 3 𝑐 𝑚 . If the area of oneofitslateral
2
1
1
f aces is 30𝑐 𝑚 , then its height (in cm) is: ● Curved Surface area = 2 × 𝑙×𝑙1+2 × 𝑏 ×𝑙2
2 2
SSC CGL Tier II (13/09/2019)
● Total Surface Area = C.S.A +𝑙b
209 739 643 611 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) ● Volume = ×𝑙b
× h
12 12 12 12
3
3 2 ● There are two slant height
Solution :- Area of an equilateral triangle = 𝑎
4
2
3 𝑏 2 2
⇒ 16 3= 𝑎 ⇒ a = 8 ● First slant height (𝑙1) = ( 2 ) + ℎ
4
Radius of the pyramid = inradius of the triangle
𝑙 2 2
=
𝑎
=
8
=
4 ● Second slant height (𝑙2) = ( 2 ) + ℎ
2 3 2 3 3
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
(3) Square Pyramid :-
1
● Volume (V) = × area of base× height
3
1 3 2 2 2 3
= × 𝑎 × 𝑎= 𝑎
3
4 3 12
3 2
● Lateral surface area =3× a
4
3 2
● Total surface area = a × 4 = 3 a2
4
Example :-The box is in the form of tetrahedron ofeach side
2cm. What is the volume of the given box ?
3
Solution :- Given that :
1 Side of a tetrahedron (a) = 3 2then,
● Curved Surface area = × 4a ×𝑙 2 3 ×54 2
2
2 3
Volume of a tetrahedron = (3 2) = 𝑐 𝑚
1 2 12 2
1
● Total Surface Area = × 4a ×𝑙 +𝑎 54 3 3
2 = 𝑐 𝑚 = 9𝑐 𝑚
6
1 2
● Volume = ×𝑎 × h
3
Some Combination of 3D Objects
2
𝑎 2
● Slant Height(
𝑙) = ( 2
) + ℎ
𝑎 2 2
● Slant Edge = ( ) + ℎ
2
(4) Hexagonal Pyramid :-
𝑎( 3−1)
● Shortest distance from vertex of cube to sphere=
2
(when 1 sphere in a cube)
● When two equal sphere in a cube, then
⇒ 3a = 2r(1 + 3)
Maximum Cylinder inside the Cube :-
1
● Curved Surface area = × 6a ×𝑙
2
1 2
3
● Total Surface Area = × 6a ×𝑙 + 6 ×
𝑎
2 4
1 3 2
Volume =
● 6 ×
× 𝑎 × h
3 4
2
3 2
● Slant Height(
𝑙) = ( 2
𝑎
) + ℎ
2 2
● Slant Edge = 𝑎 + ℎ 𝐸𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑥
Radius of cylinder= = 2
2
Tetrahedron eight of cylinder = Edge of the cube
H
Then,
It is a 3D figure made by joining four equilateral triangles.
Volume of cube : Volume of cylinder
3 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 : π( 2 )2 𝑥
22 1
⇒ 1 : 7
4
×
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 4
1
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 11
2 Example:-Arightcircularcylinderofmaximumpossiblesize
● Height of Tetrahedron (h) = 𝑎
3 iscutoutfromasolidwoodencube.Theremainingmaterial
3 of the cube is what percentage of the original cube?
● Slant height = 𝑎
2
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Maximum cube inside the Sphere :-
( takeπ = 3.14)
SSC CPO 13/12/2019 (Morning)
(a) 22.4 (b) 21.5 (c) 22.8 (d) 21.8
Solution :-
Diameter of the cylinder = a Diagonal of cube = Diameter of sphere
𝑎 2𝑟
r = a nd h = a ⇒ 3a=2r⇒ a=
2 3
The percentage of remaining material of the cube to the 3 2𝑟 3
4
3 Volume of sphere : Volume of cube ⇒
3
π𝑥 : ( )
3 π𝑎 3
− 4
𝑎
original cube = × 100 4 22 8
3 ⇒ 3 × 7 :
𝑎 3
3
4−π
= × 100=0. 86 × 25= 21.42≈ 21.5% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 1 3
1
4 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒
7
Exam hall approach :- We know that,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 4
1
⇒
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
=
11
Maximum cube inside the Cone :-
According to the question,
Percentage of remaining material ofthecubetotheoriginal
3
cube = × 100 = 21.42%≈ 21.5 %
14
Maximum Sphere inside the Cube :-
∆ABC ∼∆ADE
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 ℎ 𝑟 2𝑟ℎ
⇒
= ⇒ = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎=
𝐷
𝐴 𝐸
𝐷 ℎ−𝑎 2𝑟 +ℎ
2
Maximum cube inside the Hemisphere :-
Diameter of Sphere (2r) = edge of cube =𝑥
olume of cube : volume of sphere
V
3
4 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 : 3
π( 2 )2𝑥
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 1
2
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 11
Example :- Whatisthevolumeofthelargestspherethatcan LetRbetheradiusofthehemisphereand‘a’bethesideofthe
e made in a cube of side 3.5 m ?
b
ube. C is the Centre of the hemisphere.
c
22
(Takeπ = 7 ) BD = 2a
Solution :- According to the question, 𝑎
3 3 So, BC =
olume of the cube =(3. 5) = 42.875𝑚
V 2
We know that, 2
In∆ABC,𝐴 𝐶 =𝐴 𝐵 +𝐵𝐶
2 2
𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑉 1
2
= 2 3𝑎
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 11 Now, 𝑅 =
So, 21 unit = 42.875 2
42.8
75 3
⇒ 11 unit= 21
× 11 = 22.45 𝑚
2
𝑎= R
3
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Maximum Cylinder inside Sphere :- Maximum Cone inside Sphere :-
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒
8
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 27
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
1
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
3 Maximum Cone inside Cylinder :-
Example:-Acylinderisinscribedinasphere.Theradiusofthe
5
sphereis timestheheightofthecylinder.Whatistheratio
6
f the volume of the cylinder to the volume of the sphere?
o
NTPC CBT II (10/05/2022) 1st Shift
(a) 27 ∶ 50 (b)72 ∶ 125 (c)6 ∶ 5 (d)36 ∶ 25
Solution : - 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
3
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 1
Maximum Sphere inside Cylinder :-
5
𝑅 5
Given :-R = h⇒
=
6 ℎ
6
otal height = 6 units
T
So half height = 3 units
Radius of sphere(R) = 5 units 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
3
=
By pythagoras theorem 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 2
Radius of cylinder ( r ) = 𝑅² − ℎ²
25 − 9= 16= 4 units
=
xample :- A cylinder hassomewaterinitataheightof16
E
Now required ratio
cm.Ifasphereofradius9cmisputintoit,thenfindtherise
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 π×4×4×6 72 in the height of the water if the radius of the cylinder is 12 cm.
= 4
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 π×
5×5×5
1 25 SSC CPO 05/10/2023 (1st Shift)
3
(a) 1.6 cm (b) 8.75 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 6.75 cm
Solution :-According to the question,
Maximum Cylinder inside Cone :- Volume of cylinder = Volume of sphere
2 3
4
π𝑟 ℎ= π𝑟 ⇒ 12 × 12 × h
3
4 4×9×9×9
= 9 × 9 ×9 ⇒ h =
× ⇒ h = 6.75 cm
3 3×12×12
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
4
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 9
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Basic Formulae Table
Three Shape Volume Lateral surface area Total surface area
dimensiona
l figure
Cube
3 2 2
𝑎 4𝑎
6𝑎
Cuboid
𝑙× 𝑏× ℎ 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)× h 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
Box
(𝑙 − 2𝑡) (𝑏 − 2𝑡)(ℎ − 2𝑡)
where, t = thickness of
box — —
Cylinder
area of base× height = 2
π𝑟 +2π𝑟ℎ=2π𝑟
2
2 2π𝑟ℎ
π𝑟 ℎ (𝑟 + ℎ)
Hollow
Cylinder
2 2
2π(𝑅 + 𝑟)ℎ+
π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )ℎ 2π(𝑅 + 𝑟)ℎ 2 2
2π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
Cone
1
3
×𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒× π𝑟𝑙 + π𝑟 =
2
2 2
2
1 π𝑟𝑙 = π𝑟 𝑟 + ℎ π𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
height = π𝑟 ℎ
3
Frustum
1 2 2 2 2
πh(
𝑟 + 𝑅 + 𝑟𝑅) π(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 π{(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 𝑅 + 𝑟 }
3
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Pinnacle Mensuration (3D)
Sphere
3
4 2
π𝑟 4π𝑟
3 —
Hollow
phere
S
2 2 2
4 3 3 2π(𝑅 +𝑟 ) + π(𝑅 –
π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
3 — 2
𝑟 )
Hemisphere
2 3 2 2
π𝑟 2π𝑟 3π𝑟
3
Prism Lateral surface area
Perimeter of base×
area of base× height + area of base and
— height
top surface
Pyramid
1
× 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟× 𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Lateral surface area
𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ
3
2 + Area of base
× ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Tetrahedron
1
× area of base×
3 3 2 3 2
3× a a × 4 = 3 a2
3
2 4 4
eight =
h
𝑎
2
1
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Pinnacle Number System
non-terminating non - recurring is irrational.
Number System Example : π = 3.142857142857 …
umberSystem :- Anumbersystemisdefinedasasystemof
N
Types of Rational Number
writing to express numbers.Itisthemathematicalnotationfor
representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other (a) Integer (Z): Integers are numbers that can be positive,
symbols in a consistent manner. egative or zero, but cannot be a fraction.
n
I = ….. , -4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …...
Classification of Numbers
𝑝
(b)Fraction/Decimal:-Fractionsarewrittenintheformof ,
𝑞
here q≠0, while in decimals, the whole number part and
w
fractional part are connected through a decimal point, for
example, 0.5.
Types of Integer (Z)
( a)Zero(0): Zeroisneitherapositivenoranegativeinteger.It
is a neutral number i.e. zero has no sign (+ or -).
( b) PositiveIntegers(Z+):Positivenumbersarecalledpositive
integers. These integerslieontherightsideof0onanumber
line.
(Z+) = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
( c) Negative Integers (Z−) : Negative numbers are called
( 1).RealNumbers(R):Realnumbersarenumbersthatinclude
negative integers. These integers lieontheleftsideof0ona
bothrationalandirrationalnumbers.Ingeneralallthearithmetic
number line.
operationscanbeperformedonthesenumbersandtheycanbe
represented in the number line also. (Z−) = -1, -2, -3, -4, -5…
4
Examples :0, +8, - 14, , 1.8 etc
9 Types of Positive Integers(z)
( 2).ImaginaryNumbers(i):ImaginaryNumbersaredefinedas holeNumbers(W):-Anypositivenumberwithoutafractional
W
the square rootofthenegativenumberwhereitdoesn’thavea or decimal part is referred to as a whole number.
definite value. It is mostly written in the form of real number Examples: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… etc.
multiplied by imaginary unit called “ 𝑖”.
aturalNumbers(N):-Allpositiveintegersfrom1toinfiniteare
N
Examples : − 3, 7
2 4
called natural numbers.
Note :-iota (i) = − 1, 𝑖 = - 1 ,𝑖 = 1 Examples :-1, 2, 3, 4 … etc.
Complexnumber:Acomplexnumberisthesumofarealnumber
Types of Natural Number
ndanimaginarynumber.Acomplexnumberisoftheforma+ib
a
and is usually represented by z.
rimenumber:Anumberwhichisdivisibleby1anditself.2is
P
Standard form :-
only an even prime number.
Example :-2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc.
Note :-
Total prime no. between 1 - 50 → 15
Total prime no. between 50 - 100 →10
Total prime no. between 1 - 100 → 25
Total prime no. between 1 - 500 → 95
Types of Real Number Total prime no. between 1 - 1000 → 168
ote:-Everyprimenumbercanbewrittenin(6x±1)form,But
N
(a) Rational Numbers : Numbers whose exact value can be
𝑝 every (6x±1) may not be a prime number .
determined.Alsoanumberwhichcanbewrittenintheform , Example :-6 × 3 - 1 = 17 (Prime No) ,
𝑞
herepandqareintegersandq≠0iscalledarational number.
w 6 × 4 + 1 = 25 (Not Prime No)
For example,
3
4
9 22
Unity Number :- A number representing a single or the only
Examples : = 0.75, = 0.8, , etc. ntity. For example, a line segment of unit length is a line
e
4 5 −5 7
segment of length 1.
( b)IrrationalNumbers:Numberswhoseexactvaluecannotbe
determined. A number whose decimal expansion is Composite number :A number which has two or morethan 2
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Pinnacle Number System
factors are called Composite numbers. Perfect Number :-A perfect number is a positive integer that is
qual to the sum of its factors except for the number itself.
e
xample :-4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 etc.
E Example: 6, 28,496 etc.
Note :-1 is neither prime nor composite.
Smallest composite number→ 4 6→ factors (1, 2, 3, 6)→ 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
Smallest odd composite number→ 9 8→ factors (1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28)→ 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28
2
2 2 Note :-6 is the smallest Perfect number.
If x and y are any two odd prime numbers then , 𝑥 + 𝑦 and
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 is a composite number .
Basics of Number System
Types of Prime Number (1).FaceValue:-Itisnothingbutthenumberitselfaboutwhich
it has been asked.
( a) Co-prime number :- Two numbers are called Co-prime Eg:Inthenumber23576,facevalueof5is5andfacevalueof7
numbers if their HCF is 1. is 7.
Example:-(2 and 3), (6 and 11).
(2). PlaceValue:-Theplacevalueofanumberdependsonits
Note :- Two prime numbers are always co-prime numbers to
ositioninthenumber.Eachpositionhasavalue10n,theplaces
p
each other. Any two consecutive integers are always co-prime
to its right.
number to each other.
Example:- In the number 23576, place value of 5 is 500 and
place value of 3 is 3000.
( b) Twin prime :- Two consecutive prime numbers with
difference 2 are called Twin-prime numbers.
Example :(3, 5) (5, 7) (11, 13) (17, 19) etc.
3, 5, 7is the only pair of prime numbers with a gapof 2.
Prime Number Test
or finding whether any number is a prime number or not,we
F
need to find the nearest square root ofgivennumber,thenwe
he factors of a number are the numbers that divide it
T
need to find out whether the given number is divisible by any
completely without leaving any remainder.
prime number less than the obtained number or not. If it is
divisiblethenitisnotaprimenumberandifnotdivisiblethenit
Example:-24canbecompletelydividedby1,2,3,4,6,8,12and
is a prime number.
4, so these numbers are factors of 24.
2
xample :-Find whether 177 is a prime number or not.
E
Solution:-Nearestsquarerootof177is13.Nowweneedto Primefactorisationofanumber:-Whenanumberiswrittenin
checkwhether177isdivisiblebyprimenumberslessthan13. t he form of multiplication of its primefactors,it'scalledprime
On checking wefindthat177isdivisibleby3.Hence,177is factorisation.
not a prime number. i.e.Prime factorisation of 24.
Decimal Number
3 1
24→ 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 or2 × 3
FindtotalNumberoffactors:-Tofindthenumberoffactorswe
ritethenumberintheformofprimefactorsandthenadd+1to
w
the exponent of prime factors and multiply them.
𝑝
Terminating decimal :- Can be writtenin
𝑞
formwhere 𝑞 ≠ 0 If N = ap × bq × cr × …
and haveafinitenumberofdigitsafterthedecimalpoint.They Then the total number of factors = (p + 1) × (q + 1)× (r + 1)...
3 1
2 i.e.24 =2 × 3
are also called rational numbers i.e. , 0.4 →
5 Number of factors of 24→ (3 + 1)×(1 + 1) = 4× 2 = 8.
𝑝
Non-terminatingrecurring:-Canbewrittenin formwhere 𝑞 ind sum of factors:-If N = ap × bq × cr × …
F
𝑞
≠ 0 buttheyneverend,theyrepeatoneormorenumbersafter Then Sum of factors=(a0 +a1 +a2 +...+ap ) ×(b0 +b1 +b2 +...+
5 bq ) × (c0 + c1 + c2 +...+ cr) .......
the decimal point i.e. , 0.5→
9
𝑝 OR
Non terminating Non repeating :- Can’t be written in form
𝑞
And they continue endlessly, with no groupofdigitsrepeating. 𝑝+1
𝑎 −1
𝑞+1
−1
𝑏
𝑟+1
𝑐 −1
Also called irrational numbers.i.e.π, 2, 3 𝑎−
1
× 𝑏 −1 × 𝑐 − 1
× ……..
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Pinnacle Number System
xample:-24 =2 × 3 ,
E
3 1 Example :-Find the sum of reciprocal of all factors of 120.
3 1 1
Solution:-Sum of all factors Solution:-120 = 2 × 3 × 5
0 1 2 3 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 1
= (2 + 2 +2 + 2 )× (3
+ 3 ) = 15× 4 = 60. Sum of factors = (2 + 2 + 2 + 2 )(3 + 3 )(5 +5 ) = 360
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 60
3
OR Sum of reciprocal of all factors= = = 3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 120
3+1 1+1 4 2 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
2 −1 −1
3 −1
2 −1
3
= × = × = 15× 4 = 60 Product of factors= (Number) 2
2−
1 −
3 1
1
2
Example :-Find the product of factors of 20.
umber of even factors of a number :- Tofindthenumberof
N
olution:-20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
S
evenfactorsofanumber,weadd+1totheexponentsofprime 6
numbers except 2. Product of factors=(20) 2 = (20)3 = 8000
Note:-Ifanumberdoesn'thave2asitsfactoritwillhave0even
factors) 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
If N = ap × bq × cr × … Average of Factors=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Then total number of even factors = p× (q + 1)× (r + 1)× …
otalnumberofPrimefactors:-IfN=ap × bq × cr × …herea,b,
T
c are prime factor so total number of prime factor in given
Example :-Find the number of even factors of 120.
3 1 1 number = p + q + r
olution :-120 =2 × 3 × 5
S
Numberofevenfactors=3 × (1+1) × (1+1)=3× 2× 2= umber of factors which are co-prime to each other :-
N
12 If N =ap × bq where a , b are prime factor
Then Number of coprime factor will be = [ (p +1 )(q +1) +pq]
Note :-Even factors = Total factors - odd factors
If N = ap × bq × cr
0
Sum of even factors :we shall ignore2 , ThenNumberofcoprimefactorwillbe=[(p+1)(q+1)(r+1)+
pq + qr + rp + 3pqr]
Example :-Find the sum of even factors of 120.
1 2 3 0 1 ome Important Results of Factors :-
S
Solution :-Sum of even factors = (2 +2 +2 )(3 + 3 )
0 1
*1001 = 7× 11× 13
(5 + 5 ) = 14× 4× 6 = 336. 1001× abc = abcabc
OR 1001× 234 = 234234
3+1 1+1 1+1 xample :-Which of the following is a factor of 531531 ?
E
2 −2 −1
3 −1
5 (a) 15 (b) 13 (c) 11 (d) both b and c
= × ×
2−
1 −
3 1
−
3 1
Solution :- 531531 = 1001× 531 = 7× 11× 13× 531
4 2 2
2 −2 −1
3 −1
5 So, both 11 and 13 are factors of 531531.
= × × = 14× 4× 6 = 336
1
2 −
5 1
* 111 = 37 × 3 , 1001× 111 = 111111,
umber of odd factors of anumber:-Tofindthenumberand
N When a single digit is written 6 times, 3, 7, 11, 13,and37are
sum of odd factors of a number, we have to ignore the factors of it.
exponents of 2.
If N = ap × bq × cr × …
xample :-Which of the following is a factor of 222222 ?
E
Where a = 2
(a) 17 (b) 57 (c) 68 (d) 74
Then total number of odd factors = (q + 1)× (r+ 1)× …
Solution:- 222222 = 2× 111111
= 2× 3× 7× 11× 13× 37
Example :-Find the number of odd factors of 120. Clearly, 2× 37 = 74 is one of the factors.
3 1 1
olution:-120 = 2 × 3 × 5
S
Required number = (1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 4
Recurring Decimal
The exponent of 2 is completely ignored.
ecurringdecimalsarereferredtoasnumbersthatareuniformly
R
Sum of odd factors of a number :- repeated after the decimal. Some rational numbers produce
0 1 0 1
Sum of odd factors of 120 = (3 +3 )(5 + 5 ) = 4 × 6 = 24 recurringdecimalsafterconvertingthemintodecimalnumbers,
but all irrational numbers produce recurring decimals after
OR
converting them into decimal form.
1+1 1+1 2 2 i.e.
3 −1 −1
5 −1
3 −1
5
= × = × = 4× 6 = 24.
1
3−
1 −
5 1
2
4 (1). = 0.3333333 ….. = 0.3
3
9
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 (2). 0.9= = 1
Sum of reciprocal of all factors :- 9
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
5327−53 5274
(3). 0.5327= =
9900 9900
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Pinnacle Number System
5327−53 5274 BY 17 :-The divisibility rule of 17 states, "If five timesthelast
(4). 2.5327= 2 + = 2
9900 9900 igit is subtracted from a number made up of the remaining
d
digitsandtheremainderiseither0oramultipleof17,thenthe
Divisibility Rule number is divisible by 17"
i.e.221: 22 − 1 × 5 = 17
By 2 :-When the last digit is 0 or an even number.i.e.520, 588
y 3 :-Sum of digits of a number is divisible by3
B
Important Formulas
i.e.1971, 1974
𝑛(𝑛
+1)
y4:-Whenlasttwodigitsaredivisibleby4or,theyarezeros
B 1.Sum of first n natural number =
2
i.e.1528, 1700 2
2.Sum of first n odd numbers =𝑛
y 5 :-When last digit of a number is 0 or 5
B
i.e.1725, 1790 3.Sum of first n even numbers =𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑛(𝑛
+1) (2𝑛 +1)
By 6 :-When the number is divisible by 2 and 3 both.i.e.36, 72 4.Sum of square of first n natural numbers =
6
y7:-Subtracttwicethelastdigitfromthenumberformedby
B 𝑛(𝑛 +1) 2
. Sum of cubes of first n natural number = (
5 )
the remaining digits. 2
i.e.651 divisible by 7 𝑚 𝑚
65 - (1 × 2) = 63. Since 63 is divisible by 7, so is 651. 6.(𝑥 − 𝑎 ) is divisible by(𝑥 − 𝑎)for everynatural number m.
𝑚 𝑚
. (𝑥 − 𝑎 ) isdivisibleby (𝑥 + 𝑎)and (𝑥 − 𝑎) forevenvalues
7
Exam Hall Approach for divisibility of 7 :- of m.
Example :-What 16807 divisible by 7 ? 𝑚 𝑚
8.(𝑥 + 𝑎 ) is divisible by(𝑥 + 𝑎)for oddvalues of m.
tep 1 : Starting fromtherightside,dividethenumberinto
S
triplet , i.e 016/807 𝑝
. Number of prime factors of 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 , 𝑑 is 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠
9
𝑞 𝑟 𝑠
Step 2 : Puttingthesign‘+’and‘-’alternatelyonthetriplet when a, b, c, d are all prime numbers.
− +
f rom the right side i.e016 /8
07
𝑚 𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑚,𝑛
)
Step 3:After solving this , divide the resultantnumber 7 10.HCF of(𝑎 − 1) and(𝑎 − 1) = [(𝑎 − 1)]
807−16 91
7
= = 113
7
7 Number of Zeros in an Expression
Hence 16807 is divisible by 7
e shall understand this conceptwiththehelpofanexample.
W
By 8 :-When the last three digits are divisible by8.i.e. 2256 Let’s find the number of zeros in the following expression:
24× 32× 17× 23× 19 = (23 × 31)× 25 × 17 × 23 × 19
By 9 :-When sum of digit is divisible by 9 i.e.9216
Noticethatazeroismadeonlywhenthereisacombinationof2
By 10 :-When the last digit is 0.i.e.452600 and5.Sincethereisno‘5’heretherewillbenozerointheabove
expression.
y11:-Whenthedifferencebetween thesumofoddandeven
B
i.e.8× 15× 23× 17× 25× 22 =
place digits is equal to 0 or multiple of 11 . 3 1 1 2 1
i.e.217382 × (3 × 5 )× 23× 17× 5 × 2 × 11
2
Sum of odd place digits = 2 + 7 + 8 = 17 Inthisexpressionthereare4twosand3fives.Fromthis3pairs
Sum of even place digits = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6 of 5× 2 can be formed. Therefore, there willbe3zerosinthe
17 – 6 = 11, hence 217382 is divisible by 11. final product.
Exam Hall Approach :- Example :- Find the number of zeros in the value of:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
xample :-How 217382 divisible by 11 ?
E 2 × 5 × 4 × 10 × 6 × 15 × 8 × 20 × 10 × 25
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Step1: Dividethegivennumberintopairfromanysameside Solution :- 2 × 5 × 4 × 10 × 6 × 15 × 8 × 20 ×
, then find the difference between them 10 × 25
18 20
2 4 12 8 8 10 10 12 12 42 32
=2 × 5 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 2 × 2
16 18 18 40
× 5 × 2 × 5 × 5
Step2: Aftersolvingthis,theresultantnumberisdivideby Zeros are possible with a combination of 2× 5 Here the
1+4+6 11 numberof5’sarelesssothenumberofzeroswillbelimited
11 ⇒
= = 1
11 1
1 to the number of 5’s.
Iftheresultantisdivisibleby11,then217382isalsodivisible In this expression number of fives a
re:
y 11.
b 4 8 12 16 18 40
× 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 ;
5
i.e. 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 18 + 40 = 98
By13:-Ifaddingfourtimesthelastdigittothenumberformed
y the remaining digits is divisible by 13, then the number is
b
divisible by 13. The Number of Zeros in n!
i.e.1326 is divisible by 13
Tofindthenumberofzerosinn!,wedivide“n”by5untilwegeta
132 + (6× 4) = 156. Repeat the same process for156 .
umber less than 5, and then we add all the quotients so
n
15 + (6× 4) = 39.so 39 is divisible by 13
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Pinnacle Number System
btained.
o
In the above expression we will find that remainder will
i.e.Find the number of zeros in 36!.
depend on the last term i.e.5× 11
5×11
Now,𝑟𝑒𝑚.( )= 7.
12
2×12+12×11+5×12+5×11
1 ×11
5
So, nd
a
12 2
1
The number of zeros = 7 + 1 = 8.
remainder is same in both cases which is 7.
Remainder Theorem
Negative Remainder
The basic remainder formula is :-
aking a negative remainder will make our calculation easier.
T
Examples :
7×8 −2×−1
(i).rem( )=rem( ) = − 2× − 1 = 2
9 9
55×56 −2×− 1
Dividend = Divisor× Quotient + Remainder (ii).rem( ) =rem( )= - 2× −1= 2
57 57
7×10 −2×1
Some Important Properties (iii).rem( ) =rem( ) =− 2× 1
= − 2𝑜𝑟, 7( 9 - 2)
9 9
1.Remaindersareadditive:-Letusassumethatwhen𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, Large Power Concepts
..., 𝑎𝑛a
reindividuallydividedbyd,therespectiveremaindersare
𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3, ...,𝑟𝑛. Look at the following examples :
Now, if we divide (𝑎
1+ 𝑎2+ 𝑎3+...+ 𝑎𝑛) by d, we get the same 12345 12345
28 (27+1)
remainder as when we get by dividing (𝑟1 +𝑟2+ 𝑟3+ ...+𝑟𝑛) by d. (i).rem ( ) =𝑟𝑒𝑚( )
9 9
12345
xample:-Findtheremainderwhen55+45+68isdividedby
E 1 12345
= rem ( ) =1 = 1
16. 9
12345 12345
Solution:-Whenwedivide55,45and68by16weobtainthe 26 (27−1)
(ii).rem ( ) =𝑟𝑒𝑚( )
respectiveremaindersas7,13and4.Nowwecanobtainthe 9 9
12345
requiredremainderbydividingthesumofremainders(i.e.,7+ −1 12345
= rem ( ) = -1 = - 1or 8(9 - 1)
13+4=24)by16,whichis8insteadofdividingthesumof 9
actual given numbers (i.e.,55+45+68=168)by16,which
also gives us the same remainder 8. Some important results :-
𝑁
If gives remainder R
𝐷
2. Remainders are Multiplicative :- When 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, ..., 𝑎𝑛 are 2𝑁
then ,
𝐷
→ Remainder is 2R
dividedbyadivisordtherespectiveremaindersobtainedare 𝑟1,
3𝑁
𝑟2, 𝑟3,..., 𝑟𝑛 then the remainder when (𝑎1× 𝑎2× 𝑎3× . ..×
𝑎𝑛) is then , → Remainder is 3R
𝐷
divided by 'd' can be obtained by dividing (𝑟1×
𝑟2×
𝑟3×
..× 𝑟𝑛)by d.
𝑁
2
2
then , → Remainder is𝑅
𝐷
xample:-Whatwillbetheremainderwhen201×198×80is
E 3𝑁
+2
then , → Remainder is3𝑅 + 2
divided by 35 ? 𝐷
Solution :- When 201 × 198 × 80 is divided by 35 the Note :- Remainder＜Divisor (Always)
remainders can be obtained by dividing the product of the
remainders which are obtained by dividing 201, 198, 80 Application of Remainder Theorem
individually. Now since the remainders are 26,23,10sothe
requiredremainder=Remainderof(26×23×10)whendivided
by 35. xample :-Find the last two digits of the expression?
E
26×23×10 22× 31× 44× 27× 37× 43?
Thus the required remainder = Solution :-If we divide the above
35
26×230 26×20 expression by 100, we will get the last two digits as
= = remainder.
35 35
Thus 30 is the remainder. 22×31×44×27×
37×43
⇒𝑟𝑒𝑚( )
100
dividing by 4 to make it simple
xample :- What will be the remainder when 17× 23 is
E 22×31×11×27×37×43
=𝑟𝑒𝑚( )
divided by 12 ? 25
Solution :-We can express this as: 132×22×216
=𝑟𝑒𝑚( )
17× 23=(12 + 5) × (12 + 11) 25
= 12× 12 + 12× 11 + 5× 12+ 5× 11 7×22×16 4×16 14
=𝑟𝑒𝑚( )⇒𝑟𝑒𝑚( )= 𝑟𝑒𝑚( )= 14
25 25 25
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Pinnacle Number System
( p - 1)! + 1.
ince we had divided by 4 initially now to get the correct
S
i.e.5 divides (5 - 1)! + 1 = 4! + 1 = 25
answer, we need to multiply the remainder by 4.
It also means that when (p - 1)! is divided by ‘p’ the remainder is -
Soremainderwillbe 14× 4 = 56, whichwillalsobethelast
1 or ‘p - 1’.
two digits of the expression.
Example :-Find the remainder when 60! is dividedby 61?
olution :- By using Wilson’s theorem
S
ermat’sTheorem:- If‘p’and‘q’aretwoco-primenumbersthen
F
(61−1
) !
the remainder obtained when pq-1is divided by ‘q’is always 1. Rem. [ ] = -1 or 60 .
𝑞−1
61
𝑝
i.e.rem 1
=
𝑞
4
Cyclicity and Unit Digit
xample:-What will be the remainder when 3 is divided by 5 ?
E
Solution :-As 3 and 5 are co - prime.
4
Cyclicity Table :-
3
o, rem(
S ) = 1 Number Cyclicity Power Cycle
5
1 1 1
2 4 2, 4, 8, 6
uler Number :- The Euler number of a number x means the
E
numberofnaturalnumberswhicharelessthanxareco-primeto 3 4 3, 9, 7, 1
x. 4 2 4, 6
i.e.theEulernumberof6willbe2 asthenaturalnumbers1&5
5
1
5
are the only two numbers which are less than 6 and are also 6 1 6
co-prime to 6. 7 4 7, 9, 3, 1
Mathematically,theEulernumberofanumberzdenotedbythe 8 4 8, 4, 2, 6
symbol E(z) is calculated as explained below. 9 2 9, 1
1
1
1 10 1 0
E(z) = z× [1 - ]× [1 - ]× [1- ] …
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
where a, b and c are the different prime factors of z.
nypowerinnumberhavingunitdigit0,1,5,6→willhavesame
A
Unit Digit
Example :-What is the Euler number of 20 ? 𝑂𝐷𝐷
2
4 → (4) = Unit digit → 4
olution :-The prime factorization of 20 is 2 ×5.
S 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
(4) = Unit digit → 6
So, the Euler number of 20 will be 𝑂𝐷𝐷
1
1
1 4 9 →(9) = Unit digit → 9
E(20) = 20× [1 - ] × [1 - ] =20× × = 8 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 5 2
5 (9) = Unit digit → 1
Hence, the Euler number of 20 is 8.
Example :-Find the unit digit of 512× 216?
I mportantNote:ForallprimenumberstheEulernumberwillbe
olution :-
S
the number one less than the given number.
Euler’s Theorem:If ‘p’ and ‘q’ are two co-primenumber then,
xample :-Find the unit digit of 512 + 216?
E
Solution :-
18
Example :-What is the remainder when 13 is dividedby 19 ?
olution :-13 and 19 both are co-prime
S
So Euler number of 19 is 18 (The Euler number of a prime
number is always 1 less than the number)
18
13
Rem.( ) =1
19
xample :-Find the unit digit of 512 - 216?
E
Solution :-
32
Example :-What is the remainder when 19 is dividedby 15 ?
Solution :-Factors of 15 is 3× 5.
1
1
2 4
E(20) = 15× [1 - ] × [1 - ] =15× × = 8
3 5 3
5
8 4
{19 }
Now Rem.( ) =1 19821
15 xample :-Find the unit digit of (912)
E ?
Solution :-Cyclicity of 2 is 4.
Note :- Euler’s theorem is applicable only for co-primenumbers. Therefore,
19821 4×
4955 1
Unit digit of (2) =2 × 2 = 2
Wilson’s Theorem :If ‘p’ is a prime number then itdivides
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Pinnacle Number System
Note :-Factorial greater than 3 is always divisible by 4.
The number gives a remainder 5 when it divisible by 7
⇒ 7 × 0 + 5 = 5
9!
Example :-Find Unit digit of2 . The number gives a remainder 3 when it divisible by 4
9! 4 ⇒ 4 × 5 + 3 = 23
Solution :-2 → 2 → 16→ 6 (unit digit)
The number gives a remainder 2 when it divisible by 3
⇒ 3 × 23 + 2 = 71
512! 396!
Example:Find Unit digit of493 × 217 . So when 71 is divided by 84 remainder will be 71
512! 396! 512! 396! Method 2 :
Solution:-493 × 217 → (3) × (7)
4 4
→ (3) × (7) → 1× 1→ 1 (unit digit)
Counting of Numbers
tep 1 :Multiply 5 × 4 = 20
S
Step 2 :add 3 to the 20 = 23
Example :-How many 5 will come from 350 to 600.
Step 3 :Multiply the result of step 2 by 3 = 69
olution :-frequency of zero will be equal to frequency of 5.
S
Step 4 :add 2 to the 69 = 71 thus the value of N= 71
600 600 600
frequency of 5 from 0 to 600 = [ ] + [ 2 ] + [ 3 ] Therefore remainder will be 71
5
5
5
600 600 600
= [ ] + [ ] + [ ] = 120 + 24 + 4 = 148
5 25 125 When Digits are Reversed
350 350 350
And frequency of 5 from 0 to 350 = [ ] + [ 2 ] + [ 3 ]
5 5 5
xample:-Ifthedigitsofatwodigitnumberisreversed,then
E
350 350 350
= [ ] + [ ] + [ ] = 70 + 14 + 2 = 86 the number is decreased by 36. Which of the following is
5 25 125
correct regarding the number ?
Frequency of 5 from 350 to 600 = 148 - 86 = 62
I.The difference of the digits is 4.
II.The value of the number can be 84.
Digits Required to Write Counting III.Number is always a composite number.
SSC CGL Tier II (08/08/2022)
Concept :- N = Number and D = digit (a) I, II and III (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I and II
Solution :-
I.Let the two digit number be 10x + y
According to question,
(10x + y) - (10y + x) = 36
9x - 9y = 36 ⇒ x - y = 4
o of digit 1 - 9 = 9D
N II.The value of no can be 84 as 84 - 48 = 36
No of digit 1 – 99 = 189D III. thenumberformedinthegivencasemayormaynotbe
No of digit 1 - 999 = 2889D compositeno.i.e.84whichisacompositenoand73whichis
a prime no.
Clearly, we can see that option (d) is the correct one.
xample :- How many digits are required to write counting
E
from 1 to 300 ?
Solution :- according to questions,
No of digit 1 - 9⇒ (9× 1) = 9D
No of digit 10 - 99⇒ (90× 2) = 180D
No of digit 100 - 300⇒ (201× 3) = 603D
______________________________________________
Total required digits = (9 + 180 + 603) = 792D
Concept of Successive Division
If a number is divided by a and b respectively , theremainder
r emainrandR respectively.Insuchasituationthatnumbercan
be known .
Example :- When a number is successively divided by 3 , 4
nd7,theremaindersobtainedare2,3 and5,respectively.
a
What will be the remainder when 84 divides the same
number?
Solution :-
Formulae used : Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Method 1 :Starting from the last Let last divisor= 0
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Pinnacle HCF and LCM
ote :-
N
HCF and LCM (i). HCF of two prime numbers is always 1.
(ii). HCF of co-prime numbers is always 1.
CM(Leastcommonmultiple)oftwoormoregivennumbersis
L
the least number that is exactly divisible by each of them.
Method of Finding LCM
CF (Highest common factor) of two or more numbers isthe
H he Least Common Multiple of two or more numbers is the
T
greatest numberthatdivideseachofthemexactly.HCFisalso smallest number which is exactly divisible by all of them. In
knownasthe‘HighestcommonDivisor’(HCD)andthe'Greatest other words, it is the product of the highest powers of all the
Common Divisor’ (GCD). prime factors of the given numbers.
The concept of multiples and factors :- To find the LCM of given numbers :-
If X , Y , and Z are three natural numbers and X × Y = Z , then
. Break the given numbers into their prime factors.
1
(i) X and Y are called the factors of Z.
2. The LCM will be the product of thehighestpowerofallthe
(ii) Z is said to be divisible by X and Y.
factors that occur in the given numbers.
(iii) Z is said to be a multiple of X and Y.
LCM by Factorisation Method
xample:ThesetofpositiveIntegerswhicharefactorsof18
E
is (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18).
xample :-Find the LCM of 96, 36 and 18.
E
Solution :-96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
Method of Finding HCF 5 1
=2 ×3 ; 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 =2 ×3
2 2
1 2
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 =2 ×3
To find the HCF of the given numbers :- 5 2
LCM =2 ×3 = 288
. B
1 reak the given numbers into their prime factors.
2. The HCF will be the product of all the prime factors
common to all the numbers.
Example :- LCM of 6, 12, 8 ?
Let us learn the process of finding HCFwiththehelpofsome
olution :-
S
solved examples.
HCF by Factorisation Method
xample :-HCF of 6, 12, 18
E
Solution :- Firstly find out the factors of 6, 12, 18 and then
LCM =2× 2× 3× 2 = 24
multiply the common factors.
Relation Between HCF and LCM
(1).LCM × HCF = 1st number × 2nd number
xample :-For numbers 8 and 12,
E
=2× 3, 12 =2× 2× 3, 18 =2× 3× 3
6 Solution :-LCM = 24 and HCF = 4
HCF =2× 3 = 6 Now, LCM× HCF = 24× 4 = 96
Try to find HCF and LCM of 3, 6, 9, 12 yourself. also, 8× 12 = 96
HCFof3,6,9,12canalsobefoundbyDivisionmethod.Itis
useful when the numbers are bigger. (2). HCF of some numbers is always a factor of LCM of the
umbers.
n
HCF by Division Method Note :- If the HCF of two numbers is 1 then they are called
co-prime numbers.
xample :-HCF of 24, 48, 72, and 100.
E 𝐶𝑀
𝐿
(3). =𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡;
Solution :- To start the division method select the smallest 𝐻𝐶𝐹
two numbers. here LCM and HCF are of two numbers
w
𝑁1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑁2. If we find two co-prime factors,𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐹2, of the
Product as obtained above.
(4).
CF of 24 and 48 = 24
H
HCF of 24, 48 and 72 = 24
HCF of 24, 48, 72, and 100 = 4.
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Pinnacle HCF and LCM
Example :- LCM and HCF of Decimal
xample :-Find the HCF and LCM of 0.63, 1.05 and2.1
E
SBI PO Pre 19/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
(a) 0.21 and 6.30 (b) 1.05 and 6.30
(c) 2.1 and 0.63 (d) 0.63 and 1.05
Solution :- Numbers be 0.63, 1.05 and 2.1
(5).If 1st number =𝑁1 and 2nd number =𝑁2 Multiplying each number by 100
HCF of𝑁1 = H𝑥 Then, numbers = 63 , 105 , 210
63 = 3 × 3 × 7 , 105 = 3 × 5 × 7,
HCF of𝑁2 = Hy
210 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
And HCF of𝑁1 and𝑁2 = H Now, LCM(63 , 105 , 210)
So , Difference between𝑁1 and𝑁2= H𝑥- Hy = H(𝑥- y) = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 630
Then , LCM (0.63 , 1.05 , 2.10) = 6.30
And , HCF (63 , 105 , 210) = 3 × 7 = 21
Example :-𝑁1 = 24 and𝑁2=
36 Then , HCF (0.63 , 1.05 , 2.10) = 0.21
Hence, HCF and LCM be 0.21 and 6.30 respectively
LCM of Indices
(1). When the base of thegivennumberisthesame,thenthe
ote:- HCF is always either the differenceoftwonumbers or
N umber with the highest power will be the LCM of the given
n
factors of difference of two numbers. number.
2 4 8 9
xample :- Find the LCM of3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ?
E
Solution:- HerebasearesamesotheLCMofgivennumber
9
will be the highest power of 3 i.e3
( 2).When thebaseisnotthesame,andtherearenocommon
( 6).Whentheseconddivisorisafactorofthefirstdivisor,then factorsinthebase,thentheproductofthegivennumberwillbe
thesecondremainderisobtainedbydividingthefirstremainder the LCM
by the second divisor. 2 4
Example :- Find the LCM of3 ,2 ?
Example:-When29isdividedby8,theremainderobtainedis 2 4
Solution :- LCM =3 ×2 = 144
,thenwhatwillbetheremainderwhenthesamenumberis
5
divided by 4 ?
Solution:-Here,theseconddivisorthatis4isafactorofthe HCF of Indices
firstdivisorthatis8.So,ondividingthefirstremainderthatis
5bytheseconddivisorthatis4,wegetoursecondremainder ( 1). When the base of the given number are same , then the
which is 1. So, the required answer is 1 number with the smallest power will be the HCF of the given
number .
2 4 8 9
Example :-Find the HCF of3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ?
LCM and HCF of Fraction 2
Solution :-HCF=3
𝐿𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
LCM of Fraction =
𝐻𝐶𝐹𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ( 2).Whenthebaseisnotthesame,andtherearenocommon
factors in the base , then the HCF of the given number will be 1.
𝐻𝐶𝐹𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
HCF of Fraction = 2 4 8
𝐿𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 xample :-Find the Hcf of3 ,5 ,7
E
Solution :-HCF = 1
2
1
3
Example :-LCM and HCF of , a nd 4
2 3
Some Application of LCM :-
Solution :-
𝐿𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑓1,2,3 6
LCM =
=
= The Smallest number which is exactly divisible by𝑥, y, z = LCM
𝐻𝐶𝐹𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝐶𝐹𝑜𝑓2,3,4
1
f (𝑥 , y,z)Thesmallestnumberwhichwhendividedby 𝑥,y,z
o
𝐻𝐶𝐹𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐹𝑜𝑓1,2,3
𝐻 1
CF =
H = = and leaves the remainder r in each case = ( LCM of𝑥,y ,z ) + r
𝐿𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑓2,3,4 12
The smallest number which when divided by 𝑥 , y , z leaves
r emainder a , b, c respectively = LCM (𝑥, y, z) - k
Where k = (𝑥- a) = (y - b) = (z - c)
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Pinnacle HCF and LCM
Some Application of HCF :-
HCF of(43 15 - 1)(425 - 1) = 45 - 1 = 1023
he largest number which is exactly divisible by𝑥, y , z = HCF
T
of (𝑥, y, z)
helargestnumberwhichwhendividedbyx,y,zandleavesthe
T
remainder r in each case
= HCF [(𝑥- r ) , (y - r) , (z - r)] or HCF [(𝑥- y) , (y - z) , (z -𝑥)]
Thelargestnumberwhichwhendividedby𝑥,y,zandleavesthe
r emainder a , b , c respectively = HCF [ (𝑥- a), ( y - b ), ( z - c)]
LCM and HCF of Polynomials
LCM × HCF = First Polynomial × Second Polynomial
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙×𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
LCM = 𝐻𝐶𝐹
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙×𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
HCF = 𝐿𝐶𝑀
Note :- LCMoftwoormorepolynomialsisthecommonfactor
f least degree .
o
HCF of two or more polynomials is the common factor of
Highest degree.
Example :-The LCM of𝑥² - 8𝑥+ 15 and𝑥² -5𝑥+ 6 is:
SC CPO 05/10/2023 (2nd Shift)
S
(a) (𝑥+ 5)(𝑥+ 2)(𝑥+ 3) (b) (𝑥-5)(𝑥- 2)(𝑥- 3)
(c) (𝑥+ 5)(x - 2)(x - 3) (d) (𝑥- 2)(𝑥- 3)2(𝑥- 5)
Solution :-According to the question,
2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15
2
− (5 + 3)𝑥 + 15
𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 − 5) − 3(𝑥 − 5)
(𝑥 − 5),(𝑥 − 3)
2
And𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6
2
− (3 + 2)𝑥 + 6
𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 2(𝑥 − 3)
(𝑥 − 3), (𝑥 − 2)
So the LCM will be (𝑥- 5 ), (𝑥- 2), (𝑥- 3)
xample :-What is the HCF of the polynomials
E
(𝑥³ - 8), (𝑥³ - 6𝑥² + 12𝑥- 8) and (𝑥³ -4𝑥² + 4𝑥) ?
SSC MTS 12/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) (𝑥- 1) (b) (𝑥- 2) (c) (𝑥- 8) (d) (𝑥- 4)
Solution :-(𝑥³ - 8) = (𝑥− 2) (𝑥2 + 2𝑥+ 4)
(𝑥³ - 6𝑥² + 12𝑥- 8) = (𝑥− 2)3
and (𝑥³ - 4𝑥² + 4𝑥) =𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2
HCF of (𝑥³ - 8), (𝑥³ - 6𝑥² + 12𝑥- 8) and
(𝑥³ - 4𝑥² + 4𝑥) = (𝑥− 2)
𝑥 𝑦 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑥,𝑦
)
➣ HCF of [𝑎 ± 1 ,𝑎 ± 1 ] =𝑎 ± 1
315 25
xample :- Find the HCF of (4 – 1) and (4 – 1).
E
SSC MTS 26/07/2022 (Morning)
25
(a) 1 (b) (4 – 1) (c) 1024 (d) 1023
olution :-(4315 - 1)(425- 1)
S
HCF of 315 and 25 = 5
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Pinnacle A.P. and G.P.
56 𝑡ℎ
A.P. and G.P.. 2n = 142− 86 ⇒ n =
2
=28
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) Special Series
progression in which the difference between every two
A 1 1 1 1 1
1). + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ +
successivetermsisthesame.Itispossibletoobtainaformula 𝑎×𝑏 𝑏×𝑐 𝑐×𝑑 𝑑×𝑒 𝑒×𝑓
for the nth term from an arithmetic progression . 1
then its value will be
(𝑛−1) ×𝑛
1 1 1
= [ - ]
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑛
1 1 1 1
Example:-Findthevalueof
+
+
+
1×2 ×3
2 ×4
3 ×5
4
1 1
+ +_ _ _+
5×6 9×10
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) Formula RRB JE 24/05/2019 (Evening)
1 9 5
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
eries : a1 ,.a2 ,a3 ,a4 …………………………….an
S 10 10 11 5
Common difference of an arithmetic progression d = a2− a1 1 1 1
Solution:-Ifseriesareintheformof
+
+
a) nth term of an A. P. 𝑎×𝑏 ×𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 ×𝑑
an = a1 + (n − 1) d …{a1 = first term , n = numberof terms } 1 1 1
+
+ +_ _ _ _ _+
𝑑×𝑒 𝑒 ×𝑓 (𝑛−1) ×𝑛
Or𝑎 = last term - (n - 1)d
1 1 1
then its value will be = [ - ]
𝑎 𝑛
Example:- Find the ninth term of an arithmetic progression 1 1 1 1 1
Givenseries + + + + +___
ith the first term as 5 and the common difference as 4.
w 1×2 2×3 3×4 4×5 5×6
RRB NTPC CBT - I 08/02/2021 (Evening) 1 1 9
_ _+ Hence its value will be [ 1 - ] =
(a) 35 (b) 39 (c) 37 (d) 41 9×10 10 10
Solution:- 1st term (a) = 5,
common difference (d) =4 1 1 1 1
9th term of AP = a + (n - 1 )d 2). + + + +
1×4×7 ×7×10
4 7×10×13 10×13×16
= 5 + ( 9 - 1 )× 4= 5 + 32 = 37 1 1
then its value will be ( 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑓1𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑3𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 )
13×16×19
𝑛 1 1
b)Sum of n terms of an A.P.→ Sn = [ 2a1 + (n−1) d ] [ − ]
2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑓1𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑛 1 1 1
Sn = [a + a1 + (n−1) d ] = ( )[ - ]
2 1 7−1 1×4 16×19
𝑛
Sn = [a + an]
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑛
3). + + + + +
1×3×5 1×4 3×5×7 4×7 5×7×9
Or Sn= [ First term + Last term ]
2 1
+ ….. 20 times
7×10
Example:- Findthesumupto151termofthesequence243, 1 1 1 1
= ( + + …..…+ )+( +
56, 269 , ……..
2 1×3×5 3×5×7 19×21×23 1×4
(a) 183917 (b) 183916 (c) 183915 (d) 183918 1 1
+ …+ )
4×7 28×31
olution:-Given A.P. = 243, 256, 269 , ----------151th term
S
1 1 1 1 1 1
First term (a) = 243 , common difference (d) = 13 = (
4 1×3
- 21×23 )+ 3 ( 1×1 - 31 )
𝑛
𝑆151= [2× 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 1 160 10 6070
2 =
4
×
21×23
- 21 = 14973
151
= [2× 243 + 150× 13]
2
𝑆151= 151 × 1218 = 183918 1 1 1 1
Note :- = ( − )
𝑎×𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
1 1 1 1
= ( − )
xample:- Which term of the arithmetic progression 88, 90,
E 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐
92, 94... is 142 ? 1 1 1 1
= ( − )
𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐×𝑑 𝑑−𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐𝑑
(a)30 (b)29 (c)28 (d)27
Solution :-𝑎𝑛 = a + (n− 1) × d 4).Sum of 1st n natural numbers
𝑛(𝑛
+1)
Where d = 90 - 88 = 92 - 90 = 2 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ……..+ n =
2
an = a1 + (n − 1) d
).Sum of 1st n even natural number
5
142 = 88 + (n− 1) × 2
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ………+ 2n = n(n + 1)
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Pinnacle A.P. and G.P.
st
6).Sum of 1 n odd natural number
2
xample:- How many terms are there in G.P 3, 18, 108,...,
E
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 +.........(2n - 1) =𝑛 23328 ?
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 10
7).Sum of squares of 1st n natural numbers Solution :- G.P :- 3, 18, 108 , … , 23328
2 2 2 2 𝑛(𝑛
+1) (2𝑛
+1) 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
1 +2 +3 + .........𝑛 = First term→ a = 3 , common ratio(𝑟) = = 6
6 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛−
1
nth term of the G.P. =𝑇𝑛= a𝑟
8).Sum of Cube of 1st n natural numbers
𝑛−
1
5 𝑛−
1
3 3 3 3 𝑛(𝑛
+1) 2 ⇒ 23328 = 3 ×(6) ⇒ (6) =(6)
1 +2 +3 + .........𝑛 =[ ]
2 number of term (𝑛) = 6
9). Sum of first 'n'termsoftheseriesofalternatepositiveand
egative numbers :
n
Example:- Find the sum of the G.P.:
Case 1:- when 'n' is even
8
8 8 8
2 2 2 2 −𝑛(𝑛 +1) , , , , .......to n terms.
1 -2 +3 -4 + .........= 5 2 5 1 25 625
2
1 n 1 n
Case 2:- when 'n' is odd (a) 2(1 - ( ) ) (b) 4(1 - ( ) )
5 5
2 2 2 2 𝑛(𝑛
+1)
1 -2 +3 -4 + .........= 2 1 n 5 1 n
2 (c) (1 - ( ) ) (d) (1- ( ) )
5 5 4 5
Solution:-According to question,
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Arithmetic mean :- 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 8
𝑛
2 𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 5
2 1
ommon ratio (r) =
C 8 =
=
1). If A be the AM(arithmetic mean) between x andy then , 1𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
5
5
𝑥+𝑦
A = 8 1 𝑛
8 𝑛
1
2 𝑛 {1−( 5 ) } {1−( 5 ) }
𝑎{1
−(𝑟 ) } 5 5
2).In general , If𝑎1 ,𝑎2 ,𝑎3 ,𝑎4 …….𝑎𝑛 terms are in AP, So their 𝑠 𝑛 =
= =
(1−𝑟) 1 4
(1−5 )
AM(arithmetic mean) will be 5
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑎1 ,𝑎2 ,𝑎3 ,𝑎4 …….𝑎
𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 n
1
= 2{1 - ( ) }
A.M. = 5
𝑛
3).AP in odd Consecutive term :- a - d , a , a +d
Geometric Mean :- The (G.M) of series containing n
4).AP in even Consecutive term :- a - 3d , a - d, a + d , a +3d observations is the nth root of the product of the values.
( 1).If G be the GM between𝑥 and y then , G = 𝑥𝑦
(2).In general , If a , b , c , d …….n terms are in GP ,
Geometric Progression (G.P.) 𝑛
So their GM = 𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑐 ...... 𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
geometricprogressionisasequenceinwhicheachtermhasa
A
𝑎
(3).GP in odd Consecutive term :- , a ,ar
𝑟
fixedratio,knownasacommonratio.G.P.standsforgeometric
𝑎 𝑎 2
progression. The geometric sequence is generally written as (4).GP in even Consecutive term :- 2 , , ar ,𝑎𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
a,ar,ar2…, where a is the first term, and r is the sequence’s
commonratio.Bothnegativeandpositivenumbersarepossible
for the common ratio. Relation Between A.M. And G.M.
et A and G be the AM(arithmetic mean) and GM(Geometric
L
mean) of two positive real number x and y
𝑥+𝑦
A = , G= 𝑥𝑦
2
2
( 𝑥− 𝑦)
A - G = ≥ 0 ….(i)
Geometric Progression (G.P) Formula 2
rom equation(i) we obtain the relationship
F
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 A.P≥ G.P
The common ratio of a geometric progression (r) =
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
a).Theformulaforthenthtermofageometricprogressionwith Example:-Ifthearithmeticmeanandgeometricmeanoftwo
𝑛−
1
the first term (a) and common ratio (r)→ (an )= a𝑟 bservations are 10and5,respectively,thenfindthesumof
o
the squares of the observations.
b).The formula for the sum of geometric progressionformula, RRB NTPC CBT - I 11/03/2021 (Evening)
𝑎(1
𝑛
−𝑟 ) (a) 295 (b) 275 (c) 225 (d) 350
If |r|<1, Sn= Solution:-Arithmetic mean = 10
1−𝑟
𝑛 Let the numbers be a and b
𝑎(𝑟 −1)
If |r|>1, Sn = According to question ,
𝑟−1
a + b = 20
The sum of infinite geometric progression formula,
𝑎 And, 𝑎𝑏= 5⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 25
S∞ = , where r <1
1−𝑟
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Pinnacle A.P. and G.P.
2 2 2
Now,(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑏
2 2 2
= 20 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2 × 25
2 2 2 2
= 400 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 +50 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 350
Harmonic Progression (HP)
The Harmonic Progression is the reciprocal of the arithmetic
rogression .
p
1
HP=
𝐴𝑃
Harmonic mean(HM) :-
(1).If H be the HM between x and y then ,
2𝑥
𝑦
H =
𝑥+𝑦
(2).Ingeneral, If𝑎1 ,𝑎2 ,𝑎3 ,𝑎4 …….𝑎𝑛 termsare inHP,Sotheir
HM will be
𝑛
HM =
1 1 1 1
𝑎1
+𝑎 +𝑎 +.......+𝑎
2 2 𝑛
elationbetweenAM,GM,HMoftwopositivenumbersaandb,
R
then
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
2 𝑏
i).If AM = , GM = 𝑎𝑏, and HM =
2 𝑎+𝑏
ii).AM≥ GM≥ HM.
2
iii).𝐺 = A ×H and therefore A, G, H are in G.P.
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Pinnacle Simplification
Solution :- Total number of digits in 25 = 2 (even)
Simplification.
𝑛
2
Digits in the square root of 25 =
2
= 2 =1 (i.e. 5)
Total number of digits in 225 = 3 (odd)
onversionofcomplexarithmeticexpressionsintosimpleones
C 3+1
is called Simplification. Digits in the square root of 225 =
2
=2 (i.e. 15)
VBODMAS Rule 𝑛
2 −1
𝑛
2
-Vinculum or bar(‘Bar bracket’)‘---‘
V 7). 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥…𝑛= 𝑥
* First solve vinculum i.e. bar.
g:(7 − 5 − 4) = ?
E
First solve 5 – 4 i.e. 1 then 7 -1 = 6.
B (Brackets)- Brackets are to be solved in the following xample :-Find the value of
E 2 2 2 2 2
sequence - Solution :-Here, n = 5,
S mall brackets (‘Circular bracket’) ‘()’
●
5
2 −1
5 31
2
● Middle brackets (‘Curly bracket’) ‘{}’ ∴ 2 2 2 2 2 =2 = 232
● Square bracket (‘Big bracket’) ‘[]’
*Formoduluse.g.|-3|wewritemagnitudeonlynotsigni.e.3in
t his case. 8). 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥…∞= 𝑥;
O (of) -Operation of ‘of’ is simplified.
D (Division) -Operation of division is done.
M (Multiplication) -Operation of multiplication isdone.
Example:- 7 7 7…∞= 7
A (Addition) - Addition operation is done.
S (Subtraction) -Subtraction operation is done.
Note :-We solve the questions in this order (VBODMAS).
).Tofindthevalueof 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + …∞,findthefactorsof
9
rder of the above operations issameastheordergivenand
O x, such that the difference between the factors is 1, then the
applied from left to right - larger factor will be the result.
0).Tofindthevalueof 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 − …∞ ,findthefactors
1
ofx,suchthatthedifferencebetweenthefactorsis1,thenthe
smaller factor will be the result.
Example :-Simplify the expression
Example :-Find the value of 12 + 12 + 12 + …∞
35 + 25 - [ 15 - { 13 × (2 + 1) }]
olution :- 35 + 25 - [ 15 - { 13 × (2 + 1)}]
S Solution:-Let 12 + 12 + 12 + …∞= 𝑥
35 + 25 - [ 15 - { 13 × 3}] ⇒ 12 + 𝑥= 𝑥
35 + 25 - [ 15 - 39] 2 2
⇒ 12 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12 = 0
35 + 25 - [ - 24 ] 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 12 = 0
35 + 25 + 24 = 84
⇒(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 =− 3 ∴𝑥 = 4
Exam hall approach:- The factors of 12withadifferenceof
KEY POINTS :-
one are 4, 3. Here, 4 is the larger number.
1).If ? = 𝑥, then the required number will be (?) =x2
∴Value will be 4.
4 4 4
2). 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 =a2b2c2
𝑛 𝑚
3). 𝑎 × 𝑏 =a2 × b2
𝑛 𝑚
xample :-Find the value of 30 − 30 − 30 − …∞.
E
𝑥
𝑥 Solution :- The factors of 30 withadifferenceof1are5,6.
4). =
𝑦 𝑦 Here, 5 is the smaller number.∴Value will be 5.
). 𝑥× 𝑦= 𝑥𝑦
5
6).If in a given number, the total number of digits are𝑛and if𝑛 1
𝑛 11).If any number is in form, then we multiply by its
is even, the digits in the square root of that number will have 𝑎± 𝑏
2
𝑛+1 r ationalization factor 𝑎± 𝑏in both numerator and
digits and if n is odd, then the number of digits will be
2
. denominator.
xample:-Squarerootof 25and225respectively hashow
E 1
Example :-Find the value of .
many digits ? 9− 8
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Pinnacle Simplification
1 1 9+ 8 Solution :-
Solution :- = ×
3
9− 8 9− 8 9+ 8 Step 1 :First write the last term ( )
5
9+ 8 3+2 2
= 2 2 = = 3 + 2 2 Step 2: Write first ‘3’ and then write ‘5’
1
( 9) −( 8) 3 5
Step3:Asmanytimesas'1'isgiveninthequestion,further
numbers will appear, and to find the next number,
Cube And Cube Roots immediately add the previous number to that number.
i.e.5 + 3 = 8 , 8 + 5 = 13 .....
Important points:-
1). If a number is multiplied by itself twice, the result of this
ultiplication is called the cube of that number.
m
3
i.e. :- 2× 2× 2 = 2
1
3 3 3 3×3
Cube root of 2 = 2 = 2 = 21 = 2
2).Algebraic method to calculate cube:
3 3 3
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑏
3 3 3
(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑏
Important Formulas
2 2 2
1).(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 Step4: Andfinally,writethelastnumberasafractionwith
2 2 2
2).(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 t he number immediately preceding it .
2 2 5
5
3).(𝑎 − 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) Required number =
3 3 3 34
4).(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
3 3 3
5).(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)
3 3 2 2
6).(𝑎 + 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 ) 1
3 3
7).(𝑎 − 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 )
2 2 Example :-1 - 1 = ?
1− 1
3 3
8).𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐=
3 1−
1
1−
3
2 2 2
(
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑎 ) 1−
5
1 2 2 2 Solution:-
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )[(𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑏 − 𝑐 ) + (𝑐 − 𝑎) ]
2
3
3 3 3 Step 1: First write the last term( )
Here, if(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 0, then𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0 5
3 3 3 Step 2 :Write ‘3’ first and then write ‘5’
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
2 2 2 2
3 5
(
9).(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2(𝑎𝑏+ 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑎) ) Step3: AsManytimesas‘1’isgiveninthequestionThen,
immediatelysubtractthenumberfromthepreviousonetothe
Bar based concept: - next one .
𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑧−𝑥
0.𝑥 = 9 0.x𝑦𝑧= 990
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑧−𝑥
𝑦
0.𝑥𝑦= 9
9
0.xy𝑧= 900 Step 4 :Andfinally,writethelastnumberasafractionwith
3
the number immediately preceding it Required number = -
2
Example :-The value of 0.23+ 0.143- 0.2
3
2 143−1 2
Solution :- + ( )-
99 990 9 1
230+142−2
20 152 Example :- 1 + 1 = ?
= = 0.153
= 3+
990 990 +
2
1
4
Solution:-
Continuous Fraction
1
Step 1 :First write the last term( )
4
Step 2 :Write ‘1’ first and then write ‘4’
1 1 4
Example :-1 + 1 = ?
1+ 1
Step 3 :
1+
1
1+
3
1+
5
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Pinnacle Simplification
3
3 11 11
= 141 + 141 +
= = 141
15 5 5
1 1
= 141 + 2 + =143
5 5
Step4:Andfinally,writethelastnumberasafractionwith
the number immediately preceding it Required Number =
0
4 Type - 3
31
If difference between numerator and denominator is 1
1 692
1 Example : +( 9999 )× 99
Example :- 5 - 1 = ? 7 693
3− 1 92
6 1
2−
5 Here 693 - 692 = 1 so we can write = 1-
693 693
Solution :-
1 1
1 = (9999 +1 -
+ ) × 99
7 693
tep 1 :First write the last term( )
S
5 1 1
Step 2 : Write ‘1’ first and then write ‘5’ + (10000 -
= ) × 99
7 693
1 5 1 99
= + 990000 - = 990000
Step 3 : 7 93
6
Type - 4
Step4: Andfinally,writethelastnumberasafractionwith
If denominator of a number same as multiplier
101
the number immediately preceding it Required number : 2
9
22 Example :45
99
×99
Add 7 in 92 so it becomes 99 the same as the denominator.
(92+7)
1 3
1 45 × 99 = (45 + 1 ) × 99 = 4554
Example : 1 =
29
, 99
𝑎+
1
Now subtract 7 from the resultant = 4554 - 7 = 4547
+
𝑏 𝑐
Find the value of a + b - c = ? Comparison of Fraction Based Questions
olution :-Here
S
Example :-Write in ascending order
2 8 5 3
3
, 6 , 4 , 2
Solution :- L.C.M of (3, 6, 4, 2) = 12
2
8
5
3
× 12 , × 12 , × 12 , × 12
3 6 4 2
, 16 , 15 , 18
8
a = 2 , b = 4 , c = 3
⇒ It is clear that 8 < 15 < 16 < 18
So a + b - c = 2 + 4 - 3 = 3
2 5 8 3
So the ascending order =
3
, 4 , 6 ,2
𝑞
Mixed Number (p ) Based Question
𝑟
Type - 1
Series based :-
1 2 4
Example :-999 +999 +……..+ 999
5 5 5
4×5
1+2
+3+4 2
99 × 4 +
9 3996 +
= = 3996 + 2 = 3998
5 5
Type - 2
Example :
2 4 11 2 4 1
1
55 + 45 + 41 = 55 + +45+ +41+
3 5 15 3 5 15
2 4 11 10+12+11
= 141 + ( + + )=141+( )
3 5 15 15
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Pinnacle Algebra
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 2
Algebra
2 2 2 2
Solution:- (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) =𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)
Square Formulas 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 9 + 2× 8
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 5
2 2 2 Now, (a + b + c) - 3 = 5 - 3 = 2
1.(𝑎 + 𝑏) =𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑏
2 2 2
2.(𝑎 − 𝑏) =𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏
2
3.(𝑎 + 𝑏) + (𝑎 − 𝑏) =2(𝑎 + 𝑏 )
2 2 2
Cube Formula
2 2
4.(𝑎 + 𝑏) − (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 4ab
3 3 3 2 2 3 3
2 2
5.𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) • (𝑎 + 𝑏) =𝑎 +
𝑏 +3𝑎 𝑏+ 3𝑎𝑏 =𝑎 + 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
3 3 3 2 2 3 3
• (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 -𝑏 - 3𝑎 𝑏+ 3𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)
3 3 2 2
Example :- What is the value of • 𝑎 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏)
3 3 2 2
2
1
1 4
1 8
1 16 1 • 𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏)
(𝑘
− )(𝑘 + 2 ) (𝑘 + 4 ) (𝑘 + 8 ) (𝑘 + 16 )
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 3 1 1 3
1
• 𝑎 + 3 = (a + ) − 3(a + )
SSC CHSL 15/03/2023 (2nd Shift)
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
32 1 32 1 3 1 1 3
1
𝑘 − 32 𝑘 − 32 • 𝑎 − = (a - ) + 3(a - )
64 1 𝑘 32 1 𝑘 3
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
(a)𝑘 - 64 (b) 1
(c) (𝑘 - 32 ) (d) 1
𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑘 𝑘 +
𝑘 𝑘
olution :-
S Most Repeated Formulae in Exams
Note -make given equation in terms of(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
3 3 3 2 2 2
1 1).𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3abc = (a + b + c)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − ab− bc− ca)
On Multiplying and dividing by (𝑘
+ )
𝑘
1
(𝑘+ 𝑘 ) 2
1
1
1
1 1 xample:-Ifa+b+c=5,a3 +b3 +c3 =85andabc=25,then
E
4 8 16
= × (k - )(𝑘 + 2 ) (𝑘 + 4 ) (𝑘 + 8 ) (𝑘 + 16 )
(𝑘+ 𝑘 )
1 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 find the value of a2+ b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca.
SSC CGL 13/12/2022 (4th Shift)
2 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 16 1
(𝑘 − 2 )(𝑘 + 2 )(𝑘 + 4 )(𝑘 + 8 )(𝑘 + 16 ) (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
= 1 Solution :-Formula :𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 - 3abc
3 3 3
(𝑘 + ) 2 2 2
𝑘 = (a + b + c)(𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 - ab - bc - ca)
4 1 4 1 8 1 16 1 2 2 2
(𝑘 − 4 )(𝑘 + 4 )(𝑘 + 8 )(𝑘 + 16 ) ⇒ 85 - 3 × 25 = 5(𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 - ab - bc - ca)
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
= 1
2
⇒ 85 - 75 = 5(𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 - ab - bc - ca)
2 2
(𝑘 + )
𝑘 2 2 2
⇒ 10 = 5(𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 - ab - bc - ca)
8 1 8 1 16 1
(𝑘 − 8 )(𝑘 + 8 )(𝑘 + ) 2 2 2 10
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
16
⇒ 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 - ab - bc - ca = = 2
= 5
1
(𝑘 + )
𝑘
16 1 16 1 32 1 3 3 3
(𝑘 − 16 )(𝑘 + 16 ) (𝑘 − 32 ) 2).𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3abc =
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
= =
1 2 2 2
1 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ){(𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑏 − 𝑐 ) + (𝑐 − 𝑎) }
(𝑘 + ) (𝑘 + ) 2
𝑘 𝑘
Example:-Ifx=222,y=223andz=224,thenfindthevalue
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
6.𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 )(𝑎 − 𝑏 ) =(𝑎 + 𝑏 )(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) 3 3
f𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 -3xyz.
o
3
2 1 1 2 SSC CGL 12/12/2022 (4th Shift)
7.𝑎 + 2 = (𝑎 + ) − 2
𝑎
𝑎 (a) 2007 (b) 2004 (c) 2006 (d) 2005
2 1
1 Solution :-Formula used :
8 (𝑎 − )2 + 2
.𝑎 + 2 =
𝑎 𝑎
3 3 3
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 - 3xyz =
2 2 2 2
9.(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) =𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑎)
1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 [
(x + y + z) (𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑧) + (𝑧 − 𝑥) ]
10.𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 =(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) − 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑎)
(222+223+224) 2
2 2
11.𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − ab− bc− ca =
2
= [(
222 − 223)
2
1 2 2 2 2 2
{(𝑎 − 𝑏) +(𝑏 − 𝑐 ) + (𝑐 − 𝑎) } + (223 − 224) + (224 − 222) ]
2
669 2 2 2
If𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 𝑘 then,𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑎
2 2 2
=
2 [
(− 1) + (− 1) + (2) ]
669
= × 6 = 2007
2
xample:-Whatisthepossiblevalueof(a+b+c)–3,ifa2 +
E
b2 + c2 = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 8 ?
SSC CGL 03/12/2022 (4th Shift)
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Pinnacle Algebra
3 3 3 2
3). 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −3abc=(a+b+c)[ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) -3(ab+bc+
1
ca)] Example:-If (x - ) = 0.4, and x>0, what is the value of
𝑋
1
(x² + )?
Example:-Ifa+b+c=5andab+bc+ca=7,thenthevalue ²
𝑥
3 3 3 SC CHSL 07/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
S
f 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐is:
o
(a) 4.16 (b) 3.32 (c) 1.84 (d) 2.16
SSC CPO 05/10/2023 (1st Shift)
1
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 15 (d) 30 Solution:-𝑥− = 0.4
𝑥
Solution :-
2 1 2
3 3 3
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐= (a +b + c)[(𝑎+ 𝑏+ 𝑐 ) - 3(ab + bc + ca)]
2 𝑥 + 2 =(0. 4) + 2 = 2.16
𝑥
= (5) [(5)2 - 3(7) = 5 (4) = 20
1 3
1 3
1 3)If𝑥 + =𝑎, then𝑥 + 3 =𝑎 − 3𝑎
3 3 3 𝑥
4) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 3abc = (a + b + c) 𝑥
2
[3(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 ) − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2]
2 3
1
Example:- If 2𝑥 + = 5, then the valueof(𝑥 + 3 + 2)
𝑥 𝑥
xample:-Ifx+y+z=8,andx2 +y2 +z2 =20thenthevalue
E ill be :
w
of x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz is _______. SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (1st Shift)
SSC CPO 09/11/2022 (Evening) 1
8 1
8 71 81
(a) (b) ( c) (d)
11
7 8 8
(a) 16 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) – 16
2 1
5
Solution:-Formula used: Solution:-2𝑥+ = 5 ⇒ 𝑥+ =
𝑥 𝑥 2
3 3 3
1
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −3abc = (a + b + c) 3 1
5
5
6
5
2 𝑥 + 3 = ( )3− 3 × ( ) =
𝑥 2 2 8
[3(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 ) − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2] 3
𝑥 +
1
+ 2 =
65
+ 2 =
1
8
3 8
8
1 𝑥
= (8)[ 3 (20) - (8)2 = 4 [ 60 - 64 ] = -16
2
1 3
1 3
4)If𝑥 - =𝑎, then𝑥 - 3 =𝑎 + 3𝑎
3 3 3 2 2 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3abc = (a + b + c)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − ab− bc− ca)
3 3 3
=𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3abc 1
1
Example:-If (y − ) = 9, find the value of (y³ - )
2 2 2
𝑦 𝑦³
When(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 0or (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − ab− bc− ca) = 0
SC CHSL 04/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
S
• when,(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 0; a≠ b≠ c (a) 766 (b) 756 (c) 702 (d) 729
2 2 2 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − ab− bc− ca) = 0;a = b = c Solution:- 𝑦− = 9
3 3 3 3
𝑦
• (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) =𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 3(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐 )(𝑎 + 𝑐 ) 3 1 3
4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 𝑦 − =(9) + 3× 9 = 756
• 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏 =(𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 ) (𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 ) 𝑦
3
2 2 2
• If(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) = 0, then𝑥= 0,𝑦= 0,𝑧= 0
1 4
1 2 2
5)If𝑥 + =𝑎, then𝑥 + 4 =(𝑎 − 2) − 2
For Increasing Power 𝑥 𝑥
1 2
1 2 2
1)If𝑥 + =𝑎, then𝑥 + 2 =𝑎 − 2 𝑥 +1
𝑥 𝑥 Example:-If = 5, then find the value
𝑥
1 2
3 4 1
Example:- If (a + ) = 6, thenwhatisthevalueof ( 𝑎
+ of𝑥 + 4 − 36.
𝑎 4 𝑥
1 SC CHSL 09/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
S
2 ) ?
𝑎 (a) 491 (b) 149 (c) 419 (d) 194
SC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
S
(a) 22.5 (b) 34 (c) 25.5 (d) 36
1
Solution:-𝑥+ = 5
𝑥
Solution:-According to question, 2 1 2
𝑥 + 2 =5 − 2= 23
1 2
1 2
𝑥
𝑎+ = 6⇒ 𝑎 + 2 = (6) − 2= 34 1
𝑎 𝑎 4 2
𝑥 + 4 =23 − 2= 527
3 2 1 3 51 𝑥
ow , (𝑎 + 2 )= ×
N 34= = 25.5 1
4 𝑎 4
2 4
Now ,𝑥 + 4 − 36 = 527− 36 =491
𝑥
1 2
1 2
2)If𝑥 - =𝑎, then𝑥 + 2 =𝑎 + 2
𝑥 𝑥
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1 4
1 2 2
1 6 1 3
6)If𝑥 - =𝑎, then𝑥 + 4 =(𝑎 + 2) − 2 9)If𝑥+ = a , then𝑥 + 6 = (𝑎 − 3𝑎)2 - (2)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
Example:- If (𝑥+ ) = 2 2, and𝑥>1 , what is the value of
1
1 𝑥
Example:-If (𝑥- ) = 10, what is the valueof (𝑥4 + 4 ) ? 1
𝑥 (𝑥6 - 6 ) ?
𝑥
SC CGL 26/07/2023 (3rd shift)
S 𝑥
(a) 10404 (b) 10402 (c) 10406 (d) 10400 SSC CGL 19/07/2023 (1st shift)
1 (a) 140 2 (b) 116 2 (c) 144 2 (d) 128 2
Solution:-Given,𝑥 − = 10
𝑥
1
Solution:-𝑥+ = 2 2
2 1 2 𝑥
𝑥 + 2 = ( 10) + 2= 102
𝑥
1 2
4 1
𝑥−
𝑥
= (2 2) − 4 = 2
Now,𝑥 + 4 = 102 × 102− 2= 10402
𝑥 3 1 3
1
1
𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥− ) + 3(𝑥− )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3
1 5
1 2 3
=(2) + 3× 2= 14
7)If𝑥+ = a , then𝑥 + 5 = (𝑎 − 2)(𝑎 − 3𝑎) - (a) 3 1 3
1
1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + = (𝑥+ ) - 3(𝑥+ )
3 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
or
3
5 1 2 1 3 1
1 (2 2) − 3× 2 2= 16 2− 6 2 = 10 2
=
(𝑥 + 5 ) = (𝑥 + 2 ) (𝑥 + 3 ) - ( x + )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 Now ,
6 1 3 1 3 1
𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 − 3 )(𝑥 + 3 )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
1 1
Example:- If (x + ) = 5, then the value of (x5 + 5 ) is: ⇒ 𝑥 −
6
= 14 × 10 2= 140 2
𝑥 𝑥 6
𝑥
SC CHSL 07/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
S
(a) 2535(b) 2540(c) 2515(d) 2525
1
1
1 6
1 3 3
Solution:-𝑥+
2
= 5⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 23 10)If𝑥+ = a , then𝑥 - 6 = (𝑎 − 3𝑎) (𝑎 + 3𝑎)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
3 1
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 = 110
𝑥
1
Example:-If (𝑥 + ) =5 2, and x > 1, whatis the value of
Now , 𝑥
5 1 2 1 3 1
1 6 1
𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑥 + 3 )− (𝑥
+ ) (𝑥 − 6 ) ?
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 23 × 110− 5 = 2530− 5 = 2525 SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a) 22970 23 (b) 23030 23
1 5 1 2 3 (c) 23060 23 (d) 22960 23
8)If𝑥- = a, then𝑥 - 5 = (𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 + 3𝑎) - (a)
1
𝑥 𝑥 Solution:-𝑥+
= 5 2
𝑥
or 1 3
3
5 1 2 1 3 1
1 𝑥 + 3 =(5 2) − 3(5 2)
𝑥 - 5 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑥 - 3 ) - (𝑥- ) 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 250 2− 15 2 = 235 2
1
Example:-If (y - ) =− 9, what will be thevalue of 2
5
(𝑦 -
1
5 )?
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 −
3 1
𝑥
3 = ( 3
𝑥 +
1
𝑥
3 ) − 4
𝑦 2
SC CHSL 08/08/2023 (4th Shift)
S = (235 2) − 4
(a)−62757 (b)−62748 = 110450 − 4 = 110446= 49 46
(c)−62739 (d)−59049 6 1 3 1 3 1
Now , 𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 + 3 ) (𝑥 - 3 )
Solution:- 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
1
(y -
2
) =− 9⇒ (𝑦 + 2 ) = 83 = 235 2× 49 46
𝑦 𝑦
= 235 × 49 × 2 × 23= 23030 23
3 1 3
and (𝑦 - 3 ) =(− 9) + 3 ×(− 9)
𝑦
=− 756 For Parallel Power
5 1 2
1 1 3 1
− 5 =
𝑦 {(𝑦 + 2 )(𝑦 - 3 )}− (𝑦
- )
𝑦
𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
1.
1
1 2
{83× ( − 756)} − (− 9
= ) If𝑥 + =𝑎, then𝑥 - 𝑎 − 4
=
𝑥 𝑥
={(− 62748)}− (− 9) = (− 62739)
2.
1
1 2
If𝑥 - =𝑎, then𝑥 + = 𝑎 + 4
𝑥 𝑥
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2 3 3
3.
1 2
1 2
➽ if𝑎 + a + 1 = 0 then𝑎 - 1 = 0 or𝑎 = 1
If𝑥 + =𝑎, then𝑥 - 2 =𝑎 𝑎 − 4 1 3 3
𝑥 𝑥 ➽ if ab(a + b) =1 then -𝑎 -𝑏 = 3
3 3
𝑎 𝑏
4.
1 2
1 2
If𝑥 - =𝑎, then𝑥 - 2 =𝑎 𝑎 + 4
𝑥 𝑥 Componendo - Dividendo Rule
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
Some special cases :- If = then,
=
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐 −𝑑
1
1) If𝑥 + = 2, then𝑥= 1 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐+𝑑
𝑥 If = then =
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏 𝑑 𝑐−𝑑
1
if𝑥 +
= - 2, then𝑥= - 1 2 2
• If (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) + (𝑧 − 𝑐 ) = 0 then by putting
2
𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐 in an expression we can find thevalueof
1
the expression.
64 121
Example :-If𝑥+ = 2, then what is thevalue of𝑥 +𝑥 ? • If𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎, then𝑥𝑦will be maximum when𝑥=𝑦.
𝑥
(a) 2 (b) - 2 (c) 1 (d) 3 • If𝑥𝑦= a, then (𝑥 + 𝑦) will be minimum when𝑥=𝑦= 𝑎
1
Solution :- 𝑥+ = 2 ;𝑥= 1 Rules for Making a Perfect Square Polynomial :-
𝑥
64
= 1 +1
121
= 2 1. Middle term =± 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 × 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 × 2
2
(𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
2. First term =
1 4×𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
6
2)If𝑥 + =± 3, then𝑥 =- 1 2
𝑥 (𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
3. Third term =
4×𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
1
Example :- If 𝑥 + = 3 then the value of 2 2
𝑥 xample:- Check 9𝑥 + 12xy + 4𝑦 polynomial is perfect
E
12 9 6 3
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1is:
𝑥 square or not ?
(a) 1 ( b) - 1 (c) 0 (d) - 2 Solution:-
12
Solution :-𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
9 6 3 Step1 :- We know that
6
𝑥 (𝑥
=
6 3 6
+1) +𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 1=𝑥 (- 1 + 1) +𝑥 (- 1 + 1) + 1 = 1
6 3 Middle term = ± 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 × 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 × 2
Shorttrick:-Iftheexponentialdifferencebetweentwoterms 12 =± 9 × 4 × 2⇒ 12 = 6 × 2⇒ 12 = 12
2
is 6 then their value becomes zero. (𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
12 9 Step 2 :-First term =
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 0 4×𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2
(12)
9 = ⇒ 9 = 9
1 4×4
3
3)If𝑥 + = 1, then𝑥 = - 1 2
𝑥 (𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
Step 3 :-Third term =
1 3 4×𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
If𝑥 +
= -1, then𝑥 = 1 2
𝑥 (12)
4 = ⇒ 4 = 4
4×9
1 Therefore the given polynomial is a perfect square.
Example :- If 𝑥 + = 1, then the value of
𝑥
Exam hall approach : -
12 9 6 3
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1is:
𝑥 2 2
9𝑥
+ 12xy + 4𝑦
SSC CGL 06/12/2022 (1st Shift) 2 2 2
(a) 1 (b) - 1 (c) 0 (d) - 2 ⇒ (3𝑥) + 2× 3𝑥× 2𝑦+(2𝑦) ⇒ (3𝑥 + 2𝑦)
12 9 6 3 Therefore the given polynomial is a perfect square.
Solution :-𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
9 3 3 3 9 3
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) +𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 1 =𝑥 (- 1 + 1) +𝑥 (- 1 + 1) + 1 = 1
=
Shorttrick:-Iftheexponentialdifferencebetweentwoterms Algebra Formula for Irrational Number
is 3 then their value becomes zero.
12
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 0
9 1. 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
2. 𝑎
𝑎
=
𝑏
Some more Special Case :- 𝑏
3. ( 𝑎+ 𝑏) ( 𝑎- 𝑏) = a - b
2 2 3 3
➽ if𝑎 - ab +𝑏 = 0 then𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 4. 2
1
1 1 3 3
( 𝑎 + 𝑏) = a + 2 𝑎𝑏+ b
➽ if - = then𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 5. 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 (a + 𝑏)(a - 𝑏) =𝑎 - b
1 1 1 3 3
➽ if + = then𝑎 - 𝑏 = 0
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 3 3
➽ if + = -1 then𝑎 - 𝑏 = 0
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 3 3
➽ if + = 1 then𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
𝑏 𝑎
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4.)If bc + ca + ab = abc then,
Algebra Formula
(𝑎+𝑏 ) (𝑏+𝑐 ) (𝑐+𝑎 )
+
+ = 1
𝑎𝑏(𝑐 −1) 𝑐(𝑎
𝑏 −1) 𝑐 𝑎(𝑏 −1)
Laws of Exponents
5.)ab(a - b) + bc(b - c) + ca(c - a) = (b - a)(b- c)(c - a)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+
𝑦
Multiplication rule 𝑎 × 𝑎 =𝑎
1
1
1
Division rule 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥−
𝑦
6.) If a + = b + = c+ (Wherea ≠ b ≠ c)thenabcis
𝑎 ÷ 𝑎 =𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
𝑦 equal to =± 1
Power of power rule (𝑎𝑥 ) =𝑎
𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Power of product rule (𝑎𝑏) =𝑎 𝑏 ● If𝑥+𝑦 = 0
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎
𝑥 = -y , x = 0, y = 0
𝑥
Power of fraction rule ( ) = 𝑥 2 2
𝑏 𝑏 ● If 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0
2 2 2 2
0 𝑥 = -𝑦 ,𝑥 = 0,𝑦 = 0
Zero exponent 𝑎 = 1
−𝑥 1 2 2 2
Negative exponent 𝑎 = 𝑥 Example :- If𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑧 − 1), then the value
𝑎 3 3 3
𝑥 𝑦
f 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 is equal to :
o
𝑥
Fractional exponent 𝑦
𝑎 = 𝑎 SSC CHSL 11/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 8
2 2 2
Solution :- given : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑧 − 1)
Factor Formula 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑧 − 2
2 2 2
• (𝑥
2
+ a)(𝑥+ b) =𝑥 +𝑥(a + b) + ab 𝑥 -2𝑥+ 𝑧 -2𝑧+ 2+ 𝑦 = 0
2 2 2
• (𝑥
2
- a)(𝑥- b) =𝑥 -𝑥(a + b) + ab 𝑥 -2𝑥+ 𝑧 -2𝑧+𝑦 + 2 = 0
2 2 2
• (𝑥
2
- a)(𝑥+ b) =𝑥 - 𝑥(a - b) - ab 𝑥 -2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑧 -2𝑧+ 1 +𝑦 = 0
2
• (𝑥
2
+ a)(𝑥- b) =𝑥 +𝑥( a - b) - ab ( 𝑥 − 1) 2 + (𝑧 − 1) 2 +𝑦 = 0
𝑥= 1 , z = 1 , y = 0
3 3 3
We can solve this type of identities by value putting :- ow,𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 + 0 + 1 = 2
N
Short trick :-for the value of any variable (𝑥, y, z……)
𝑧 𝑦 Divide coefficient by 2 and write with their sign.
• If𝑥+ y = 2z , then the value of
+ = 1 (𝑥≠ y≠ z)
𝑥−𝑧 −𝑧
𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
• If𝑥+ y = 2z , then
+ = 2 (𝑥≠ y≠ z) Addition /subtraction in given equation :-
𝑥−𝑧 −𝑧
𝑦
1 1 4 4 2 2
• If𝑥= a + a nd y = a - then 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑦 = 4 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1
𝑎 𝑎 Example:-If +
+ =1thenthevalueof
1−
𝑎
1−
𝑏 −
1 𝑐 1−
𝑎
1 1
Higher Power Formula +
+ = ?
1−
𝑏
−
1 𝑐
Solution :-on adding 3 both sides of the equation.
4 1 2 1
1
1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1.)𝑥 - 4 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑥+
)(𝑥- ) 1 +
+ + 1 + + 1 = 1 + 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1−𝑎 1−𝑏 1−𝑐
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
5 2 3
2.)𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑥 + 3 ) - (𝑥+ ) + + = 4
𝑥 1−𝑎 −𝑏
1 1−𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5 1 2 1 3 1 1
3.)𝑥 - 5 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑥 - 3 ) - (𝑥- )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4 3 2
1 1
1 1
xample:-If 𝑥 =16,thenthevalueof(𝑥
E -17𝑥 +17𝑥 -17𝑥+
7 4 3
4.)𝑥 + 7 = (𝑥 + 4 )(𝑥 + 3 ) - (𝑥+ ) 17).
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 2
7 1
4 1
3 1
1
5.)𝑥 - 7 = (𝑥 + 4 )(𝑥 - 3 ) + (𝑥- ) 4 3
Solution :- 𝑥 - 16𝑥 -𝑥³ + 16𝑥 +𝑥 - 16𝑥-𝑥+ 17
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4 3 3 2 2
8 1 4 1
1 2
1 1 =𝑥 - 𝑥.𝑥 -𝑥 +𝑥.𝑥 +𝑥 -𝑥.𝑥-𝑥+ 17
.)𝑥
6 - 8 = (𝑥 + 4 )(𝑥 + 2 )(𝑥+
)(𝑥- ) 4 3 3 2 2
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 =𝑥 - 𝑥.𝑥
-𝑥 +𝑥.𝑥
+𝑥 -𝑥.𝑥
-𝑥+ 17 = -𝑥+ 17 = - 16 + 17 = 1
Some Other Results
2 2
(𝑎+𝑏) −(𝑎−𝑏)
1.) = 4
𝑎𝑏
2 2
(𝑎+𝑏) +(𝑎−𝑏)
2.) 2 2 = 2
𝑎 +𝑏
3.)If a + b + c = abc, then
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1−𝑎 )(1−𝑏 ) (1−𝑏 )(1−𝑐 ) (1−𝑐 )(1−𝑎 )
+ + = 4
𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎
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Pinnacle Surds and Indices
subtraction of two or more than two surds.
Surds and Indices. i.e.( 6+ 3)
Conjugate or complementary surds :-
Indices Foreverysurdoftheform 𝑎+ 𝑏thereexistsanothersurd 𝑎-
𝑏 which is called the conjugate surd of previous surd and
Indices are numeric values that act aspowerorexponenttoa vice-versa.
articular number.
p i.e.(2 3+ 5 3) and (2 3- 5 3) are the pair of conjugate surds.
𝑛
i.e.𝑎
Here ‘a’ is any number and is called the base of𝑎 .
𝑛 Laws of surds
𝑛
‘n’ is any natural number and is called index or exponent of𝑎 . 1
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(1) 𝑎= 𝑎 (2) 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
Law of Indices 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
(3) 𝑛 = 𝑏
(4) 𝑎= 𝑎
𝑚 𝑏
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+
𝑛
𝑎 𝑚−
𝑛
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
(1).𝑎 × 𝑎 =𝑎 (2). 𝑛 =𝑎 (3).(𝑎 ) =𝑎 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑚
𝑛
𝑛 𝑚
𝑎 (5)( 𝑎) = 𝑎 (6)𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑛 1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑛
(4). ( ) n =
0
𝑛
𝑛 (5).𝑎 = 1 (6).𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
Example :-If 3 5is given, find out the rationalizing factor.
−𝑛
1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 −𝑛
(7).𝑝 = 𝑛 (8). (𝑎𝑏) =𝑎 ×𝑏 (9). 𝑛 = 𝑎 Solution:-3 5 × 5 =3 × 5=15,sotherationalizingfactor
𝑝 𝑎
If ‘a’ is negative number and ‘n’ is an odd number then of 3 5 is 5.
n n
(− 𝑎) =−𝑎
ationalisation :- Making two ormoresurdsarationalnumber
R
Some Important Result :- by multiplication, is called the rationalisation.
1
1
➢ If any number is in
𝑚
𝑚
1. If𝑎 =𝑘, then a =(𝑘) form, thenwemultiplybyits
𝑎± 𝑏
1
𝑚
2. If𝑎 =𝑘, then𝑎=𝑘
𝑚
r ationalization factor 𝑎∓ 𝑏 in both numerator and
𝑛 𝑚 denominator.
𝑚 𝑛
3. If𝑎 =𝑏 , then𝑎=(𝑏) 𝑚 and𝑏=(𝑎) 𝑛
𝑚 𝑛 1
4. If𝑎 =𝑎 , then𝑚=𝑛 Example :-Find the value of
9− 8
𝑚 𝑛
5. The HCF of (𝑎 - 1) and (𝑎 -1) is equal to the 1
Solution :-On rationalising
ℎ𝑐𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑚,𝑛 9− 8
(𝑎
− 1)
1 9+ 8 9+
8 3+2 2
= × = 2 2 = = 3 + 2 2
9− 8 9+ 8 1
Surds 9 − 8
Whenarootofrationalnumbercannotbeobtainedexactly,then Some Important Result :-
t hat root is called a surd.
i.e. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7etc. (1). If y= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ..... ∞
3 3 3 3 3
2, 3, 4, 5, 6etc. 1+ 1 +4𝑥
3 5 Then ,y=
ut 4= 2 , 27= 3 , 32= 2 are not the surds.
b 2
So, we can say that “all surds are irrational numbers but all
ote :- To find the value of 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + …∞ , find the
N
irrational numbers are not the surds.
𝑛 factors of x, such that the difference betweenthefactorsis1,
In surds 𝑎,thevalueofniscalledtheorderand𝑎iscalledthe
then the larger factor will be the result.
radicand.
Types of surds :-
xample :-y = 72 + 72 + 72 + ..... ∞
E
impleSurds:–SimpleSurdshaveasinglenumber,alsocalled
S Solution :-We know that,
as monomial. 1+ 1 +4𝑥
1+ 1
+4×72 1+ 1
+288
⇒ y = ⇒ y = =
i.e. 2. 2
2
2
Similar Surds :–Similar surds have a common rootfactor. 1+ 289 +17
1 8
1
= = = = 9
i.e.3 2and 7 2. 2
2
2
Mixed Surds:–MixedSurdscanbedefinedasaproductofan xam Hall Approach:-
E
irrational number with a rational number. Factorise 72 into two successive integers i.e 8 × 9
In addition series , Greater number will be the answer i.e 9
i.e.3 7and 2 6.
Compound Surds :-A compound surd has algebraic additionor
(2). If y = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 − ..... ∞
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Pinnacle Surds and Indices
−1+ 1+4𝑥
4𝑎
−3 𝑏
2
−𝑏
Then y = (10). 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏....... ∞ =
2 2
4𝑎
−3 +1
ote :- To find the value of 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 − …∞ , find the
N (11). 𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑎 −....... ∞=
2
factors of 𝑥, such that the difference betweenthefactorsis1,
then the smaller factor will be the result. 4𝑎
−3 −1
(12). 𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑎 + ...... ∞=
2
𝑛
𝑧
)
( )
𝑥×𝑧×𝑛
xample :- y = 56 − 56 − 56 − ..... ∞
E
𝑝 𝑞 𝑥 (
(13). If y =⎛ 𝑎 ⎞ then y =a 𝑝×𝑞
Solution :-We know that,
⎝ ⎠
−1+ 1+4𝑥
⇒ y = 𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑥− 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
2 (14). + = 2 × ( )
𝑥− 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦 −𝑦
𝑥
−1+ 1+4×56 −1+ 225 −1+15 4
1
⇒ y = = = = = 7
2 2
2
2
7+ 5 7− 5
xam Hall Approach:-
E Example :- If𝑥= , y = then (𝑥+ y) = ?
7− 5 7+ 5
Factorise 56 into two successive integers i.e 8 × 7
7+5
olution :- 𝑥+ y = 2 ×(
S ) = 12
7−5
𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑥− 𝑦 4𝑥
𝑦
(15). - =( )
𝑥− 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
InSubtractionseries,asmallernumberwillbetheansweri.e
7 2
(16). ( 𝑥 + 𝑦) − ( 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 4 𝑥𝑦
2
(3). If y = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥..... ∞ (17).
Then , y =𝑥
(4). If y = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥..... 𝑛 Example :-If m = 13 + 13 + 13 + 13........ and
𝑛
2 −1
𝑛
Then , y =𝑥
2
= 13 − 13 −
n 13 − 13........ Find m - n = ?
𝑛
Solution :-
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑛
(5). 𝑎× 𝑎× 𝑎× ......... ∞ = 𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑛
(6). 𝑎÷ 𝑎÷ 𝑎÷......... ∞ = 𝑎
2
4𝑎
+𝑏 +𝑏
(7). 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏.... ∞=
2
2
4𝑎
+𝑏 −𝑏
(8). 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏.... ∞ =
2
ere m = a +1 and n = a
H
m - n = a +1 - a ⇒ m - n = 1
xample :- y = 63 − 2 63 − 2 63 − 2..... ∞
E
Solution :-We know that,
2 2 (18).
4𝑎
+𝑏 −𝑏 4×63+2 −2 252+4−2
⇒ y = = =
2 2 2
256−2 6−2
1 4
1
= = = = 7 Example :- 10 + 25 + 108 + 154 + 225 = ?
2
2
2
xam hall approach :-
E Solution:- 10 + 25 + 108 + 154 + 15
Here
= 10 + 25 + 108 + 13
= 10 + 25 + 11 = 10 + 6 = 16= 4
Square Root Expression Inside the Square Root
InSubtractionseries,asmallernumberwillbetheansweri.e
7
xample :- Solve 7 − 2 6 ?
E
Solution :-
2
4𝑎
−3 𝑏
+𝑏 2 2
(9). 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏.... ∞ = 7 − 2 6= ( 6) + ( 1) − 2( 6)× ( 1)
2
2
= ( 6 − 1) = ( 6 - 1)
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Pinnacle Surds and Indices
2 2 2
Note :-(𝑎 − 𝑏) =𝑎 + 𝑏 - 2ab
➢If𝑥+ y = constant , then
(𝑥𝑦)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Difference of𝑥and y should be minimum.
(𝑥𝑦)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Difference of𝑥and y should be maximum.
Example :-The smallest in ,
( 8 + 5), ( 7 + 6), ( 10 + 3), ( 11 + 2)
Solution :- Here Sum is constant = 13
⇒ Smallest = ( 11 + 2) (Diff. Max)
Largest = ( 7 + 6) (Diff. Min)
Example :- Find the smallest of among
( 23 + 2 3) , ( 31 + 2) ,( 24 + 11) , ( 29 + 6)
Solution:-( 23 + 12), ( 31 + 4), ( 24 + 11),
( 29 + 6)
Here Sum is constant = 35
⇒ Smallest = ( 31 + 4) (Diff. Max)
Largest = ( 23 + 12) (Diff. Min)
➢ If𝑥- y = constant , then
(𝑥𝑦)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Sum of𝑥and y should be minimum.
(𝑥𝑦)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Sum of𝑥 and y should be maximum .
Example :- Find the greatest and smallest among ?
( 201 − 199) , ( 101 − 99) , ( 301 − 299) , ( 401 − 399)
olution :-Here difference is constant = 2
S
Maximum Sum = 401 + 399 = 800
mallest = ( 401 − 399)
S
Minimum Sum = 101 + 99 = 200
Greatest = ( 101 − 99)
Example:- Findthegreatestandsmallestvalueamongthese
4 3 6
, 3, 4, 6?
2
Solution :- Here LCM of indices 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 is12
1 12
1 12
1 12
1 12
(2 ) ,(3 ) ,(4 ) ,(6 )
2 4 3 6
6 3 4 2
, 3 ,4 ,6
2
64 , 27 , 256 , 36
3
Greatest value = 4
4
Smallest value = 3
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Pinnacle Polynomial and Quadratic Equation
5).Remainder Theorem :-The remainder when a polynomial f(x)
olynomial and
P is divided by (x - a) is f(a).
𝑓( 𝑥
)
Quadratic Equation i.e.
(𝑥−𝑎)
=𝑓 (𝑎)
).Rational Root Theorem :- A rational root of apolynomial
6
olynomialsaremathematicalexpressionsmadeupofvariables
P
functional f(x) =𝑎𝑛 xn +𝑎𝑛− xn -1 + ... +𝑎2x 2 +𝑎1x +𝑎0 is of the
and constants by using arithmetic operations like addition, 1
subtraction, and multiplication. form p/q, where p is a factor of 𝑎0 and q is a factor of 𝑎𝑛. This
t heorem is very helpful in finding the rational zeros of a
2 3 𝑛
General form :𝑎0 +𝑎1𝑥 +𝑎2𝑥 +𝑎3𝑥 … +𝑎𝑛𝑥 polynomial.
here𝑛∈ N
W
It is denoted by -𝑝(𝑥),𝑞(𝑥),𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 (𝑥) Linear Equations in Two Variables
Thelinearequationsintwovariablesaretheequationsinwhich
Some Terms Related To Polynomials
achofthetwovariablesisofthehighestorder(exponent)of1
e
and may have one, none, or infinitely many solutions.
Thestandardform:-ax+by+c=0 ,wherexandyarethetwo
v ariables.
The solutions can also be written in ordered pairs like (x, y).
i.e. 10x + 5y = 6 and 4x + 6y = 8 are linearequationsintwo
variables.
ystemoflinearequations:-Therearebasicallythreetypesof
S
Degree of Polynomials systems of linear equations and three types of solutions.
⇒ An independent system has exactly one solution pair (x,y).
hehighestorgreatestexponentofthevariableinapolynomial
T The point where the two lines intersect is the only solution.
is known as the degree of a polynomial. ⇒ An inconsistent system hasnosolution.Noticethatthetwo
lines are parallel and will never intersect.
⇒ A dependent system hasinfinitelymanysolutions.Thelines
Some Important Types of Polynomial
arecoincident.Theyarethesameline,soeverycoordinatepair
on the line is a solution to both equations.
). Zero Polynomial :-
1
It is a polynomial whose degree is equal to zero. Types of solution and their conditions :-
i.e. 3 , 5, 7
They are also called constant polynomials Types of
Conditions Graphical representation
olutions
s
). Linear polynomial :
2
It is a polynomial with degree 1.i.e.a𝑥
+ c
). quadratic polynomial :-
3
It is a polynomial with degree 2.i.e.ax2 - c. Unique
1
𝑎 𝑏1
Solutions
≠
𝑎2
2
𝑏
4). Cubic Polynomial :-
It is a polynomial with degree 3.i.e. ax3 + b2 - cx - d.
5). Biquadratic polynomial :-
It is polynomial with degree 4.i.e. ax4 + bx3 - cx + x - d.
Properties of Polynomials
1).Polynomial of n-th degree has exactly ‘n’ complex/realroots. 1
𝑎 𝑏1
=
o
N 𝑎2
2
𝑏
).If a polynomial P is divisible by a polynomialQ, then every
2 solutions 𝑐1
≠
zero of Q is also a zero of P. 𝑐2
3).Bezout's Theorem :-Polynomial P(x) is divisibleby binomial
x − a, if and only if P(a) = 0.
This is also known as the factor theorem.
4).If a polynomial P is divisible by two coprimepolynomials Q
nd R, then it is divisible by Q× R.
a
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Pinnacle Polynomial and Quadratic Equation
where,α andβ are roots of a given quadratic equation.
here are two methods of finding the roots of quadratic
T
equation.
1
𝑎 𝑏1
= =
Infinite number 𝑎2
2
𝑏 1. Standard method :-
of solutions 𝑐1
sing this method you can solve any quadratic equation.
U
𝑐2
Suppose the equation is a𝑥2 + b𝑥+ c = 0.
2
−𝑏± 𝑏 −4𝑎
𝑐
The value of𝑥will be =
2𝑎
It is known asSridharacharya formula.
2
Here, 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐= D or Discriminant
xample :-Solve the following system of linear equation
E
2x + 3y = 11 Nature of roots :-
3x + 2y = 9
olution :-2x + 3y = 11………(i)
S
3x + 2y = 9 ………. (ii)
Multiply equation (i) by 2 and equation (ii) by 3 we get
4x + 6y = 22 ……. (a)
9x + 6y = 27 …….. (b)
Subtracting equation (a) from equation (b) we get If D > 0 there will be two distinct real roots,
5x = 5 ⇒ x = 1 If D < 0, there will be no real roots
Putting the value of x in equation (i) we get If D = 0, there will be two real and equal roots.
2 + 3y = 11 ⇒ 3y = 9 ⇒ y = 3
Example :- find the nature of roots of equation
2
𝑥 - 4x - 2 = 0 .
2
Example:-Forwhatvalueofpdoesthesystemofequations Solution :- According to question,
8x + 36y + 45 = 0 and px - 54y + 67 = 0 have no solution?
1 a = 2 , b = - 4 , c = - 2
2 2
Higher Secondary 30/06/2023 (Shift - 2) =𝑏 - 4ac =(− 4) - 4× 2× (-2)
D
(a) 54 (b)− 27 (c)− 36 (d) 27 D = 16 + 16
Solution :- (b)Given, D = 32⇒ D> 0 So, rootsare real and distinct
18𝑥+ 36y + 45 = 0 -------(1)
p𝑥− 54y + 67 = 0 --------(2) fterapplyingthestandardmethodwewillgettwovalueoneis
A
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 negative and other is positive.
= ≠ (no solution)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Example :-𝑥2 - 3𝑥- 4 = 0
18 36 45
= ≠ Solution :-a = 1 , b = -3 , c = -4
𝑝 (−54) 67
2
18×(−54) −𝑏± 𝑏 −4𝑎
𝑐
p = =− 27 𝑥=
36 2𝑎
2
−(−3) ± (−3) −4×1×(−4)
=
2×1
Quadratic Equation
3± 9 +16
=
n algebraic statement of the second degree in 𝑥 is called a
A 2×1
quadratic equation. 3+5 3−5
= , 4 , -1
⇒
Standard Form :-a𝑥2 + b𝑥+ c = 0 2 2
2.Factorisation method :-
actorisationisamethodofbreakingthealgebraicexpressions
F
intotheproductoftheirfactors.Ifwemultiplythefactorsagain,
then they will result in the original expression.
xample :-𝑥2 + 5𝑥+ 6 = 0
E
nefundamentalruleofthequadraticequationisthatthevalue
O
Solution :-𝑥2 + 3𝑥+ 2𝑥+ 6 = 0
of first constant can never be zero.
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥+ 2) = 0
2 + 3𝑥+ 2 = 0
i.e.2𝑥
𝑥 = - 3,𝑥= - 2
Roots of Quadratic Equation :-
2
For quadratic equation :𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then nother method of solving quadratic equation :-
A
𝑏 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥 This method is useful when twoquadraticequationsaregiven
● Sum of roots (α +β) =- =-
𝑎 2
𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
𝐶 and we have to compare the roots of both equations.
𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 1.12𝑥2 - 28𝑥 +15 = 0
● Product of roots (αβ) =
= 2 2.4𝑦2 - 20𝑦+ 21 = 0
𝑎 𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
𝐶
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Pinnacle Polynomial and Quadratic Equation
tep 1 :- Similar to factorization, split the middle term into
S
y 2 - 11y + 30 = 0
products of their factors.
y2 - 6y - 5y + 30 = 0
For 12𝑥2 - 28𝑥+ 15 = 0
y(y - 6) - 5(y - 6) = 0
Sum = - 28 and product = 180.
(y - 5)(y - 6) = 0
Hence the split term are - 10 and - 18
y = 5 , y = 6
Step2:-Nowchangethesignofsplitnumbers,i.e.theybecome Value of𝑥 Value of y R
elation
10 and +18.
+ 7 5 > y
𝑥
7 6 𝑥> y
Step 3 :-Divide each of these numbers by the coefficientof𝑥2 . 13 5 𝑥> y
3
5 13 6 𝑥> y
In this case it will become ,
6 2
epeat the same process to find the value of y and compare
R Hence,𝑥> y.
them with𝑥.
7
3 Quick way to solve the quadratic equations :-
Here the value of y will be ,
2 2
Here𝑥≤ 𝑦.
Sign of actual value of𝑥or𝑦.
Sign visible in𝑥/𝑦
’s question
xam Hall Oriented Approach :-
E Larger value sign, smaller value
equation
Inexamtwoquadraticequationswillbegivenoneintheformof sign
𝑥 or 𝑝 other in the formof 𝑦 or 𝑞. Wehavetofindthevalueof , +
+ -, -
these variables and then comparethesevaluestoarriveatthe -, + +, +
conclusion mentioned below.
+, - -, +
(a)𝑥>𝑦 (b)𝑥<𝑦
-, - +, -
(c)𝑥≥ 𝑦 (d)𝑥≤ 𝑦
(e)𝑥=𝑦or relation can’t be established.
xample :-
E
𝑥2 + 7𝑥+ 12 = 0
Method To Choose Correct Options
𝑦2 - 5𝑦+ 6 = 0
olution :- The signs of 𝑥's equations are + and +, which
S
If If If If If If means their solution is - and -. Both negative values.
The signs of 𝑦's equations are - and +, which means their
𝑥1 >𝑦
1 𝑥1 <𝑦1 𝑥1 >𝑦1 𝑥1 <𝑦1 𝑥1 >𝑦1 𝑥1 >𝑦1
solution values are + and +. Both positive values.
𝑥1 >𝑦
2 𝑥1 <𝑦2 𝑥1 =𝑦2 𝑥1 <𝑦2 𝑥1 >𝑦2 𝑥1 >𝑦2 Obviously, 𝑥's possible values are both negative... And 𝑦's
𝑥2 >𝑦
1 𝑥2 <𝑦1 𝑥2 >𝑦1 𝑥2 =𝑦1 𝑥2< 𝑦1 𝑥2 <𝑦1 possible values are both positive.hence, the solution is𝑥<𝑦.
𝑥2 >𝑦
2 𝑥2 <𝑦2 𝑥2 >𝑦2 𝑥2 <𝑦2 𝑥2 >𝑦2 𝑥2 <𝑦2
xample :-
E
𝑥2 - 12𝑥 + 32 = 0
hen
T hen
T Then Then Then Then
𝑦2 - 7𝑦+ 12 = 0
𝑥>𝑦 𝑥<𝑦 ≥ 𝑦
𝑥 ≤ 𝑦
𝑥 r elation elation
R
Can’t be Can’t be olution :-
S
establish establish The question’s symbol are -,+whichmeansbothvalueswill
ed ed be positive for each variable of𝑥and y.
𝑥2 - 4𝑥 - 8𝑥 + 32 = 0
𝑥 (𝑥 - 4) -8 (𝑥 - 4) = 0
ote :- It means the symbols‘>’and‘<’can’tcometogether.If
N
𝑥 = 4,𝑥 = 8
theyaretogetherthenarelationshipcan’tbeestablishedwillbe
y2 - 7y + 12 = 0
the correct answer.
y2 - 3y - 4y + 12 = 0
y (y - 3) - 4(y - 3) = 0 ⇒ y = 3, y = 4
xample :- In the given question, twoequationsnumberedI
E Hence,𝑥 ≥ y.
and II are given. Solve both the equations and mark the
appropriate answer,
I .𝑥² - 20𝑥+ 91 = 0 II. y²- 11y + 30 = 0 Maximum and Minimum Value of Quadratic
SBI Clerk Pre 12/11/2022 (2nd Shift) Equation
(a)𝑥> y (b)𝑥< y (c)𝑥≥ y (d)𝑥≤ y
(e)𝑥= y or relationship can’t be established For Quadratic Equation : P(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Solution :- From equation I:
𝑥² - 20𝑥+ 91 = 0 −𝑏
When a > 0 thenMinimum valueat x =
𝑥2 - 13𝑥- 7𝑥+ 91 = 0 2𝑎
𝑥(𝑥 - 13) - 7(𝑥- 13) = 0 −𝑏
hen a < 0 thenMaximum valueat x =
W
(𝑥 - 7) (𝑥- 13) = 0 2𝑎
𝑥= 7,𝑥= 13
From equation II:
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Pinnacle Polynomial and Quadratic Equation
Cubic Equation
nalgebraicstatementofthethirddegreein 𝑥iscalledaCubic
A
equation.
2
3 + b𝑥 + c𝑥+ d = 0
tandard Form :- a𝑥
S
It is a polynomial with degree 3.
nefundamentalruleofthequadraticequationisthatthevalue
O
of first constant can never be zero.
2
3 + 3𝑥 + 1𝑥+ 2 = 0
i.e.2𝑥
Roots of Cubic Equation :-
2
● For Cubic equation : a𝑥3 + b𝑥 + c𝑥+ d =0, then
2
𝑏 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
Sum of its roots (α +β +γ) =- =- 3
𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
Sum of Product of its roots (αβ +βγ +γα) =
= 3
𝑎 𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
𝐶
𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝐶
Product of its roots (αβγ) =
= 3
𝑎 𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥
𝐶
where,α andβ are roots of a given quadraticequation.
Some Important Properties
).Thevaluesof'x'thatsatisfytheequationp(x)=0arecalled
1
roots of the cubic polynomial p(x).
2).Sincethedegreeofp(x),thecubicequationp(x)=0canhave
a maximum of 3 roots.
3). The roots of a cubic equation can be found by using
synthetic division, factoring, or rational root theorem.
Formation of Polynomial from given roots :-
). Quadratic Equation :-
1
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic equation then the
equation is
2
𝑎𝑥 − (sum of roots)𝑥+ (product of roots)= 0
). Cubic Equation :-
2
If α, β and γ aretherootsofacubicequationthentheequation
is
3 2
𝑥 − (sum of roots)𝑥 + (sum of product of roots)𝑥 +
𝑎
(product of roots) = 0
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
Example :-3 , 4 , 5 are triplet
Trigonometry. Then,
It is that branch of Mathematics which deals with the
measurementsofthesidesandanglesofatriangleandalsothe
problems associated with angles.
Trigonometric Ratio :-In a right angled triangle,as shown below are also triplet
Some Important Triplet
1. 3 , 4, 5 10. 16 , 63 , 65
2. 5 , 12 , 13 11. 15 , 112 , 113
3. 8, 15 , 17 12. 13 , 84 , 85
4. 7 , 24 , 25 13. 28 , 45 , 53
𝑃 𝐵 𝑃 5. 12 , 35 , 37 14. 33 , 56 , 65
sinθ = 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
𝐻
𝐻
𝐵
6. 9 , 40 , 41 15. 69 , 260 , 269
𝐻
𝐻
𝐵
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ = 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ =
𝑃 𝐵 𝑃 7. 11 , 60 , 61 16. 60, 221, 229
8. 20, 21, 29 17. 105 , 208 , 233
9
3
xample:-If θ isanacuteangleandcosθ =
E hatisthe
w 9. 39 , 80 , 89 18. 120, 209 , 269
89
v alue of Sinθ
SSC CHSL 09/08/2023 (4th Shift) Other triplet can be formed as :- Let 𝑥 is even number then
2 2
9
4 9
7 0
8 0
5 triplet willbe(2
𝑥 , 𝑥 -1, 𝑥 +1)If 𝑥 isoddnumberthentriplet
(a) (b) (c) (d)
89 89 89 89
𝑥
2
𝑥
2
Solution :- will be (𝑥, - 0.5 , + 0.5)
2 2
Concept :- If asinθ + bcosθ = c where a,b and c are triplet then:-
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
sinθ = , cosθ =
, tanθ =
𝑐 𝑐
𝑏
Example :- 3sinθ + 4cosθ = 5 ……(1)
3 4
so, sinθ = and cosθ =
5
5
On dividing eq 1 by 5
According to questions,
3 4 5
sinθ +
cosθ =
……(1)
𝑃 80 5
5
5
Sinθ =
= 2 2
𝐻 9
8 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = 1
Pythagoras theorem :- the sum of the squares of the Basic Identities based on above ratio :-
erpendicularandbaseofarighttriangleisequaltothesquare
p
of its hypotenuse.
1 1
𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
∴𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ × 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 1
1 1
𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ =
𝑠𝑒𝑐θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
∴𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ × 𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ = 1
If b , p and h be three sides of right angle triangle then,
2 2 2
ℎ =𝑏 + 𝑝
1 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ 1 𝑜𝑠θ
𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
= 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = =
ote:- ifa,b,andcarethreenumbersintheformoftriplet,if
N 𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 𝑜𝑠θ
𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ
we multiply or dividewithaconstanttermthenthesenumbers
will also be in the form of triplet. ∴𝑡𝑎𝑛θ × 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = 1
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios of allied angles 1
cot 270° = cot (270° - 30°) = tan 30° =
3
Type - VI (270° +θ)
in(270° +θ ) = -cosθ ,
s cos(270°+θ )= sinθ
cot(270° +θ ) = -tanθ , tan(270°+θ ) = -cotθ
sec(270° +θ ) = cosecθ , cosec(270°+θ ) = -secθ
xample :-find the value of cot 300°.
E
Solution :- We know that , cot(270° +θ ) = - tanθ
1
cot 300° = cot (270° + 30°) = - tan 30° = -
3
Type - I (90° -θ)
in (90° -θ ) = cosθ ,
s os(90° -θ ) =sinθ
c Type - VII (n× 360° +θ)
cot (90° -θ ) = tanθ , tan(90°-θ ) = cotθ
sec(90° -θ ) = cosecθ , cosec (90°-θ ) = secθ sin(n× 360° +θ )= sinθ , cos(n× 360° +θ ) = cosθ
ot(n× 360° +θ ) = cotθ ,
c tan(n× 360° +θ ) = tanθ
𝑠𝑖𝑛37° sec(n× 360° +θ ) = secθ , cosec (n× 360° +θ ) = cosecθ
Example :- find the value of
𝑐 𝑜𝑠53°
Solution :- we know that, sin (90° -θ ) = cosθ xample :-find the value of cos 1020°.
E
𝑠 𝑖𝑛37° 𝑠𝑖𝑛37° 𝑠𝑖𝑛37°
So,
=
= = 1 Solution :- We know that , cos(n× 360° +θ ) = cosθ
𝑐𝑜𝑠53° 𝑐 𝑜𝑠(9
0°−3 7°) 𝑠 𝑖𝑛37°
cos 1020° = cos (1080° - 60°)
1080 multiple od 360° , so no change in trigonometry
Type - II (90° +θ) function.
1
cos (3× 360° - 60°) = cos 60° =
2
in (90° +θ ) = cosθ ,
s cos(90°+θ ) = - sinθ
cot (90° +θ ) = - tanθ , t an(90°+θ ) = - cotθ
sec(90° +θ ) = - cosecθ , cosec (90° +θ ) = secθ
xample :-Simplify the following:
E
7(cot 11° cot 13° cot 19° cot 29° cot 61° cot 71° cot 77° cot 79°)
xample :- find the value of sin120°
E SSC CHSL 09/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
Solution :- We know that , sin (90° +θ ) = cosθ (a) 7 (b) - 7 (c) - 1 (d) 1
3 Solution :-
Sin120° = sin (90° + 30°) = cos 30° = We know that, tanθ = cot (90° -θ ) and𝑡𝑎𝑛θ × 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = 1
2
according to question,
7(cot 11° cot 13° cot 19° cot 29° cot 61° cot 71° cot 77° cot 79°)
Type - III (180° - θ) =7(cot 11° cot 13° cot 19° cot 29° cot 61° cot 71° cot 77°
cot 79°)
in (180° -θ ) = sinθ ,
s os(180°-θ ) = - cosθ
c =7(tan 79° tan 77° tan 71° tan61° cot 61° cot 71° cot 77°
cot (180° -θ ) = - cotθ , tan(180°-θ ) = - tanθ cot 79°)
sec(180° -θ ) = - secθ , cosec (180° -θ ) = cosecθ =7(tan 79° cot 79° tan 77° cot 77°tan 71° cot 71° tan61°
cot 61°)
Type - IV (180° +θ) = 7(1 × 1 × 1 × 1) = 7
Alternate method :- If A + B = 90° , then cot A × cot B = 1
sin (180° +θ ) = -sinθ , cos(180°+θ ) = - cosθ 7(cot 11° cot 13° cot 19° cot 29° cot 61° cot 71° cot 77°
ot (180° +θ ) = cotθ ,
c t an(180°+θ ) = tanθ cot 79°)
sec(180° +θ ) = - secθ , cosec (180° +θ ) = cosecθ = 7(cot 11° × cot 79°)( cot 13° × cot 77°) (cot 19° × cot 71°)
(cot 29° × cot 61°)
= 7(1 × 1 × 1 × 1) = 7
Type - V (270° -θ)
in(270° -θ ) = - cosθ ,
s cos(270°-θ )= - sinθ Conversion of trigonometric ratios :-
cot(270° -θ ) = tanθ , tan(270°-θ ) = cotθ
● in (-x) = - sin x
s
sec(270° -θ ) = - cosecθ , cosec(270°-θ ) = - secθ ● cosec (-x) = - cosec x
● cos (-x) = cos x
● sec (-x) = sec x
xample :-find the value of cot 240°.
E
● tan (- x) = - tan x
Solution :- We know that , cot(270° -θ ) = tanθ
● cot (- x) = - cot x
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
1’ = 60’’ = 60 second
xample :-What is the value of sin(- 405°) ?
E
SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (3rd shift)
Solution :-we know that,sin (-x) = - sin x Relation Between Radian And Degree
−1
sin(- 405°) = - sin(360 + 45°) = - sin 45° = 180°
2 1 radian = = 57°16’ approx.
π
π
1° = radian = 0.01746 radian approx
Signs of the trigonometric ratios in different quadrants :- 180
Example :-change the -47°30’ degree into the radian
olution :- - 47° 30’ we know that 1° = 60’
S
° −95°
1
So, - 47° 30’ = - 47 =
2 2
Here 180° =π radian
According to question,
π −95° −19
= × ( ) radian = π radian
180° 2 72
Degree 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°
• 90°, 270° ……(odd multiple of 90°) will be changed
Changes will be in Radian π π π π π 3π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
sinθ↔ 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ , tanθ↔ 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ , cosecθ↔ 𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ
•180°,360° ……(even multiple of 90°) will not be changed
3 π π
Example :- 16𝑐 𝑜𝑠 - 12 cos = _______.
• x axis± θ → no change 6 6
• y axis± θ
→ changes like SC CGL 01/12/2022 (4th Shift)
S
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) - 1
3 π π
xample :- cosec 2910°+ sec 4260° + tan 2565° + cot1755° = ?
E Solution :-16𝑐 𝑜𝑠 - 12 cos
6 6
SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (1st shift)
3 3 3 3
Solution:-cosec2910°=cosec(360°×8+30°){•xaxis± θ → = 16𝑐 𝑜𝑠 30°- 12 cos 30° = 16 ( ) - 12×
2
2
no change}
= cosec 30° = 2 3 3
=16( )− 6 3⇒ 0
8
sec 4260° = sec (360° × 11 + 300°)
= sec 300° = sec(360° - 60°) = sec 60° = 2 Alternate method :-
3
tan 2565° = tan (360° × 7 + 45°) = tan (45°) = 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠3θ = 4𝐶𝑜𝑠 θ − 3𝐶𝑜𝑠θ
cot 1755° = cot (360° × 4 + 315°) 3 π π π π
16𝐶𝑜𝑠 − 12𝐶𝑜𝑠 = 4𝐶𝑜𝑠3× ⇒ 4𝐶𝑜𝑠 = 0
=cot(315°)=cot(270°+45°)……{• yaxis± θ → changeslike 6 6 6 2
( tanθ ↔ 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ ) {θ lies in4th quadrant sotanθ isnegative}
= - tan 45° = -1 Concept :-
Now , cosec 2910° + sec 4260° + tan 2565° + cot 1755°
⇒ 2 + 2 + 1−1 = 4
Circular Measure of Angles
(1). sexagesimal system :-
1
1 degree = right angle Ifristheradiusofcircle,anarcoflength𝑙subtendsanangleof
90
1 θ radian, then
1 minute = degree θ°
60
● 𝐴 𝐵=𝑙= 2πr ×
1 360°
1 second = minute πθ°
60
● 𝑙= r ×
80°
1
π
(2). centesimal or french system :- ● 𝑙= r ×θ (where,θ =θ° × )
180°
1 right angle = 100 grade
grade = 100 minute
1 Example:-Iftheangleofthesectorwithradius4unitsis45°,
1 minute = 100 second t hen find the length of the sector.
Solution :- according to question,
(3). circular system :- 𝑙= r ×θ ⇒ 𝑙= 4 × 45°×
π
⇒ 𝑙= 4 × 45°×
π
1° = 60’ = 60 minute 180° 180°
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
22
1
⇒ 𝑙= ⇒ 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡𝐴=
7 3
Important Identities Some Other knowledge About Identities
2 2
1).𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = 1
2
𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ = 1 − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ
2
𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 1 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ
2 2
2).𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 1
1 2 2 2
* 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = We know that , 𝑏 +𝑝 =ℎ -----(1)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ+𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ 2
2 2 • In equation (1), Dividing the both side byℎ we get,
𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ = 1 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
2 2
2 2 𝑏 𝑝
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ - 1 +
2
= 1 ⇒ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = 1
2
2 2
ℎ ℎ
2 2 2
3).𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ = 1 • In equation (1) , Dividing the both side by𝑝
1 we get,
* 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ+𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ 2
ℎ
2
𝑏
2
ℎ
2
𝑏 2 2
2
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 1 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ
2 2 = 2 +1 ⇒ 2 - 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ = 1
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
2 2
𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ =𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ - 1 • In equation (1), Dividing the both side by𝑏 we get,
2
We can derive all other identities from these three basic 2 2 2 2
identities. ℎ 𝑝 ℎ 𝑝 2 2
2 = 2 +1⇒ 2 - 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 1
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Type - 1
4 4 6
Example:-8𝑠 𝑖𝑛 β +9𝑐 𝑜𝑠 β =6thenfindthevalueof9𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 β
Example :-Find the value of + 4𝑠 𝑒𝑐 β .
6
2 2
(𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴) +(𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝐴) Solution :-we know that,𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = 1
2 2
RRC Group D 06/09/2022 (Morning) 4 4
8𝑠 𝑖𝑛 β + 9𝑐 𝑜𝑠 β = 6 {Divide the both sideby 6}
2 2
(a) 5 +𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 A - sec² A (b) 5 +𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 A + sec² A
2
( c) 5 + sec A+ cosec A (d) 5 -𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 A + sec² A
Solution :- According to question,
(sinA + cosecA)² + (cosA + secA)²
⇒ sin²A + cosec²A + 2 + cos²A + sec²A +2
⇒ 5 + cosec²A + sec²A using identity[ sin²A+cos²A= 1 ] 2
6 3 2
6 2
𝑠 𝑖𝑛 β = ,𝑐 𝑜𝑠 β = =
=
8
4 9
3
According to question,
Type - 2
6 6
4
3
9𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 β + 4𝑠 𝑒𝑐 β ⇒ 9( ) 3 + 4( ) 3= 64× 3 + 27× 2⇒ 246
3 2
2
xample :-sec²θ + (cosec²θ - 1) - (1 + ta𝑛 θ ) - cot²θ =______.
E
RRC Group D 16/09/2022 (Morning) Values of Trigonometric functions for different values ofθ :-
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) sec2θ (d) cot2θ
Solution :- according to question,
2
ec² θ + (cosec² θ - 1
s ) - (1+ ta𝑛 θ ) - cot² θ
= 𝑠 𝑒𝑐²θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑡²θ − 𝑠 𝑒𝑐² θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡²θ = 0
2 2 2 2
{using identity 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ = 1 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ ,𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ =𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ - 1 }
Type - 3
xample :-If cosecA - cotA = 3 then cosecA + cotA= ?
E
RRB NTPC CBT - I 14/03/2021 (Morning)
1
3
1
1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 5
Solution :-We know that xample :- If k(tan 45°sin60°)=cos60°cot30°,thenthe
E
2 2 value of k is :
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 1
SSC CPO 04/10/2023 (1st Shift)
⇒ (𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡𝐴)(𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑡𝐴) = 1
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
2 2
1 • a sinx± 𝑏𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑥⇒ Maximum value = 𝑎 + 𝑏
(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d)2
3 2 2
Minimum value = - 𝑎 + 𝑏
Solution :- k (tan 45° sin 60°) = cos 60° cot 30° 2 2
• a𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥+ b𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥
3
1
k(1 ×
= ) = × 3⇒ 𝑘 = 1 If, a> b⇒ Maximum value = a, Minimum value= b
2 2
If a < b⇒ Maximum value = b, Minimum value =a
2 2
• a𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+ b𝑠 𝑒𝑐 𝑥⇒ Maximum value=∞,
2 2
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° Minimum value = ( 𝑎+ 𝑏)
Example :- What is the value of 2 ?
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 45°
SSC CHSL 15/03/2023 (3rd Shift)
3
1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 2
1
2
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 45°
1+2 2𝑛
2𝑚
Solution :- 2 =
1 = 3 aximum value= 1
• 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥⇒ M
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° 1−2 Minimum value = (use 𝑥= 45° )
Concept :- Example:-Findtheminimumandmaximumvalueof𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥+
2
If A and B are complement angle (A + B ) = 90° then : - 4
𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ?
sinA = cosB , tanA = cotB , secA = cosecB 2 4
Solution :-Maximum value of𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥= 1
tanA. tanB = 1 , cotA. cotB = 1
2 4
1 1 3
sinA .secB = 1 , cosA .cosecB = 1 Minimum value =𝑠 𝑖𝑛 45°+𝑐 𝑜𝑠 45°= =
+
2 2
2
4
4
𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐵= 1
𝑛
• (sin𝑥cos𝑥) ⇒ Maximum value =∞
xample :-find the value of𝑡𝑎𝑛10°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛25°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛65°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛80°
E
𝑛
1
Solution :-we know that ,(A + B ) = 90° then tanA.tanB = 1 ⇒ Minimum value =( )
2
So,𝑡𝑎𝑛10°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛25°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛65°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛80°
4 4
Example :-Find the minimum value of𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥?
4
1
1
Solution :-Minimum value =( ) =
2 16
= 1
Compound Formulae or Sum and Difference
Example :-if𝑐 𝑜𝑡2θ .𝑐 𝑜𝑡3θ = 1 find the valueof Identities
5θ 5θ
sin . cos
2 2
● 𝑠 𝑖𝑛( 𝐴 + ) =
𝐵 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐴 . 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴 . 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐵
Solution :-we know that,(A + B ) = 90° then cotA.cotB = 1
● 𝑠 𝑖𝑛( 𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐴 . 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴 . 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐵
So,𝑐 𝑜𝑡2θ .𝑐 𝑜𝑡3θ = 1⇒ 5θ
= 90°
● 𝑐 𝑜𝑠( 𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐵
5θ 5θ 90° 90°
Now, sin . cos = sin . cos ● 𝑐 𝑜𝑠( 𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐵
2 2 2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
1 1 1 ● tan(A + B) =
=𝑠 𝑖𝑛45°𝑐 𝑜𝑠45°= × = 1−(𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴×𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵)
2 2 2
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
● tan(45° + B) =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Range of All Trigonometric Functions ● tan(A - B) =
1+(𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴×𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵)
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
● tan(45° - B) =
Trigonometric functions Minimum Maximum 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵−1
● cot (A + B )=
sin𝑥,cos𝑥(odd powers) -1 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵+1
sin𝑥,cos𝑥(even powers) 0 +1 ● cot (A - B) =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
-∞ +∞ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶
tan𝑥,cot𝑥(odd powers) ● tan(A+B+C)=
1−(𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
tan𝑥,cot𝑥(even powers) 0 +∞
sec𝑥,cosec𝑥(odd powers) -∞ +∞ Example :- Find the value of sin 15° .
RB NTPC CBT - I 18/01/2021 (Morning)
R
sec𝑥,cosec𝑥(even powers) +1 +∞
3+1 3−1 3+1 3−1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 2 2
aximum and Minimum value of the trigonometric
M Solution :-𝑠 𝑖𝑛15° = sin(45° - 30°)
expressions of the different form :-
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
2 2 2
● cos 2A=𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴
=𝑠 𝑖𝑛45° 𝑐 𝑜𝑠30° -𝑐 𝑜𝑠45° 𝑠 𝑖𝑛30° 2
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 2
1
3
1 1 3−1 = =2𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 1
= × − × = +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
1
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴
2
• tan 2A = 2
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛59°𝑐𝑜𝑠31°+𝑐𝑜𝑠59°𝑠𝑖𝑛31° 2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴−1
Example :-find the value of • cot 2A =
𝑐𝑜𝑠20°𝑐𝑜𝑠25°−𝑠𝑖𝑛20°𝑠𝑖𝑛25° 2𝑐 𝑜𝑡𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛59°𝑐𝑜𝑠31°+𝑐𝑜𝑠59°𝑠𝑖𝑛31°
olution :-
S
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠20°𝑐𝑜𝑠25°−𝑠𝑖𝑛20°𝑠𝑖𝑛25°
Example:-IftanA= ,findthevaluesofsin2A,cos2A,and
𝑠𝑖𝑛(5
9°+31°) 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 4
= ⇒ = 2 tan 2A.
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 0°+25°) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4 5°)
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
Solution :-we know that, sin 2A= 2
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
Example :-Using trigonometric formulas, find thevalue of 3 3
2×4 2 ×16
3 24
𝑠 𝑖𝑛(𝑥
−𝑦) 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
[ ] [ ] sin 2A = = =
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 +𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 2 9 2×25 5
2
SC CGL 18/07/2023 (1st shift)
S
1+ ( )
3
4
1+16
(a) - 2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1 2
−𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑠 𝑖𝑛(𝑥 cos 2A = =
( )
2
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
1−
3
4
Solution :-( )( ) 2
3 2
+𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1+( ) 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
(
= ) ( ) ×16
7 7
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
=
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑦
−𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑦
16×25 5
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑦
3
𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 2×4
= ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑦
)( ) 2𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 tan 2A = =
2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1− ( )
3
4
= ( )( ) = 1 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 2 3×16 4
2
= 9 = =
1−16 2×7
7
xample :- The value of tan75° - cot75° is equalto :
E
RRB NTPC CBT - I 24/07/2021 (Evening)
Triple Angle Identities :-
( a) 2 - 3 (b) 1 + 2 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 2 + 3
3
Solution :- ● sin 3A= 3sinA– 4𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴
3
tan 75° - cot 75° = tan 75° - tan(90° - 75°) = tan 75° - tan 15° ● cos 3A= 4𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 3𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴–𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
3
We know that, tan(A - B) = ● 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝐴 =
1+(𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴×𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵) 2
1−3𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝐴
tan 75°- tan 15° = tan(75° - 15°) {1+(𝑡𝑎𝑛75° × 𝑡𝑎𝑛15°)} 3
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴−3𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
= tan 60°× 2 = 2 3 ● 𝑐 𝑜𝑡3𝐴 = 2
3𝑐 𝑜𝑡 𝐴−1
Some important derived identities :
3
Example :-find the value of 3𝑠 𝑖𝑛20° - 4𝑠 𝑖𝑛 20°
● ( 1 + cot A – cosec A)(1 + tan A + sec A) = 2 3
Solution :-we know that ,sin 3A= 3sinA– 4𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴
● (secA + tanA - 1)(secA + tanA + 1) = 2 tanA 3
2 2 2 2 So , 3𝑠 𝑖𝑛20° - 4𝑠 𝑖𝑛 20°
● 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 . 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴
6 6 2 2 3
● 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐴 +3𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 . 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 1 =𝑠 𝑖𝑛3 × 20°=𝑠 𝑖𝑛60°=
2
xample:-Thevalueof(1+cotA–cosecA)(1+tanA+sec
E
A) – 1 is : Example :-find the value of 4𝑐 𝑜𝑠 10°- 3𝑐 𝑜𝑠10°
3
SSC CPO 09/11/2022 (Afternoon) 3
Solution :-we know that ,4𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 3𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 3
Solution :- So , 4𝑐 𝑜𝑠 10°- 3𝑐 𝑜𝑠10°
(1 + cotA - cosecA) (1 + tanA + secA) - 1 3
=𝑐 𝑜𝑠3 × 10°=𝑐 𝑜𝑠30°=
Putting A = 45°, we have : 2
(1 + cot45° - cosec45°)(1 + tan45°+ sec45°) - 1
= (2 - 2) (2 + 2) - 1⇒ 4 - 2 - 1 = 1 Some important result :-
xam hall approach :-
E
1
(1 + cot A – cosec A)(1 + tan A + sec A) – 1 = 2- 1 = 1 ● 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ . 𝑠 𝑖𝑛2θ. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛4θ= 𝑠 𝑖𝑛3θ
4
1
● 𝑠 𝑖𝑛(60° − θ). 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ . 𝑠 𝑖𝑛(60° + θ)=
𝑠 𝑖𝑛3θ
4
Double Angle Identities :-
2 2 2 3
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 ● 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (60° − θ) +𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (θ) +𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (60° + θ) =
● sin 2A=2 sin A cos A = 2 2
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
1
● 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ . 𝑐 𝑜𝑠2θ. 𝑐 𝑜𝑠4θ= 𝑐 𝑜𝑠3θ Solution :- 3 sinθ + 5𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 5. and 3 cosθ- 5sinθ = n
4
2 2 2 2
1 Then use 𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑚 +𝑛
● 𝑐 𝑜𝑠(60° − θ). 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ . 𝑐 𝑜𝑠(60° + θ)=
𝑐 𝑜𝑠3θ 2 2 2 2
4 3 +5 =5 +𝑛
2 2 2 3
● 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 (60° − θ) +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 (θ) +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 (60° + θ) =
2
● 𝑡 𝑎𝑛θ . 𝑡𝑎𝑛2θ. 𝑡𝑎𝑛4θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3θ ● a sec𝑥 + b tan𝑥= m
● 𝑡𝑎𝑛(60° − θ). 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ . 𝑡𝑎𝑛(60° − θ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3θ a tan𝑥- b sec𝑥= n
2 2 2 2
Then, 𝑎 -𝑏 =𝑚 -𝑛
Example :-find the value of𝑠 𝑖𝑛20°. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛40°. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛80°
Ifsec𝑥 andtan𝑥arereplacedbycosec𝑥andcot𝑥respectively.
●
1
Solution :-we know that,𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ . 𝑠 𝑖𝑛2θ. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛4θ= 𝑠 𝑖𝑛3θ Then the outcome will be the same.
4
1
1 3
3
𝑠 𝑖𝑛20°. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛40°. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛80°= 𝑠 𝑖𝑛60° = × =
4 4
2 8 xample :-If29secθ − 21𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 20 Findthevalueof 29
E
tanθ − 21𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ ?
2 2 2
Solution :- 29𝑡𝑎𝑛θ − 21𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ = 20 − 29 + 21 = 0
xample :-find the value of
E
𝑡𝑎𝑛10°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛50°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛60°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛70°
Solution :-we know, Some Important results :-
𝑡𝑎𝑛(60° − θ). 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ . 𝑡𝑎𝑛(60° − θ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3θ ( i).If A + B + C = 180° . then,
So, 𝑡𝑎𝑛10°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛50°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛60°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛70° ● tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tan C
1 ● cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛30°. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛60°= × 3= 1
3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
● tan tan + tan tan +tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Transformations of sums or differences into products :- sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos cos cos
●
2 2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 ● sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinAsinBsinC
• sin C + sin D = 2 sin
2
c os 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
• sin C - sin D = 2 cos
2
sin 2 xample :-find the value of tan 34° + tan76° + tan70° is equal
E
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 Solution :-If A + B + C = 180° . then,
• cos C + cos D = 2 cos 𝑐 𝑜𝑠
2 2 tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tan C
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 According to question,
• cos C - cos D = - 2 sin sin
2 2 34° + 76° + 70° = 180°
tan 34° + tan76° + tan 70°=tan 34° tan 76° tan 70°
xample :- What is sinα - sinβ ?
E
SSC CGL 01/12/2022 (2nd Shift) ( ii).If A + B + C = 90° . then,
α+β α−β α+β α−β ● tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA = 1
(a) 2cos sin (b) 2sin sin
2 2 2 2 ● cotA + cotB + cotC = cotA cotB cotC
α−β α+β α+β α−β
(c) 2cos sin (d) 2cos cos
2 2 2 2
( iii).If A + B = 45° or 225°. then
Solution :-Formula :- ● (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin C - sin D = 2 cos s in 2 ● (1 - cotA) (1 - cotB) = 2
2
α+β α−β
sinα - sinβ = 2cos sin
2 2 xample :-find the value of(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5°)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛40°).
E
Solution :-we know that , If A + B = 45° . then
(1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2
Example :- What is cos6θ - cos8θ . ? Hence ,(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5°)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛40°) = 2
olution :-Formula :-
S
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos C - cos D = - 2 sin sin
2 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Example :-if A + B = 45° then find . ?
6θ
+8θ 6θ
−8θ
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
cos6θ - cos8θ =
- 2 sin sin 2𝑠 𝑖𝑛7θ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ
=
2 2 Solution :- according to questions,
1 1
𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵
Important Concept :- .
= 1 . 1
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵
1
● a sin𝑥 + b cos𝑥= m, a cos𝑥- b sin𝑥= n 1 1
= .
2 2 2 2 𝑐 𝑜𝑡𝐵−1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴−1
Then,𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑚 +𝑛
If A + B = 45° . then (1 - cotA) (1- cotB) = 2
1 1 1
xample:- if3sinθ + 5𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 5. Findthevalueof3cosθ
E Hence , = .
=
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴−1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵−1
2
-5𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ ?
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Transformations of products into sums or differences :- 4. 10+2 5
● cosC.cosD = cos(C + D) + cos(C - D)
2 Cos18° = = sin72°
4
● -2sinC.sinD = cos(C + D) - cos(C - D) 5.
● 2sinC.cosD = sin(C + D) + sin(C - D) 10−2 5
Sin36° = = cos 54°
4
● 2cosC.sinD = sin(C + D) - sin(C - D)
1 6. 5+1
● 𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = Sin54° = = cos 36°
𝑠𝑒𝑐θ+𝑡𝑎𝑛θ 4
𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = p 7.
1 2− 2
then, sin22 ° =
2 2
2 2
𝑝 +1 −𝑝
1 8.
secθ = , tanθ =
1 2+ 2
2𝑝
𝑝
2 cos22 ° =
2 2
2
1−𝑝
Sinθ = 2
𝑝 +1
Example :-Find the value of sin 75° .
3+1
xample :-If𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 𝑚, then 2𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = ?
E Solution :- sin 75° =
2 2
SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
2 2 2
1−𝑚 1−𝑚 1+𝑚 𝑚 −1
(a) (b) (c) (d) Laws of sine formula :-
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Solution :-according to question,
2 2
1−𝑝 −𝑚
1
tanθ = =
2𝑝
𝑚
2
2 2
1−𝑚 −𝑚
1
So, 2𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = × 2 =
2𝑚
𝑚
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=
=
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑆 𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝑆
1
● co𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ+𝑐𝑜𝑡θ
co𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = p then; Laws of cosines :-
2 2
𝑝 +1 1−𝑝
cosecθ = , cotθ =
2𝑝
𝑝
2
2
1−𝑝
cosθ = 2
𝑝 +1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Example :- If - = x, then what is 𝑏 +𝑐 −𝑎
𝑎 +𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ−𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ CosA = , CosB = ,CosC =
2𝑏
𝑐 2𝑎
𝑐 2𝑎
𝑏
1 1 π
- equal to, where 0<θ < ?
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ+𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 2
UPSC CDS - II (04/09/2022)
Half angle formula :-
2 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1
1 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 =
(a) - x (b) x (c) (d) - 2 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝐴
1
𝐴
𝐴
2𝑡𝑎𝑛
Solution :-We know that , co𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = ● sin A=2 sin os
c
=
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ+𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 2 𝐴
2 2 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
1
According to question,
1 1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
2 𝐴
If - = x • 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ−𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ 2 2
⇒ co𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = x ⇒𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = x 2 𝐴 2 𝐴 2 𝐴
● cos A =𝑐 𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 2𝑠 𝑖𝑛
1 1 2 2 2
So, - ⇒ co𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ 2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ+𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛
=− 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ 2 2 𝐴
= 2 𝐴 =2𝑐 𝑜𝑠 − 1
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 2
1 1
⇒ - = - x
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ+𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ
2 𝐴 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝐴
Value of some special trigonometry angle :- 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
• tan A =
Serial.No. Angle 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 𝐴
2
1. 3−1
Sin15° = = cos 75°
2 2 2 𝐴 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1
• 𝑐 𝑜𝑡 =
2. 3+1 2 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
Cos15° = = sin 75° 2 𝐴
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
−1
3. 5−1 • cot A = 𝐴
Sin18° = = cos72° 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
4
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2 1
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 222 °
Example :-find the value of 2 1
.
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 222 °
2 𝐴
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
Solution :-we know that ,cos A = 2 𝐴
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
2 1 2 45
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 222 ° 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
° 1
2
1
= 2 45 = cos 45° ⇒
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 222 ° 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 ° 2
2).If cotθ + tanθ =𝑥and secθ - cosθ =𝑦then
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 2
Example :-find the value of .
𝑥
2
(𝑥 𝑦)3 − (xy2)3 = 1
𝑠 𝑖𝑛4
𝐴
𝐴 2 2 2 4
Solution :- sin A=2 sin cos 3). If sinθ + 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ =1thensinθ = 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ and 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ =1
2 2 12 10 8 6 4 2
and𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ + 3𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ + 3𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ +2𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ +2𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ - 2 = 1
according to question,
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 4𝑠𝑖𝑛4 .𝑐𝑜𝑠4 .𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
= = 4).If cosθ + sinθ = 1 and s inθ - cosθ = 1 then
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏
𝑠 𝑖𝑛4 𝑠 𝑖𝑛4 𝑠 𝑖𝑛4
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑥
( ) + ( ) = 2
𝑎 𝑏
=4𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑐 𝑜𝑠
4
2
5). (i) (a)sin1°. sin2° .sin3°..............sin180°= 0
(b)sin1°. sin2°. sin3°...............to greater than sin180° = 0
General solution of trigonometric function :- (ii) (a) cos1°. cos2° .cos3°..............cos90°= 0
sinx = 0⇒ 𝑥= nπ (b) cos1°. cos2° .cos3°.............togreater than cos90° = 0
π
cosx = 0⇒ 𝑥= (2n + 1) (iii) tan1°. tan2° .tan3°..............tan89°= 1
2 2 2 2
tanx = 0⇒ 𝑥= nπ (iv)𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ +𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + θ) + ………+𝑠 𝑖𝑛 [90 − (𝑥 + θ)] +
𝑛 2 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
inx = siny⇒ 𝑥= nπ +(− 1) 𝑦
s 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (90 − θ) =
2
cosx = cosy⇒ 𝑥= 2nπ ± y
2 2 2
Example:-findthevalueof𝑠 𝑖𝑛 5°+𝑠 𝑖𝑛 6°+………+𝑠 𝑖𝑛 84°+
Some useful facts :- 2
𝑠 𝑖𝑛 85°.
−𝑡𝑎𝑛θ 2
1 2 2 2
( ) =𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ Solution :- we know that , 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + θ) + ………+
1−𝑐𝑜𝑡θ
2 2 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
−𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
1 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 [90 − (𝑥 + θ)] +𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (90 − θ) =
2
= = secθ - tanθ
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ ccording to question,
A
−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
1 Total number of term =𝑡𝑛 =𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= = cosecθ - cotθ
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ a = 5 , d = 1
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 85 = 5 + (𝑛 − 1)1⇒ n = 81
= tanθ = 2 2 2 2
+𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ So,𝑠 𝑖𝑛 5°+𝑠 𝑖𝑛 6° + ………+𝑠 𝑖𝑛 84°+𝑠 𝑖𝑛 85°
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 1
8 1
cosecθ - cotθ = = = = = 40
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 2
2 2
4 4 2 2
𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = 1 - 2𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ
6 6 2 2
𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ +𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = 1 - 3𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ se of Componendo and Dividendotosolvesomeother
U
2 2 3 3
(tanθ - cotθ)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ +𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ + 1) =𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ -𝑐 𝑜𝑡 θ trigonometric function :-
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑦
𝑥 𝑎+𝑏
If , then
=
=
Some other concept :-
𝑦
𝑏 𝑥−𝑦 −𝑏
𝑎
).If A + B = 180°
1
tanA + tanB = 0 𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
cosA + cosB = 0 Example :-if = 9 findthe value of𝑡𝑎𝑛θ and𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ .
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
secA + cosB = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
cotA + cotB = 0 Solution :- apply C & D = 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
(𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)+(𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ) 9+1
=
(𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)−(𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ) 9−1
Example :- find the valueofcosA+cosB+cosC+cosDif
2𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ 10 5 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 5
BCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
A = ⇒ tanθ= ⇒ tanθ = =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 8 4 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 4
Solution :-
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Type - III
Note :- when, in the trigonometric function givensuch as:-
1
(𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ + = 2) , (𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 2) ,
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
then putθ = 0° to solve the question.
1
𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑏
4 Example :- If sec θ + = 2, find the value of sec55θ +
𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
ℎ 41 1
55 ?
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
1
2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ−𝑠𝑖𝑛θ Solution :- secθ + = 2
Example :-if 2 cotθ = 3 find the value of . 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ secθ + secθ = 2
3
Solution :- 2 cotθ = 3⇒ cotθ = 2secθ = 2 ⇒ secθ = 1 = sec0° ⇒ θ = 0°
2
55 1 55 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 3 2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ 3 So,𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ + 55 =𝑠 𝑒𝑐 0°+ 55 = 1 + 1 = 2
= ⇒ = { ∵ multiply both side by 2} 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 0°
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 1
apply C & D xam Hall approach :- we can put θ = 0° in this type of
E
2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 3+1 2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 4 question
= ⇒
= 1 1
2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ−𝑠𝑖𝑛θ −1
3 2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ−𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
2 secθ + 2⇒ sec 0° +
= = 2⇒ 2
2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ−𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠0°
= 55 1
2𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 2 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 0°+ = 2
55
𝑠𝑒𝑐 0°
Important Value Putting Method in
Type - IV
Trigonometry
xample :- If tan2θ + 3 secθ - 9 =0,where0< θ <90°,then
E
Type - I what is the value of 12cot2θ + 3 cosecθ ?
UPSC CDS - I (10/04/2022)
ote :-
N
( a) ( 3+ 1)2 (b) ( 3+ 2)2 (c) (2 3+ 1)2 (d) (3 3+ 1)2
Step.1 :- sometrigonometriccasestosolvethequestionsfirst
Solution :- According to the question,
we calculate value of angle from the given equation
Putθ = 60°
Step.2 :-put the value in other equations
tan260°+ 3 sec60°- 9 = 0
xample :- if 𝑠 𝑖𝑛α𝑠 𝑖𝑛β - 𝑐 𝑜𝑠α𝑐 𝑜𝑠β + 1 = 0 then find the
E 2
value of 1 +𝑐 𝑜𝑡α𝑡𝑎𝑛β = ?
( 3) + 3× 2 - 9 = 0⇒ 9 - 9 = 0
ow, 12cot2θ + 3 cosecθ
N
Solution :-according to questions,
12cot260°+ 3 cosec60°
𝑠 𝑖𝑛α𝑠 𝑖𝑛β -𝑐 𝑜𝑠α𝑐 𝑜𝑠β + 1 = 0
1 2 2
𝑐 𝑜𝑠α𝑐 𝑜𝑠β -𝑠 𝑖𝑛α𝑠 𝑖𝑛β = 1 12× ( ) + 3×
3 3
We know that,𝑐 𝑜𝑠( 𝐴 + 𝐵)= 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑐 𝑜𝑠α𝑐 𝑜𝑠β -𝑠 𝑖𝑛α𝑠 𝑖𝑛β = 1 4 + 2 3= (3 + 1 + 2 × 1 × 3)
𝑐 𝑜𝑠(α + β) = cos 0°⇒ (α + β) = 0°⇒ β = -α ( 3+ 1)2
Hence, 1 +𝑐 𝑜𝑡α𝑡𝑎𝑛β = 1 +𝑐 𝑜𝑡α𝑡𝑎𝑛(−α) =0
Type - V
Type - II
ote :- somespecialcasestosolvethequestionswecanput
N
Note :- w hen, in the trigonometric function givensuch as:- the value ofθ = 30°,60° both in questions and options.
(𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 0) , θ
(𝑠 𝑖𝑛θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠θ = 0), Example :-What is the values of tan ?
2
(𝑡 𝑎𝑛θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑡θ = 0) SSC CGL 26/07/2023 (4th shift)
then putθ = 45° to solve the question. 𝐶𝑜𝑠θ 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ 𝐶𝑜𝑠θ 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Example:-if 𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ =0and θ isanacuteangle,then 1−𝑆𝑖𝑛θ 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠θ 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠θ 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠θ
2 2 Solution :- putθ = 60°
hat is the value of𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ ?
w
θ 60°
1
Solution :-according to questions, tan = tan =
2 2
3
𝑠 𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 0 {putθ = 45°}
putθ = 60° in the options one by one to satisfythe value
𝑠 𝑒𝑐45° − 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐45°⇒ 2− 2= 0 Then , options d satisfy.
0 = 0 { hence L.H.S. = R.H.S. satisfied}
𝑆𝑖𝑛θ 𝑆𝑖𝑛60° 3×2
1
2 2 2
So , 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 θ + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ ⇒ 𝑠 𝑒𝑐 45° + 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 45°
2 ⇒ ⇒ =
1+𝐶𝑜𝑠θ 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠60° ×3
2
3
( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 4
Alternate method :-
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Pinnacle Trigonometry
sin 2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ
2
cos 2θ = 2𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ − 1
θ θ
𝑖𝑛θ
𝑆
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 θ θ 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ
= 2 θ =𝑡𝑎𝑛( )⇒ tan( ) =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2
2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
Type - VI
ote :-
N
(i) some most special cases to solve thequestionswedonot
need to put the value ofθ= 30°,60° … etc inquestions .
(ii) if the variable are given then put the value of any variable
equal to 0.
2 2
xample :- if 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑏𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = c then find the value of
E
tanθ = ?
𝑐−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑏 𝑐+𝑏
(a) (b) (c) (d)
−𝑐
𝑎 −𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 −𝑎 +𝑐
𝑎
2 2
Solution :-𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑏𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ = c {put c = 0}
2
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ −𝑏 2 −𝑏
𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 θ = -𝑏𝑐 𝑜𝑠 θ ⇒ 2 = ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑎 𝑎
put𝑐 = 0 in the options one by one to satisfy thevalue
Then , options a satisfy.
𝑐−𝑏 0−𝑏 −𝑏
= =
−𝑐
𝑎 −0
𝑎 𝑎
Type - VII
ote :-
N
(i)ingeneraltrigonometricfunctiontosolvethequestionweput
thevalueof θ =30°,60°,90°inthecosine,sine,secandcosec
function
(ii) in the tan , and cot function put the valueofθ = 45°
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
Example :- The value of = ? (Note:Aisnon-
−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
1
z ero)
RRB NTPC CBT - I 16/01/2021 (Evening)
(a) tanA (b) sinA (c) cosA (d) cotA
+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
1
Solution :-
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
Short trick :put A = 30°
1
+𝑐𝑜𝑠60
1
1+2
= 1 = 3 = cot 30° = cotA
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠60 1−2
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Pinnacle Height and Distance
1 unit= ?⇒ ? = 30 m
Height and Distance
Case (2)
In this chapter following concepts / terminologies will be used.
AngleOfElevation:- Theanglemadebythelineofsightwith
the horizontal line is called the angle of elevation.
xample:-Theangleofelevationofthetopofabuildingata
E
distanceof70mfromitsfootonahorizontalplaneisfound
to be 60°. Find the height of the building
SSC CGL Tier II (03/03/2023)
Angle Of Depression :- The angle made bythelineofsight
with the horizontal line is called the angle of depression. ( a) 70 3m (b) 60 3m (c) 50 3m (d) 70 2m
Solution:-
Note: When we come near object, the angle of elevation
increases and when we go away from theobject,theangleof
Angle→ 30° : 60° : 90°
elevation decreases.
ide → 1 : 3 : 2
S
Note: Angle of elevation and angle of depression are always According to the questions ,
qual.
e 1 unit = 70 m
hen , height of the building ( 3units) = 70 3m.
T
Exam hall approach:-
Some Important Relation
1 unit = 70 m
S.No. ngle
A Ratios of sides 3unit = 70 3m.
1 45° : 45° : 90° 1 : 1 : 2
2 30° : 60° : 90° 1 : 3: 2 Case (3)
3 15° : 75° : 90° ( 3- 1) : ( 3+ 1) : 2 2
4 30° : 30° : 120° 1 : 1 : 3
Case (1)
Example:-Theangleofelevationofaladderleaningagainsta
all is 15° and the foot of the ladder is4mawayfromthe
w
wall. The length of the ladder is :
Solution:-
Example:-Theangleofelevationofthetopofatowerfroma
oint on the ground, 45°whichis30mfromthefootofthe
p
tower. Find the height of the tower?
et AB be the wall and AC be the ladder.
L
Then, ∠ACB = 15° and BC = 4 m.
3+ 1 unit = 4 m
Solution :-Let the height of the tower be ‘H’ 8 2
𝐻 2 2unit =?⇒ ? =
tan 45° = 3+1
30
𝐻
1 = ⇒ H = 30 m
0
3
Exam hall approach:- 1 unit = 30 m
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Pinnacle Height and Distance
When Angle Changes
Case (1)
When the angle changes from 30° to 45°
et AB = Height of tower = 3unit
L
Building height = BE = CD = 680 m
ATQ,
Example :- As observed from the top ofalighthouse,42m
ighabovesealevel,Theangleofdepressionofashipsailing
h ⇒ ( 3- 1) unit = 680
directly towards it changes from 30° to 45°. The distance 680
⇒ 3unit = × 3
travelled by the ship during the period of observation is: 3−1
SSC CHSL 04/08/2021 (Evening) 680 3 3+1
= × =340(3+ 3) m
( a) 42(1 - 3) (b) 42( 3+ 1) (c)42( 3- 1) (d) 42 3−1 3+1
Solution:-
Case (3)
When the angle changes from 15° to 30°
From the given figure, we have;
D = BD - BC = ( 3- 1) unit
C
Here, 1 unit ----------- 42 m
hen, ( 3- 1) unit -------- 42( 3– 1) m
T
So, the distance travelled by the ship during the period of
observation = 42( 3– 1) m Example:- Acarismovingatuniformspeedtowardsatower.
It takes 15minutesfortheangleofdepressionfromthetop
oftowertothecartochangefrom15°to30°.Whattimeafter
Case (2)
this, the car will reach the base of the tower?
Solution :-
When the angle changes from 45° to 60°
According to the question,
⇒ 2 unit = 15 min
15 3
⇒ ( 3) unit = min
2
Example:- Theangleofelevationofthetopofatowerfrom
t he top of a building whose height is 680 m is 45° and the
angleofelevationofthetopofthesametowerfromthefoot Case (4)
of the same building is 60°. What istheheight(inm)ofthe
tower?
SSC CGL Tier II (07/03/2023)
(a) 340(3 + √3) (b) 310(3 - √3)
(c) 310(3 + √3) (d) 340(3 - √3)
Solution :-
xample:-300mfromthefootofacliffonalevelground,the
E
angle of elevation of the top of a cliff is 60°. Find the height of
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Pinnacle Height and Distance
t he cliff. d = h(cotθ 1- cotθ 2)
RRB NTPC CBT - I 03/04/2021 (Evening)
( a) 200 3m (b) 150 3m (c) 300 3m
(d) 250 3m
Solution:- Example:- The angle ofelevationofapointAontheground
f romthetopofatoweris30°.Ongoing10mtowardsthefoot
ofthetower,theangleofelevationchangesto60°.Whatwill
be the height of the tower ?
Solution:-
In triangle ABC
BC = 300 m
𝐴𝐵 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
𝐴
tanθ = ⇒ tan60°= ⇒ 3= ⇒ AB = 300 3
𝐶
𝐵 300 300
sing identity,
U
Case (5) d = h(cotθ 1- cotθ 2)
⇒ 10 = h(cot 30° - cot 60°)
When the angle change fromθ to 2θ 1 3−1
⇒ 10 = h( 3 - )⇒ 10 = h( )
3 3
2 10 3
⇒ 10 = h =
2
=5 3
3
Other Important Result
2 2 2 when angle are complementary
ℎ =𝑦 − 𝑥
(a)
xample:-TheangleofelevationofapointAontheground
E
fromthetopofatoweris30°.Ongoing10mtowardsthefoot
ofthetower,theangleofelevationchangesto60°.Whatwill
be the height of the tower ?
Solution :-
h = 𝑥𝑦
xample:-Theanglesofelevationofthetopofatowerfrom
E
twopointsatadistanceof4mand9mfromthebaseofthe
ccording to the question,
A towerandinthesamestraightlinewithitarecomplementary.
⇒ 2 unit = 10 m (given that) Find the height of the tower.
⇒ 1 unit = 5 m Solution :-
Now, height of the tower ( 3) = 5 3m
xam Hall approach
E
Using identity,
2 2 2
=𝑦 − 𝑥
ℎ
Where DC(y) = 10 m, BD(𝑥) = 5 m and AB(h) = ?
So,
2 2 2
⇒ ℎ =10 - 5 = 75⇒ h = 75⇒ h = 5 3m Using identity,
⇒ h = 𝑥𝑦⇒ h = 4× 9⇒ h = 6 m
Case (6)
(b)
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Pinnacle Height and Distance
a = h(cotθ 1+
cotθ 2)
xample:- Two vertical lamp-posts of equal height are on
E
either side of a road 50 m wide. At a point on the road
betweenthelamp-posts,theelevationsofthetopsoflamp-
posts are 60° and 30°. Find the height of the lamp - post.
ewillusethisidentitywhenwearegiventhedirectvalueof
W
RRB JE 27/05/2019 (Evening)
AB.
(a) 22.50 m (b) 23.75 m
⇒ a = h(cotθ 1+ cotθ 2)
(c) 18.65 m (d) 21.65 m
Solution:- According to the question,
42
⇒ 1unit =
3−1
42( 3+1)
⇒ ( 3 + 1) unit = = AB
3−
1
So,
42( 3+1)
In∆ABC ⇒ = h(cot60°+ cot45°)
3−
1
𝐵
𝐴
tan 60° = 42( 3+1) 1 42( 3+1) 1+ 3
(50−𝑥) ⇒ = h( + 1)⇒ = h( )
3−
1
3 3−
1
3
⇒ AB =(50 − 𝑥) 3 ………eq .(1)
In∆ECD 42 3 42×1.7
3
⇒ h = = ≈ 99.5m
𝐸𝐷
𝑥 3−1
0.7
3
tan30° = = ED = ………eq .(2)
𝑥
3 xam Hall approach :
E
Solve eq .(1) and eq(2) ATQ,
𝑥 ( 3- 1) unit = 42 m
=(50 − 𝑥) 3⇒ x = 150 - 3x
3 42 3 42×1.7
3
Then, 3unit = = ≈ 99.5m
75 3−
1
0.7
3
⇒ 4x = 150⇒ x =
2
So length of lamp-posts = ED =AB
(d)
75 25× 3
= = 12.5 3
=
2× 3 2
12.5× 1.73 = 21.65 m
=
Exam hall approach:-
50 = h (cotθ 1+
cotθ 2)
25 3
50 = h (cot60°+ cot30°)⇒ h =
2
= 12.5 3
= 12.5× 1.73 = 21.65 m
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑡θ1
(c) h =
𝑐𝑜𝑡θ1−𝑐𝑜𝑡θ2
xample:- From the top of a 195 m highcliff,theanglesof
E
depressionofthetopandbottomofthetowerare30°and60°
respectively. Find the height of the tower(in m).
SSC CGL 18/04/2022 (Evening)
( a) 195 3 (b) 195 (c) 130 (d) 65
a = h(cotθ 1+
cotθ 2) Solution:-
xample :- Two points A and B are on the ground and on
E
oppositesidesofatower.Aisclosertofootoftowerby42m
thanB.Iftheanglesofelevationofthetopofthetowerfrom
A and B are 60° and 45° respectively, then the height ofthe
tower is closest to : et the height of tower (EA) = a
L
SSC CPO 13/12/2019 (Evening) Using the identity,
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑡θ1
(a) 94.6 m (b) 99.4 m (c) 88.2 m (d) 87.6 m 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑡30°
⇒ h = ⇒ 195=
Solution:-Let PQ be the height of the tower. 𝑐𝑜𝑡θ1−𝑐𝑜𝑡θ2 𝑐𝑜𝑡30°−𝑐𝑜𝑡60°
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Pinnacle Height and Distance
𝑎× 3 𝑎× 3
1 1 1 1 +4
1
5
8
𝑎×3 ⇒ +
= ⇒ = = ⇒ 𝑥=
⇒ 195 = 1 ⇒ 195 = 3−1 ⇒ 195 = 𝑥
8
2
𝑥
8 8 5
3− 2
3 3
⇒ a = 130 m
When object changes its Position from one point to
another point
(e)
xample:-Theangleofelevationofanaeroplanefromapoint
E
onthegroundis45°.Afteraflightof12secondshorizontally,
the angle of elevation changes to 30°. If the aeroplane is
flyingatheightof2400m,Findthespeedoftheaeroplane(in
km/h).
NTPC CBT II (15/06/2022) 3rd Shift
(a) 72(1+ 3) (b) 720( 3+ 1)
θ +α = 90° then, (c) 720( 3– 1) (d) 72( 3– 1)
𝑥= 𝐻1𝐻
2
Solution :-
Example:- The angleofelevationofthetopofatallbuilding
f romthepointsMandNatthedistancesof72mand128m,
respectively, from the base of the building and in the same
straight line with it , are complementary . The height ofthe
building ( in m ) is ? 𝐴𝐸 400
2
tan 45° = = ⇒ 𝐷𝐸 = 2400𝑚
SSC CGL 12/04/2022(Afternoon) 𝐸
𝐷 𝐸
𝐷
(a) 84 (b) 96 (c) 80 (d) 90 𝐵𝐶
Now, tan30°=
Solution:-Let the height of building be h 𝐷𝐸+𝐸𝐶
1 2400
=
3 2400+𝐸𝐶
EC =2400( 3− 1)
2400( 3−1) 18
Speed of the aeroplane = ×
12 5
when angles are complementary =720( 3− 1) km/h
2
ℎ = Product of the distance of two points fromthe building
ℎ = 72 × 128= 9216= 96 m
(f)
1 1 1
=
+
𝑎 1
ℎ 2
ℎ
Example:- Inthefollowingfigure,AB=8metre,FC= 𝑥metre
nd ED=2metre areeachperpendiculartoBDthenfindthe
a
value of𝑥.
Solution:- We know that,
1 1 1
⇒
=
+
𝑎 1
ℎ 2
ℎ
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Pinnacle Coordinate Geometry
Section Formula
Coordinate Geometry
(a) Internal division :
oordinate geometry is a system of geometry where the
C
positionofpointsontheplaneisdescribedbyusinganordered
pair of numbers. The x- coordinate and they-coordinateofa
point taken together is known as coordinates of the point 𝑃𝐴
𝑚 𝑚𝑥
2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦
2+𝑛𝑦1
= ⇒ P(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝐵
𝑃 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
Example :- The coordinatesofthepointthatdividestheline
egment joining the points (-5,5)and(7,–3)internallyin
s
the ratio 3 : 1 are given by:
RRB ALP Tier - I (29/08/2018) Morning
5
(a) ( - 2, 3) (b) ( , 0) (c) (1, 1) (d) (4, - 1)
2
Solution :- As we know, The coordinates of the point that
ividesthelinesegmentjoiningthepoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)
d
internally in the ratio m : n are given by ;
𝑚𝑥
2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦
2+𝑛𝑦1
Key points :- ( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
• Coordinate Axes :- The perpendicular lines in the cartesian So, the required coordinates of the point
systemarexaxisandyaxis.Bothofthemtogetherareknown 3×7+1×−5
3×−3+1×5 16 −4
= (
3+1
, 3+1
)=(
4
, 4
) = (4 , - 1)
as coordinate axes.
• Origin:-Thepointofintersectionofcoordinateaxesisorigin.
The coordinates of origin are (0 , 0). (b) External division :
• Abscissa :- The x - coordinate is called abscissa. It is the
perpendicular distance of a point from y axis.
• Ordinate :- The y-coordinate is called ordinate . It is the
perpendicular distance of a point from x-axis.
• Ify=a,whereaisconstanttheny=adenotesastraightline
parallel to x-axis.
𝐴
𝑃
𝑚 𝑚𝑥
2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦
2−𝑛𝑦1
• Ifx=a,whereaisconstantthenx=adenotesastraightline
𝑃𝐵
=
𝑛
⇒ P(𝑥, 𝑦) =(
𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
)
parallel to y-axis.
• Forpassingalinethroughtheorigin,oneofthecoordinatesof
the given equation must be (0, 0).
xample :- Using the section formula, determine the
E
coordinatesofthepointCthatexternallydividesthepointsA
Important Formula
(-3, -1), and B (-1, 0) in a ratio of 2 : 3.
Solution :- We know that,
Distance Formula
If points P(x1, y1), Q(x2 ,y2 ) lie on the plane xythen,
2 2
PQ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)
xample:- Ifthedistancebetweentwopoints(x,7)and(1,
E 𝑚𝑥
2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦
2−𝑛𝑦1
15) is 10 units, then the possible values of x = ?
P(𝑥, 𝑦)=(
𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
)
RRB NTPC CBT - I 08/03/2021 (Evening) According to the question,
2 2 equired coordinates of the point
R
Solution :- Distance formula = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)
(2×−1
) −(3 ×−3
) (2×0) −3×−1
2 2
=(
2−3
, 2−3
)
10 unit = (1 − 𝑥 ) + (15 − 7)
(−2+9 0+3
2 2
(
=
−1
, −1 ) = (-7 ,-3)
10 = (𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥) + (8)
2
100 =𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥+ 64
2 2
00 - 65 =𝑥 − 2𝑥⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑥- 35 = 0
1 (c) Midpoint Division :
Where ,𝑥= 7 , - 5 hisisderivedfromthedivisionformula.Thecoordinatesofa
T
point that divides line segments in the ratio 1 : 1 means
(m : n ) = ( 1 : 1)
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Pinnacle Coordinate Geometry
xample :- Convert the equation 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 -24 = 0 into
E
intercept form. Whatisthe 𝑥-interceptandthe 𝑦- interceptof
the line?
𝐴
𝑃
𝑚
1 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2 Solution :-The given equation of a line is 12𝑥+ 3𝑦- 24 = 0.
= = ⇒ P(𝑥, 𝑦)=( , )
𝑃𝐵 𝑛 1 2 2 Then, the intercept forms the equation of a line.
⇒ 12𝑥+ 3𝑦= 24
xample :- Find the coordinates of the points whichdivide
E 12𝑥 3𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
⇒
+ = 1⇒
+ = 1
the line segment joining A(-2, 2) and B(2,8)intotwoequal 24 4
2 2
8
parts. ow,
N
Solution :- Let the point = P 𝑥- intercept = (2, 0) and𝑦- intercept = (0 , 8)
−2+2 2+8
⇒ P(𝑥,𝑦) = (
2
, 2
) ⇒ P(𝑥,𝑦) = (0 ,5)
Slope of a line:-
• If(x1 , y1),(x2 ,y2)areanytwopointsonlineL,thentheratio
Centroid (G) And Incentre (I) Formula 𝑦2−𝑦1
is called the slopeof the line L.
𝑥2 −𝑥1
xample :- Find the slope of the linewhichpassesthrough
E
points (7, 5) and (-3, -5).
DMRC CRA 18/02/2020 (2nd shift)
(a) 1 (b) - 1 (c) √3 (d) 0
𝑏2 −𝑏1
Solution :-Slope of points (𝑎1, 𝑏1)(𝑎
2, 𝑏2) =
𝑎 −𝑎
2 1
−5−5
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3 hen, slope of(7, 5) and (- 3, - 5) =
T 1
=
−3−7
Centroid(G)= ( , )
3
3
𝑥1 𝑎+𝑥2 𝑏+𝑥3 𝑐 𝑦1𝑎+𝑦2𝑏+𝑦3𝑐 • Angle between two lines of slope m1 and m2, respectivelythen
Incentre(I)= ( , )
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 | 𝑚2 −𝑚1 |
tanθ =| |
| 1+𝑚1 𝑚2 |
Example:-Findthecentroidofatriangleformedbythepoints
( 2 , 5) , (3 , 9) and (4 , 1) Example :- The slopes of the lines which make anangleof
RRB NTPC CBT - I 11/03/2021 (Evening) 5° with the line 4x - y + 5 = 0 are.
4
(a) (6, 6) (b) (9, 15) (c) (3, 9) (d) (3, 5) Solution :- Given that :
4x - y + 5 = 0 and angle(θ ) = 45°
Solution :- ⇒ y = 4x + 5 ….(i)
Comparing the above equation from general equation of line
( y = mx + c)
Then, 𝑚1 = 4 and𝑚2 = ?
| 𝑚2 −𝑚1 |
⇒ tanθ =| |
| 1+𝑚1 𝑚2 |
| 𝑚2 −4 | | 𝑚2 −4 | 𝑚2 −4
⇒ tan45° =| | ⇒ 1 =| | ⇒ 1 =
Let , Centroid of a triangle = ( X , Y ) | 1+4𝑚 2 | | 1+4𝑚
2 | 1+4𝑚
2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 2+3+4 9
5
Now , X = = =
= 3 ⇒ 1 + 4𝑚2 =𝑚2 - 4⇒ 𝑚2 =
3 3
3 3
𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3 5+9+1 5
1
And Y = = = = 5
3 3
3 Polar coordinates of a point :-
Hence , Centroid of a triangle = ( X , Y )⇒ (3 , 5 )
Intercept form of a line :-
X =𝑟cosθ , Y =𝑟sinθ
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Pinnacle Coordinate Geometry
2 2 2 𝑌 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑟 =𝑋 +𝑌 and tanθ = Condition of infinite solution→ = =
𝑋 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
so,
0
1 5 (𝑘−
5)
Example :-Find the radius of the circle𝑥² + 𝑦² = 25. ⇒ = =
20 0
1
𝑘
SC CHSL 08/08/2023 (4th Shift)
S
5 (𝑘− 5)
(a) 25 units (b) 5 units ⇒ = ⇒ 5k=10k - 50⇒ 5k = 50⇒ k = 10
10
𝑘
(c) 2 units (d) 12 units or
Solution :-Equation of circle passing through origin:- 0
1 (𝑘−
5)
2 2 2 ⇒ = ⇒ 10k=20k - 100⇒ 10k = 100⇒ k = 10
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟 …..(𝑟= radius) 20
𝑘
2 2
Here , 𝑥 +𝑦 =25⇒ radius = 5 units
Example :-For what value of k, the pair of equations4x - 3y =
, 2x + ky = 11 has no solution?
9
• If(a,b)isthecenterofcircleandristheradiusthenequation
Solution :-
2 2 2
of circle =(𝑥 − 𝑎) +(𝑦 − 𝑏) =𝑟 Given that the equations 4x - 3y = 9 and 2x + ky = 11
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Condition of no solution→
𝑎2
=
𝑏2
≠ 𝑐2
So,
4 −3 9 4 −3 −3
⇒ = ≠ ⇒ = ⇒ k =
2 𝑘 1
1
2 𝑘 2
Example:-Forwhatvalueofk,thepairofequations4x-3y=
• if the center is origin then the equation of circlewill be
, 2x + ky = 11 has one solution?
9
Solution :-
Given that the equations 4x - 3y = 9 and 2x + ky = 11
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Condition of one solution→ ≠ =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
So,
4 −3 9 −3 9 −33
⇒ ≠ = ⇒ = ⇒ 9k = - 33⇒ k =
2 𝑘 1
1
𝑘 1
1 9
2 2 2 Intercept form of equation of a line:-
i)𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟
𝑥
𝑦
ii)Area of enclosed circle = π𝑟
2 • + =1,where‘a’isxinterceptofline and‘b’isyintercept
𝑎 𝑏
of line .
xample:-if(3,4)isthecenterofthecircleand5cm isthe
E • Perpendiculardistancefromapoint(x1,y1)tolineax+by+c=
radius then find the equation of the circle . 0, then
Solution :-Equation of circle =(𝑥 − 3) +(𝑦 − 4) =5
2 2 2
|𝑎𝑥 1 +𝑏𝑦1+𝑐|
2 2 D =
=𝑥 + 9 - 6𝑥+𝑦 + 16 - 8𝑦= 25 2
𝑎 +𝑏
2
2 2
=𝑥 +𝑦 - 6𝑥- 8𝑦+ 9 + 16 = 25
2 2 Example:-Thedistancefromtheorigintotheline4x+3y+6
=𝑥 +𝑦 - 6𝑥- 8𝑦= 0
0 is:
=
RRB NTPC CBT - I 04/03/2021 (Morning)
Concept
7
4
6
3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
Solution :- Length of the perpendicular from O(0 , 0)tothe
line 4x + 3y + 6 = 0 is ,
|𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶|
D =
2 2
+𝐵
𝐴
|4×0+3×0+6| 6
6
d = = =
2 2 25 5
4 +3
• Distance between parallel lines :-
a1 x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
| |
𝑐1 −𝑐2
xample:-Forwhatvalueofk,thepairofequations10x+5y-
E D =| |
(k - 5) = 0, 20x + 10y - k = 0 has an infinite solution? | 𝑎2 +𝑏2 |
Solution :- xample :-Calculate the distance between the parallellines
E
Given that the equations 10x + 5y = (k - 5) and 20x + 10y = k 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 and 3x + 4y - 5 = 0.
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Pinnacle Coordinate Geometry
olution :-We know that,
S Example:-Find the radius of the circle
a1 x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is 2 2
+ 𝑦 + 7𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9 = 0.
𝑥
| |
𝑐1 −𝑐2 RRB NTPC CBT - I 04/03/2021 (Morning)
⇒ D =| |
| 𝑎2 +𝑏2 | 19 3
1 3
2 9
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
So,
2 2
Solution:- (𝑥 + 𝑦 +2gx+2fy+c)=0,representsthecircle
| 7+5 | | 12 | 12 2 2 2
⇒ D =| | = | | = with center (−g,−f) and radius equal to𝑟 =𝑔 +𝑓 − c
| 3 +4 |
2 2 | 9+16 | 5
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 7𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9 = 0
7
Here, g = - , f = - 2 and c = 9
• Equation of line :- 2
(i) The general form of a line is given as : Ax + By + C = 0 Radius = 𝑔 + 𝑓 − 𝑐
2 2
( ii) Slope intercept Form
49 49 29
Let x, y be the coordinate of a point through which a line passes, = + 4
− 9
= − 5=
4 4
2
m be the slope of a line, and c be the y-intercept, then the
equation of a line is given by :
y = mx + c
• AreaofTriangle:- IfpointA(x1 ,y1),B(x2 ,y2)andC(x3,y3)
are the vertices of a triangle then area of a triangle is :
Reflection :-Flipping an image is called a reflection in geometry .
1
= |
𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3) + 𝑥2(
2 1 2
𝑦 − 𝑦1) + 𝑥3(
3
𝑦 − 𝑦2)
1 |
Example:- If(2,7),(5,1),(x,3)aretheverticesofatriangle
hoseareais18(squnits)thenfindthePossible valuesofx
w
?
RRB NTPC CBT - I 12/01/2021 (Morning)
(a) - 10 or - 2 (b) 10 or - 2
(c) 10 or 2 (d) - 10 or 2
Solution :-
Reflection over
● X -axis (a, b)→ (a, -b)
● Y-axis(a, b)→ (-a, b)
● Line Y= X(a, b)→ (b, a)
Area of the triangle
● LineY= -X(a, b)→ (-b , -a)
1
= |
𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3) + 𝑥2(
2 1 2
𝑦 − 𝑦1) + 𝑥3(
3
𝑦 − 𝑦2)
1 |
1
18 = |2(1 − 3) + 5(3 − 7) + 𝑥(7 − 1)|
Example :- Whatisthereflectionofthepoint(5,–3)inthe 2
line y = 3 ? 1
18 = | − 4 − 20 + 6𝑥|
2
SSC CGL Tier II (18/11/2020)
(a) (5, -6) (b) ( -5, 3) (c) (5, 9) (d) (5, 3) 36 = I− 24 + 6𝑥I
Solution:-y=3is paralleltoxaxissoonreflectionxaxiswill In “mode” , we get +ve and -ve both values
not change 36 = ± I− 24 + 6𝑥I
Perpendicular distance of (5 , – 3) from So , 36 = - 24 + 6𝑥 and 36 = 24 - 6x
(y = 3 ) = 6 units 𝑥= 10 and 𝑥= - 2
6 units on the other side of the line Example hall approach:
(y = 3 ) = 3 + 6 = 9 Make any one of the given coordinates zero , do the same
So the point = (5 , 9) action with rest coordinates
1
18 = |(− 12) − {− 6𝑥 + 12}|
2
• Equation of a circle:-
2 2 36 =|(− 12) + 6𝑥 − 12| =|6𝑥 − 24|
𝑥 +𝑦 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, where centerof the circle is (- g , - f) 6 = ± I− 24 + 6𝑥I
3
2 2
and radius (r) = 𝑔 + 𝑓 − 𝑐 So , 36 = - 24 + 6𝑥and 36 = 24 - 6𝑥
𝑥= 10 and 𝑥= - 2
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Pinnacle Permutations and Combinations
𝑛!
.P
ermutations and Combinations P(𝑛, 𝑟) = nPr=
(𝑛−𝑟 )!
Permutation xample :- How many three digit numbers can be formed
E
without usingthedigits0,1,4,5,7,ifrepetitionofdigitsare
efinitionofpermutation:apermutationisanarrangementina
D not allowed ?
definite order of a number of objects taken some or all at a time. Bihar Police Cons. 14/03/2021 (2nd Shift)
(a) 60 (b) 120 (c) 504 (d) 720
Factorial Solution:-𝑛= no. of digit that are not in 0,1,4,5,7
Hence, n = (2 , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9) = 5
(I)𝑛! = 𝑛× (𝑛 − 1)......... 3× 2× 1 𝑟= 3
( II)0! = 1 (as we need three digit number only)
5 5! 5×4×3×2!
(III) Factorials of negative numbers are not defined. So, 𝑃3 = (5−3) ! = = 60
2!
Permutation Formula :-
a)Thenumberofpermutationsof‘n’differentthingstaken‘r’at
xample :- The number of permutations of the letters of
E
time, where repetition is not allowed is given by
a
ALLAHABAD is
𝑛!
𝑛𝑃 = (𝑛−𝑟 )! Where, 0≤r≤n Haryana CET 01/11/2021 (2nd Shift)
𝑟 9！ ！
9 ！
9
(a) 9！ (b) (c) (d)
)Thenumberofpermutationsof‘n’differentthingstaken‘r’at
b ！)
2! (4 3！ 4！
a time, where repetition is allowed is given by Solution :- Required possible permutation
𝑟 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐻𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐷 9！
𝑛 , Where, 0≤r≤n =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿
= 2！(4 ！)
c)Thenumberofpermutationsofnobjectstakenallatatime,
here p1 objects are of the first kind, p2 objects are of the
w
Combination
secondkind,...,pk objectsareofthekth kindandtherestifany,
𝑛!
and if all are different is - combination is all about grouping. The number of different
A
𝑝1!𝑝2!....𝑝𝑘!
groups which can be formed from the available things canbe
) Circular Permutation : The number of permutations of n
d
found out using combinations.
different objects taken r at a time, around a circle is given by
P𝑛 = (n - 1)! ).Thenumberofcombinationsof‘n’differentthingstaken‘r’at
a
a time, is given by
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶 = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!
, 0≤r≤n
xample:- A bag contains 6 red balls and 8 green balls. 2
E 𝑟
ballsaredrawnatrandomonebyonewithreplacement.Find
Note :- (i)𝑛 = n and (ii) 𝑛 = 1
the probability that both the balls are green 𝐶 𝐶
1 0
RRB Clerk Pre 13/09/2020 (1st Shift)
6
1 5
2 2
1 1
2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) None of these Example :- let there are three objects A, B & C.
49 49 49 49
olution:-Total balls = 6 + 8 = 14
S ombination or selection of these objects taken one at a
C
Number of green balls = 8 time(3) - A, B, C
2 balls are drawn at random one by one with replacement Combinationorselectionoftheseobjectstakentwoatatime
Then, probability that both balls are green (3) - (A, B), (B, C), (C, A)
8𝑐 8𝑐 Combination or selection of these objects taken three at a
1 1 8 8 6
1
= × =
× = time(1) - (A, B, C)
14𝑐 14𝑐 14 4
1 49
𝑛!
C(𝑛, 𝑟) = 𝑛C 𝑟 =
1 1
𝑟!(𝑛
−𝑟 )!
* In permutation, order of appearance of things is taken into
account. * The relationship betweenpermutationandcombinationfor‘r’
things taken from ‘n’ things.
xample :- let there are three objects A, B & C.
E Pr= 𝑟!
n
× 𝑛C
𝑟
When one object is taken at a time then permutation or
arrangement of these object (3) - A, B, C
xample:- If nC
E
x=
126 and
n
Px =
3024 findnandx.
When two object is taken at a time then permutation or
HCS CSAT (12/09/2021)
arrangementoftheseobject(6)-(A,B),(B,A),(B,C),(C,B),(C,
(a) 7,3 (b) 8,4 (c) 8,3 (d) 9,4
A), (A, C)
Solution:- nPx = x! nCx
When three object is taken at a time then permutation or
3024 = 126 x! ⇒ 24 = x!
arrangementoftheseobject(6)-(A,B,C)(A,C,B)(B,A,C)(B,
4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 4!
C, A)(C, A, B)(C, B, A)
So, x = 4
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Pinnacle Permutations and Combinations
Now,nCx =nC4 = 126 ( a) 0234 (b) 3420 (c) 2340 (d) 4320
!
𝑛 Solution:-In the word ‘DAUGHTER’
= 126
4! (𝑛
−4 ) ! Consonants = 5 letter , vowels = 3 letter
𝑛(𝑛 −1 ) (𝑛
−2 ) (𝑛
−3 ) (𝑛
−4
) ! Now, all the vowels should come together so consider the
= 126
4! (𝑛
−4 ) ! bundle of vowels as one letter, then total letters will be 6.
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) =126×4! =6×7×3×4×3×2×
𝑛 According to the question,
1 So, the number of ways to arrange 6 letters = 6!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)= 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 Now, vowels also interchange their position
So, n = 9 So, the number of ways = 3!
Hence, value of n = 9 and x = 4 Hence, required ways = 6! × 3! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 2
= 4320
Fundamental Principle of Counting (Counting without
●
actually counting)
IfaneventAcanoccurin '𝑥’differentwaysandanothereventB
canoccurin '𝑦'differentways,thenthetotalnumberofdifferent
ways of -
(I) simultaneous occurrence of both events is 𝑥× 𝑦.
(Multiplication Principle)
(II) happening exactly one of the events is 𝑥 + 𝑦. (Addition
Principle)
Example:- A person has to go to Mumbai from Patna via
elhi.HecangotoDelhifromPatnain3differentwaysand
D
can go to Mumbai from Delhi in 4 different ways. Then,he
can go to Mumbai from Patna via Delhi in3× 4 = 12ways.
* Difference between Permutation and Combination
Permutation Combination
are used when order/sequence are used when only the number
ofarrangementis needed. ofpossiblegroups are to be
found and the order/sequence
of arrangement is not needed.
It is used for things of a It is used for things of a similar
different kind. kind.
The permutation of two things The combination of two things
from three given things a,b,c is from three given things a, b, c is
ab, ba, bc, cb, ca, ac. ab, bc, ca.
ote:-Foragivensetofnandrvalues,thepermutationanswer
N
is larger than the combination answer.
Miscellaneous
xample :-Inhowmanydifferentwayscanthelettersofthe
E
word ‘POPULAR’ be arranged ?
SBI Clerk Pre 29/02/2020 (1st Shift)
(a) 1650 (b) 1780 (c) 6800 (d) 2520 (e) None of these
solution:-Total number of letter in work ‘POPULAR’= 7
Repeated letter = 2
So, number of different ways to arrange the work ‘POPULAR’
!
7 7×6×5×4×3×2×1
= = = 2520
2! 2×1
xample :- Howmanyarrangementscanbemadeusingall
E
thelettersofthewordDAUGHTERexactlyonceeachsothat
the vowels always come together ?
DMRC CRA 17/02/2020 (2nd shift)
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Pinnacle Probability
8
2 24 6
Probability P(𝐴 ) =1 –
52
=
2
5
=
3
1
Definition :- Probability can be defined as the ratio of the 6. Equally likely outcomes:-All outcomes with equalprobability
umberoffavorableoutcomestothetotalnumberofoutcomes
n
of an event. . Sample space :- Asamplespaceisacollectionorasetof
7
In short Probability defines the likelihood of occurrence of an possible outcomes of a random experiment.
event. Example− Sample space for tossing of a coin once gives S
= {H, T}
Sample space for tossing a coin twice gives S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Examples :- Flipping or tossing of a coin, Rolling a dice, Sample space for rolling a dice gives S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
rawing a ball fromabagcontaininganumberofballs,etc.
D
all such events lead to finding the probability. .Simpleevent:- Ifanevent 𝐸 hasonlyonesamplepointofa
8
Formula for probability : sample space, it is called a simple (or elementary) event.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 Forexample,intheexperimentoftossingtwocoins,thesample
P(E) =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠.
space obtained is
S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }
Important Properties of Probability There are four simple events as follows :
These are,𝐸 1= {HH},𝐸 2= {HT},𝐸 3= {TH},𝐸 4= {TT}
a) The value of the probability of an event to happen can lie
etween 0 and 1 (0 can also be a probability).
b . Compound event :- If an event has more than one sample
9
b) The maximum probability of an event is its sample space point, it is called a compound event.
(sample space is the total number of possible outcomes) Example − In the experiment of “tossing a coin thrice”, the
c)Probability of an impossible event is phi or anull set. events:-
d)There cannot be a negative probability for an event. X− ‘Exactly one head appeared’
e)IfAandBaretwomutuallyexclusiveoutcomes(Twoevents Y− ‘At Least one head appeared’
thatcannotoccuratthesametime),thentheprobabilityofA or Z− ‘Atmost one head appeared’ etc.
B occurring is the probability of A plus the probability of B. are all compound events. The subsets of S associated with
these events are
X={HTT,THT,TTH}
Important Terms in Probability
Y={HTT,THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
Z= {TTT, THT, HTT, TTH}
. Event :- A probability event can be defined as a set of
1
Eachoftheabovesubsetscontainmorethanonesamplepoint,
outcomes of an experiment.
hence they are all compound events.
The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that
0≤𝑃(𝐸 )≤1
xample :- A coin is tossed 3 times. The probability of
E
.Elementaryevent:-Aneventhavingonlyoneoutcome.Sum
2 getting exactly 2 heads is
ofallprobabilitiesofalltheelementaryeventsofanexperiment UPSC CAPF (07/08/2022)
1
3
1
5
= 1. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 8 2 8
olution :-
S
. Sure or certain event :- The probability of such aneventis
3
When coin is tossed three time total outcomes = 23 = 8
equal to 1.
Favourable outcomes for getting exactly two heads
= (HTH)(HHT)(THH) = 3
4. Impossible events :- The probability of suchan event is zero.
3
orexample,inanexperimentofrollinga dice,theprobabilityof
F Hence, required probability =
8
getting a number greater than 6, is an impossible event.
5. Complementary events :- For any event, P(𝐸 ) + P(𝐸 ) = 1 0. The event A and B (A⋂B):-
1
Where𝐸 stands for “not𝐸 ” IntersectionoftwosetsA⋂Bisthesetofthoseelementswhich
are common to both A and B ie., belonging to ‘both A and B’
Also, P(𝐸 ) = 1 - P(𝐸 )
Suppose, S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} ,
Here𝐸 and𝐸 are called complementary events.
A = {2,3,5} and B = {1,3,5}
Here, A⋂ B = {3,5}
Example :- Acardisdrawnatrandomfromawellshuffled
ack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting
p 1.The event ‘A or B’ (𝐴 ∪𝐵):-
1
neither a red card nor a queen. WhenthesetsAandBaretwoeventsassociatedwithasample
space, then ‘
Solution :-P(A) = 1 – P(𝐴 )
𝐴 ∪𝐵’ means The set of all values in sets A and B
P(𝐴 ) = 1– P(red card or a queen)
Suppose, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} , A = {2, 3, 5}
6
2 4 2
P(𝐴 ) = 1 – (
+ - ) and B = {1, 3, 5}
52 2 5
5 2
Here,𝐴 ∪𝐵= {1, 2, 3, 5}
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Pinnacle Probability
2. Relation between above two mentioned events :
1
ucheventsaresaidtobeexhaustive.Here,itcanbeclearly
S
P(𝐴 ∪𝐵) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ⋂ B)
seen, whenever the experiment will be performed, at least
one of them will necessarily occur.
1
1
Example:-FortwoeventsAandB,P(A)= , P(B)= a nd
3 4
7. Independent events :-
1
1 𝐴
P(A∪ B) = find P( ) = ? Definition 1 :- Two events are said to be independent if the
2 𝐵
occurrenceofoneofthemisnotaffectedbytheoccurrenceof
RRB NTPC CBT - I 08/03/2021 (Evening)
the other.
Solution :-Given that,
1
1
1
P(A) = , P(B) = a nd P(A∪ B) = Example:-Considertheexperimentofdrawingacardfroma
3 4 2
P(A∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩ 𝐵) eckof52playingcards,inwhichTheelementaryeventsare
d
assumedtobeequallylikely.IfEandFdenotetheevents'the
1 1 1
⇒ = + − P(A∩ B) card drawn is a spade' and 'the card drawn is an ace'
2
3
4
respectively,
1 1 1 4+3−6 1 3
1 1
⇒ P(A∩ B) = + − =
= Therefore, P(E) = P(F) =
=
3
4
2 12 2
1 52
4
𝐴 (𝐴
𝑃 ∩𝐵) That means, both are equal and are not affected by the
Now, 𝑃( ) =
𝐵 (𝐵
𝑃 ) ccurrence of the other.
o
1 4 1
= ×
=
12
1
3 Definition 2 :- Two events are said to be independentif
(F|E) = P(F) provided P(E) ≠ 0
P
P(E|F) = P(E) provided P(F) ≠ 0
3. The event A but not B :-
1
Set of all those elements which are present in A but not in B.
efinition 3 :- two events are said to be independentif
D
Is is denoted as : 𝐴 − 𝐵=𝐴 ⋂𝐵'
P(E⋂F) = P(E) × P(F)
4. The event B but not A :-
1
Set of all those elements which are present in B but not in A. Coins
Is denoted as : B - A = B⋂A'
Take an example for clear understanding Generalformulatorepresentthenumberofoutcomesonrolling
'n' coins is 2n.
xample :- Suppose→ S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7},
E
A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5}
A or B means𝐴 ∪𝐵= {1, 2, 3, 5} Biased And Unbiased Coin
A and B means A⋂B = {3, 5}
B but not A means𝐵⋂𝐴 '= {1} nbiasedcoin:- Afaircoinhavingequalprobabilityofgettinga
U
A but not B means𝐴 ⋂𝐵'= {2} head or a tail.
Not A means𝐴 '= {1, 4, 6, 7}
Not B means𝐵'= {2, 4, 6, 7} iased coin :- an unfair coin having unequal probability of
B
getting a head or a tail.
Such coins havemoreorlessprobabilityofgettingaparticular
5. Mutually exclusive events :-
1 face.
Mutually exclusive events or disjoint events are those events
which do not occur at the same time.
Unbiased Coin
Example :-
when a coinistossedthentheresultwillbeeitherheadortail,
i)Flippingortossingofacoin:-Supposeacointossedthenwe
but we cannot get both the results.
gettwopossibleoutcomeseitherahead(H)oratail(T) ,there
is no other possibility.
6. Exhaustive event :-
1
anditisimpossibletopredictwhethertheresultofatosswillbe
Exhaustiveeventsarethoseeventswhoseunionisequaltothe
a head or tail.
sample space of the experiment. or
So , total Possible outcomes= 2
E1,E2,E3…..EnaresaidtobeExhaustiveeventsifatleastoneof
(a) Here, the probability of getting a head P(H)
them necessarily happens whenever is performed.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑝 1
→
=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
2
xample :- Inrollingadiceonce,thepossibleoutcomesor
E (b) Here, the probability of getting a tail P(T)
the sample space→ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑝 1
→
=
Solution:- S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
2
X : a number less than 4 appears
Y : a number greater than 2 or less than 5 appears ii) Flipping or tossing of two coins :- When two coins are
Z : a number greater than 4 appears tossed then we get a total of four (22) outcomes.
Now, X∪Y∪
Z = {1,2,3}∪{3,4}∪{5,6} = S Sample Space = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)},
Total number of outcomes = 4
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Pinnacle Probability
P(2H) = P(0 T) =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
=
1
4
Playing Cards
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
2
P(1H) = P(1T) = = A "standard" deck of playing cards consists of 52 Cards and
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 4
1 f urthercategorizedinto4suitsofSpade(♠),club(♣),heart(♥),
= and diamond (◆) constituting 13 cards each.
2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑛𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 1 Each suit contains 13 cards: Ace, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,Jack,
P(0H) = P(2T) = = Queen and King.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 4
ii)Flippingortossingofthreecoins:-When3coinsare tossed ey Points :- Number cards(2,3…..9,10)→ 9 × 4= 36,
K
then we get a total of eight (23 = 8) outcomes. Face cards (J,Q,K,)→ 3 × 4 = 12
SampleSpace={(H,H,H),(H,H,T),(H,T,H),(T,H,H),(T,T,H),(T, Ace cards (A)→ 1 × 4 = 4
H, T), (H, T, T), (T, T, T)}
Total number of outcomes = 8 ollowing are fewprobabilitiestohelpinbetterunderstanding
F
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑛𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 1 the concept of probability on Playing Cards.
P(0H) = P(3T) = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 8
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
3 The probability of drawing a black card is
P(1H) = P(2T) = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 8 6
2 1
P(Black card) =
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 3 52
2
P(2H) = P(1T) = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 8 The probability of drawing a hearts card is
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 1 3
1 1
P(3H) = P(0T) = = P(Hearts) =
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 8 52
4
The probability of drawing a face card is
Rolling Dice P(Face card) =
2
1
=
3
52 3
1
The probability of drawing a card numbered 4 is
* General formula to represent the number of outcomes on
4 1
rolling 'n' dice is 6n. P(4) =
=
52 3
1
The probability of drawing a red card numbered 4 is
i)RollingoneDice:- Thetotalnumberofoutcomesonrollinga 2 1
die is 6, sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. P(4 Red) =
=
52 6
2
ollowingareafewprobabilitiestohelpinbetterunderstanding
F
the concept of probability on rolling one dice. xample :- Anil placed a deck of 52 cards. If youpicktwo
E
cards what is the probability that both are aces ?
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 3 1 RRB Clerk Pre 14/12/2021 (1st Shift)
P(Even Number) = = = Solution :- Number of ace cards = 4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 6 2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 3 1 4
P(Odd Number) = = = When 1 card is taken then, probability that itisace= =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 6 2 52
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 3 1 1
P(Prime Number) = = = 13
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 6 2
r emaining cards = 51
ii) Rolling two Dice :-Thetotalnumberofoutcomesonrolling Remaining ace cards = 3
t wo dice is 62= 36. Now, out of 51 cards one card is taken,probabilitythatitis
The following are the sample spaceof36outcomesonrolling 3 1
ace =
=
two dice. 51 7
1
1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6 1 1 1
Hence, probability that both cards is aces =
×
=
13 7
1 21
2
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6
3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6 Conditional Probability
5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6 he probabilityofaneventEiscalledconditionalprobabilityof
T
E, given that F has already occurred and is denoted by P(E|F) .
Followingareafewprobabilitiestohelpinbetterunderstanding
t he concept of probability on rolling two dice or rolling a dice
xample :- Tossing of a coin thrice, or tossing three coins
E
twice.
simultaneously gives the sample space
6 1
P(doublet) =
= S = {HHH, THH, HTH, HHT, TTT, TTH, THT, HTT}
36
6
Let E be the event, two tails appear,
1
1
P(3 on at least one dice)=
4 1
36 therefore E = {TTT, HTT, THT, TTH}⇒ P(E) =
=
8
2
6 1
P(a sum of 7)=
= AndFbetheeventinwhich,firstcoinshowshead,therefore,
36
6
4 1
H = {HTT, HHH, HHT, HTH}⇒ P(F) =
=
8
2
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Pinnacle Probability
1 o. of ways to draw 1 red ball out of 6 =6C1
N
Also, E ∩ F = {HTT}⇒ P(E ∩ F) =
4 No. of ways to draw 2 white ball out of 4 =4C2
Now, suppose that if itisgiventhatthefirstcoinshowstail, No. of ways to draw 3 balls out of 18 = 18C3
ie., F occurs, and then we have to find the probability of E. (𝐸
𝑛 ) 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
Required probability = =
Then in this case, we have to find the conditional probability. 𝑛(𝑆
) 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
The conditional probability of E, given that F has already 6 4
𝐶1 × 𝐶2 3
occurred is calculated as follows = =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑜𝐸⋂
𝐹 18 68
𝐶3
P(E|F) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑜𝐹
𝑃(𝐸 ∩𝐹)
(E|F) =
P
𝑃(𝐹 ) ey points to note :-
K
1 a) Thesumoftheprobabilityofhappeningofaneventandnot
4
1
Therefore, P(E|F) = 1 = happening of an event is equal to 1. P(A) + P(A') = 1.
2
2
b) Theprobabilityofanimpossibleeventortheprobabilityofan
vent not happening is always equal to 0. P(ϕ) = 0.
e
Probability By Permutation and Combination
c) The probability of a sure event is always equalto 1. P(A) = 1
).Thenumberofpermutationsof‘n’differentthingstaken‘r’at
a
a time, where repetition is not allowed is given by n d)Theprobabilityofhappeningofanyeventalwaysliesbetween
!
𝑛 and 1. 0 < P(A) < 1
0
𝑃 =
𝑛
𝑟
(
𝑛
− 𝑟 )!
Where, 0≤r≤n
b).n! = 1 × 2 × 3 ×……× n
c).n! = n × (n - r)!
).Thenumberofpermutationsof‘n’differentthingstaken‘r’at
d
a time, where repetition is allowed is given by
𝑟
𝑛 , Where, 0≤r≤n
).Thenumberofcombinationsof‘n’differentthingstaken‘r’at
e
a time, is given by
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶 = , 0≤r≤n
𝑟
(𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!
ote :-
N
(i)𝑛𝐶 = n and (ii)𝑛𝐶 = 1
1 0
xample :- if we select 3 persons randomly from a group,
E
consisting of 4 men, 3 women and 2 boys, then the
probability that 2 men are selected is:
RRB NTPC CBT - I 13/03/2021 (Morning)
Solution :-
Total persons = 9, Men = 4
Formula
n
𝑛!
Cr=
𝑟!(𝑛
−𝑟)!
Favorable outcomes =4C2 × 5C1 5𝐶1
=6 × 5= 30
9×8×7
Total outcomes =9C3 = = 84
×2×3
1
30 5
equired probability =
R =
84 14
Example:-Suppose,abagcontains‘6’red,4whiteand8blue
alls. If three balls are drawn at random, then finding the
b
probability, of 1 red and 2 white balls as
Solution :-
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Pinnacle Mean, Median and Mode
9
1 3
1 47
2
Mean, Median and 21 15 315
Mode 23 16 368
25 18 450
27 16 432
Mean 29 15 435
31 13 403
Mean is theaverageofthegivennumbersandiscalculatedby 𝑓𝑖 = 106 𝑓𝑖𝑥 = 2650
𝑖
ividing the sum of given numbers by the total number of
d
numbers. The symbol𝑋represents the sample mean. 𝑓𝑖= 106 𝑓𝑖𝑥 = 2650
𝑖
𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 +......𝑋𝑛 Σ𝑋 2650
Mean (𝑋) = = Mean = = 25
𝑛 𝑛 106
where n represents the total no of values in the sample.
xample :-Find the mean of 28, 21, 39, 33, 36, 23.
E Median
SSC MTS 05/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 26 (d) 28
edian is defined as the value of middlemost observations
M
Solution :-
when the data are arranged in either ascendingordescending
𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 +......𝑋𝑛
order. It is denoted by 𝑀. In other words, 50% of values of
Mean(𝑋) =
𝑛 observations in the data are above median and 50%
28+21+39+33+36+23 80
1 observations have value less than the median.
=
= = 30
6
6
Median for raw data
Variety of data
For n observations𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, …..,𝑥𝑛 median is found as follows :
Mean for Raw data or Ungrouped data :- ⇒ If n is odd then use the formula
Let. 𝑋1 + 𝑋 3 + ...... 𝑋𝑛 are be n raw data
2 + 𝑋 𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
𝑀= value of the ( 2
) observation
then we use find arithmetic mean where, n = total number of observation
𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 +......𝑋𝑛
Mean(𝑋)=
𝑛
Example :- if we have 15 observations, the value of the
xample:- What is the arithmetic mean of 4, 8, 12,16 and 20?
E 15+1 th
( ) thatis8thobservationwillbeexactlythecentral
DDA ASO 20/09/2017 (Morning) 2
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 12 value, which is called median.
4+8+12+16+20
olution :- Arithmetic mean =
S = 12
5
⇒ If n is even then use the formula :
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
( 2 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚+( 2 +1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Median =
Grouped data 2
rouping of data plays asignificantrolewhenwehavetodeal
G xample :-Find the median of the data
E
with large data.Thisinformationcanalsobedisplayedusinga 11, 16, 33, 15, 51, 18, 71, 75, 22, 17.
pictograph and tabular or a bar graph form.data formed by RRC Group D 17/08/2022 ( Afternoon )
arranging individual observations of a variable into groups, so (a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 20 (d) 22
that a frequency distribution table of these groups provides a Solution :-Arranging in ascending order;
convenientwayofsummarizingoranalyzingthedataistermed 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 33, 51, 71, 75
as grouped data. (
10 𝑡ℎ 0
1 𝑡ℎ
) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚+( 2 +1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2
Median =
2
Mean for discrete frequency distribution :-
(5) 𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚+(6
) 𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 18+22
𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑆 Σ𝑓𝑖𝑥
𝑖 = = 20
𝑋= = 2 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 Σ𝑓𝑖
Example:-Find the mean of the following data: Median for discrete frequency distribution :- Suppose 𝑥1,
x 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 𝑥2, 𝑥3, ….., 𝑥𝑘 arethevaluesofavariablewithfrequencies𝑓 1, 𝑓 2,
f 13 15 16 18 16 15 13
𝑓 3, …..,𝑓 𝑘 respectively.
RRB NTPC CBT - I 16/01/2021 (Morning)
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 28 (d) 25 frequency distribution generally shows the observations
A
Solution :- arranged in ascending order. We shall use cumulative
frequenciestofindthemedianforafrequencydistributionwhere
𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖𝑥
𝑖 observations are arranged in ascending order.
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Pinnacle Mean, Median and Mode
𝑛+1 th
Median𝑀= value of the ( ) observation 0 - 10
8 8
2
where, n = total number of observations 0 - 20
1 7 5
1
20 - 30 9 24
30 - 40 12 36
xample:- Inthedatagivenbelow,thenumberofsixesand
E
40 - 50 11 47
the batsmen who hit them, has been shown.
𝑁 47
Number of Sixes Number of batsmen 2
=
2
= 23. 5
1 2 Median class = 20 - 30
2 3
𝑁
2
−𝐶𝐹 23.5
−15 65
2
3 1 Median =𝑙 + × ℎ=20 + × 10 =
4 3 𝑓 9
9
5 2
What is the median of the number of sixes ?
SSC MTS 06/08/2019 (Morning)
Mode
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 4.5
Thevaluewhichgetsrepeatedthemaximumnumberoftimesor
Solution :-
t hevalueoccurringwithmaximumfrequencyinthegivendatais
Number of Number of Cumulative
called mode. It is denoted by𝑀0.
Sixes batsman frequency
(𝑥𝑖) (𝑓 𝑖) (𝑐 𝑓) xample:-Themodeofthegivendata: 4,4,9,9,9,5,5,5,
E
1
2 2 5, 5 is 5, as 5 is repeated the maximum number of times.
2 3 + 3 = 5
2
3 1 5 + 1 = 6 odeforrawdataandfordiscretefrequencydistribution
M
4 3 6 + 3 = 9 :- Inthesecasesthemodecanbefoundsimplybyinspection.
5 2 9 + 2 = 11 ecanfindthemodeasavalueamongtheobservationswhich
W
11 is repeated maximum number of times or the one which has
N = 5.5
=
2 maximum frequency.
ince, 5.5 lies in the 6th cumulative frequency zone.
S
Hence, Median of sixes will be 3. Mode for continuous frequency distribution :-
he class having the maximum frequency is called as modal
T
class of the frequency distribution.
Median for continuous frequency distribution :- 𝑓1 −𝑓0
continuous frequency gives the values of the variableinthe
A Mode𝑀0= L +{ } × h
2.𝑓
1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
form of class intervals and they are generally arranged in
ascending order. In such cases, we will use the cumulative Where, L = Lower limit of modal class
frequencies to find the median. These cumulative frequencies 1 = Frequency of modal class
𝑓
will show ustheclasscontainingthemedian.Forthis,wetake 𝑓 0 = Frequency of previous modal class
th
𝑛
edian class = class containing the ( ) observations
M 𝑓 2 = Frequency of next modal class
2
where, n = total number of observations h = Class size
𝑛 y formula,
B
2
−𝑐𝑓
Median𝑀= L + × c ote :- The above formula can be usedonlyifthedistribution
N
𝑓
where,𝐿= lower boundary point of median class hasclassesofequalclasslength.Moreover,theformulacanbe
𝑐 𝑓= cumulative frequency of the class prior to median class usedonlyinthosecaseswherethemaximumfrequencyisonly
𝑓 = frequency of the median class for one class.
𝑐 = length of median class
Note :-When no prior class is there, then in that case𝑐 𝑓= 0 xample:- Find themodeforthegivendistribution(rounded
E
off to two decimal places).
Class
xample:-Find t he median of the given frequency
E - 10 1
5 0 - 15 1
5 - 20 2
0 - 25 2
5 - 30 30 - 35
Interval
distribution.
Frequency
8
7
6
9 1
1 10
Class interval Frequency
SC CGL Tier II (02/03/2023)
S
0-10 8
(a) 35.25 (b) 40.25 (c) 30.33 (d) 28.33
10-20 7 Solution :-
20-30 9 Class
-10 1
5 0 -15 1
5 -20 2
0 -25 2
5 - 30 30 - 35
30-40 12 Interval
40-50 11 Frequency
8
7
6
9 1
1 10
RRC Group D 26/09/2022 ( Evening ) 𝑓1 −𝑓0
215 85 265 88 Mode = L +{ } × h
2.𝑓
1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 9 3
here, L = Lower limit of modal class
W
Solution :-
𝑓 1 = Frequency of modal class
class Frequency C.F
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Pinnacle Mean, Median and Mode
𝑓 0 = Frequency of previous modal class Standard Deviation
𝑓 2 = Frequency of next modal class
If σ2 is the variance, then σ, is called the standarddeviation.
= Class size
h
By formula, 2
11−9 Standard deviation = 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒=
𝑛
Σ𝑖=
1(
𝑖 )
𝑥−𝑥
Mode = 25 +{ } × 5 𝑛
2( 1
1)−9−10
2 10 5
8 xample :-Ifthevarianceof5valuesis0.81,thenwhatisits
E
= 25+ { }× 5 = 25+ = = 28.33
22−19 3
3 standard deviation ?
SSC MTS 26/10/2021 (Morning)
Relation between mean , mode and Median :- (a) 0.09 (b) 0.9 (c) 2.7 (d) .027
Mode = 3 (Median) – 2 (Mean) Solution :-Standard Deviation = 𝑉 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0. 81= 0.9
This written in notations as :𝑀0 = 3𝑀–2𝑋
Example:-Forasampledata,mean=60andmedian=48.For xample :-Find the standard deviation for the followingdata I
E
t his distribution, the mode is: 5, 8, 10, 11, 16
SSC CGL Tier II (06/03/2023) 5+8+10+11+16 0
5
Solution :- 𝑥= = = 10
(a) 18 (b) 48 (c) 36 (d) 24 5
5
Solution :-Mode = 3 Median− 2 Mean evaluate(𝑥 − 𝑥
)
Mode = 3× 48− 2× 60 𝑖
Mode = 24 0 - 5 = 5, 10 - 8 = 2 , 10 - 10 = 0, 10 - 11 = - 1, 10 - 16 = - 6
1
Then use variance formula
2
Range σ2 =
𝑛
( )
Σ𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 −𝑥
𝑛
2 2 2 2 2
he range is the differencebetweentwoextremeobservations
T 5 +2 +0
+(−1) +(−6) 6
6
= =
5
5
of the distributions. For eg. if A and B are the greatest and
smallest values respectively of observations in a distribution, 66
Standard deviation = 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 5
= 13. 5
then its range is A – B.
Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation
Example :-What is the range of the given data? Coefficient of variation
1, 16, 14, 7, 11, 23, 10, 30, 20, 33, 19, 12, 17, 14
1
(a) 26 (b) 25 (c) 24 (d) 19 oefficient of variation is a type of relative measure of
C
Solution :- 11, 16, 14, 7, 11, 23, 10, 30, 20, 33,19, 12, 17, 14 dispersion.Itisexpressedastheratioofthestandarddeviation
Range of the data = highest term – lowest term to the mean. The coefficient of variation is a dimensionless
⇒ 33 – 7 = 26 quantity and is usually given as a percentage. It helps to
compare two data sets on the basis of the degree of variation.
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Variance Coefficient of variation =
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
× 100
Varianceisastatisticalmeasurementthatisusedtotheaverage
quared difference between data values and the mean
s Example:- If the mean is 25 andthestandarddeviationis5
2 t hen the coefficient of variation is:
2
Variance( σ ) =
𝑛
( )
Σ𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 −𝑥 RRB NTPC CBT - I 07/01/2021 (Evening)
𝑛 (a) 20% (b) 48% (c) 60% (d) 27%
𝑥, denoted is data mean 5
Solution :-Coefficient of Variation = × 100 = 20%
25
𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥= calculate the difference of for eachvalue in the data set
xample:- Find the standard deviation of the followingdata
E
(rounded off to two decimal places).
5, 3, 4, 7
SSC CGL Tier II (03/03/2023)
(a) 1.48 (b) 3.21 (c) 4.12 (d) 2.45
5+3+4+7
Solution :- Mean of the data = = 4.75
4
eviation about mean = 0.25 , - 1.75 , - 0.75 and 2.25
D
Their square = 0.0625 , 3.0625 , 0.5625 and 5.0625
2
Now , Variance =
𝑛
( )
Σ𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 −𝑥
𝑛
0.0
625+3.0
625+0.5
625+5.0
625
= 2.1875
=
4
Standard deviation = 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2. 1875= 1.48
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
Directly Proportional: If one quantity increases, the other
Ratio and Proportion uantity also increases and vice-versa.
q
i.e.If 𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑦 and 𝑘 isconstantthenwecansaythat𝑥isdirectly
roportional to𝑦.
p
Ratio
Inversely Proportional: if one quantity increases, the other
atio is the comparison oftwoquantitieswhichisobtainedby
R uantity decreases and vice-versa.
q
dividing the first quantity by the other. 𝑘
𝑥 i.e.If 𝑥 = and𝑘 isconstantthenwecansaythat𝑥isinversely
i.e.𝑥: 𝑦can also be written as 𝑦 where𝑦≠ 0
𝑦
proportional to𝑦.
Example :- A varies directly as thepositivesquarerootofB,
ndinverselyasthecubeofC.IfA=15,whenB=27andC=
a
2, then find B when A = 9 and C = 2.
SSC CGL 05/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
281 43
2 264 75
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
* Ratio always occurs between same quantities 42 5
2 37 1
5
1
Solution :- A∝ 𝐵 ∝ 3
Types of Ratio 𝐶
𝑘× 𝐵 𝑘× 27
A = 3 ⇒ 15 = 3
𝑐 2
Mixed Ratio:-Let𝑥:𝑦and𝑎:𝑏be two ratio then mixed ratio is
20
1
𝑥𝑎:𝑦𝑏 k = ……...e.q .(1)
3 3
2 2
Duplicate ratio (square):- Duplicate ratio of x : y will be𝑥 : 𝑦 Again ,
Sub-duplicate Ratio (square root):-Sub-duplicateRatioofx:y 𝑘×
𝐵 120× 𝐵
A = 3 ⇒ 9 = 3
will be 𝑥: 𝑦 𝑐 3 3×
2
3 3
Triplicate Ratio (cube):-Triplicate ratio of x : y will be𝑥 : 𝑦 ×8
9 3 243
𝐵= ⇒ B =
40 25
Sub-triplicateRatio(cuberoot):-Sub-triplicateRatioofx:ywill
3 3
be 𝑥: 𝑦
Inverse ratio :- x : ywill bey : x Some results
ompound Ratio :- If two or more ratios are given, then the
C
antecedentofoneismultipliedwithantecedentoftheotherand
𝑎 𝑐
respective consequents are also multiplied. a) Ifad = bc, then
=
𝑏
𝑑
Ifa:b,c:dande:farethreeratios,thentheircompoundratio
𝑎 𝑐
b) Ifad > bc, >
𝑐𝑒
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑
ill be
w . 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏𝑑𝑓
c) Ifad < bc, <
𝑏 𝑑
Proportion
𝑎 𝑐 +𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 +𝑑
d) If
= then =
𝑏
𝑑
𝑏
𝑑
Two equivalent ratios are always in proportion.
𝑎 𝑐 −𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 −𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
e) If
= then = or − 1 = − 1
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
𝑑
𝑏
𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
i.e. If
= then a,b,c,d are in proportion and written as
𝑏
𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑐
𝑎 𝑐−𝑒 𝑎−𝑒
f) If
=
= then
=
=
a : b :: c : d 𝑏
𝑑
𝑓 𝑏−𝑑 −𝑓
𝑑 −𝑓
𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐+𝑒
𝑎 𝑎+𝑐 𝑐+𝑒
g) If
=
= then
=
=
𝑏
𝑑
𝑓 𝑏+𝑑+𝑓 +𝑑
𝑏 +𝑓
𝑑
xample:-Ifa:b=c:d=e:f=g:h=1:3,thenwhatwillbe
E
the value of the following :
(pa + qc + re + sg) : (pb + qd + rf + sh)
RRB NTPC CBT - I 05/04/2021 (Evening)
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4
Types of Proportion
Solution :- Given ,
a : b = c : d = e : f = g : h = 1 : 3 Then ,
(pa + qc + re + sg) : (pb + qd + rf + sh)
(p× 1 + q× 1 + r× 1 + s× 1) : (p× 3 + q× 3 + r× 3 + s× 3)
(p + q + r + s ) : 3 ( p + q + r + s )⇒ 1 : 3
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑓
h)If
= =
= = K, where K is constant .
𝑏
𝑑
𝑓
𝑔
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
+𝑐+𝑒+𝑓
𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎𝑛
Then , K = , ..... thentheratioof(a1+a2+a3+..an)and(b1+b2 +b3 ..
𝑏+𝑑+𝑓+𝑔 𝑏3 𝑏4 𝑏𝑛
i)For continued proportion, bn )lies between lowest and highest values of thesefractions.
𝑎 𝑐
= =𝑘 ,𝑎 = 𝑏𝑘, 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑘 2 4
1
𝑏
𝑑 Example:-Threeunequalfractionsare , , So,theratio
2 3 7
of (1 + 2 + 4) : (2 + 3 + 7) = 7:12.Amongthesefractions,
j)MeanProportion:Meanproportionoftwonumbers,aandb,is
1
2
given by 𝑎𝑏. lowest fraction is andthehighestfractionis So,the
2 3
1 2
required value lies between and .
2 3
Example:-The mean proportional between
( 3 + 5) and (15 − 125) is _________ .
Selection Post 27/06/2023 (2nd Shift) 3)If an amount A is to be divided between𝑥and𝑦in the ratio
( a) 3 5 (b) 5 5 (c) 9 5 (d) 2 5 m : n then
Solution:-
𝑚 𝑛
𝑥= × A and𝑦= × A
Mean proportional = (3 + 5)(15 − 125) 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
= (3 + 5)5(3 − 5) = 5( 9 − 5) =2 5
xample :-Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 7
E
k)3rd Proportional:- 3rd proportion of a and b i.e. a : b :: b :x If the sum of the numbers is 108, find the smaller number.
2
RRC Group D 30/09/2022 ( Afternoon )
𝑏 (a) 42 (b) 47 (c) 36 (d) 45
⇒ Then ,x=
𝑎
Solution :-
xample :-Third proportion of 15 and 120 is:
E 5
Smaller number = × 108 = 45
SSC CHSL 04/08/2023 (4th Shift) 5+7
(a) 880 (b) 960 (c) 900 (d) - 860
Solution :-
120×120 4)Ifanratioofamountof𝑥and𝑦ism:nandtheirdifferenceof
Third proportional = = 960 t heir share is A then
15
𝑚 𝑛
𝑥= × A and𝑦= × A
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
l)4th Proportional:4th proportionalofa,bandc i.e. a:b::c:x
𝑏×𝑐 xample:- Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 3 and t he
E
⇒ Then ,x= difference between these two numbers is 34. Find the
𝑎
smaller of the two numbers.
xample :- Find the fourth proportional of 1235 ,31 2 and 412.
E SSC CPO 03/10/2023 (1st Shift)
SSC MTS 14/09/2023 (3rd Shift) (a) 68 (b) 34 (c) 51 (d) 85
(a) 12-23 (b) 324 (c) 12-11 (d) 424
Solution:-
Solution :-
3
3
12
×4
12
Smaller number = × 34 = 51
Fourth proportional = 5−3
35
12
12 12
3 ×4
⇒ 35 35 = 3-23 × 4-23 = (3× 4 )-23 = 12-23 ) If aA = bB = cC, where a,b,c are constants and A, B, C are
5
3 ×4
variables. Then the ratio of A : B : C = b × c : c × a : a × b.
Or
IfaA=bB=cC=dD,wherea,b,c,dareconstantsandA,B,C,D
m)Componendo and Dividendo rule:
arevariables.ThentheratioofA:B:C:D=b×c× d:c×a×d:
+𝑏
𝑎 𝑐+
𝑑
If a : b :: c : d , Then⇒ = a × b × d : a × b × c.
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐 −
𝑑
xample:-If 2P = 3Q = 4R = 5S, then find P : Q :R : S.
E
Some important results
Selection Post 28/06/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 30 : 20 : 12 : 15 (b) 12 : 20 : 30 : 15
)Ifthenumeratoranddenominatorofaratio ismultipliedand
1
(c) 20 : 30 : 15 : 12 (d) 30 : 20 : 15 : 12
divided by the same number, the ratio remains unchanged
𝑎
𝑎 ×𝑘
𝑎
𝑘 olution:-2P : 3Q : 4R : 5S = k
S
i.e.
= = 𝑏 P : Q : R : S = 3 × 4 × 5 : 4 × 5 × 2 : 2 × 3 × 5 : 2 × 3 × 4.
𝑏 𝑏×𝑘
𝑘
P : Q : R : S = 60 : 40 : 30 : 24 = 30 : 20 : 15 : 12
Ratio is independent of change in scale only and not of origin.
𝑎1 𝑎2
2)If there is ‘n’ number of unequal fractions suchas
𝑏1
, 𝑏 ,
2
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
Type - 1 Type - 2
(a) When two or three ratios are given:
xample:- If x is subtractedfromeachof52,47,20and19,
E
thenumberssoobtainedinthisorderareinproportion.What
Example:-Ifa : b = 3 : 4 , b : c = 6 : 7 then a: b : c = ? is the mean proportional between (x+ 13) and (x–8) ?
olution:-a : b = 3 : 4 , b : c = 6 : 7.
S
SC MTS 13/10/2021 (Morning)
S
LCM of the common entities i.e b = (4, 6) = 12
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 9
a : b = 3 : 4 ) × 3 = 9 : 12
Solution:-According to the question,
b : c = 6 : 7 ) × 2 = 12 : 14
⇒ 52 -𝑥: 47 -𝑥:: 20 -𝑥: 19 -𝑥
So, a : b : c = 9 : 12 : 14
(52−𝑥) (20−𝑥)
Exam hall Approach ⇒ =
(47−𝑥) (19−𝑥)
⇒ (52 -𝑥)(19 -𝑥) = (47 -𝑥)(20 -𝑥)
2 2
⇒ 988 - 71𝑥+𝑥 = 940 - 67𝑥+𝑥
⇒ 48 = 4𝑥⇒𝑥= 12
3× 6 : 6× 4 : 4× 7 = 18 : 24 : 28 Mean proportional between (𝑥+ 13) and (𝑥- 8)
: b : c = 9 : 12 : 14
a (12 + 13)(12 − 8) = 100= 10
=
Exam hall approach :-
(b) When more than three ratios are given:
xample:- If a:b=2:3,b:c=4:5,c:d=6:7,d:e=1:2
E 5×(3
𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑟4𝑡 ℎ𝑛𝑜.)−1×(1
𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑟2𝑛
𝑑𝑛𝑜.)
Direct value of𝑥=
then a : b : c : d : e = ? 5−1
Solution:- 00−52
1 48
⇒ 𝑥= = = 12
Exam Hall approach:- 4 4
Now,
Mean proportion= (𝑥 + 13)× (𝑥 − 8)
= 25×4= 5×2 = 10
Type - 3
When any sum/things distributed in two or more parts
Example:-AsumofRs.12000isdividedbetweenA,B,Cand
suchthattheratioofshareofAandBis8:9,thatofBand
D Example:-IfRs.825isdividedintothreepartsinaproportion
C is 2 : 3 and that of C:D is 9 : 13. What is the difference 4 3
1
of : : , then the firstpart will be :
between the shares of B and D ? 3 9 4
SSC CPO 13/12/2019 (Morning) RB NTPC CBT - I 08/03/2021 (Morning)
R
(a) Rs. 1320 (b) Rs. 2400 (a) Rs.190 (b) Rs.204
(c) Rs. 2520 (d) Rs. 2760 (c) Rs.180 (d) Rs.210
Solution:- Solution:- Rs.825isdividedintothreepartsinaproportion
Ratio→ A : B : C : D of LCM(3,9,4) = 36
8 : 9 : 9 : 9
1 4
3
3
× 36 :
9
× 36 : 4
× 36
2 : 2 : 3 : 3
9 : 9 : 9 : 13 =12: 16: 27;
---------------------------------------------- 2
1
Then the first part will be =825× = 180Rs.
55
16 : 18 : 27 : 39
On adding the ratios = 100 units
100 units = 12000⇒ 1 unit = 120
Example:-Rs. 43,120 is divided among P, QandRsuchthat
difference between the shares of B and D = 21 × 120 =Rs
4
2520 P's share is of total share of Q and R together and Q's
7
2
share is of total share of P and R together. What isthe
5
xample:-IfP:Q=3:4andQ:R=4:7,thenfindthevalueof
E
hare of R ?
s
(P + Q) : (Q + R) : (R + P).
SSC CHSL 21/03/2023 (3rd Shift)
SSC CGL Tier II (26/10/2023)
(a) Rs.15120 (b) Rs.14220
(a) 11 : 4 : 7 (b) 10 : 3 : 11
(c) Rs.16400 (d) Rs.18050
(c) 3 : 4 : 7 (d) 7 : 11 : 10
Solution:-
Solution:- P : Q : R = 3 : 4 : 7
Ratio→
Hence , (P + Q) : (Q + R) : (R + P) = (3 + 4) : (4 + 7) : (7 + 3)
P : Q + R = 4 : 7)× 7
= 7 : 11 : 10
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
: P + R = 2 : 5)× 11
Q ( a) 45 (b) 27 (c) 36 (d) 18
Total amount of P, Q, R = 77 units Solution:-Let the numbers are 2𝑥and 7𝑥.
And R’s unit = 77− (7× 4 + 11× 2) 2𝑥
+14 4
⇒ 7𝑥 −6 = 3
= 27 units
77 units = ₹43120 ⇒ 6𝑥 + 42 = 28𝑥 − 24
43120 ⇒ 28𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 42 + 24
(R)27 units = × 27→ ₹15120
77 ⇒ 22𝑥 = 66⇒ 𝑥 = 3
Sum of the numbers = 2𝑥+ 7𝑥= 6 + 21 = 27
Type - 4
Increase/ decrease in Population:-
Based on Coins/Notes
Example:-The population of a town increased by 10%and
When number of coins or notes asked: 0%intwosuccessiveyears,butdecreasedby25%inthethird
2
year. Find the ratio of the population in the third year
and the population 3 years back.
Example:-Inawallet,therearecoinsofRs.1.Rs.2andRs.5 RRB JE 01/06/2019 (Morning)
intheratioof2:5:3respectively.IfthereisRs.54inall,then (a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 99 : 100 (d) 100 : 99
how many Rs. 5 coins are there ? Solution:- Initial : final
SSC MTS 09/05/2023 (Afternoon)
Population of first year → 10 : 11
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 6
Population of second year→ 5 : 6
Solution:- Cost→ ₹ 1 : ₹ 2 : ₹ 5
Population of third year → 4 : 3
Ratio→ 2𝑥 : 5𝑥 : 3𝑥
-----------------------------------------
-------------------------
Final year → 100 : 99
Total amount = 2𝑥+ 10𝑥+ 15𝑥 = 27𝑥
Ratio of population after 3 year and before = 99:100
⇒ 27𝑥= ₹ 54
54
Number of ₹ 5 coins (3𝑥) = × 3𝑥= 6
27𝑥 Type - 6
When Total amount asked: Income & Expenditure
xample:- In a bag there are coins of ₹5, ₹10 and ₹20
E Income = Expenditure + Saving
denominations.Thetotalnumberofcoinsinthebagis240.If
thenumberofcoinsof₹5,₹10,₹20denominationsareinthe xpenditure↑ then
E Expenditure↓ then
ratioof2:3:5,thenwhatisthetotalamountofmoneyinthe Saving↓ aving↑
S
bag ?
SSC MTS 12/07/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) ₹3,540 (b) ₹4,600
(c) ₹4,620 (d) ₹3,360 Example:-IftheratioofIncomeof2companiesis7:5,while
Solution :- it was found that the ratio of expenditureis5:3,Ifboththe
Denomination of coin: ₹5 : ₹10 : ₹20 companies save Rs.8,000 in each month. Find sum of
Ratio of coin → 2x : 3x : 5x monthly income of both the companies?
------------------------------------------- SBI Clerk Pre 19/11/2022 (2nd Shift)
Value → 10x : 30x : 100x (a) रु. 50000 (b) रु. 48000 (c) रु. 60000
10x = 240⇒ x = 24 (d) रु. 65000 (e) रु. 72000
Now total amount of money in the bag Solution:-
= 10x + 30x + 100x
= 140 x = 140× 24 = Rs 3360
Type - 5
atio (25 - 21) unit = 40000 - 24000
R
Addition and subtraction ⇒ 4 unit = 16000⇒ 1 unit = 4000
Sum of income of both companies
Increase / decrease in numbers: 12 unit = 4000 × 12 = ₹ 48000
Example:- Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 7. If the first
umber is increased by 14 and the second number is
n
decreased by 6, then the ratio becomes 4 : 3. What is the
sum of the original two numbers?
RRC Group D 02/09/2022 (Morning)
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
Example:- The expenditure and savings of apersonareina Type - 7
1
ratio of 4 : 3. His savings increase by fhisincomeand
o
5 Age
income remains the same. What is the new ratio of his
expenditure and savings? Addition of ages in given ratio of ages:-
SSC CHSL 10/03/2023 (1st Shift)
(a) 12 : 17 (b) 14 : 17
Example:-TheratioofpresentagesofManjeetandAniruddh
(c) 13 : 22 (d) 15 : 13
is3:4.Theratiooftheirages27yearshencewouldbe9:11.
Solution:-According to the question,
What would be the present age of Aniruddh ?
Ratio → Income : expenditure : savings
IBPS PO Pre 15/10/2022 (2nd Shift)
Initial → 7 : 4 : 3
(a) 36 years (b) 45 years (c) 54 years (d) 72 years
Change→ - 1.4 + 1.4
(e) 41 years
-----------------------------------------------
Solution:- According to the question,
Final→ 7 : 2.6 : 4.4
Let the present age of Manjeet and Aniruddh be 3𝑥and 4𝑥
1
Hissavingsincreased 𝑡ℎ oftheirtotalincomeandincome 3𝑥
+27 9
5
=
𝑥
4 +27 1
1
remains same
33𝑥+ 297 = 36𝑥+ 243
herefore, the new ratio of his expenditure and savings
T
297−2 43
= 2.6 : 4.4 = 13 : 22 𝑥= = 18
3
o the present age of Aniruddh be = 18 × 4 = 72 years
S
Exam hall approach :-
Example:- The ratio between the monthly income and the
xpenditureofVaidicis8:5.Ifhisincomeincreasesby20%
e
and his expenditure increases by 30%, then find the
percentage increase or decrease in his monthly savings.
SSC CGL 14/07/2023 (4th shift) _ ____________________________________
2
2 Total change (3𝑥) = 27⇒ 𝑥= 9
(a) 5 % increase (b) 5 % decrease
3 3 Now, Present age of Aniruddha = 8 × 9 = 72 years
1 1
(c) 3 % increase (d) 3 % decrease
3 3
Subtraction of ages in given ratio of ages:-
olution:-
S
Ratio - Income = expenditure + savings
Initial - 80 = 50 + 30 xample:- At present, A is younger than B by 8 years. If 4
E
Final - 96 = 65 + 31 years ago, their ages wereintheratioof 1:2,thenwhatis
1 1 the present age of B (in years)?
Change % in savings = × 100= 3 % increased
30 3 SSC CGL 12/04/2022 (Morning)
(a) 11 (b) 20 (c) 12 (d) 18
Solution:- LetthepresentagesofAandBbeaandbyears
xample:-TheratiooftheincomesofAandBinthelastyear
E respectively.
was 4 : 3. The ratios of their individual incomes in the last According to the question ,
year and the present year are 3 :4and5:6,respectively.If 𝑎−4 1
theirtotalincomeinthepresentyearis₹24.12lakhs,thenthe −4
𝑏
= 2
sumoftheincome(in₹lakhs)ofAinthelastyearandthatof a – 8 = b – 4 ⇒ 2a – b = 4 …….(1)
2
B in the present year is: Also, a = b – 8⇒ a – b = – 8 ….(2)
SSC CGL Tier II (29/01/2022) On solving equations (1) and (2), we get
(a) 20.52 (b) 10.98 (c) 22.17 (d) 21.28 a = 12 and b = 20
Solution:-Ratio → Last year Income So present age of B = 20 years
A : B = 4 : 3 Note;-difference of ages between A and B is alwayssame
Now ,
Last Year : Present Year
A → ×4 × 5 (3 : 4
B → ×3 × 3 (5 : 6
-------------------------------------
Last Year : Present Year
A → 60 : 80
B → 45 : 54
According to the question ,
Addition and Subtraction of ages in given ratio of ages:-
(80 + 54) units = 24.12 lakh
1 unit = 0.18 lakh
LastyearincomeofA+PresentyearincomeofB=(60+54) Example:- The sum of the present ages of a father andhis
units = 114 units onis94years.8yearsagotheirrespectiveageswereinthe
s
114 units = 114 × 0.18 = 20.52 Lakh ratio of2:1.After10yearswhatwillbetheratioofagesof
father and son ?
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
SC CHSL 17/03/2023 (4th Shift)
S Type - 9
(a) 35 : 22 (b) 14 :13 (c) 25 : 18 (d) 16 :15
Solution:- Let current age of father be𝑥andson be y When distribution is wrong
𝑥+ y = 94 --------e.q .(1)
(8− 𝑥) = 2(8− y) Example:- By mistake, instead ofdividing₹702amongRam,
2y− 𝑥= 8 -------e.q .(2)
1 1 1
On adding e.q .(1) and e.q .(2); we get Ramesh,andNareshintheratio
3
: 4 : 6 , itwasdivided
y = 34 and𝑥= 60 in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 6. Who gained the most
Required ratio = 70 : 44 = 35 : 22 and by how much?
SSC CGL 02/12/2022 (1st Shift)
(a) Ram ₹158 (b) Ramesh ₹158
(c) Naresh ₹168 (d) Ram ₹168
Solution:-
Ram : Ramesh : Naresh
1
1 1
3
: 4
: 6 ⇒ 4 : 3 : 2
Ratio→ Ram : Ramesh : Naresh
Initial→ 4 : 3 : 2 = 9 units×13
Final→ 3 : 4 : 6 =13 units× 9
Example:-Seven years ago,the ratio of the ages of A and B Make units equal as money divided is same
as4:5.Eightyearshence,theratiooftheagesofAandB
w Ram : Ramesh : Naresh
will be 9 : 10. What is the sum of their present ages in years? 52 : 39 : 26 = 117 units
SSC CPO 23/11/2020 (Morning) 27 : 36 : 54 = 117 units
(a) 41 (b) 82 (c) 32 (d) 56 -------------------------------------------
Solution:- -25u -3u +28u
According to question ,
117 units = Rs. 702
Then , 28 units = Rs 168
Clearly , Naresh got Rs.168 More
ccording to question ,
A
5 units = 15 years → 1 unit = 3 years
Ratio of area/volume
Sum of their present age =
(4 + 5) units + 14 years xample:-Theradiioftwocylindersareintheratio2:1and
E
= 9 × 3 + 14 = 41 years their heights are in the ratio 5 : 2. The ratio of their volumes is:
SSC CHSL Tier II (26/06/2023)
(a) 20 : 1 (b) 15 : 1 (c) 10 : 1 (d) 5 : 1
Type - 8 Solution:-
2
olume of cylinder =π𝑟 ℎ
V
Average Ratio → Initial : Final
2 2 2
(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠) → (2) : (1)
Example:-InwhatratioshouldricecostingRs.67.5perkgbe ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 → 5 : 2
ixedwithricecostingRs.60perkgtogetanaveragepriceof
m ------------------------------------
Rs.64 per kg? Volume → 20 : 2 = 10 : 1
SSC CHSL Tier II (26/06/2023)
(a) 8 : 7 (b) 5 : 6 (c) 6 : 5 (d) 7 : 8
Solution:-Using alligation method , Miscellaneous
xample:-Thecostof3cupsand5platesis₹1,080andthe
E
costof2cupsand4platesis₹840.Findtheratioofthecost
of a cup to the cost of a plate.
SSC CHSL 03/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
Solution:-
3C + 5P = 1080 ₹ … e.q .(1)
2C + 4P = 840 ₹ … e.q .(2)
-------------------------------
C + P = 240 ₹
⇒ 2C + 2P = 480 ₹ …e.q .(3)
On solving e.q .(3) and e.q .(2) , we get
2P = 360⇒ P = 180 ₹ and C = 60 ₹
Required ratio = 1 : 3
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Pinnacle Ratio and Proportion
xample:- The cost of a diamond is directly proportionalto
E
1 (10+2𝑥 ) −(2
0+𝑥)
=
8 10+2𝑥
the square of its weight. The cost of a 14 gm diamond is
1 𝑥−10
₹2560.Thisdiamondgotbrokendownintotwopiecesinthe = ⇒ 10 + 2𝑥=8𝑥 − 80
8 0+2𝑥
1
ratio of 5 : 9.Howmuchlosspercentisincurredduetothis
6𝑥= 90 ⇒𝑥= 15
breakage? (correct to two decimal places)
o, required ratio = 10 : x = 10 : 15 = 2 : 3
S
SSC CGL Tier II (08/08/2022)
(a) 53.47 percent (b) 49.71 percent
(c) 45.92 percent (d) 55.41 percent
2
Solution:-It is given that, CP∝𝑊
2
Initial weight of a diamond = (5 + 9)
2
14 = 196 unit
=
After break down, weight of a diamond
2 2
5 +9 = 25 + 81 = 106 unit
=
Required loss% in weight of diamond
196−106
= × 100
196
90
= × 100 = 45.918∼ 45.92%
196
5
Example:-Inaschool, ofthenumberofstudentsaregirls
2
1
4
andtherestareboys, ofthenumberofboysarebelow14
7
2
years of age, and of the number of girlsare14yearsor
5
above 14 years of age. If the number of students below14
y earsofageis1120,thenthetotalnumberofstudentsinthe
school is:
SSC CPO 25/11/2020 (Evening)
(a) 1820 (b) 1900 (c) 1920 (d) 1290
Solution:-
Ratio→ Boys : Girls = 7 : 5
3
Girls below 14 years of age = 5 × 3
=
5
4
oys below 14 years of age = 7 ×
B = 4
7
ccording to question ,
A
( 3 + 4 ) = 7 units = 1120
1 unit = 160
Total Students (7 + 5) = 12 × 160 = 1920
xample:- A man ordered 10 physics books and some
E
chemistrybooks.Thepriceofachemistry bookistwicethe
price of a Physics book. While preparing the bill the clerk
interchanged thenumberofphysicsandchemistrybooksby
1
mistake, which decreasedthebillby12 %.Theratioofthe
2
umberofphysicsbookstothenumberofchemistrybooksin
n
the original order is:
SSC MTS 12/10/2021 (Evening)
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 2 : 3
Solution:-
Let the number of chemistry books =𝑥
let, the priceofeachphysicsbookandeachchemistrybook
be 1 unit and 2 units respectively.
So, total correct amount = 10× y +𝑥 × 2 =10 + 2𝑥
Total incorrect amount = 10× 2 +𝑥 × 1 = 20+𝑥
According to the question,
(10+2𝑥 0+𝑥)
) −(2
12.5 = × 100
10+2𝑥
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Pinnacle Percentage
1
1
33 % 33.33%
Percentage. 3 3
1
25% 0.25
percentage is a number or ratio that can beexpressedasa
A 4
fraction of 100.
1
20% 0.2
5
1
2
Example :-20% mean ? 16 % 16.67%
6 3
20
20% means number.
1
2
100 14.28%
14 %
7 7
0
2 1
lso, you can see
A = 0.2
=
100
5
1
1
12 % 12.5%
i.e. 0.2 of a number is the same as 20% of that thing. 8 2
Percentages are really just another way to write a fraction.
1
1
11 % 11.11%
1 9 9
i.e. 20% is the same as
5
.
1
10% 0.1
10
𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑉 1 1
Percentage = × 100 9 % 9.09%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 11 11
1
1
8 % 8.33%
12 3
Important Concept
1 9
7 % 7.69%
13 13
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
● ercentage change =
P × 100
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 1
1
7 % 7.14%
● If the price of product increases ordecreasesbya%then 14 7
thedecreaseorincreaseinustoremainexpendituresame 1
2
𝑎 6 % 6.67%
is[{ } × 100]%. (‘+’forpriceincreaseand‘-’for 15 3
(100±𝑎)
rice decrease )
p 1
1
6 % 6.25%
16 4
● Ifthenumberisfirstincreasedbyx%andthendecreasedby
x%,thenthenetresultwillalwaysdecreaseanditisequalto 1 5
1
5 % 5.88%
2
𝑥 17 17
( )%. Same result will be obtained in the vice-versa
100 1
5
5 % 5.55%
case. 18 9
1 5
Successive percentage change :- 19
5
19
% 5.26%
1. T wo successive percentage change : If thenumberis
first increase or decrease bya%andthenincreaseor 1
5% 0.05
20
decrease by b% then, Effective percentage change
(±𝑎) (±𝑏) 1 6
1
2. = [± 𝑎 ± 𝑏 + ] % 4 % 4.76%
100 21 21
(+ve sign is used for increase, - ve sign is used for
1 6
ecrease)
d 4 % 4.54%
22 11
. Threesuccessivepercentagechange:Ifthenumberis
3
first increased by a% then by b% and then by c%, then 1 8
4 % 4.34%
23 23
Effective percentage change =
𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 1
1
(a + b + c + + )% 4 % 4.16%
100 10000 24 6
Note :-if a = b = c then,
2 3 1
𝑎
3 𝑎 4% 0.04
Effective percentage change = ( 3a+ + )% 25
100 10000
1
1
% 2 % 2.5%
40 2
Important Fractions and their Equivalent
Percentage
Some Important Derived Fraction
Fraction Percentage Decimal
Fraction Percentage Decimal
1 100% -
3
1
37 % 37.5%
1 8 2
50% 0.5
2
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Pinnacle Percentage
5
1 62.5% 𝑥
62 % original value, we must decrease it by × 100%
8 2 100+𝑥
7
1
87 % 87.5%
8 2
xample :- if 100 is increased by 25%, then toreturntothe
E
3
3
27 % 27.27% original value, we must decrease it by 20% as shown:
11 11
Solution :-
2
2
66 % 66.66 % 25 5
2
3 3 × 100% = × 100% = 20% .
100+25 125
7
1
233 % 233.33%
3 3 Or
9
1
12 %
1 112.5%
8 2
2
4 4. If P is greater than Q by 𝑦%
, then Q is smaller than P by
28 % 28.57%
7 7 𝑦
× 100%
6
5 100+𝑦
85 % 85.71%
7 7
5
1
83 % 83.33% Example :- if P is greater than Q by 40%, then Q is smaller
6 3
t han P by
1
1
2
91 % 91.66% Solution :-
12 3
40
× 100% = 28.57%
100+40
hese above fractions are very important and it will be very
T
helpful to learn them.
5. If any quantity is decreased by 𝑥 %, then to return to the
𝑥
Some Important Points original value, we must increase it by × 100%
100−𝑥
1.Increasing a number by 35%
35 Example:-if100isdecreasedby20%,thentoreturnto100,
35% means t herefore adding35totheoriginalvalue100
00
1 e must
w
00+35
1 135 27 Solution :-
gives =
=
100 100 20 20 0
2
increase it by × 100% = × 100% = 25%
100−20 80
xample:-Anumberafterincreasingby36becomesequalto
E Or
its 109% then what is that number ?
RRB ALP Tier - II (23/01/2019) Morning
(a) 300 (b) 360 (c) 400 (d) 450 6. If P is smaller than Q by 𝑦%
, then Q is greater than P by
Solution :-increase in percentage = 9% 𝑦
× 100%
9% = 36 100−𝑦
36
100 % = × 100 = 400
9
Example :- if P is smaller than Q by 30%, then Q is greater
t han P by
2.Decreasing a number by 42% Solution :-
42 30
3
42%means thereforedecreasing42fromtheoriginalvalue × 100% = × 100% = 42.85%
00
1 100−30 7
100−42 58 29
00 gives
1 = =
100 100 50
7.Ifapersonsaves‘A’rupeesafterspendinga%onfood,b%on
t ravel, and c% on cinema of his income, then
1 100
Example :- A number when decreased by 22 % becomes Monthly income = × A
2 100−[𝑎+𝑏+𝑐]
17. The number is :
2
RRB NTPC CBT - I 29/12/2020 (Evening)
xample:-Jayspends50%ofhismonthlyincomeongrocery
E
(a) 420 (b) 280 (c) 212 (d) 315
1 9 andbills,20%ofhismonthlyincomeonbuyingclothes,5%of
Solution:- 22 % = hismonthlyincomeonmedicines,andtheremainingamount
2 40
of ₹12,500 he saves. What is Jay's monthly income?
Initial : Final
Matriculation Level 30/06/2023 (Shift - 3)
umber → 40
N : 31
(a) ₹45,000 (b) ₹57,500 (c) ₹65,000 (d) ₹50,000
31 units = 217,
Solution :-
217
So, the initial number (40 units) = × 40= 280 100
31 Monthly income = × 12500
00−[50+20+5]
1
100
= × 12500 = 50000 Rs.
25
3.If any quantity is increased by𝑥 %, then to return to the
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Pinnacle Percentage
100 100 100
xam Hall Approach :
E R × [ ][ ][ ]
100−𝑥 100−𝑦 100−𝑧
Jay’s Savings = 100%− (50% + 20% + 5%) = 25%
According to the question , 12.Onincreasing/decreasingthecostofacertainarticlebya%
25% of total income = 12500 Rs. nd, a man can buy ‘x’ kg article less/more in y rupees, then
a
Total income (100%) = 12500 × 4 = 50000 Rs. 𝑎𝑦
Increased cost =
100×𝑥
8. Ifthesideof asquareorradiusofacircleincreasesby 𝑎%, 𝑎𝑦
Also, the initial cost =
2 (100±𝑎) 𝑥
𝑎
then increase in area = (2𝑎 + )% ‘+’ for increase, ‘- ‘ for decrease .
100
Or Example:-Thereductionof20%inthepriceofriceenablesa
ersontoobtain50kgmoreforRs.450.Findtheoriginalprice
p
9.Ifsideof asquareorradiusofacircledecreasesby𝑎%,then of rice per kg.
𝑎
2
SSC CGL 02/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
decrease in area = ( - 2𝑎+ )% (a) Rs.1 (b) Rs.2 (c) Rs.1.25 (d) Rs.2.25
100
Solution :-
xample :- Iftheradiusofacircleisincreasedby10%.then
E Expenditure = price × consumption
its area would increase by: Here,expenditureisconstantinbothcases.so,theratioof
SSC CHSL 20/03/2023 (4th Shift) price is inversely proportional to the ratio of consumption.
(a) 100% (b) 20% (c) 21% (d) 19% Price of rice ⇒ 5 : 4
Solution :- Consumption⇒ 4 : 5
2 2 -------------------------------
𝑎 0
1
increase in area = (2𝑎 + )% = (2× 10+ )% = 21% Consumption increase = 1 unit→ 50 kg
100 100
Initial consumption = 4 unit→ 200 kg
Exam Hall Approach :
Original price per k.g.(Rate)
1
Fraction value of 10% = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 450
10 =
= = 2.25 Rs./kg
2
𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇 00
2
rea of circle =π𝑟
A Exam hall approach :
Old area : new area original price per kg =
100 : 121 20×450 0×450
2
9
Percentage increase in area = = = 2.25 Rs./kg
(100−20)5
0 0×50
8 4
21
= × 100 = 21%
100
Types of Questions :-
10. Increasingthelengthbya%,breadthbyb%,andheightofa
uboid by h%, increases its volume by:
c Simple Calculation Based
𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐
(a + b + c +
+ )%
100 10000
Example :- If 20% of (A + B) = 30% of (A – B), then what
ercentage of B is equal to A ?
p
Example:-Thelengthandbreadthofacuboidareincreased
Solution :- 20% of (A + B) = 30% of (A – B)
y 10% and20%,respectively,anditsheightisdecreasedby
b
𝐴 5 5
20%. The percentage increase in the volume of the cuboid is: ⇒ 2 (A + B) = 3 (A – B) ⇒ =
= × 100= 500%
𝐵
1
1
SSC CHSL 14/10/2020 (Morning)
4
1
2
3
(a) 5 % (b) 5 % (c) 5 % (d) 5 %
5 5 5 5
1
Solution :- increases its volume Example:-Zisincreasedsuccessivelyby11 %and10%to
9
10×2 0−20×2 0 1
0−20×1 0×2 0×2
0
= (10 + 20 - 20 + - )% et R. If R = 165, then what is the value of Z ?
g
100 0000
1
SSC MTS 25/07/2022 (Morning)
00
4 4 2 3
= (10 -
100
- 10
) = 6 -
5
=5 %
5 (a) 145 (b) 115 (c) 125 (d) 135
1
1
1
xam Hall Approach :
E Solution :-11 % = , 10% =
9 9 10
Let each side = 10
10 11
Volume =10 × 10 × 10= 1000 Z ×
× = 165⇒ Z = 135
9 0
1
New length, breadth and height =11,12,8
New volume =11 × 12 × 8= 1056
56 3
Required percentage= × 100= 5 % Example:-Thelengthandbreadthofacuboidareincreased
1000 5
y 10% and20%,respectively,anditsheightisdecreasedby
b
20%. The percentage increase in the volume of the cuboid is:
11. If 𝑥 % of a total sum (A) is taken by 1st person, 𝑦 % of SSC CHSL 14/10/2020 (Morning)
4
1
2
3
remainingsumistakenby2ndperson,and𝑧%ofremainingsum (a) 5 % (b) 5 % (c) 5 % (d) 5 %
5 5 5 5
istakenby3rdperson,thenifRbetheremainingamount,then
Solution :-Let each side = 10
initial amount:
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Pinnacle Percentage
olume =10 × 10 × 10= 1000
V SC CGL 20/07/2023 (2nd shift)
S
New length, breadth and height =11,12,8 (a) 32.54% (b) 28.15% (c) 25.25% (d) 35.29%
New volume =11 × 12 × 8= 1056 Solution :- According to question,
1056−1000 6
5 3 30×30
Required percentage = × 100= = 5 % Net increment % = 30 + 30 + = 69%
1000 10 5 100
30×30
Net decrement % = - 30 - 30 + =- 51 % (decrement)
100
Example:-Twonumbersarelessthanathirdnumberby37% 69−51
nd 30%, respectively. By What percentage is the second
a Required % = × 100= 35.29 %
51
number more than the first?
SSC CHSL 6/8/2021 (Afternoon)
100 10 100 Example:-Whenthepriceofanitemwasreducedby20%its
(a) (b) (c) 10 (d)
9 9 3 ales increased by x%. If there is an increase of 25%inthe
s
olution :-
S receipt of the revenue, then the value of x is:
Let the third number = 100 SSC CHSL 10/08/2021 (Evening)
Second number = 63 (a) 53.84% (b) 55.75% (c) 56.25% (d) 61.50%
Third number = 70 Solution :-
70−63 00
1
Required percentage = × 100=
63
9
Fraction Based
Now , x : y = 4 × 4 : 5 × 5 = 16 : 25
xample:-Ifthenumeratorofafractionisincreasedby12%
E
25−1 6
and its denominator is reduced by 8%, it gives a new fraction % increase in sales = × 100 = 56.25%
16
6
1
. What is the original fraction ?
17
Selection Post 27/06/2023 (3rd Shift) Population Based
2
9 3
2 8
2 19
1
(a) ( b) (c) (d)
119 28 23 2
9
𝑎 Example:-Inthefirstyearthepopulationofatowndecreased
Solution :-Let the fraction be y 5% due to the Corona virus first wave. In the next yearit
b
𝑏
According to question, decreasedagainby5%duetothesecondwaveandinthethird
112 year it increased by 5%. At the end of the third year the
𝑎×100 6
1
= population was 9,47,625. What w as the population at the
2
9 17
×100
𝑏 beginning of the first year?
𝑎 16×92 1472 92 SSC CGL 08/12/2022 (3rd Shift)
=
=
= (a) 7,00,000 (b) 10,00,000 (c) 8,97,993 (d) 9,92,519
𝑏 7×112
1 904
1 19
1
Solution:-Letthepopulationatthebeginningofthefirstyear
be x
Percentage Error Based According to question,
9
1 19 21
x × × × = 9,47,625
9 20 20 20
Example:-Anaccountantmultipliedanumberby instead 7581 9,4
7,6
25×8000
2
x × = 9,47,625 ⇒ x = 10,00,000
=
2 8000 7581
of
9
. What is the approximate percentage error in his
alculation ?
c
SSC GD Constable 22/11/2021 (Afternoon) Income and expenditure based
(a) 0.95% (b) 95% (c) 9.5% (d) 0.095%
Solution :-Let the no. be 18 i.e. LCM of (2, 9) Income = Expenditure + Saving
9
Correct no = 18 × = 81
2
xample :-Raman spends 75% of his income. If hisincome
E
2
Incorrect no = 18 × = 4 increases by 20% and expenditure also increases by 10%, then
9
By what percent will Raman's savings increase ?
81−4 7
7
Required percentage = × 100 = × 100 SSC CHSL 08/08/2023 (4th Shift)
81 81
(a) 35% (b) 40% (c) 50% (d) 45%
= 95.06≈ 95%
Solution :- Let income of Raman = 100
Income = Expenditure + Savings
Successive Increase/Decrease Based Initial :- 100 = 75 + 25
Final :- 120 = 82.5 + 37.5
xample :- Two successive increments of 30% each is by
E 37.5
−25
% increase in Saving = × 100= 50%
25
what percentage more than two successive decrements of
30% each? (Correct to two decimal places)
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Pinnacle Percentage
xample :- The salaries of P and Q together amount to ₹
E 33
2
Then, Total aggregate % = × 100= 61. 32%
6,40,000. P and Q save 60% and 40%, respectively, of their 380
individual salaries. If their expenditures are the same, then
what is the ratio of P's salary to Q's salary ? xample:- Intheschool,therewere1400boysand600girls.
E
SSC MTS 14/09/2023 (3rd Shift) 40%ofgirlsand60%ofboyspassedtheexamination.Whatis
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 4 the percentage of failed candidates ?
Solution :-Let the salary of P = 100𝑅1 RRB NTPC CBT - I 16/02/2021 (Morning)
and the salary of Q = 100𝑅2 (a) 46% (b) 65% (c) 72% (d) 63%
Expenditure of P = 40% of 100𝑅1 = 40𝑅1 Solution :- Boys = 1400 , Girls = 600
40
Expenditure of Q = 60% of 100𝑅2 = 60𝑅2 40% of girls = 600 × = 240
100
According to the question, 60
0% of boys = 1400 ×
6 = 840
𝑅1 100
3
40𝑅1 =
60𝑅2 ⇒ = otal number of fail candidates = 60% of Girl + 40% of Boys
T
𝑅2 2
= 360 + 560 = 920
Required ratio = 100× 3 : 100× 2 = 3 : 2 920
Percentage of failed candidates = ×100 = 46%
2000
Examination Based
Election Based
xample :- In an examination, Anita scored 31% marks and
E
xample:-Intheelection,8%ofthevotersdidnotcasttheir
E
failedby16marks.Sunitascored40%marksandobtained56
votes. Two candidates contested the election in which the
marks more than those required to pass.Findtheminimum
winning candidate got 48% of the total votes and won the
marks required to pass.
electionby1100votes.Findthetotalnumberofvotersinthe
SSC CGL 7/03/2020 (Morning)
election, given that all the votes cast were valid?
(a) 3116 (b) 3944 (c) 7100 (d) 264
SSC CGL 02/12/2022 (1st Shift)
Solution :-Let M be the maximum marks
(a) 25500 (b) 26500 (c) 27500 (d) 28500
According to question:
Solution :- Let, the total no. of votes = 100%
31% of M + 16 = 40% of M - 56
Then , total votes cast = 100% - 8% = 92%
9% of M = 72⇒ M = 800
Now winner got 48% of total votes = 48 %
Passing marks = 40% of M - 56 = 320 - 56 = 264
Then , defeated candidates got total votes = 92% - 48% = 44%
Difference between winner and defeated candidates =
4% = 1100 votes
Example:-Inatestconsistingof140questions,acandidate
Total no. of voters = 100% = 27500
orrectly answered 70% of the first 80 questions .What
c
percentage of the remaining questions does the candidate
need to correctly answer to score 60% in the test? xample:-Inavillageelectionbetweenthreecandidates,80%
E
SSC CPO 11/12/19 (Morning) of the voters cast their votes, out of which 3% votes were
1
2 declared invalid. The winning candidate got 42,680 votes
(a) 40% (b) 45 % (c) 46 % (d)35%
3 3 which were 55% of the total validvotes.Findthenumberof
olution :-
S valid votes received by the candidatewhostoodthird,given
As per the questionoutof140thecandidateanswered70% that he received only 10% of the total valid votes.
out of 80 questions correct (a) 7760 (b) 7700 (c) 7670 (d) 7680
(70×80) 80 97
= = 56 Solution :- Total valid votes =𝑥× ×
100 00
1 100
Thestudenthastoanswerquestionstoscore60%inthetest 80 97 55
inner got votes =𝑥×
W × × = 42,680 votes
60 100 100 100
= 140×
100 ⇒ 𝑥= 1,00,000 votes
= 84 questions correct Third one receive votes
(84−56) 2 80 97 0
1
Required percentage= × 100 = 46 % = 1,00,000 ×
× × = 7760 votes
60 3 100 00
1 100
xample :- Find the approximate percentage of aggregate
E
Commission Based
marks scored by Ramesh, whoobtained50%,60%and70%
marks in three examinations withmaximummarks100,130 Example :-A marketing agent earns a commissionof2%on
and 150 respectively. rst Rs. 2,00,000, 1.5% on next Rs 2,00,000 and 1% on the
fi
RRB NTPC CBT - I 12/03/2021 (Evening) remaining amount of sales made in a month. If the sales
(a) 61.32 (b) 71.23 (c) 55.5 (d) 70.1 achieved by the agent for the month of April 2018 are Rs.
Solution :-Total obtain marks 5,68,000. The commission earned is
100×50 130×60 150×70 SSC CPO 15/03/2019 (Morning)
= + + = 50 + 78 + 105 = 233
100 100 100 (a) Rs.8680 (b) Rs.7730 (c) Rs.8240 (d) Rs.7105
Total maximum marks = 100 + 130 + 150 = 380 Solution :-
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Pinnacle Percentage
otal commission →
T
200000 × 2%+200000 × 1.5% + 168000 × 1% = 8680 Rs.
Venn Diagram Based
Venn diagram concept :
. n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩ B)
1
2. n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A∩ B) - n(B∩ C) - n(A∩ C)
+ n(A U B U C)
xample :- 500 candidates appeared in an examination
E
comprising test in English, Hindi and Mathematics. 30
candidates failed in English only; 75 failed in Hindi only; 50
failedinMathematicsonly;15failedinbothEnglishandHindi;
17 failed in both Hindi and Mathematics; 17 failed in both
Mathematics and English; 5 failed in all three tests.
What is the percentage of candidates who failed inatleast
two subjects ?
UPSC CDS - I (10/04/2022)
(a) 5.4% (b) 6.4% (c) 6.8% (d) 7.8%
Solution :-
umber of candidates who failed in at least two subjects
N
= (12 + 10 + 12 + 5) = 39
39
Required percentage = × 100 = 7.8%
500
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Pinnacle Profit and Loss
( a) 15.18% (b) 15.62% (c) 16.12% (d) 16.50%
Profit and Loss Solution:-CP = 3200 , SP = 2700,
Loss = SP - CP⇒ 3200 − 2700= 500
3200−2 700 00
5
Loss% = × 100 = = 15.62%
3200 2
3
xam hall approach:CP : SP = 3200 : 2700 ⇒ 32 : 27
E
Loss = 32 - 27 = 5
5
Loss% = × 100 = 15.62%
32
Profit % Loss %
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
× 100 × 100 (c) When an item is sold at Profit on SP:-
𝐶𝑃 𝐶𝑃
1
Profit% = 10% =
10
Type - 1
(a) When an item is sold at Profit :-
1
Profit % = 10% =
10
(d) When an item is sold at Loss on SP:-
1
Loss% = 10% =
10
(b) When an item is sold at Loss:-
1
Loss % = 10% =
10
Example:- Parikh sold his pen at a profit of Rs 11. He
alculatedtheprofitpercentageonsellingpriceandfounditto
c
be 25%. the cost price (in Rs) of the pen is:
SSC MTS 13/08/2019 (Afternoon)
(a) 33 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 44
1
Solution:-Fractional value of 25% =
xample:-The cost price of an article is 5,000.Whatshould
E 4
the selling price of the article be so that a profit of 25% is rofit (1 unit) = 11 Rs.
P
earned? the SP = 4 units and
RRC Group D 09/09/2022 ( Afternoon ) CP = (4− 1)units = 3 units = 3 × 11 = 33₹
(a) ₹6,250 (b) ₹7,250
(c) ₹5,250 (d) ₹8,250
25
1
Solution:- SP on 25% profit = 5000 × =₹6,250
100
Exam hall approach :-
25 1 𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑃
Profit = 25% =
= =
100
4 𝑃
𝐶
CP = 4 unit, profit = 1 unit
SP = 4 + 1 = 5 unit
4 unit = 5000⇒ 1 unit= 125
(SP) 5unit= 5 × 125 = ₹ 6,250
Type - 2
100±𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡/𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠%
𝑆𝑃 = 𝐶𝑃×
100
(CP = Cost price , SP = Selling price)
xample:- A watch is purchased for ₹3,200 and sold for
E
₹2,700. Calculate the percentage loss up to two places of
decimal. Example:-Apersonbuysatablefanfor₹2,800andsellsitat
SSC CGL 26/07/2023 (4th shift) loss of 12%. What is the selling price of the table fan?
a
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Pinnacle Profit and Loss
SC MTS 04/09/2023 (2nd Shift)
S
(a) ₹2,466 (b) ₹2,468 (c) ₹2,462 (d) ₹2,464
Solution:-
CP = 2800, Loss% = 12
100−12
𝑆𝑃 = 2800× = 28× 88 = ₹2,464
100
Exam hall approach :-
12
3 𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐿
Loss = 12% = = =
100 25 𝑃
𝐶
Let : CP = 25 , Loss = 3
SP = 25 - 3 = 22
25 unit = 2800⇒ 1 unit = 112
xample:-AwomansoldherearphoneforRs.2,000andgot
E
22 unit = 22 × 112 = 2464⇒ SP = ₹2,464
apercentageprofitequaltothenumericalvalueofcostprice.
The cost price of the earphone is:
SSC CHSL 03/06/2022 (Morning)
(a) Rs. 500 (b) Rs. 200 (c) Rs. 600 (d) Rs. 400
Solution :-
Let the CP of earphone = ₹𝑥
Then profit % =𝑥
100
xample:- The cost priceofanarticleis5,000.Whatshould
E ATQ,𝑥 = 2000 ×
100+𝑥
the selling price of the article be so that a profit of 25% is
100𝑥+𝑥2 = 2000 × 100
earned? 2
RRC Group D 09/09/2022 ( Afternoon ) ( 2000 -𝑥) × 100 =𝑥
(a) ₹6,250 (b) ₹7,250 (c) ₹5,250 (d) ₹8,250 Now, putting the different value of 𝑥 in the given optionsto
Solution :- satisfy the result we get𝑥= 400
2
100+25 ( 2000 - 400) × 100 =400
Required𝑆𝑃 = 5000× = ₹ 6,250
100 160000 = 160000 (LHS = RHS)
Exam hall approach :- So, CP of earphone = ₹400
25 1 𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑃 Exam hall approach :-
Profit = 25% =
= =
100
4 𝑃
𝐶 In this type of question , go through option :-
Let: CP = 4 unit , Profit = 1 unit Option (d) → Let C.P. = 400 Rs. and
SP = 4 + 1 = 5 unit Profit % = 400%
4 unit = 5000⇒ 1 unit = 125 Then , S.P. = 400 + 400 × 400% = 2000 Rs.
(SP) 5 unit = 5 × 125 = ₹ 6,250
Type - 4
Type - 3
When instead of amount, number of goods sold are given :-
‘’To find out the purchase price of an item by sellingit at
profit or loss %” nselling 𝑥 articletheprofitorlossisequaltosellingprice of
O
00
1 𝑦articles, then
𝑃 = 𝑆𝑃×
𝐶
00±𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡/𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠%
1 100×𝑦 100×𝑦
Profit % =
𝑥−𝑦
, Loss % = 𝑥+𝑦
ote :- In case of profit you must add and in case of loss
N
subtract in above formula. xample:-Byselling8items,ashopkeepergainstheselling
E
price of 2 items. The gain percentage of the shopkeeper is:
xample:-ApersonboughtacarandsolditforRs.3,00,000If
E SSC MTS 05/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
2
1
heincurredalossof20%,thenhowmuchdidhespendtobuy (a) 25% (b) 16 % (c) 33 % (d) 30%
3 3
the car?
100×𝑦
UPSC CSAT (04/10/2020) Solution :- Profit % =
𝑥−𝑦
(a) Rs. 3, 60,000 (b) Rs. 3, 65,000
100×2 200 1
(c) Rs. 3, 70,000 (d) Rs. 3, 75,000 Profit % =
8−2
=
6
= 33 3 %
Solution :-
xam hall approach :-
E
00
1
CP of car = 3,00,000 × = ₹3,75,000 According to the question
100−20
8 SP− 8 CP = 2 SP
Exam hall approach :
𝑃
𝐶 3
1
=
Loss = 20% = 𝑆𝑃
4
5
1 1
Let: CP = 5 unit, Loss = 1 unit, SP = 4 unit So, profit % = × 100 = 33 %
3 3
4 unit = 300000⇒ 1 unit = 75000
(CP) 5 unit = 5 × 75000 = ₹ 3,75,000
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Pinnacle Profit and Loss
Type - 5 rofit. If the total selling price is Rs 11550 then find the
p
purchase price of both the items?
hentwoproductsaresoldatsamesellingprice,oneataloss
W Solution :- According to the question,
of 𝑥%andotherataprofitof 𝑥%
thennetresultisalwaysloss,
which is equal to :
⇒ 3% = 150
Therefore, 100% = 5000 (number of items sold at 23% profit)
Hence, cost price of goods sold at 20% profit = Rs 9500 – 5000
𝑥
2 = Rs 4500.
Net result =( )%
100
When the purchasing price of the first item is equal to the
xample:-Amansoldtwocarsfor₹60,000each.Hemadea
E elling price of the second item, find the total profit or loss.
s
profit of 20% onone,whilehesufferedalossof20%onthe
other. Find his profit or loss percentage.
xample:-A person sells two horses for Rs 1710. The
E
SSC CPO 05/10/2023 (2nd Shift)
purchasepriceofthefirsthorseisequaltothesellingpriceof
(a) Neither profit nor loss (b) Loss 4% (c) Loss 2% (d) profit 4%
the second.Ifthefirstissoldat10%lossandthesecondat
Solution :-
25% profit. What is his total profit or loss (in rupees)?
Exam hall approach :-
MP Forest Guard 27/07/2017 (Shift 2)
According to the question,
2
(a)95 (b) 90 (c)100 (d)85
(20) Solution :-
loss% = = 4%
100
Type - 6
hen two products are sold at same selling price, one at a
W
loss/profitof 𝑥%
andotherataloss/profitof𝑦%
thennetresult according to the question
is equal to : 9 unit = 1710 Rs
1
100(𝑥
+𝑦)+2𝑥
𝑦 Hence, profit = 19 - 18 = 1 unit
Net result ={ }%
200+𝑥+𝑦 1 unit = 90 Rs
(For profit we take + sign and for loss we take – sign)
Type - 8
Average Concept
𝐴 𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒1 : 𝐴 𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒2 : 𝐴 𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒3
rice/quantity→ 𝑥
P : 𝑦 : 𝑧
Profit/loss % → a : b : c
Example :- A dealer sells two machines at the rate of Rs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
5000 per machine. On one he earns a profit of20percent
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦+𝑐𝑧
Overall Profit/Loss % = %
and on theotherheloses40percent.Whatishisprofit/loss 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
percentage in the whole transaction? * +ve and -ve sign as per profit and loss.
SSC CHSL 13/03/2023 (1st Shift)
(a) 20 percent loss (b) 10 percent loss
Example:- A mansellsapples,bananasandorangesat20%,
(c) 10 percent profit (d) 20 percent profit
5%and30%profit,respectively.Iftheratioofthecostofthe
2
Solution :-
fruits is 2 : 3 : 5,andthefruitsaresoldintheratio5:4:2,
100(2 0−40)+2×20×−4
0
Net Result = then his profit percentage is:
200+20−40
SSC MTS 22/10/2021 (Afternoon)
100×−2 0−1600 −3600
= = - 20%
= (a) 18% (b) 30% (c) 20% (d) 25%
180 180
Solution:-
Ratio→ Apple : Banana : orange
Type - 7 cost → 2 × 5 : 3 × 4 : 5 × 2 = 5 : 6 : 5
Ratio→ Apple : Banana : orange
hentwoitemsboughtfor 𝑥Rs.oneitemsoldat𝑎%profitand
W Price/quantity→ 5 : 6 : 5
other sold at𝑦%profit then cost price of each item. Profit/loss % → +20 % : +25% : +30%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example:- ApersonbuystwoitemsforRs9500andsellsthe
100+150+150
rst item at 20% profit whiletheseconditemissoldat23%
fi Overall P/L % → % = 25%
5+6+5
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Pinnacle Profit and Loss
Type - 9 1000 : 1100
900 : 1000
Dishonest Shopkeeper/Trader ---------------------------------------------
2 00
2
Overall→ 9 : 11 ⇒ Profit % = × 100 = %
I f a trader profess to sell goods at cost price but uses false 9
9
weights, then
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Profit percentage =
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
× 100, Type - 10
where Error = True value - False value
I fashopkeeperusedtosellhisarticlesat𝑥%lossoncostprice
but uses y grams instead of𝑧grams, then:
𝑧
profit or loss % is = [(100 -𝑥) - 100]%
𝑦
* +ve or -ve sign as per Profit or loss.
Example:-Adishonestmerchantsellsgoodsata12.5%loss
While Selling nthecostprice,butuses28gweightinsteadof36g.What
o
is his percentage profit or loss ?
xample:- A dishonest dealer professes tosellhisgoodsat
E SSC CGL 2022 Tire - l (Held On : 01 Dec 2022 shift 1)
cost price, but uses false weights, and thus gains 20%. For (a) 6.25% loss (b) 12.5% gain (c) 18.75% gain (d) 10.5% loss
one kilogram, how many grams of watts does he use? Solution :-
RRC Group D 26/08/2022 ( Evening) Method - 1
(a) 750.5 gm (b) 708.06 gm (c) 833.33 gm (d) 785.5 gm 𝑧
profit or loss % = [(100 -𝑥) - 100]%
Solution:-
𝑦
36 6
3
Let error =𝑥gram [(100 - 12.5)
= - 100]% = [87.5× - 100]%
28 28
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Profit percentage = × 100 = [112.5 - 100] % = 12.5 %
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑥 Method - 2
20 = × 100 𝑆.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆.𝑃
.𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
1000−𝑥 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
= ×
20000 - 20× 𝑥= 100𝑥 𝐶.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶.𝑃
.𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹
20000
𝑥= =166.66 gram 𝑆.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
7 36
9
1
120 = × = ⇒ profit% = × 100 = 12.5%
𝐶.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 8 8
2 8 8
herefore he watts he uses = 1000 - 166.66 = 833.33 gm
T
Exam hall approach :- Exam hall approach :-
C.P : S.P
1
Fractional value of 12.5% =
100 : 120 8
X gm : 1000 gm C.P : S.P.
In₹120→ 1000𝑔𝑚 2.5%
1 → 8 : 7
1000×100 Faulty weight→ 28 : 36
In₹100→ = 833. 33𝑔𝑚 --------------------------
120
Final ratio → 8 : 9
𝑆.𝑃
.−𝐶.𝑃
. −8
9
Profit % = × 100= × 100= 12.5%
While Buying 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
8
xample :- In a defective balance the weight ofleftedgeis
E Type - 11
100 gm more than its right edge. A shopkeeper while
purchasing keeps weights on left edge and while selling If a man purchases ‘a’ items for Rs.𝑥and sells‘b’ items for
keepsweightsontherightedge.Heonlyusesweightof1kg. s.𝑦, then his profit % or loss % is given by:
R
If he sells the things on marked price, then his profit is ? 𝑎𝑦−𝑏𝑥
CG TET 2016 PAPER 2 (Math & science) profit% or loss% = × 100%
𝑏𝑥
100 200 100 00
2
(a) % (b) % (c) % (d) %
9 1
1 1
1
9 Example :- A shopkeeper bought toffees at a rate of10for
Solution :- 15 and sold them at a rate of 16 for ₹40. Find his profit
₹
𝑆.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆.𝑃
.𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 percentage. (correct to two decimal place)
= × SSC CGL 21/04/2022 (Morning)
𝐶.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶.𝑃
.𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹
(a) 65.05% (b) 33.33% (c) 50.55% (d) 66.67%
𝑆.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 100
1 1000 1
1
= × = Solution :-
𝐶.𝑃
.𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 1000 00
9
9 10×40−16×15
profit% = × 100
2 00
2 16×15
profit% = × 100 = %
9
9 400−240 160
Exam hall approach :- = × 100 = × 100 =66.67%
240 240
C.P. : S.P. Exam hall approach :-
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Pinnacle Profit and Loss
𝑥𝑦
CP of 10 toffee = ₹15 = -𝑥% -𝑦%
+ %
100
5
1
CP of 16 toffee = × 16 = 24
10 xample:- The marked price of an item was ₹5,000. While
E
P of 16 toffee = ₹40
S selling the item, the seller offered successive discounts of
Ratio→ C.P. : S.P. 15% and 5%. What was the final selling price of the item?
24 : 40 or 3 : 5 SSC MTS 12/07/2022 (Evening)
2 (a) ₹ 4,730 (b) ₹ 4,370.50 (c) ₹ 4,250 (d) ₹ 4,037.50
Profit %= × 100= 66. 67%
3 Solution:-
15×5
overall change in original value=-15% - 5% + %
100
Type - 12 =-19.25%
100 units = 5,000
Successive Loss/Profit % 5000
80.75%units = × 80.75 = 4,037.50 Rs
100
( a) Successive profit or When a articleisfirstsoldat 𝑥%profit
then again sold at𝑦% profit, overall change inoriginal value
(d)Whenanumberisfirstsoldat𝑥%
lossthenagainsoldat𝑦%
𝑦
𝑥
= +𝑥% +𝑦% + % 𝑥𝑦
100 profit, overall change in original value = -𝑥% +𝑦% -
100
%
Example :- Anil sells a car to Bina at a profit of20%.Bina
ellsittoKaranataprofitof25%.IfKaranpays₹2,25,000for
s
Type - 13
it, then, find the CP of the car for Anil .
SSC MTS 12/09/2023 (1st Shift) Value added tax (VAT) or overhead/repairing
(a) ₹ 1,75,000 (b) ₹ 2,00,000 (c) ₹ 1,50,000 (d) ₹ 1,25,000 expenses
Solution :-
20×25 I n case of value added tax (VAT) of Rs. 𝑥, or in case of any
overall change = +20% + 25% + %=50%
100 repairment cost on the article of Rs.𝑥
150% = ₹2,25,000 Then total CP = actual CP + VAT or repairment cost
₹2,2
5,0
00
1% = =1500
150
Example:-Vinayboughtaflatfor₹4,50,000.Hespent₹10,000
00 % = 150000
1
nitspaintingandrepairs.Thenhesolditfor₹4,25,500.Find
o
C.P of car for Anil = Rs 1,50,000
his gain or loss percentage.
DMRC CRA 17/02/2020 (2nd shift)
(b)When a number is first sold at𝑥%
profit thenagain sold at𝑦 (a) Loss 6.5% (b) Loss 7.5% (c) Gain 7% (d) Gain 6%
𝑥𝑦 Solution :-
% loss, overall change in original value = +𝑥%
-𝑦%
- %
100
According to the question,
Actual CP of the flat = 450000 + 10000 = ₹ 460000
Example:-RajusoldanarticletoRaviat10%gain.Ravisold Loss = 4,60,000 - 4,25,500 = 34500
t he article to Ramuatalossof10%.IfRamupaid₹1,485to 34500
Ravi, find the selling price of Raju to Ravi. loss% = × 100 = 7.5%
460000
SSC MTS 01/09/2023 (1st Shift)
(a) ₹1,200 (b) ₹1,500 (c) ₹1,650 (d) ₹1,600
Solution :- Type - 14
10×10
loss percentage = 10 - 10 - = -1%(loss) IfAsellsanarticletoBata%profit,BsellsthatarticletoCat
100
et the CP of the article for Raju = 100 unit
L % profit, and C pays Rs.𝑥,
b
So , SP of Raju = CP of Ravi = 99 unit 100 100
then amount paid by A =𝑥[ ][ ]
99 unit = 1485 100+𝑎 100+𝑏
1485
100 unit (CP of Raju) = × 100 = 1500
99
11
equired amount = 1500 ×
R = 1650
10
Exam hall approach :-
ccording to the question,
A
C.P of raju =𝑥
1
1 9 xample :- A sells an article to B at 12.5% profitwhile B sells
E
𝑥×
× = ₹ 1485 ⇒𝑥= ₹ 1500
10 0
1 it to C at 20% profit and C sells it to D at 20% loss. If the cost
11 price of D is 1080 Rs then find the cost price of A. ?
equired amount = 1500 ×
R = ₹1650
10 Solution :-
( c) Successive loss or When a number is first sold at 𝑥%loss
then again sold at𝑦% loss, overall change in originalvalue
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Pinnacle Profit and Loss
900
(27− 12)% = ₹ 900 ⇒ 1 % = = ₹ 60
15
Cost price (100%) = ₹6,000
Example:-Asellsanitemat20%profittoB,Bsellsthesame
t10%profittoCandreceives1,32,000.HadCpurchasedthe
a
sameitemfromA,hewouldhavespent5%lessthanwhathe
spent with B. What profit would A have made then?
SSC CHSL 13/10/2020 (Morning)
(a) Rs 25,400 (b) Rs 24,450 (c) Rs 25,540 (d) Rs 24,540
Solution :-
100 100
Amount paid by A = 132000[ ][ ]
100+20 100+10
5 10
132000×
= × = 100000
6 11
spent 5% less than what he spent with B
95
132000× = 125400
100
125400 - 100000 = 25400
xam hall Approach :-
E
Let CP of A = 100 unit
ccording to the question,
A
CP of C (132 unit) = 132000 ₹
Profit earned by A if he had sold the item to C (25.4 unit)
= 25400 ₹
Type - 15
Amansellsitemsataprofit/lossof𝑥%.IfhehadsolditforRs.
M more, he would have gained/loss𝑦% then,
𝑀
C.P.=[ ]× 100
𝑦土𝑥
sign is used when one is profit and the other is loss.
+
-sign is used when both are either profit or loss.
xample:-Asellersoldabagataprofitof12%.Ifhehadsold
E
itfor₹900more,hewouldhavegained27%.WhatistheCPof
the bag ?
SSC CHSL 17/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a) ₹6,000 (b) ₹6500 (c) ₹5560 (d) ₹7000
Solution :-
900 00
9
C.P.=[ ]× 100 = × 100= 6,000
27−12 5
1
xam hall Approach :-
E
According to the question,
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Pinnacle Discount
SC CHSL 21/03/2023 (4th Shift)
S
.D
iscount (a) Rs.435 (b) Rs.450 (c) Rs.466 (d) Rs.456
Solution :-
480×(1 00−5
%) 80×95
4
Key Points:- Selling Price =
100
=
00
1
= Rs. 456
Exam hall approach :-
95
Selling price of the article = 480× = 456 Rs.
100
1. Marked Price :- The price on the label of a product, also
called printed price or advertising price.
Type - 3
𝑦
2. Discount :- Amount of rebate on a fixed price is called (a) Buy𝑥get𝑦free :-Discount% = 𝑥+𝑦 × 100%
discount.
3.Selling Price :- Marked Price – Discount xample :- If3coconutsareofferedfreeonpurchaseof12
E
et us say Rs. 100 is the marked price (MP). andDiscountis
L coconuts,priced₹25each,whatistheeffectivediscounton
10% i.e. 10 Rs each coconut ?
Therefore, selling price = 100 – 10 = Rs. 90 SSC CGL 2022 06/12/ 2022
(a) 20% (b) 24% (c) 20.83% (d) 15%
Type - 1 Solution :- Due to offer he get 3 coconuts free ,
Price for 3 coconuts = 25 × 3 = Rs.75
Discount :-Discount is always calculated on Markedprice. Total coconuts = 12 + 3 = 15 coconuts
Actual price for 15 coconuts = 25 × 15 = Rs. 375
75
𝑀.𝑃
.−𝑆.𝑃
. Effective discount = × 100= 20%
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡% = × 100 375
𝑀.𝑃
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 Exam hall approach :-Net discount =
Or, ×100 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
3 3
= × 100= × 100= 20%
12+3 15
xample:-AnarticleissoldforRs.2160afterearningaprofit
E
of20%.IftheMarkedpriceofanarticleisRs.600morethan 𝑦−𝑥
(b) Buy𝑥get𝑦:-D
iscount% =
𝑦
× 100%
its cost price, then find the discount percentage.
SBI PO Mains (02/01/2022)
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40 (e) 50 xample:-Duringfestivals,abanneronashopdisplays,‘Pay
E
Solution :-Let, CP = 100 unit for 3 and get 5. The discount percentage offered is:
Then, SP = 120 unit SSC MTS 02/11/2021 (Morning)
but, SP = Rs. 2160 (given)
2
2
(a) 166 % (b) 60% (c) 40% (d) 66 %
therefore, 120 unit = 2160 ⇒ 1 unit =18 3 3
Then, CP = Rs. 1800 5−3
Solution :-Discount % = × 100 = 40%
Now, MP = 1800 + 600 = Rs. 2400 5
Discount = MP - SP = 2400 - 2160 = 240
240
And discount% = × 100 = 10% Type - 4
2400
𝐶𝑃 100−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡%
𝑃
𝑀
= 100±𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡/𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠%
xample:-ThefacevalueofabookisRs.1000.Abookseller
E
offers a discount of 10% on this. If he still earns 20% profit
then what will be the cost of the book ? (In rupees)
RPF Constable 18/01/2019 (Evening)
Type - 2 (a) 740 (b) 750 (c) 760 (d) 770
𝐶𝑃 100−10%
3
Solution :- = = ⇒ CP = 750
1000 100+20% 4
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒×(1
00−𝐷
𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡%)
Selling Price = xam hall approach :-
E
100
C.P. S.P. M.P.
5 : 6
Example :- The marked priceofanitemwasRs.480butthe 9 : 10
hopkeeper offered a discount of5%.Atwhatpricedoeshe
s ----------------------------
finally sell the item ? 45 : 54 : 60
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Pinnacle Discount
hen two or more than two discounts are given, it is called a
W
60 = 1000,
Successive Discount .
1000
45 (C.P.) = × 45 = 750 𝑥𝑦
60 Formula :- (𝑥 + 𝑦 − )%
100
Example:- What is the net discount, if two successive
Type - 5
iscounts of 10% and 12% are given ?
d
RRC Group D 22/09/2022 (Morning)
Net Profit/Loss Percentage
(a) 21.4% (b) 20.8% (c) 23.2% (d) 22.0%
Solution :-
ote:-Inthistypeofquestion,wedonotneedtocalculatecost
N
10×12
price or selling price . We can directly use successive formulas . Net discount = 10 + 12 - ⇒ 22 - 1.2= 20.8%
100
𝑀%×𝐷%
Net Profit /Loss = M% - D% - Exam hall approach :-
100
SP CP
M% = markup price , D% = discount
10 : 9
25 : 22
xample :- A tradesman marks his goodsat26%abovethe
E 250 : 198
cost price.Heallowshiscustomeradiscountof12%onthe 250−198
Required percentage = × 100 = 20.8%
marked price. His profit per cent is: 250
SSC CPO 2022 09/11/2022
(a) 10.88% (b) 11.08% (c) 10.50% (d) 10%
26×12 xample:- What will be an equivalent discount for three
E
Solution :-Net profit% = 26 - 12 - successive discounts of 20%, 20%, and 10% ?
100
12
3 SSC CHSL 17/03/2018
= 14 - = 14 - 3.12 = 10.88%
100 Solution :-Single equivalent discount
𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑧
⇒ (𝑥
+𝑦+𝑧- + )%
100 10000
Example :- A shopkeeper marks up his goods by 30% and 20×2 0+20×1 0+10×2
0 20×2 0×1
0
t hengivesadiscountof10%onthemarkedprice.Apartfrom ⇒ (20 + 20 + 10 - + )%
100 10000
this, he uses a faulty balance which reads 1 kg for 870 g. 400+200+200 4000 800 4000
⇒ (50 - + )% = (50 - + )%
What is his net profit percentage ? 100 10000 100 10000
SSC CHSL 2021 24/05/ 2022 ⇒ (50 - 8 + 0.4)% = 42.4%
(a) 38.42% (b) 34.84% (c) 34.48% (d) 38.24%
1 1
Solution :- profit % = 30 - 10 -
30×10
= 20 -3 = 17% Exam hall Approach :- 20% =
5
,10% = 10
100
4 4 9 72
Ratio → C .P. : S.P. equivalent discount. = × × =
5 5 10 125
100 : 117
72
Faulty weight→ 870 : 1000 = × 100= 57.6%
125
--------------------------------------
So, equivalent discount. = 100 - 57.6 = 42.4%
29 : 39
0
1
net profit % = × 100 = 34.48%
29 Example:-Themarkedpriceofanarticleis₹550.Itissoldfor
xam hall approach :-
E 317.90, after giving three successive discounts of 15%,x%
₹
Ratio → C.P. : S.P. and 20% on its marked price. If it is sold by givingasingle
30% markup → 10 : 13 discount of 2x%, then its selling price will be :
10% discount→ 10 : 9 SSC GD Constable 17/11/2021 (Morning)
Faulty weight→ 870 : 1000 (a) 440 (b) 385 (c) 495 (d) 484
-------------------------------------- Solution :-ATQ,
Final → 87 : 117 = 29 : 39 7
1 4
39−29 0
1 550 × ×𝑥= 317.90
×
20
5
et profit% =
N 100 =
× × 100= 34.48%
29 29 317.9 0 17
374𝑥= 317.90 ⇒𝑥= =
374 20
20−17 3
Type - 6 𝑥=
20
× 100 =
20
× 100 = 15%
⇒ 2𝑥
= 30%
Successive Discount So, the required SP of an article = 550 × 70% = ₹385
Successive discount and overall discount :-
Type - 7
Trade Discount and Cash Discount
In case of Trade Discount and Cash Discount, first deductthe
rade Discount and then calculate the Cash Discount on the
T
remaining amount.
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Pinnacle Discount
xample:-Aretailerpermitsatradediscountof25%followed
E
by a cash discountof8%onthealreadydiscountedpriceof
his goods, and still makes a net gain of 17.3% of the cost
price.Atwhatpercentageabovethecostpriceofthegoodsis
the marked price fixed ?
RRC Group D 02/09/2022 ( Morning )
(a) 50% (b) 60% (c) 75% (d) 70%
Solution :-
Let: MP = 100 ,
75
value after trade discount =100× =75
00
1
92
value after cash discount =75× =69
100
17.3
Net gain of 17.3% of the cost price =
100
So,SP = 117.3⇒ 117.3 = 69
69 1000
CP = × 100=
117.3
17
1000 700
P - CP ⇒ 100 -
M
17
= 17
Percentage above the cost price of the goods
700
17
= 1000 × 100= 70%
17
Exam hall approach :- Two successive discounts,
25×8
overall discount = 25 + 8 - = 31 %
100
𝐶.𝑃
100−𝐷 100−31 69
= = =
𝑀.𝑃 100+𝑃 100+17.3 117.3
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
Required % = × 100 = 70%
10
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Pinnacle Partnership
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 → 6 : 6 : 16
Partnership the share of Y = 56,000 ×
6
= Rs 12000
28
When two or more persons join handsforabusinesstoattain
rofits is calledPartnershipand the persons arecalledpartners.
p Type - 1
Active Partner and Sleeping Partner
ctive partner gets some extra percentage from the profit for
A
managing the business
xample:- AisaworkingpartnerandBisasleepingpartner
E
.ActivePartners:-Thepartnerwhomanagesthebusinessis
1
in a business.Ainvested₹30,000andBinvested₹50,000.A
known asActive Partnerorworking partner.
receives20%oftheprofitformanagingthebusinessandthe
rest isdividedinproportiontotheircapital.WhatdoesBget
.SleepingPartner:-Apartner,whosimplyinvestshismoneyin
2
out of the profit of ₹10,000?
the business but does not manage it voluntarily is referred as
SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
Sleeping partner.
(a) ₹5,500 (b) ₹5,000 (c) ₹4,500 (d) ₹4,000
Everypartnerinvestssomeamountofmoneyforacertaintime
Solution:-
to help the partnership firm to get profits.
A receive 20% of the profit for managing the business .
Remaining profit excluding A’s managing profit = 10,000 ×
80% = 8,000
5
B’s profit = 8,000 × = 5,000 Rs.
8
. Simple partnership :– If all partners invest their different
1
Type - 2
amounts of capital (money) for the same period or the same
capitalforadifferentperiod,thensuchapartnershipiscalleda When Capital Investment is the same for the Different
simple partnership. Time Periods
. Compound partnership :– If all the partners invest their
2 Profit Ratio =𝑃1 :𝑃2 :𝑃3 = 𝑇1 :𝑇2 :𝑇3
different capitals (money) for different periods, then such a
{Where𝑃1 ,𝑃2 ,𝑃3 is profit and𝑇1 ,𝑇2 ,𝑇3 is time}
partnership is called a compound partnership.
In Compound partnership partners’ profit not only depends on
their investments but also on the time period. Example:- A and B enter into a partnership with ₹ 10 lakhs
ach.After3months,Awithdrawshalfofhiscapital,andthen
e
* Basics Terms :- afteranothersixmonthsputsitback.Theprofitattheendof
P = Profit the year is₹14 lakhs, how much should A get?
= Capital
C DDA ASO 18/09/2017 (Afternoon)
I = Investment (a)₹4 lakhs (b)₹10 lakhs (c)₹6 lakhs (d)₹3 lakhs
T = Time Solution:-
ratio→ A : B
Relation Between Profit, Capital And Time Investment→ 10 : 10
---------------------------------------
Profit→ {(10 × 3) + (5 × 6) + (10 × 3)} : (10 × 12)
Profit = Capital× Time ⇒ 90 : 120 = 3 : 4
3
Required money = 14 × = 6 lakh
𝑃
𝑃 3+4
P = C× T , C =
𝑇
, T = 𝐶
Type - 3
xample:- X, Y and Z invested Rs.4,000, Rs.6,000 and
E
Rs.8,000respectivelyinabusiness.Theyinvestedthemoney When Time is same for the Different Capital
for3,2and4yearsrespectively.IfthetotalprofitisRs.56,000, Investment
then what is the share of Y in the profit?
SSC CHSL 15/03/2023 (2nd Shift) Profit Ratio =𝑃1 :𝑃2 :𝑃3 =𝐶1 :𝐶2 :𝐶3
(a) Rs.18,000 (b) Rs.12,000 (c) Rs.15,000 (d) Rs.9,000 {Where𝑃1 ,𝑃2 ,𝑃3 is profit and𝐶1 ,𝐶2 ,𝐶3 is Capital}
Solution:-
Ratio → X : Y : Z xample :- Aman andRaviinvestedRs.24000andRs.8000
E
Amount → 2 : 3 : 4 for a period of 2 year. After 2 year, they earned Rs. 24000.
Time → 3 : 2 : 4 What will be the shares of Aman and Ravi out of this earning?
--------------------------------------
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Pinnacle Partnership
RB Clerk Pre 07/08/2022 (2nd Shift)
R Type - 5
(a) Rs. 36,000, Rs. 12,000
(b) Rs. 18,000, Rs. 6,000 When someone Join or Left a Business
(c) Rs. 25,000, Rs. 40,000
(d) Rs. 20,000, Rs. 12,000
(e) None of these xample:- Anil and Sunil started a business investing equal
E
Solution :-Ratio of profit = Ratio of investment× Time amounts. Anil left after 9 months. They earned an annual
According to the question profit of ₹28,000. What is Sunil's share of annual profit ?
Ratio of Profit of Aman and Ravi = 24000× : 8000 = 3 : 1 RRC Group D 22/09/2022 ( Morning )
3 (a) ₹16,000 (b) ₹15,000 (c) ₹13,000 (d) ₹12,000
Share of Aman = 24000× = Rs.18000 Solution:- Anil : Sunil
4
1 Investment→ 1 : 1
Share of Ravi = 24000× = Rs. 6000 Time→ 9 : 12
4
Profit→ 3 : 4
Total profit (4 + 3) = 7 unit→ 28000 (given)
Type - 4 28000
So share of Sunil = × 4 =₹1
6000
7
(a) When capital investment 𝑋1 ,𝑋2 and𝑋3 is different for
the different time period𝑇1 ,𝑇2 and𝑇3.
xample:-RahulandRamanstartedabusinessbyinvesting
E
Rs. 16000 and Rs 12000respectively.After4months,Rahul
Profit Ratio =𝑃1 :𝑃2 :𝑃3 =𝑋1𝑇 :𝑋2𝑇
1
:𝑋3𝑇
2
3
leftthebusinessandMohanjoinedthebusinessbyinvesting
Rs.20000. At the end of the year, there was a profit of
Example:-A,BandCdidcertaininvestmentsandtheratioof Rs.46000. What will be the share of Mohan in the profit ?
t heirtimeperiodsis3:2:7respectively.Ratiooftheprofits SSC MTS 20/06/2023 (Afternoon)
ofA,BandCis4:3:14respectively.Whatistheratioofthe (a) Rs.28700 (b) Rs.20000
investments of A, B and C ? (c) Rs. 36800 (d) Rs.23400
SSC CGL Tier II (02/03/2023) Solution :-
(a) 1 : 3 : 4 (b) 7 : 9 : 11 (c) 8 : 9 : 12 (d) 2 : 3 : 11 Ratio → Rahul : Raman : Mohan
Solution:- Investment → 16 : 12 : 20
Let , the investments of A, B and C be x, y, z respectively. Time → 4 : 12 : 8
Profit = Total Investment × Total time --------------------------------------------------------
Ratio→ A : B : C Profit → 4 : 9 : 10
Profit→ 3𝑥 : 2𝑦 : 7𝑧 = 4 : 3 :14 Profit (4 + 9 + 10) units = Rs. 46000
4
3 4
1 46000
⇒ 𝑥 :𝑦 :𝑧 = : : = 8 : 9 : 12 Share of Mohan (10) units = × 10=Rs. 20000
3 2
7 23
( b) When capitals increased or decreased in different time Type - 6
periods:-
(Tax/donation based)
Let’s say in a partnership Between P and Q , P invests Rs.𝐶1 for a
time period of𝑇1 but Q invests Rs.𝐶2 fora time period of𝑇2 and
Example:- AandBinvestedmoneyinabusinessintheratio
Rs.𝐶3 for a time period of𝑇3 . f7:5.If15%ofthetotalprofitgoesforcharity,andA'sshare
o
Profit Ratio = {𝐶1 × 𝑇1 : (𝐶2 × 𝑇2 +𝐶3 × 𝑇3) } in the profit is Rs.5,950, then what is the total profit?
SSC CGL 18/07/2023 (4th shift)
(a) Rs.12,500 (b) Rs.12,000
Example :-A,BandCstartedabusinesswithcapitalinthe (c) Rs.10,500 (d) Rs.11,750
r atioof8:6:5.After8monthsAwithdrew25%ofhiscapital
Solution:-Let the investment of A and B be 7𝑥and5𝑥 .
whileCincreased20%ofhisinvestmentifattheendofthe
Ifinvestmenttimeisequal,thentheratioofprofitisequalto
yeartotalprofitofthebusinessisRs.28,000thenwhatisthe
the ratio of investment .
profit share of C?
According to the question,
IBPS RRB PO Pre 06/08/2023 (4th Shift)
7𝑥 = 5950 Rs.
(a) 12000 (b) 7000 (c) 4000 (d) 8000 (e) 6000 12
Solution:-LetthecapitalofA,BandCis80𝑅,60𝑅and50𝑅 12𝑥= 5950 × = 10200 Rs.
7
respectively. 100
Ratio of profit = Ratio of investment× Time otal profit = 10200 ×
T = 12000Rs.
(100−15)
According to the question
Ratio of profit of A, B and C
= (80𝑅× 8 + 60𝑅× 4) : (60𝑅× 12) : (50𝑅× 8 + 60𝑅× 4)
⇒ 11 : 9 : 8
8
Profit share of C = 28,000× = 8,000
28
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Pinnacle Simple Interest
₹1,416.80
=
Simple Interest Exam hall approach :
3
Rate for 3 years = 5× 3 = 15% =
20
Simple interest isamethodtocalculatetheamountofinterest
1232
harged on a sum at a given rate and for a given period of time.
c 20 unit =₹1,232⇒ Amount (23 unit) = × 23
20
Amount =₹1,416.80
Some important Terms
) Principal : The principal is the amount that was initially
1 When we have to find Principal
borrowed (loan) from the bank or invested. It is denoted by P.
xample :- A sum at simple interest of 5.5% per annum
E
)Rate:Itistherateofinterestatwhichtheprincipalamountis
2 amounts to ₹7,503 in 4 years, Find the sum(in ₹).
borrowed or given for a certain time. It is denoted by R. SSC MTS 14/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 5,350 (b) 6,150 (c) 5,980 (d) 5,520
3) Time: Timeisthedurationforwhichtheprincipalamountis Solution :- Rate for 4 years at S.I. = 5.5%× 4 = 22%
iven to someone. Time is denoted by T.
g 122% = ₹7503
7503
4) Amount:Sum of Principal and Simple interest. (Principal) 100% = × 100 = ₹6150
122
Basic Formulae :-
. Simple Interest on a sum (principal) of money at R% per
1 When we have to find Time
annum for T years is given by:
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙×𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑇
𝑃 xample:-Inwhattimewill₹3,720amountto₹5,282.4at12%
E
Simple interest (S.I) = =
100 100
simple interest per annum ?
𝑆𝐼×100 𝑆𝐼×100
2.(Principal)𝑃= , (Time)𝑇= , SSC CGL 27/07/2023 (3rd shift)
𝑅×𝑇 𝑅×𝑃
1
1
𝑆𝐼×100 (a) 3 years (b) 3 years (c) 5 years (d) 5 years
(Rate)𝑅 = 2 2
𝑃×𝑇
Solution :-
3.Amount ( A ) = Principal + Simple interest(S.I).
12
Rate = 12% =
100
Type - 1 atio of principal and Amount = 3,720 : 5,282.4 = 37200 :
R
52824 = 100 : 142
When we have to find Simple Interest Now, the required time =
142−100
12
2
4 1
xample :- Find the simpleintereston ₹8,000attherateof
E = = 3 yrs
12 2
10% per annum in 6 years.
SSC MTS 12/09/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a)₹4,200 (b)₹4,400 (c)₹4,800 (d)₹4,600 When we have to find Rate
Solution:-
Total interest in 6 years = 6 × 10% = 60% Example:-Thesimpleinterestreceivedonasumfor20years
Simple interest = 8000 × 60% =₹4,800
3
Exam hall approach: is of the sum. What is the annual rate of interest ?
5
SC MTS 15/06/2023 (Morning)
S
(a) 3 percent (b) 4 percent (c) 5 percent (d) 6 percent
Solution :- Let the sum be 100 units.
0 unit → 8000 Rs.
1 According to question,
6 unit → 4800 Rs.
3
Simple Interest = 100 × = 60 unit
5
100×20×𝑟
60 =
When we have to find Amount 100
Rate of interest (r) = 3%
Example:-Rameshinvested₹1,232at5%p.a.rateofsimple
interest in a bank. What amount will he get after 3 years ?
xample:-Acertainsumofmoneylentoutatsimpleinterest
E
RRC Group D 22/08/2022 ( Evening )
amounts to ₹12,600 in 2 years and ₹16,200 in 4 years.The
(a) ₹1,285.80 (b) ₹2,145.80 (c) ₹1,848.80 (d) ₹1,416.80
rate percent per annum is:
Solution :-Principal = ₹1232 ,
SSC MTS 11/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
Rate% = 5%, Time = 3 years
6
1
1232×5×3 (a) 25% (b) 12 % (c) 17 % (d) 20%
S.I = = ₹184. 80 7 2
100
Solution :- Interest of one year
Amount = P + S.I = 1232 + 184.80
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Pinnacle Simple Interest
16200−12600 Type - 3
= = 1800
2
rincipal = 12600− 1800× 2
P * When principal become n time at certain rate in certain
⇒ 12600− 3600 = 9000 time
800
1
Rate = × 100 = 20%
9000
Exam hall approach :- xample:-Asumofmoneydoublesitselfin4yearsatsimple
E
interest.Inhowmuchtimewillitbecome7timesatthesame
rate of interest ?
SSC CHSL Tier II (26/06/2023)
year simple interest = 3600
2 (a) 25 years (b) 23 years (c) 24 years (d) 21 years
1 year simple interest = 1800 Solution :-Let principal be ₹𝑥
Principal = 12600 - 3600 = 9000 According to the question,
800
1 Simple interest in 4 years = ₹𝑥
Rate = × 100 = 20%
9000 Require time for 6𝑥interest = 24 years
So , money became 7 times in 24 years
Exam hall approach :-
Important Note :-
𝑃×𝑅
×𝑇
1). Notice that in the formula, 𝑆𝐼 = , we are just
100
calculating(𝑇× 𝑅)%of P.
). Simple Interest increases linearly with the numberofyears
2
→ 4 years
p
i.e. to get SIfor1year,youcandirectlydividegiveninterestby
6p→ 6× 4 years = 24 years
the number of years.
xample :-IfSIisRs.400for4years,thenitwillbeRs.200
E Type - 4
for 2 years.
* Simple Interest∝Principal, Rate , Time
Type - 2
Example:-Whatwillbetheratioofsimpleinterestearnedbya
ertainamountatthesamerateofinterestfor8yearsand20
c
* If a certain sum becomes n times of itself in T years on
years ?
simple interest, then -
SSC MTS 16/05/2023 (Evening)
(𝑛−1)
R% = × 100 (a) 5 : 7 (b) 2 : 5 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 4 : 3
𝑇
Solution :- Let principle = p , Time = t , Rate =r%
xample :-Asumofmoneybecomes7timesin16yearsat
E Simple interest (S1 , S2)
simple interest per annum. Find the per annum rate of 𝑝×𝑟×8 𝑝×𝑟×20
S1 = , S2 =
interest. 100 100
SSC MTS 05/09/2023 (3rd Shift) Required ratio S1: S2= 8 : 20 = 2 : 5
(a) 25.8% (b) 39.2% (c) 20.3% (d) 37.5%
Solution :-
(𝑛−1) (7−1) 00
6 Type - 5
R% = × 100 = × 100 ⇒ R = = 37.5%
𝑇 6
1 6
1
* Principal Invested in Parts at different rates
𝑝1×𝑟1×𝑡1 𝑝2×𝑟2×𝑡2
* If a certain sum becomes n times of itself at R% per + = SI
100 100
annum on simple interest, then -
(𝑛−1) xample :- A sum of Rs 15,600 is invested partly at 7% per
E
T = ( × 100) years
𝑅 annum and theremainingat9%perannumsimpleinterest.If
the total interest at theendof3yearsisRs3,738.Howmuch
xample:-Inhowmanyleastnumberofcompleteyearswilla
E
money was invested at 7% per annum ?
sumofmoneybecomemorethan4timesofitselfattherate
SSC CPO 13/03/2019 (Morning)
of 14 percent per annum on simple interest ?
(a) 7,800 (b) 7,900 (c) 7,600 (d) 7,700
SSC MTS 10/05/2023 (Evening)
Solution :- Let, the amount invested at the rateof 7% = x
(a) 20 years (b) 25 years (c) 29 years (d) 22 years
According to the question,
Solution :- Amount＞4× Principal
𝑥×7×3 (15600−𝑥) ×9×3
So interest should be＞3P 100
+
100
= 3738
(𝑛−1)
T > 100 years
× 7𝑥 + 140400 − 9𝑥= 124600⇒ 𝑥= 7900
𝑅
xam hall approach :-
E
(4−1) 50
1
>
T 100 years =
× years = 21.42 years 3,7
38
14
7 Interest for 1 year = = Rs. 1246
3
Required minimum complete years = 22 years
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Pinnacle Simple Interest
xam hall approach :-
E
3 year interest = 1040 - 800 = 240
1 year interest = 80
80
Rate = × 100 = 10 %
800
Increased rate = 10 + 3 = 13 %
Increased rate for 3 years = 39 %
39
1
Required amount = × 800 = ₹1,112
100
(79 + 77) unit = 15,600⇒ 156 unit =15,600
15600
Sum invested at 7% (79 unit) = × 79 = Rs. 7900
156
xample :- An amount of ₹Pwasputatsimpleinterestata
E
certainratefor4years.Ifithadbeenputata6%higherrate
for the same period, it would have fetched ₹600 more interest.
xample :- ApersoninvestedasumofRs.18,600atx%p.a.
E
What is the value of 2.5 P ?
andanothersumthatistwicetheformerat(x+2)%p.a.,both
SSC CHSL 10/08/2023 (4th Shift)
at a simple interest. If the total interest earned on both
(a) ₹ 3,750 (b) ₹6,250 (c) ₹ 4,850 (d) ₹ 2,500
1
investments for 3 years is Rs 23,110.50 , then the rate of
2
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙×6×4
interest p.a. on the second investment is. SSC CPO Solution :- 100
= 600 ₹
11/12/2019(Morning) 600
(a) 11% (b) 10.5% (c) 13% (d) 12.5% Principal = × 100= 2500 ₹
24
Solution :- We know that, Now , 2.5 P = 2500 × 2.5 = 6250 ₹
Rs 18,600 at x% and Rs. 37,200 at (x + 2)%
As per question,
7 𝑥 7 (𝑥+2) 31105
2 Type - 7
⇒ 18600 × × +37200 × × =
2 100 2 00
1 0
1
7
⇒ 186 × [𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4] =
231105 Successive Interest Rate
2 10
2201
⇒ 3x + 4 = ⇒ x = 10.5% xample:-Asumofmoneyearnsasimpleinterestat7.25%
E
62
So, the second rate is x + 2 = 12.5% per annum for the first eight years, at 8.5% for the next six
years,andat6.5%forthefinalfouryears.Ifthetotalinterest
earned during these eighteen years was ₹35,100, what was
Type - 6 the original sum invested (in ₹) ?
SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (2nd shift)
Increase or decrease in Rate/time (a) 25,800 (b) 25,500 (c) 26,400 (d) 26,000
𝑃×𝑅
×𝑇
Solution :-Simple Interest =
100
Example :- A money lender finds that due to the fall in the According to question,
nnual rate of interest from 18% to 15%, his yearly income
a 𝑃×7.2
5×8 𝑃×8.5
×6 𝑃×6.5
×4
diminishes by Rs.750. His capital is: 35100 = + +
100 100 100
Selection Post 30/06/2023 (1st Shift) 135𝑃
(a) Rs.25,500 (b) Rs.25,000 (c) Rs.5,000 (d) Rs.2,500 35100 =
⇒ ⇒ P = 26000 Rs.
100
Solution :- xam hall approach :-
E
Principal × (difference in rates) = 750 Rs. Interest for first eight years = 7.25× 8 = 58%
Principal × (18%− 15%) = 750 Rs. Interest for next six years = 8.5× 6 = 51%
750×100 Interest for final four years = 6.5× 4 = 26%
Principal = = 25000 Rs.
3 Total interest = 58 + 51 + 26 = 135%
121% = 35100
35100
xample :- A sum of ₹800 amounts to ₹1,040 in 3yearsat
E 100% (Principal) = × 100 = = 26000Rs.
135
simpleinterest.Iftheinterestrateisincreasedby3%,findthe
amount.
SSC MTS 14/09/2023 (2nd Shift) xample:-Whatwillbethetotalamountpayableon₹25,000
E
(a) ₹1,102 (b) ₹1,212 (c) ₹1,112 (d) ₹1,012 in2yearsiftherateofsimpleinterestinsuccessiveyearsis
Solution :-According to the question, 4% and 5% respectively ?
S.I = 1040 - 800 = ₹ 240 SSC CHSL 04/08/2023 (1st Shift)
𝑝×𝑟×𝑡 800×𝑟×3 (a) ₹26,250 (b) ₹28,250 (c) ₹26,000 (d) ₹27,250
S.I = ⇒ 240 =
100 100 Solution :-Total interest rate = 5 + 4 = 9%
(rate) r =10% 09
1
ew rate = 10 + 3 = 13%
N Total amount = 25,000 × = 27,250 ₹
100
800×13×3
Required amount = 800 + = ₹1,112
100
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Pinnacle Simple Interest
xample :- Tanya gives _________ to Sabir atsimpleinterest
E TPC CBT II (13/06/2022) 2nd Shift
N
with a condition that the rate of interestwillincreaseby2% (a) 22 (b) 20 (c) 11 (d) 10
peryear.TheTotalinterestafter2yearsisRs.10,240andthe Solution :-As per question,
rate of interest for first year is 7%. 80,0 00×24×𝑇 91,0
00×20×𝑇
80,000 + = 91,000 +
SBI PO Pre 19/12/2022 (1st Shift) 100 100
(a) Rs.36,000 (b) Rs.38,000 (c) Rs. 40,000 00×24×𝑇 91,0
0,0
8 00×20×𝑇
⇒
100
- 100
= 11000
(d) Rs. 42,000 (e) Rs. 64,000
Solution :- ⇒ 19,200T - 18200T = 11,000 ⇒ 1000T = 11,000⇒ T = 11
Total rate of interest for 2 years = 7% + 9% = 16%
⇒ 16% = 10,240
100%(Principal) = 64,000 Type - 10
True Discount
Type - 8
xample:- Whatisthepresentworthof₹1,100duein2years
E
When Simple interest are equal
at 5% simple interest per annum ?
SSC CGL 26/07/2023 (3rd shift)
xample:-Thesimpleinterestearnedon₹7,000in2yearsat
E (a) ₹3,000 (b) ₹2,000 (c) ₹1,000 (d) ₹1,500
therateofR%perannumequalstothesimpleinterestearned 𝑃×𝑅×𝑇
Solution :-Simple interest =
on₹5,000attherateof5%perannumin14years.Thevalue 100
of R (in percentage) is: According to question,
Matriculation Level 27/06/2023 (Shift - 1) 𝑃×5×2
1100− P =
(a) 28% (b) 15% (c) 25% (d) 20% 100
Solution :-Equating simple interest :- 𝑃 1000
1
100− P =
1 ⇒ P = = 1000 Rs.
7000×𝑅×2 5000×5×14 10 1
1
=
100 100
5×5×14
R = = 25%
7×2
Type - 9
When Amounts are equal
xample :- If theamountobtainedbyAbyinvesting₹9,100
E
forthreeyearsatarateof10%p.a.onsimpleinterestisequal
to the amount obtained by B by investing a certain sum of
money for five years at a rate of 8%p.a.onsimpleinterest,
then 90% of the sum invested by B (in ₹) is
SSC CGL Tier II (29/01/2022)
(a) 8,450 (b) 7,605 (c) 8,540 (d) 7,800
Solution :- Amount obtained by A
9100×10×3
= 9100 + = 11830
100
𝑃×8×5 7
mount obtained by B = P +
A
= 𝑃
100
5
According to the question,
7 11830×5
11830 = 𝑃⇒ P = = 8450
5 7
0% of 8450 = Rs. 7605
9
Exam hall approach :-
Let , the Principal invested by B is P .
According to question ,
9100 × 1.3 = P × 1.4
P = 6500 × 1.3 = 8450 Rs.
90% of P = 8450 × 0.9 = 7605 Rs.
Example:-Sureshborrows₹80000at24%perannumsimple
interest and Ramesh borrows ₹91000 at 20% per annum
simpleinterest.Inhowmanyyearswilltheiramountsofdebts
be equal ?
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
4.Ifrateofinterestisdifferentfordifferentyear,letussay10%
Compound Interest st
for 1 year,20%for2n d year,and30%for3rd yearthenamount
will be calculated as follows:
ompoundinterestistheresultinginterestthatisgeneratedon
C
the combination of the principal amount and theaccumulated 100×110×120×130
interest from previous periods. Amount = =₹1
71. 60
100×100×1 00
Parameter Simple Interest Compound Interest Different Methods To Calculate C.I.
Formula (𝑃×𝑅×𝑇) 𝑡
𝑅 here are different types ofmethodstosolveCIproblems.We
T
S.I. = C.I.= P(1 + ) - P
100 100 usedifferentmethodsdependingonwhatisaskedinquestions
and which type of data questions have. We will further
Return Lesser Higher understand this through examples.
Amount ● Formula method
● Tree method
rincipal
P Constant Varying during the entire
Amount borrowing period ● Ratio method
● Successive method
Interest Interest charged Interest charged on Now we will take one question from each method and try to
harged
C on principal principal and accumulated solve it.
amount interest.
ormula method :- We use this formula when we have
F
Growth he Growth
T The growth increases
remains quite quite rapidly given CI and principal to find answers quickly.
uniform CI = Amount – Principal
𝑟 t
Amount = Principal (1 + )
100
Key - Points :-
xample :- The interest, compounded annually,onasumof
E
₹3,240 after two years is ₹370. What is the rateofinterest,
. For one year or one term simple interest and compound
1
correct up to two decimal places?
interest are the same.
SSC MTS 02/11/2021 (Evening)
(a) 5.56% (b) 8.56% (c) 6.56% (d) 7.56%
2.Insimpleinterestyoudividethesimpleinterestbythenumber
𝑟 t
fyearstocalculateoneyearinterestbutincompoundinterest
o Solution :- we know that , A = P (1 + )
100
this is not applicable.
Here P = 3240 and A = 3240 + 370 = 3610.
𝑟 2
. Compound Interest is the interest on amount (principal +
3 3610 = 3240(1 + )
00
1
Interest); Symbol we will use ‘CI’. 3610 𝑟
⇒
3240
=(1 + 1 00 )2
xample:-LetussayonepersonborrowsRs.100for3years
E 𝑟 3610 19
⇒(1 + )= =
at the rate of 10%annually.Whatamountshouldhehaveto 100 3240 18
return after 3 years ? 𝑟 1 00
1
⇒ (1 + )=(1 + )⇒ r =
Solution :- Hereistheapproximationtechniquetosolvethis 100 18 8
1
problem: learly, r = 5.56%
C
Exam hall approach :-Amount = (3240 + 370) = ₹3610
Ratio - principal : amount
Compound interest will be = 133.10 – 100 = 33.1 Rs. 3240 : 3610
Or 324 : 361 = 18 : 19
The above concept can also be written as :
1
ate% =
R 100 = 5.56%
×
18
100×110×110×110
Amount = =133.10
100×100×100
.I. = Amount – Principal
C Tree Method
C.I. = 133.10 – 100 = 33.10
𝑟 t 10 3 Nowadaystheuseofthismethodhasreduced.Butthismethod
Or, Amount = Principal (1 + )= 100 (1 + )
100 100
roves to be moreeffectivewhenwearefindingthedifference
p
11 11 11
00×
= 1 × 10 × 10 = 133. 10 of CI between second and third year or third and fourth year etc.
0
1
For 2 years cycle tree Solution Structure
C.I. = 33.10
ote:-NoticethatinCI,interestiscalculatedontheamountat
N
the end of every year while in SI interest for each year is
calculated on the Principal amount.
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
For 2 years cycle tree Solution Structure 3 year SI 3a
3 year CI 3a + 3b + c
Difference of 3 year CI and SI 3b + c
Example:-IfthedifferencebetweenCIfor3rdyear and2n dyear is
2
Rs.420onacertainsumofmoneyattherateof16 %for3
3
y ears, find the principal.
(a) 12960 (b) 22060 (c) 32060 (d) 12560
2
1
Solution :-16 % =
3 6
1 3 1
For 2 years Rate = ( ) =
6 216
Let principal = 216 unit
ifference of CI of 2nd year and 3rd year = (6 + 1) = 7 unit
D
2 year CI a + a + b According to the question,
Amount after 2 year p + (2a + b) 7 unit = 420 ⇒ 1 unit = Rs. 60
so, principal (216) unit = 216 × 60 = Rs.12960
2 year difference of CI and SI b
2nd year CI a + b
Ratio Method
For 3 years cycle tree Solution Structure We prefer ratio method when rates are given in the fraction
1
2
1
Such rate like - 12 % , 16 % , 6 %
2 3 4
Example:-Theprincipalthatamountsto₹4,913in3yearsat
1
6 % per annum compound interest compounded annually is:
4
aryana CET 05/11/2022 (2nd Shift)
H
(a) ₹4,085 (b) ₹4,096 (c) ₹3,096 (d) ₹4,076
1
1
olution :-Fraction (6 %) =
S
4 16
atio
R → Principle : Amount
1st year → 16 : 17
2nd year → 16 : 17
3rd year → 16 : 17
------------------------------------------
Final ratio→ 4096 : 4913
For 3 year cycle
Amount = 4913 units
4913 units = ₹4913⇒ 1 unit = ₹1
So, principle (4096) units = ₹4096
Successive Method
We prefer this method when conversion ofrateintofractionis
t ough. Alsoaspertherequirementofthequestion,wecanuse
this method where it is a little difficult to apply the ratio method.
First year interest a
Such rates are - 3% , 6% , 7% , 17% , 30% etc.
2nd year interest a + b
xample:-RamandDiptieachinvestedasumof₹8000fora
E
3rd year interest a + 2b + c period of two years at 30% compound interest per annum.
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
owever, while for Ram the interest was compounded
H olution :-
S
annually, for Dipti it was compounded every eight months. Principle = 14,375
How much more will Dipti receive as interest compared to Amount = 16,767
Ram at the end of the two year period ? 𝑟 2
16,767 = 14,375(1 + )
NTPC CBT II (10/05/2022) 1st Shift 100
(a) ₹312 (b) ₹320 (c) ₹304 (d) ₹296 6767
1 𝑟
⇒
14375
= (1+ 100 )2
Solution :- For Ram :
P = 8000, Rate = 30% , Time = 2 years 729 𝑟 𝑟 7
2
⇒
625
= (1+ 100 )2 ⇒ 1+ 100 = 25 ⇒ r = 8%
3
1 3
1
Amount = 8000× × = Rs. 13520 Exam Hall Approach :
10 10
For Dipti : P A
8
1 14375 : 16767
P = 8000, Rate =30× % = 20% = 625 : 729
12 5
12 2 2
Cycle =2× = 3 (3 cycle of 8 - 8 months) 25 : 27
8 2
6 6 6 Rate of interest = × 100 = 8%
25
mount = 8000 × × × = Rs. 13824
A
5 5 5
ifference = 13824 - 13520 = Rs. 304
D
Exam hall approach :-Rate For ram = 30% Type - 3
Effective rate of 30% = 69% (for 2 years)
Rate For Dipti =30×
8
% = 20% Calculate Time
12
ffective rate of 20% = 72.8 (for 3 cycle)
E
Difference = 72.8% - 69 % = 3.8% xample:-Attherateof10%compoundinterestperannum,
E
.8
3 in how many years, ₹1,000 will become ₹1,331 ?
8000 ×
= Rs. 304
= UKPSC CSAT (03/04/2022)
100
(a) 2 (b) 2.5 (c) 3 (d) 3.5
Solution :-
Type - 1 According to the question,
10 n
1331 = 1000 (1 + )
Calculate principal 100
1331 11 11 11
=( )n ⇒ ( )3 = ( )3
000
1 10 10 10
xample :- A certain sum of money invested at compound
E So,𝑛= 3 years
interestbecomesRs13,380after3yearsandRs20,070after xam hall approach :
E
6 years, when the interestiscompoundedannually.Findthe Principal Amount
Sum ? 1000 : 1331
RRC Group D 23/08/2022 ( Evening ) Simplified form
(a) ₹ 8,505 (b) ₹7,020 (c) ₹8,920 (d) ₹7,007 3 3
0
1 : 11
Solution :-
Here T = 3 Yr
Type - 4
Iftherateofinterestof1styear,2nd,3rdyearare𝑟1 ,𝑟2 and𝑟3
principalbecomes13380after3years and 20070after6
A and so on then,
years. 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
Amount = P[1 + ] [1 + ] [1 + ]-----------and so on
13380 : 20070 100 100 100
2 : 3
3
P × = 13380 ⇒ P = 2 × 4460 Example:-Rs.56000isinvestedattherateof5%for1styear,
2
t10%for2ndyearandat15%forthe3rdyear.Findthetotal
a
Principal = ₹ 8,920
compound interest earned in these 3 years.
AFCAT 12/02/2022 (1st Shift)
Type - 2 (a) Rs.18283 (b) Rs.18382 (c) Rs.18832 (d) Rs.18238
Solution :- Principal = Rs. 56000
Calculate Rate 5 10 5
1
Amount = 56000 × (1 + ) × (1 + ) × (1 + )
100 100 100
105 110 115
xample:-Asumof₹14,375,wheninvestedatr%interestper
E mount = 56000 ×
A × ×
100 100 100
year compounded annually, amounts to ₹16,767 after two = Rs 74382
years. What is the value of r? Now, CI = A - P = 18382
SSC CHSL 10/06/2022 (Evening)
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
Type - 5 SC CHSL 2020 (Held on : 12 april 2021 shift 3)
S
(a) 7729 (b) 8702 (c) 8000 (d) 6750
Difference Between CI and SI Solution :- Rate = 12%
Simple interest for 3 years (36% of principal ) = 6750 Rs.
𝑅 2
1.Difference of CI and SI for 2 years =(𝐶𝐼 − 𝑆𝐼)2𝑦 𝑟𝑠= P( ) 6750
100 Principal(100%) = × 100 = 18750.
36
2.Difference of CI and SI for 3 years =(𝐶𝐼 − 𝑆𝐼)3𝑦 𝑟𝑠 20
ow, new rate =
N = 10%
2
𝑅 2 300+𝑅
= P ( ) ( ) Time = 2× 2 = 4 cycle
100 100
3 2
Four year ⇒ Code
= (𝐶𝐼 − 𝑆𝐼)3𝑦 𝑟𝑠 ×100 = P𝑅 (300 + R ) 10% of 18750 1875 → 4
Where P = Principal , R = rate of interest 10% of 1875 187.5 → 6
10% of 187.5 18.75 → 4
10% of 18.75 1.875 → 1
xample :- On a certain sum, the difference between
E
---------------------------------------
compoundinterestandsimpleinterestat10%perannumfor
Total compound interest = (4× 1875) + (6× 187.5)+
2 years is Rs.250. The sum is _________.
(4× 18.75) + 1.875
SSC CPO 09/11/2022 (Morning)
= 8701.875 ≈8702
(a) Rs.25,450 (b) Rs.26,550 (c) Rs.25,000 (d) Rs.26,000
Solution :- We Know that
Difference of CI and SI for 2 years =(𝐶𝐼 − 𝑆𝐼)2𝑦 𝑟𝑠 = P(
𝑅 2
)
Type - 7
100
According to question Multiplying Factor
0 2
1 10×10
250 = P ( ) ⇒ 250 = P ( ) ⇒ P = Rs.25000
100 100×100
(a) If an amount become ‘n’ times in ‘t’ years at the rate of
𝑥
ompound interest then, time taken tobecomes‘𝑛 ’timesfor
c
For 2 years Cycles/years the same amount is equal to ‘t ×𝑥’ years.
Rate Compound interest (CI) CI - SI
xample :- If a certain sum becomes two times itself in 6
E
5% 10.25% 0.25% years at compound interest incaseofannualcompounding,
10% 21% 1% thenthenumberofyearsinwhichitwillbecomeeighttimes
15% 32.25% 2.25% of itself at the same rate of interest under annual
compounding is:
20% 44% 4%
RRC Group D 09/09/2022 ( Morning)
25% 56.25% 6.25%
(a) 18 years (b) 36 years (c) 24 years (d) 12 years
30% 69% 9% Solution:-Amountbecomes2timesin6years.Itwillbecome
For 3 years Cycles/years 3
8 times = (2 ) → 6× 3 = 18𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠.
Rate Compound interest (CI) CI - SI
5% 15.76% 0.76%
10% 33.10% 3.10%
15% 52.09% 7.09%
20% 72.80% 12.80%
25% 95.31% 20.31% (b) If a sum ‘P’ becomes ‘x’ times of itself in ‘t’ years on CI, then
1
30% 119.70% 29.70% 𝑡
Rate % = [𝑥 - 1] × 100
Type - 6 xample :- At what rate percentcompoundinterest,doesa
E
sum of money become 2.25 times of itself in 2 years?
Pascal Rule of CI Solution :-
1
𝑡
e know that Rate % = [𝑥 - 1] × 100
W
According to question
1
2
ate % = [2. 25 - 1] × 100
R
Rate % = [1. 5- 1] × 100
Rate % = [0.5] × 100 = 50 %
( c)OncompoundinterestIfsumbecomes Ain‘a’yearsandBin‘b’
xample:-Thesimpleinterestonacertainsumfor3yearsat
E years then,
12%perannumisRs.6750.Whatisthecompoundinterest(in
𝐵
Rs.)onthesamesumfor2yearsat20%perannum,ifinterest 1.If b - a = 1 , then R% = ( − 1) × 100%
𝐴
is compounded half-yearly? (round off to the nearest Rs.)
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
𝐵 114 Rule :- When rate is𝑅%
2.If b - a = 2 , then R% = ( − 1) × 100%
𝐴
3
𝐵
3.If b - a = 3 , then R% = ( − 1) × 100%
𝐴
1 114
𝑛
𝐵 then, time (t) = years
.If b - a = n , then R% = [( ) - 1)]× 100%
4 𝑅
𝐴
Type - 8
xample :- A sum ofmoneybecomes₹6,400in3yearsand
E
₹8,100 in 5 years on compound interest compounded et Principal = 1000, Rate = 10% per annum
L
annually. Find the rate of interest per annum. Time = 4 years
SSC MTS 01/09/2023 (2nd Shift) 1
3
1
6 5 Rate = 10% per annum or
10
(a) 12 % (b) 12 % (c) 12 % (d) 12 %
8 2 8 8 So, we can say that Principal = 10 and Amount = 11
𝑟 3 1
1
Solution :- 6400 = P(1 + ) ….(eq 1) Multiplying factor= = 1.1
100 10
𝑟 5
8100 = P(1 + ) ….(equation 2)
100
Divide equation (2) by equation (1) we get
𝑟 2 81
(1 + ) =
100 64
𝑟 9 1
(1 + ) = ⇒ r = 12 %
100 8 2 xample : - A Sum of Rs. 4000 is lent at 10% p.a., interest
E
Exam hall approach :- a = 3 , b = 5⇒ b - a = 2 compounded annually . What is the difference between the
100
8
1 1 compound interest for the 2nd year and 3rd year ?
So, R% = ( − 1) × 100% = × 100% = 12 %
6400 8 2 SSC MTS 08/10/2021 (Morning)
(a) Rs.45 (b) Rs.46.50 (c) Rs.45.40 (d) Rs. 44
Solution :-We know that
(d) Double Money Rule or 69 Rule or 72 Rule
1
Rate = 10% per annum or
10
69 Rule :- When rate is𝑅%
1
1
Multiplying factor = = 1.1
10
69
then, time (t) = ( + 0.37) years
𝑅
72 Rule :- When rate is𝑅% ere , 2nd year compound = 4840 - 4400 = Rs.440
H
3rd year compound = 5324 - 4840 = Rs. 484
So ,3rd year CI - 2nd year CI = 484 - 440 = Rs. 44
Exam hall Approach :
1 11 1
72 3rd year CI - 2nd year CI = 4000 ×
× × = 44
then, time (t) = y ears 10 0
1 10
𝑅 1 11 11 1 11
Hint :4000 × ×
× -4000 × ×
10 10 1 0 10 10
Note :- 69 rulegivesmoreaccurateresultincomparisonof72
1 11 11
r ule. 4000 × × [ - 1 ]
10 10 10
1 11 1
xample :- A certain sum is invested at 26% p.a, interest
E 4000 × × × = Rs. 44
10 10 10
compounded annually. In how many years (approx) will it
double?
SSC CHSL 01/06/2022 (Morning) Type - 9
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
Solution :-using 69 rule :- When Rate Compounded Monthly
69
time (t) =( + 0.37) years
𝑅 Important Formulas :
69
So, time= + 0.37 = 2.65 + 0.37 = 3 years(approx) Amount = A, Principal = P, Compound Interest = CI
26
ate of interest = R, Time = number of cycles = n
R
Using 72 rule : 1.CI = Amount - Principal
72 2
7
time (t) = y ears = years = 2.77years =3 years (approx)
𝑅 26 2.When interest is compounded annually :
𝑅 n
A (in CI) = P(1 + )
(e) Triple Money Rule or 114 Rule 100
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
3. When interest is compounded half-yearly : 11.Effective C.I. rate for three interest rates
𝑅 𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐
2 2n = (a + b + c + + )%
A (in CI) = P(1 + ) 100 10000
100 where a, b and c are interest rates.
2 3
4.When interest is compounded quarterly : 𝑎
3 𝑎
If a = b = c then interest rate = (3a + + )%
𝑅 100 10000
4 4n 2 3
A (in CI) = P(1 + ) = 3a |3𝑎 |𝑎
100
5.When interest is compounded monthly :
2 3
𝑅 3×5 5
12 i.e. 5% , 5% and 5% = 3 × 5 + + = 15.7625%
12n 100 10000
A (in CI) = P(1 + )
100
2 3
6.When the interest is compounded annually and timeperiod is Or3 × 5 |3× 5 |5 = = 15.7625%
2 2 3
iven in fraction, say for 3 years:-
g 3×10 10
5 i.e.10% , 10% and 10% = 3 × 10 + + = 33.10%
100 10000
2
3
𝑅 5
𝑅
(in CI) = P(1 +
A ) × (1 + ) 2
Or3×10 |3×10 |10 =
3
= 33.1000 = 33.10
100 00
1
7.When different interest rates for different yearsare given, say 12.Effective rates :-
𝑅1%
,𝑅2%
, 𝑅3%
, and𝑅4%
for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year
Years→
r espectively : 2nd 3rd 4th
Rate↓
A (in CI) =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4 5% 10.25% 15.7625% 21.550625%
P(1 + ) × (1
+ ) × (1
+ )× (1
+ )
100 100 100 100 10% 21% 33.1% 46.41%
8.Equated monthly installment (EMI) concept : 15% 32.25% 52.0875% -
𝑥
Amount borrowed = 𝑅 𝑛 20% 44% 72.8% 107.36%
(1+100 )
where x = Installment (EMI) 25% 56.25% 95.3125% -
30% 69% 119.70% -
.Whentheinterestiscompounded8monthly,timeperiodis2
9
years and the interest rate is 12% p.a., then
For 12 months, interest rate = 12%, xample:-Findthecompoundintereston₹50,000foroneyear
E
8×12 at 8% per annum when compounded half yearly.
so for 8 months, interest rate = =8% SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
12
Here, time period = 2 years = 24 months (a) ₹3,900 (b) ₹3,880 (c) ₹4,080 (d) ₹3,950
24 Solution :-
So, =3,soweneedtoconduct3cycleseachofinterestrate
8
8% in order to calculate required CI.
When rate compounded Rate(r) Time (t)
Annually R% t years
Half yearly
𝑅 2t years
%
2
4×4
Eight monthly 2𝑅
3 Effective interest rate = 4 + 4 + =8.16%
% t years 100
3 2
8.1 6
Quarterly
𝑅 4t years ompound interest = 50,000 ×
C = Rs. 4080
% 100
4
monthly 𝑅 12t years
%
12
xample:-Whatwillbethecompoundinterest(nearesttoRs1)
E
𝑎𝑏 onasumofRs25,000for2yearsat12%p.a.,iftheinterestis
10. Effective C.I. rate for two interest rates =(a+b+ )%, compounded 8-monthly?
100
where a and b are interest rates. SSC CGL 04/06/2019 (Evening)
2 (a) Rs 6,394 (b) Rs 6,439 (c) Rs 6,493 (d) Rs 6,349
𝑎
If a = b , For 2 year cycle = 2a + Solution :-Interest is compounded 8 monthly
100
8
So, Effective Rate = 12× = 8%
12
2×5
i.e. 2% and 5% = (2 + 5 + )%, = 7+ 0.1 = 7.1 % or12 month = 12 % ,
100
2
o 8 month = 8 %
S
3 12
i.e. 3% and 3% = 2 × 3 + = 6 + 0.09 = 6.09% Effective time Period = 2× = 3
100 8
Or 2 Year = 24 month
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Pinnacle Compound Interest
2
Fractional value of 8% =
25
or three compounding cycle :-
F
Principal : Amount
3 3
(25) : (27)
-------------------------------
15625 : 19683
Now, 15625 units = Rs. 25000 ⇒ 1 unit = 1.6 Rs.
C.I.= (19683 -15625) = 4058 unit
C.I.= 4058 × 1.6≈ Rs. 6493
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Pinnacle Installment
<,
( a) ₹1,230 (b) ₹1,210 (c) ₹1,200 (d) ₹1,220
Installment. Solution:Using formula,
100𝐴
x = 𝑟𝑡(𝑡 −1)
100𝑡+ 2
Simple Interest Installments ..(where A = Amount borrowed, r = rate and
…
t = no. of installments )
Ifasumispaidin4years ofequalinstallmentsof100rsat10% 566400 566400 66400
5
I
S x = 12×4( 4
−1) = =
100×4+ 100×4+72 72
4
Then 2
= Rs. 1200
Exam hall Approach:-
st installment will clear = 130
1
2nd installment will clear =120
3rd installment will clear = 110
4th installment will clear = 100
ccording to the question,
A
----------
472 units = Rs. 5664
460
Then , 100 units = Rs. 1200
Hencetotaldebtclearfromfourequalinstallmentsof100rs in
four years = 460
Compound Interest Installment
Important Formula
1) Equated monthly installment (EMI) :-
100𝐴 𝑥
Annual Installment in case of SI =
100𝑡+
𝑟𝑡(𝑡−1) Amount borrowed = 𝑅 𝑛 ,where𝑥= installment (EMI)
2 (1+100 )
Where, A = Amount borrowed,
xample:- Find theamountwhichisneededtobepaideach
E
t = Time period (number of installment), r = Interest rate
year to clear the debt of ₹2,10,000 in 2 years at 10%
compound interest rate.
xample 1 : A computer is available for ₹39,000 on cash
E 𝑥 𝑥
payment or ₹19,000 as cash payment followed by five
Solution:-210000 = 0 2
1
+ 10
(1+100 ) (1+100 )
monthly installments of ₹4,200 each. What is the rate of
interest per annum under the installment plan? 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 210000 = 1 2
1
+ 1
1
SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (2nd Shift) ( 10
) ( 10
)
9
1 7
1 0
2 8
1
(a) 20 % (b) 20 % (c) 20 % (d) 20 % 100𝑥 10𝑥 100𝑥+110𝑥
29 29 29 29 ⇒ 210000 =
+ ⇒ 210000 =
121 11 121
olution :-
S 210𝑥
Remaining amount = 39,000− 19,000 = 20,000 ₹ ⇒ 210000 = ⇒𝑥 = ₹1,21,000
121
20,0 00×𝑅×5 50𝑅
2
Amount = 20,000 + = 20,000 +
12×100
3
um of Amounts of these installments =
S 2) Installments of compound interest :-
(4200+S.I.on4200for4months)+(4200+S.I.on4200for If a sum is due for two years of two equal installmentsat5%
3months)+(4200+S.I.on4200for2months)+(4200+S.I. ompound interest rate then
c
on 4200 for 1 month) + 4200
= (4200 × 5) + (S.I. on 4200 for 10 months)
4200×𝑅×10
= 21000 + = 21000 + 35R
12×100
Now , equating amount :-
250𝑅
20,000 + = 21000 + 35R
3 xample:- Find the amountwhichisneededtobepaideach
E
45𝑅
1 3000 00
6 20 year to clear the debt of ₹2,10,000 in 2 years at 10%
⇒ = 1,000⇒ R = = = 20 %
3 145 9
2 29
compound interest rate.
1
Solution:-Given R = 10% =
10
xample 2:Whatannualinstallmentwilldischargeadebtof
E Principal : installment
₹5,664 in 4 years at 12% simple interest ? 1st year - 10× 11 : 11× 11
SSC CGL 02/12/2022 (3rd Shift)
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Pinnacle Installment
2 2
nd year - 10
2 : 11
--------------------------------------
210 : 242
Each installment (per year) = 121 unit
Principal(210 unit) = ₹2,10,000
Now, you can calculate the amount needed tobepaideach
year i.e. 121 unit
210000
= × 121 = ₹1,21,000
210
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Pinnacle Mixture and Alligation
Type - 2
Mixture and Alligation
Mixing some parts of two different mixture to obtain a
single mixture
ixture :- When two or more than two substances mixed
M
together in any ratio to produce a product is called mixture .
Example:-Intwoalloys,theratioofAluminiumtoZincare5
ean price :- the average of all thegivenpricesoftheknown
M : 6 and 3 : 5. If 242kgofthefirstalloyand144kgofthe
items is called Mean Price . second alloy are mixed, then the ratio of Aluminium and
Zinc in the new alloy will be:
Formula SSC CHSL 07/08/2023 (4th Shift)
(a) 76 : 117 (b) 82 : 111
(c) 93 : 100 (d) 68 : 125
) Iffrom 𝑥 litreofliquidA,plitreofmixture iswithdrawnand
1
Solution :- In 1st alloy : -
thesamequantityofliquidBisadded.Againfrommixture,qlitre
5
mixtureiswithdrawnandthesamequantityofliquidBisadded. Aluminium = 242 × = 110 kg
11
Again from mixture, r litre is withdrawn and same quantity of
inc = 242− 110 = 132 kg
Z
liquid B is added, then
In 2nd alloy: -
𝑥−𝑝 𝑥−𝑞 𝑥−𝑟
3
In final mixture, liquid A =𝑥( )( )( )……. Aluminium = 144 × = 54 kg
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 8
⇒ Liquid B in final mixture =𝑥- (liquid A in final mixture) Zinc = 144− 54 = 90 kg
equired ratio = 110 + 54 : 132 + 90
R
= 82 : 111
2.) There is x% water in ‘a’ unit of the mixture of sugar and
42
2 121
ater. Thequantityofwatervapourisedsuchthatdecreasedin
w Exam hall approach:
144
= 72
the percentage of water is from x% to y% is given by
Aluminium : Zinc
𝑎( 𝑥
−𝑦) →
A 5 : 6 = 11 )× 8× 121→ 11
equired quantity of vapourized water =
R nit
u
𝑦 B→ 3 : 5 = 8 )× 11× 72→ 9
-------------------------------------
C→ 55 + 27 : 66 + 45
.) The amount of milk is x% in ‘M’ litre mixture. How much
3
⇒ 82 : 111
water should be mixed initsothatpercentageamountofmilk
would be y%?
𝑀(𝑥
−𝑦) Type - 3
Amount of water =
𝑦
Mixing three different mixture to obtain a single mixture
Mixture (Mixing Concept) xample:-Mixtureofmilkandwaterinthreebottlesofequal
E
capacityisintheratio4:1,4:3and1:2respectively.These
Amixturecanbederivedbymixinganycombinationoftwoor threebottlesareemptiedintoalargebottle.Whatwillbethe
ore ingredients to get a desired quantity.
m ratio of milk and water respectively in the large bottle?
SSC MTS 15/06/2023 (Morning)
Type - 1 (a) 179 : 136 (b) 152 : 165
(c) 198 : 175 (d) 133 : 145
Mixing two different mixture to obtain a single mixture Solution:- According to question,
Total quantity of milk in large bottle
4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑎
xample:- Milk and water in twovesselsAandBareinthe
E = + +
5 7 3
ratio 5 : 3 and 2 : 3, respectively. In what ratio should the 84𝑎+60𝑎+35𝑎 79𝑎
1
=
=
liquidsinboththevesselsbemixedtoobtainanewmixture 105 05
1
in vessel C containing half milk and half water ? Total quantity of water in large bottle
SSC CHSL 04/08/2023 (1st Shift)
𝑎 3𝑎 2𝑎
= + +
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 5 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 5 5 7 3
Solution :- 21𝑎+45𝑎+70𝑎 136𝑎
= =
105 105
179𝑎 136𝑎
Required ratio = : = 179 : 136
105 105
Exam hall approach:
Milk : water
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒1 → 4 : 1 = 5 )× 7× 3→ 21
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒2 → 4 : 3 = 7 )× 5× 3→ 15
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒3 → 1 : 2 = 3 )× 5× 7→ 35
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Pinnacle Mixture and Alligation
------------------------------------- Type - 6
Large bottle⇒ 84 + 60 + 35 : 21 + 45 + 70
⇒ 179 : 136 Addition or Removal of some quantity
Example:-A40-litremixturecontains25%alcoholand75%
Type - 4
ater. If 10 litres of water are added to the mixture, the
w
percentage of alcohol in the new mixture is:
Mixing some parts of three different mixture to obtain a
SSC CGL 25/07/2023 (4th shift)
single mixture
(a) 27% (b) 18% (c) 20% (d) 25%
Solution:- Alcohol = 10L and Water = 30 L
Example:- Therearethreecupsofmixtureofmilkandwater Now ,
in ratio 4 : 5, 5 : 6, 9 : 7. 36 liters of first and 44 liters of Alcohol = 10L and Water = 30 + 10 = 40 L
secondcuparetaken.Howmuchquantityfromthirdcupisto 10
Required % = × 100= 20%
be taken so that final mixture from the threecupswillhave 10+40
milk and water in ratio 1 : 1 ? ( in litres )
SSC MTS 10/05/2023 (Afternoon)
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 54 (d) 60 xample:-AmixturecontainsliquidAandBintheratio5:3,
E
Solution:- respectively. If 3 litres of liquid B isaddedtoit,theratioof
liquid A to liquid B becomes 7 : 6. What is the quantity of
liquid A in the mixture ?
SSC CHSL 17/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
2
1
(a) 7 litres (b) 9 litres
3 3
2 1
(c) 11 litres (d) 13 litres
3 3
Solution:-According to the question,
5𝑥 7
According to the question,
=
3𝑥
+3
6
16+20+9𝑥
1
= ⇒ 2𝑥=8⇒ 𝑥= 4 21
0+24+7𝑥
2
1 30𝑥= 21𝑥+ 21 ⇒ 𝑥= liter
9
uantity from third cup is to be taken
q
21 2
= (9𝑥 + 7𝑥) = (16𝑥) = 64 liter equired quantity = 5 ×
R = 11 litres
9 3
Type - 5
Type - 7
oncentration:-Concentrationisthepercentageofaparticular
C
quantity in the full mixture. Alligation
Example:-In a mixture ratio of water and milk = 1: 7 It is used tofindtheratioinwhichtwoormore substancesat
7 theirrespectivepricesshouldbemixedtoproduceamixtureata
Then, concentration of milk in mixture = × 100 = 87.5%
1+7 given price.
1
Example:-Concentration of water = × 100 = 12.5%
1+7
Or concentration of water = (100− Concentrationof milk)
= (100− 87.5) = 12.5%
here
w
xample:- If 36 litres of 20% milk solution is mixedwith48
E C = Cost price of first type
litres of 10% milk solution, thenwhatwillbethepercentage D = Cost price of second type
concentration of milk in the final solution? M = Mean price
Higher Secondary 27/06/2023 (Shift - 3) (D - M) = quantity first type
(a) 14.28% (b) 15.48% (c) 12.38% (d) 13.36% (M - C) = quantity second type
Solution:-According to question,
Total quantity of milk in final solution I t is a method of average and involves the application of
36×20 8×10
4 the weighted average concept.
=
+ = 12 liter
100 00
1
Total quantity of water in final solution
xample:- In what ratio must water be mixed with milk,
E
= 84− 12 = 72 liter
costing₹32perlitre,inorderto getamixturecosting₹28per
12
Required % = × 100= 14.28% litre?
(72+12)
SSC CGL 14/07/2023 (2nd shift)
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 1 : 7 (c) 1 : 8 (d) 7 : 1
Solution:-
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Pinnacle Mixture and Alligation
SC CHSL 14/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
S
(a) 8.976 (b) 8.597 (c) 8.796 (d) 8.679
Solution:-Leftquantityofwater = initialquantityofwater×
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 n 2 3 4
(1 - ) = 2 × (1 - ) =2 × ( )3 =1.024
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2+8 5
litre
Left quantity of milk = 10− 1.024 = 8.976 litre
Required ratio = 4 : 28 = 1 : 7 Replacement of equal quantities
Type - 8 Example:- A can of water and milk mixture contains 60%
ilk. A part of this mixture is replaced by another mixture
m
Increase/decrease of mixture containing50%milkandthepercentageofmilkwasfoundto
be 52%. The quantity of mixture replaced is:
SSC CGL 13/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
here is𝑥%
T milk in ‘a’ unit mixture of milk andwater. The
1
3
4
2
amountofmilkthatshouldbeaddedtoincreasethepercentage (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
of milk from𝑥% to𝑦% is given
Solution:-Using Alligation method, we have :
( 𝑥
𝑎 −𝑦)
Required quantity of milk = unit
100−𝑦
Example:-If49litresofamilksolutionhas63%milkinit,then
owmuchmilkshouldbeaddedtomaketheconcentrationof
h
milk 70% in the solution?
SSC CHSL 25/05/2022 Afternoon The quantity of mixture replaced
3
1 7 11 1 4 4
(a)11 (b)14 (c)21 (d)13 =
=
30 30 30 30 1+4
5
Solution :-
( 𝑥
𝑎 −𝑦) 49(7
0−63)
Required quantity of milk =
100−𝑦
= 100−70 Replacement of unequal quantities
49×7 343 13
30 = 30 =11 30 litres
= xample:-Ina64litresmixture,thealcoholandwaterarein
E
theratioof1:3respectively.32litresofmixtureistakenoff
Exam hall approach:
andreplacedwith16litresofwater.Whatisthenewratioof
alcohol and water respectively ?
SSC MTS 19/05/2023 (Evening)
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 5 : 12 (c) 2 : 7 (d) 3 : 10
Solution:-(1 + 3) unit = 64 liter
1 unit = 16 liter
Initial quantity of alcohol and water
= 16 liter and 48 liter
After 32 liter of mixture taken out
(1 + 3) unit = 32 liter ⇒1 unit = 8 liter
ATQ, ⇒ 30 unit = 49 litres (Given) uantity of alcohol and water = 8 liter and 24 liter
Q
9
4 43
3 13 After adding 16 liter water
hen, 7 unit =
T 7 =
× = 11 30 litres
30 0
3 New ratio of alcohol and water
= 8 : (24 + 16) = 1 : 5
Type - 9
Use of Mixture and Alligation in other
Replacement chapter
If only one process is repeated n times, then Type - 1
𝑦 n
emaining Quantity of pure liquid=𝑥(1 - )
R hen there is an overall increase or decrease in the population,
W
𝑥
here,
w the result comes in the ratio of the number of males and
𝑥= Quantity of original liquid, females.
𝑦= Quantity to be carried out and replaced,
𝑛= Number of times the operation is conducted
xample:- A 10-litre solution of milk and water contains 8
E
litresofmilk.2litresofthesolutionisreplacedbypuremilk
and mixed. The process is repeated two more times. How
much milk (in litres) is present in the mixture so obtained ?
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Pinnacle Mixture and Alligation
xample:- In a certain year, the population of a city was
E → 9 : 1
18000. If in thenextyear,thepopulationofmalesincreased
by 5% and that of females increased by 7%, and the total
populationincreasedto19200,thenwhatwastheratioofthe
populations of males and females in that given year?
SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (1st shift)
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 1 : 5 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 5
Solution:- 𝑥−25 9
19200−18000 ⇒ ⇒ 𝑥= 70%
=
verall %age increase in population =
o 100
× 5
1
18000
1200 20
= × 100 = %
18000 3 Type - 3
In profit and loss when total profit /loss% is given. Then the
result comes in proportion to the cost price of thefirstarticle
and the second article.
1
5
:
3 3
1 : 5
Example:- In an experiment, it wasobservedthatmetalAis Example :- The sum of cost prices of AandBisRs.1200.
9 times heavier than water and metal B is9timesheavier
1 he sum of the selling prices ofAandBisRs.1390.Ifthe
T
than water. In what ratio metal A and B mixed so that the profit of 10% and 20% is obtained on A and Brespectively,
mixture thus obtained be 15 times heavier than water ? then find the ratio between the cost prices of A and B.
SSC CHSL 11/08/2023 (3rd Shift) SSC MTS 19/08/2019 (Afternoon)
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 3 : 2 (a) 5 : 7 (b) 5 : 9 (c) 7 : 13 (d) 6 : 11
Solution:- 1390−1200 90
1
Solution :-Overall profit% = × 100 = %
1200 2
1
required ratio = 3 : 2 Desired Ratio → 5 : 7
Type - 2 Type - 4
hen an increase ordecreaseinincomeisgiven,theresultis
w hen total interest is given, then the result comes as the
W
the ratio of expenditure to savings. original principal of both the items.
Example :- Rajesh invested ₹10,000 by dividing it into two
ifferent investment schemes, A and B, at simple interest
d
Example:- Vikas spends 90% of his income. When his ratesof8%and10%,respectively.Ifthetotalinterestearned
incomeincreasedby25%,hisexpenditureincreasedby20%. in 2 years is ₹1,680, the amount invested in scheme A is:
The percentage of increase in his savings is: SSC CPO 03/10/2023 (1st Shift)
Higher Secondary 05/08/2022 ( Shift - 2 ) (a) ₹4,000 (b) ₹2,000 (c) ₹6,000 (d) ₹8,000
(a) 58% (b) 70% (c) 45% (d) 62% Solution :-S.I for 2 years of A = 16%
9( 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑) S.I for 2 years of B = 20%
Solution :- ⇒ 90% =
10(𝑖 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒) 1680
Ratio→ Expenditure : Saving Total rate % = × 100 = 16.8%
10000
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Pinnacle Mixture and Alligation
Solution :-
4 atio = 2 : 3 ⇒ 2 unit = 2 hours
R
Hence, amount invested by A = × 10000 = 𝑅𝑠. 8, 000 So, 3 unit = 3 hours
5
Type - 5 Type - 7
hen the overall average of the number is given, the result
W hen, cost price of two articles and mixture are given, then,
W
comes in the form of the ratio of first and second number. resultant is the ratio of first number and second number.
xample:-Howmanykilogramsofsugarat₹3.80perkgmust
E
xample :- During a schoolexcursioneachstudentofjunior
E
be mixed with 60 kg of sugar at ₹4.60 per kg, so that by
school wascharged₹325andeachstudentofseniorschool
selling the mixture at ₹5.20 per kg there may be a gain of
was charged ₹400. If there were 80 students from junior
30%?
school and the combined average amount charged per
SSC MTS 01/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
student was ₹352, then how many students from senior
(a) 170 kg (b) 120 kg (c) 160 kg (d) 180 kg
school went for the excursion?
0
1
SSC CGL 24/07/2023 (1st shift) Solution:-Cost price of mixture = 5.2× = ₹4/kg
13
(a) 55 (b) 45 (c) 50 (d) 40
Solution :-
unit = 60kg
1
Required quantity (3 unit) = 180 kg
16 units = 80 junior students
8 0 Miscellaneous
9 units = × 9 = 45 senior students
16
Example :-At a certain time in a park, the number ofheads
Type - 6 ndthenumberoflegsofmonkeysandhumanvisitorswere
a
counted, anditwasfoundthattherewere54headsand148
hen the total average speed is given, the result is proportional
W legs. Find the number of monkeys in the park.
to time. SSC CGL Tier II (26/10/2023)
(a) 20 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 14
Solution :-
xample:- Amandriveshiscarataspeedof50km/hrfor2
E o,theratioofthenoofmonkeyandhuman=40:68=10:
S
hoursandthendecidestoslowdownto40km/hrtilltheend 17
of the journey. If his average speed for the journey was 44 10 + 17 = 27 unit = 54
km/hr,thenforhowmuchtimehedriveshiscaratspeed40 4
5
10 unit = × 10 = 20
km/hr? 27
SSC MTS 16/05/2023 (Afternoon)
(a) 2 hours (b) 1 hour
(c) 3 hours (d) 4 hours
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Pinnacle Average
1) If all the numbers increase by ‘a’ then the average of the
Average umbers will also increase by ‘a’.
n
xample:-Theaverageof21numbersis60.Ifeachnumber
E
An average or arithmetic meanofgivendataisthesumofthe isincreasedby20,thenfindthenumberbywhichtheaverage
iven observations divided by the number of observations.
g is increased.
SSC MTS 16/05/2023 (Afternoon)
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 15 (d) 20
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠(𝑆
)
Therefore, Average (A) = Solution :-Average of 21 numbers = 60
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠(𝑁 )
If Each number is increased by 20thenaveragewillbealso
increase by 20
Example :- Average of 10, 15, 25 and 30
10+15+25+30 0
8
Solution:-Average = = =2
0 2) If all the numbers decrease by ‘a’ then the average of the
4
4
umbers will also decrease by ‘a’.
n
Example:-Theaverageof24numbersis43.Ifwesubtracta
xample :-Find the average of 320 , 330 , 340 .
E umber'M'fromeachnumber,thentheaveragebecomes38.
n
Graduate Level 03/08/2022 (Shift - 3) What was the value of M?
(a) (320 + 310 + 340 ) (b) 330 SSC MTS 04/05/2023 (Morning)
(c) (320 + 330 + 340 ) (d) (319 + 329 + 339 ) (a) 12 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 10
Solution :- olution :-Average of 24 number = 43
S
20 30 40
Average of3 , 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑3 After subtracting 'M' from each number,
20 30 40 19 29 39
3 +3 +3 3( 3
+3 +3 ) 19 29 39 then new average will be⇒ 43− M = 38
=
= (3 + 3 + 3 )
=
3 3 So, value of 'M' = 43− 38 = 5
Some important Formulae 3)Ifallthenumbersaremultipliedby‘a’thentheiraveragemust
lso be multiplied by ‘a’.
a
𝑛+1 xample :- The average of 70 values is 40. If each valueis
E
1)Average of first ‘n’ natural numbers = ( )
2 multiplied by 20, what will be the changed average?
)Average of first 'n’ even numbers =(𝑛 + 1)
2 RRC Group D 26/08/2022 ( Morning )
3)Average of first n odd numbers =𝑛 (a) 800 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d) 1400
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟+𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
4)Average of consecutive numbers = Solution:-Thechangeineachnumberofagroupleadstothe
2
ame change in average of the group.
s
𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟+1
5)Average of 1 to n odd numbers = Then, the changed average = 40 × 20 = 800
2
𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟+2
6)Average of 1 to n even numbers =
2
Deviation Method
(𝑛+1) (2𝑛
+1)
7)Average of squares of first n natural numbers=
6
2 If we have to find average traditionally then simply
𝑛(𝑛
+1)
8)Average of cubes of first n natural numbers = 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠(𝑆
)
4 Average =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠(𝑁 )
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟×(𝑛
+1)
)Average of n multiples of any number =
9 ut this method canbelengthysometimessotoavoidthiswe
b
2
use the Deviation method.
10)Combined mean or combined average :
Step1-Consideranynumberintherangeofthesenumbersas
Ifthemeanof 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 observationsare 𝑥1 and𝑥2 respectively average.
𝑛1𝑥1 +𝑛2𝑥2 Step 2 - Find the difference of average from each number
then, Combined mean = i.e.deviation.
𝑛1+𝑛2
Step 3 - Add the deviationanddivideitbythetotalnumberof
11) If the observations are in A.P. then average is the middle
observations.
t erm.
Step 4 - Add or subtract (according to sign of deviation) the
(a) If number of terms are odd
deviation from the average that we considered to get an
accurate average.
Example :-Find the average of 45,50,46,55,40,41,52
Solution :-Let average =46
45, 50, 46, 55, 40, 41, 52
Deviation: -1, +4, 0, +9, -6, -5, +6
(b) If number of terms are even
−1+4+0+9−6−5+6 +7
Net deviation in average= = =+1
7 7
Actual Average = 46 + 1 = 47
Important Note:-
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Pinnacle Average
Example :-Find the average of 45,50,46,55,40,41,52 (a) 44 (b) 40 (c) 42 (d) 36
Solution :-Let average =50 olution :-
S
45, 50, 46, 55, 40, 41, 52 Let the average score of the batsman till 11th inning be A.
Deviation: -5, +0, -4, +5, -10, -9, +2 Total sum of runs in 11 innings = 11A
−5+0−4+5−10−9+2 11𝐴+84
Net deviation in average = ATQ, = A + 4⇒ A = 36
7 12
−21 So, The average score after 12th innings = 36 + 4 = 40
= =- 3
7
Actual Average = 50 - 3 = 47
Addition of New Observation
Run Rate and Bowling Average If the average isxandanumberhavingvaluegreaterthanxis
ddedthenthenewaveragewillbegreaterthanx.Similarly,ifa
a
Basically the term Run Rate means how manyrunshavebeen numberhavingvaluelessthanxisaddedthenthenewaverage
coredinoneoverofacricketmatch.Higherrunrateisgoodfor
s will be less than x.
batsmen.
xample :- Theaverageofthefirstfivenaturalnumbersis3.
E
𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑇
Run rate= Find a new average after adding 6.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑
Solution :-The first five natural numbers are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
6×5
xample:-Ifthebatsmanhasscored225runsin9overs,find
E Sum of first five natural numbers = = 15
2
his run rate. Asnumber6isgreaterthantheoldaverage,thenewaverage
225
olution :-Run rate =
S 25 runs/over
= is going to be greater than the old average.
9
15+6 1
2
So, new average = = = 3.5 which is greater than 3.
5+1
6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑
Bowling Average=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Lower Bowling average is good for bowlers. Example :- The average weight of 10parcelsis28.6kg.The
dditionofanewparcelreducestheaverageweightby0.6kg.
a
What is the weight (in kg) of the new parcel?
xample :- If the bowler has taken 3 wickets allowing 120
E
Selection Post 28/06/2023 (3rd Shift)
runs, find his bowling average.
(a) 23 (b) 21 (c) 22 (d) 20
120
Solution :-Bowling Average = = 40 runs/wicket Solution :- Weight of new parcel
3
28.6− (1
= 1× 0. 6) = 22 kg.
Example:- Theaveragescoreofacricketerfor10matchesis
Removal of Existing Observation
0runs.Iftheaverageforthefirstsixmatchesis44,thenthe
4
average runs of the last four matches is:
If the average is x and a number having value less than x is
RRC Group D 18/09/2022 ( Evening )
removedthenthenewaveragewillbegreaterthanx.Similarly,if
(a) 20 (b) 38 (c) 42 (d) 34
a number having value greaterthanxisremovedthenthenew
Solution :-The average score of a cricketer for 10matches average will be less than x.
40 runs
=
Then the sum of the scores for 10 matches = 400 runs xample :-Theaverageofthefirstfivenaturalnumbersis3.
E
Average of first 6 matches = 44 Find a new average after removing 2.
Sum of the scores of 6 matches = 44 × 6 = 264 olution :-The first five natural numbers are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
S
400−264 36
1 Sum of first five natural numbers = 3× 5 = 15
verage of last four matches =
A = = 34
4
4 Asnumber2islessthantheoldaverage,thenewaverageis
Exam Hall approach :- going to be greater than the old average.
(44−40)×6 4
2 15−2 3
1
Deviation = = = 6 So,newaverage= = =3.25whichisgreaterthan
𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ
4 5−1
4
Average of last four matches = 40 - 6 = 34 3.
( Note :- When the average is positive the net average
decreases andwhentheaverageisnegativethenetaverage
increases.) Example :- 18 years is the averageageof36boysandtheir
rofessor. The average becomes 17 years if we leave the
p
professor out. What is the age (in years) of the professor ?
xample :- A batsman scored 84 runs in his 12 innings,
E
𝑡ℎ RRB NTPC CBT - I 01/02/2021 (Morning)
thereby improving his average score per innings by 4 runs. (a) 34 (b) 44 (c) 64 (d) 54
What is the average score per inningsofthebatsmanafter olution :-Average age of 36 boys and professor =18 years
S
𝑡ℎ Sum of ages of 36 boys and professor
t he12 innings?
RRB NTPC CBT II (15/06/2022) 1st Shift = 18× 37 = 666𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Average age of boys only = 17 years
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Pinnacle Average
Overlapping of Two observation :-
um of ages of boys = 17× 36 = 612𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
S
Age of Professor = 666 - 612 = 54 years
Exam hall approach :- Example:-Theaverageof10numbersis26.5.Iftheaverage
f the first 6 numbers is 25 and the average of the last 6
o
numbersis29,thenwhatistheaverageofthe5thandthe6th
number?
AFCAT 15/02/2022 (1st Shift)
(a) 29.2 (b) 29 (c) 29.5 (d) 28
Solution :-According to the question,
um of 1st 10 numbers = 10 × 26.5 = 265
S
18+36
Age (in years) of the professor (x) = = 54 years Sum of 1st 6 numbers = 6 × 25 = 150
1
Sum of last 6 numbers = 6 × 29 = 174
Sum of 5th and 6th numbers = (150 + 174) - 265 = 59
xample :- There are some children in a camp and their
E 59
Required average = = 29.5
2
average weight is40kg.If5childrenwithaverageweight36
xam hall Approach :-
E
kg join thecamporif5childrenwithaverageweight43.2kg
Average = 26.5
leavethecamp,theaverageweightofchildreninbothcasesis
equal. How many children are there in the camp, initially?
SSC CGL 23/8/2021 (Evening)
(a) 35 (b) 45 (c) 40 (d) 50
Solution :-Let number of children = x
40𝑥+5×36 40𝑥−5×43.2
Net deviation = -9 + 15 = +6
𝑥+
5
= 𝑥−
5
,
6
( 𝑥 − 5)(40𝑥 + 180) = (𝑥 + 5)(40𝑥 − 216) average of the 5th and the 6th number = 26.5 + = 29.5
2
40x2 + 180x - 200x - 900 = 40x2 - 216x + 200x - 1080
4x = 180, x = 45
Exam hall approach :-
Data Misread
Example :- The average of 10 observations is 46. It was
r ealized later that an observation was misread as 42 in the
place of 142. The correct average is:
According to question, SSC GD Constable 16/11/2021 (Morning)
20 16 (a) 52 (b) 46 (c) 58 (d) 56
⇒ 40 - = 40 -
+5
𝑛 𝑛−5 Solution :-
20 16 142−42
⇒− =− ⇒ n = 45 The correct average = 46 +
𝑛+5 𝑛−5 10
100
46 +
= = 46 +10 = 56
10
Overlapping of Observation
Overlapping of one observation :- xample:-Renu’smarkswerewronglyenteredas99inplace
E
of 9. Due to this error, the average marks oftheclasswere
2.25 more than the actual average. What is the number of
Example:-Themeanof25observationsis36.Ifthemeanof
students in the class?
itsfirst13observationsis32andthelast13observationsis
RRB NTPC CBT II (09/05/2022) 2nd Shift
40, then what will be its 13th observation?
(a) 40 (b) 36 (c) 42 (d) 38
RRB NTPC CBT - I 19/01/2021 (Evening)
(a) 38 (b) 36 (c) 23 (d) 40 Solution :- Let there be “n” students
Increased marks due to the wrong entry = 99 - 9 = 90
olutions :-Sum of 25 observations = 36 × 25 = 900
S
90
Sum of first 13 observations = 32 × 13 = 416 ATQ , = n ⇒ n = 40
2.2
5
Sum of Last 13 observations = 40 × 13 = 520
Sumoffirst13observations+Sumoflast13observations−
13th observation = Total sum of 25 observations Replacement
416 + 520 − 13th observation = 900
13th observation = 36
xample :- The average height of a certain number of
E
xam hall Approach :-
E students in a group is 155.6 cm. If 12 students having an
Average of 25 observation = 36 average height of 150.5 cm join the group and 7 students
Average of 1st 13 observation = 32 having an average height of 159 cm leave the group, the
Average of last 13 observation = 40 average height of the studentsinthegroupwilldecreaseby
Deviation = -4× 13 and + 4× 13 = -52 and + 52= 0 34 mm. What is the number of students, initially, in the group?
13th observation = 36 + 0 = 36 SSC CHSL 5/8/2021 (Morning)
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Pinnacle Average
(a) 30 (b) 25 (c) 40 (d) 20 SC CHSL 02/08/2023 (1st Shift)
S
olutions :-34 mm = 3.4 cm
S (a) 27.2 years (b) 24.8 years (c) 32.8 years (d) 25.2 years
Let the number of students = n olution :- Total age of 6 member
S
According to question, = 25 × 6 = 150 years
𝑛 × 155. 6 + 12 × 150. 5 − 7 × 159 Total age before 4 year = 150− (6 × 4) = 126years
= (𝑛 + 5) × 152. 2 126
Required average age = = 25.2 years
3.4n + 693 = 761 ⇒ n = 20 5𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
Shifting of Observation Miscellaneous
Example:- TheaverageweightofstudentsofsectionAand Example :-Meantemperatureofacityforaweekis28°C.If
having40studentseachis45.5kgand44.2kgrespectively.
B t he mean temperatureforMonday,Tuesday,Wednesdayand
Two students of section A having average weight 48.75 kg Thursday is 27.5°C and the meantemperatureforThursday,
wereshiftedtoBand2studentsofsectionBwereshiftedto Friday, Saturday and Sunday is 29°C, the temperature
section A, making the average weight of both the sections recorded for Thursday is.
equal.Whatistheaverageweight(inkg)ofthestudentswho RRB ALP Tier - I (29/08/2018) Evening
were shifted from section B to section A? (a) 30° Celsius (b) 29° Celsius (c) 31° Celsius (d) 28° Celsius
SSC CGL 23/08/2021 (Afternoon)
olution :- Mean temperature of a city = 28°C
S
(a) 34.5 (b) 35 (c) 35.75 (d) 34.25
DeviationintheaveragetemperatureforMondayto Thursday
Solution :- Difference in the average weight of thestudents = - 0.5 × 4 = - 2°C
45.5 - 44.2 = 1.3
= DeviationintheaveragetemperatureforThursday toSunday
Total difference of the weight = 1.3 × 40 = 52 = + 1 × 4 = 4°C
So 26 kg is needed to be transfer from section A to B Net deviation in temperature
If two students are transferred then the = - 2 + 4 = 2°C
difference in the weight = 13 So, the temperature recorded for Thursday = 28 + 2 = 30°C
So, the average weight of the students transferred from B to A
A = 48.75 - 13 = 35.75
Example :- An art exhibition was held in the month of
ovember. The numbers of visitors on weekdays and on
n
xample:-Therearethreepositivenumbers.Iftheaverageof
E weekends were 450 and 750 respectively. If the first dayof
any two of them is added to the third number,theresulting themonthwasMonday,thenwhatwastheaveragenumberof
sums are 154, 148 and 132. The sum of the original three visitors in the month ?
numbers is: SSC MTS 16/08/2019 (Evening)
SSC MTS 07/10/2021 (Evening) (a) 520 (b) 530 (c) 510 (d) 540
olution :-
S olution:- Month is started with monday so totalweekends
S
Let the three numbers be a, b and c. = 2 × 4 = 8
According to question, Total number of visitors on weekends = 750 × 8 = 6000
𝑎+𝑏 Total number of visitors on weekdays = 450 × 22 = 9900
+ c = 154
2 6000+9900
⇒ a + b + 2c = 308 …….(1) Desired average = = 530
30
𝑏+𝑐
+ a = 148
2
⇒ b + c + 2a = 296 …….(2) xample:-Thereare45studentsinahostel.Ifthenumberof
E
𝑎+𝑐 students increases by 5, the total expenses of the mess
+ b = 132
2 increase by ₹30 per day while the averagedailyexpenditure
⇒ a + c + 2b = 264…….(3) per head diminishes by ₹2. Find the original total daily
dding eqn (1), (2) and (3), we get
A expenditure of the mess.
4(a + b + c) = 308 + 296 + 264 SSC MTS 13/07/2022 (Evening)
⇒ 4(a + b + c) = 868⇒ a + b + c = 217 (a) ₹1,170 (b) ₹1,710 (c) ₹1,200 (d) ₹1,250
Exam hall approach :- Solution :-
154+148+132 34
4 Let the average expenditure be x
Sum of numbers = = = 217
2
2 Now according to the question
45x + 30 = 50(x - 2)
45x + 30 = 50x - 100
Age Based 5x = 130⇒ x = 26
original total daily expenditure = 45x = 45×26 = 1,170 Rs
Example :- The average age of 6 membersofafamilyis25
y ears. If the youngestmemberis4yearsold,thenwhatwas
the average age of the family just before the birth of the
youngest member?
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Pinnacle WorkandTime
2
2
2 2
Work and Time. (a)7
3
(b)6
3
(c)5
3
(d)8
3
𝐴×𝐵 2×15
1
Solution :-Required time = =
𝐴+𝐵 12+15
ime :- Time is the duration during which anyactivityorwork
T 12×15 2
happens or continues. = =6 days
27 3
Work :- Work is a task or set of activitiestoachieveacertain Exam Hall Approach :-
result.
Efficiency:-EfficiencyisinverselyproportionaltotheTimetaken
when the amount of work done is constant.
1
Efficiency∝
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
60 2
Required time=
= 6 days
heefficiencyofworkmeans,“Howmuchworkonepersoncan
T 9 3
do in one day (expressed in percentage)”.
If A,B,C person can do the work in 𝑥 days, 𝑦 days, 𝑧 days Type - 2
respectively then ratio of their efficiency -
A : B : C • I f A completes a work in X days, B can do the same
Time → 𝑥 : 𝑦 : 𝑧 work in Y days and C can complete the work in Z days
1 1 1 then-
Efficiency→ : :
𝑥
𝑦 𝑧 Total time taken by A, B and C to complete the work
𝑋𝑌𝑍
= ( ) days.
𝑋𝑌+𝑌𝑍+𝑍
𝑋
Example:-A,BandCareassignedtocompleteawork.Ifthe
r atiooftimetakenbyA,BandCis4:3:6.Findtheratioof xample:-A BandCcancompleteapieceofworkin20,24
E
their efficiency. and 30 days, respectively. The number of days they take to
SSC MTS 10/05/2023 (Evening) finish it if they work together will be:
(a) 3 : 4 : 2 (b) 4 : 3 : 6 (c) 3 : 4 : 6 (d) 4 : 6 : 8 RRC Group D 09/09/2022 ( Evening )
Solution :-According to the question, (a) 8 days (b) 5 days (c) 6 days (d) 7 days
A : B : C Solution :-
Time → 4 : 3 : 6 Total time taken by A, B and C to complete the work
1 1 1 20×24×30
Efficiency→ : : )× 12 (LCM of 4,3,6) = ( ) days
4
3
6 20×24+24×30+30×2
0
Ratio of efficiency of A : B : C = 3 : 4 : 2 20×24×30 20×24×30
= ( )days =( )=8 days
480+720+600 1800
Exam Hall Approach:-
Basic Concept
If A completes a work in X If B completes a work in Y
days, days,
Work completed by him in 1 Work completed by him in 1 120
1
1 Required days = = 8 days
ay =
d ay will be =
d 6+5+4
𝑋 𝑌
one day work of A and B together (
1 1
) .
+ Type - 3
𝑋
𝑌
Efficiency related Questions
Type - 1
1
• I f A completes a work in X days, B can do the same Efficiency∝
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
work in Y days, then-
𝑋𝑌
Total time taken by A and B to complete the work = ( )days.
𝑋+𝑌 Example:-AandBtogetherfinishataskin12days.BandC
t ogether can finish it in 18 days. If A is three times more
Example:-Acandoapieceofworkin12daysandBcando efficient than C, then in what time B alone would finish the
t hesameworkin15days.Ifbothdotheworktogether,then same task ?
in how many days will the work be completed? RRB NTPC CBT - I 27/02/2021 (Evening)
SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (4th Shift) (a) 22 days (b) 25 days (c) 24 days (d) 20 days
Solution :-According to question,
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Pinnacle WorkandTime
Efficiency→ A
: C
3 : 1
(A + B + C) = 12
2
Efficiency of A + B + C = 6
60
ccording to question
A Time taken by them to complete the work = = 10𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
6
Ratio of the efficiency (A : B : C ) = 1.5 : 1.5 : 0.5
36
Time taken by B alone to do the same work= = 24 days
.5
1
Type - 6
Type - 4 If Aalonecandoaworkin𝑥daysandAandBtogethercando
t hesameworkin𝑦daysthenBalonecandothesameworkin-
IfAcandoaworkin 𝑥 daysandBis 𝑦% moreefficientthanA 𝑥𝑦
( )days.
t hen - 𝑥−𝑦
100
Time taken by B alone =𝑥× days
100+𝑦 Example:- X and Y together can do a piece of work in 45
ays. If Y alone can complete it in 180 days, then in how
d
many days X alone can complete the work?
Example:-Acancompleteacertainjobin32days.Bis60%
SSC MTS 11/05/2023 (Evening)
ore efficient than A. In how many days can B alone
m
(a) 90 days (b) 40 days (c) 60 days (d) 80 days
complete the same job?
Solution:-
RRC Group D 24/08/2022 ( Morning )
Time taken by X alone to complete the work
(a) 10 days (b) 32 days (c) 15 days (d) 20 days
180×45 180×45
Solution :- Time taken by B alone =( ) days = ( ) days = 60 days
80−45
1 135
100
=32× days = 20 days Exam Hall Approach:-
100+60
xam hall approach :-
E
B is 60% more efficient than A.
Efficiency of A : B = 5 : 8
Total work = 5 × 32 = 160 units
160
B will do this work in = = 20𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
8
Efficiency of X = 4− 1 = 3 units
180
Type - 5 Required time = = 60 days
3
• If A and B completes a work in X days, B andC can do
the same work in Y days and C and A can complete the Type - 7
work in Z days then -
Total time taken by A, B and C to complete the work 𝑝
• If A can Finish 𝑞 work in𝑥days, thentotal time taken
2𝑋
𝑌𝑍
= ( ) days. 𝑞
𝑋𝑌+𝑌𝑍+𝑍
𝑋 to finish the work by A= 𝑝 × 𝑥
Example:-AandBcancompleteapieceofworkin20days,B
ndCcancompletethesamepieceofworkin12days,while
a
1
Example:-Acancomplete ofaworkin7daysandBcan
3
CandAcandoitin15days.InhowmanydayscanA,B,andC
2
together complete the same work? complete ofthesameworkin10days.Inhowmanydays
7
RRC Group D 22/09/2022 ( Evening )
an both A and B together complete the work?
c
(a) 15 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 12
SSC CGL 25/07/2023 (2nd shift)
Solution :-
3
7
1
1
Total time taken by A, B and C to complete the work (a) 12 (b) 11 (c) 13 (d) 15
8 8 8 7
2×20×12×15
= ( ) days. Solution :-
0×12+12×15+15×20
2
2×20×12×15 2×20×12×15
3
(
= ) days =( ) days. Time taken by A to complete the work = × 7 = 21 days
240+180+300 720 1
= 10 days 7
ime taken by B to complete the work =
T ×1 0 = 35 days
Exam Hall Approach :- 2
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Pinnacle WorkandTime
Accordingtothequestionweknowthatydonetheremaining
ork in 23 days
w
23 days = 207 unit (23 × 9)
Work done by x + y in n days = 360 - 207 = 153 unit
153
So that , value of ‘n’ = = 9 days
17
Exam Hall approach :-
So, Time taken by A and B together to complete the work
105 1
= = 13 days
8
8
Type - 8
• I f A takes ‘a’ days more to complete a work than the time and Y together do the work till n days
X
taken by (A + B) to do same work and B takes ‘b’daysmore Then, work done by them in n days = (8 + 9 )n = 17n
than the time taken by (A + B) to do the same work. Remaining work = 360 - 17n
Then (A + B) do the work in 𝑎𝑏days According to the question,
360−17𝑛 53
1
= 23 ⇒ 360 - 17n = 207 ⇒ n = = 9
xample :- When A alonedoesapieceofwork,hetakes25
E 9 7
1
days more than the time taken by A and B to do the work
together.Ontheotherhand,Balonetakes16daysmorethan
thetimetakenbyAandBtodotheworktogether.Howmany Leaving before some days :-
days will A and B, working together, take to do the work ?
SSC CPO 04/10/2023 (1st Shift) xample:-AandBcanindividuallycompleteapieceofwork
E
(a) 22 (b) 20 ( c) 24 (d) 23 in18daysand30days,respectively.AandBstartedworking
Solution :- Time taken to complete the work by A and B
2
together, but A left 16 days before theworkiscompleted
together = 25× 16 = 20𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 3
and B alone completed the rest of the work. For how many
ays did A work?
d
Type - 9 SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (1st shift)
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 3
Leaving the work after some days or before some Solution :-
days
Leaving after some days :-
xample:-XandYcandoapieceofworkin45daysand40
E
days respectively. They begin to work together,butXleaves fficiency of A = 5 unit
E
after n days andthenYcompletestheremainingworkin23 Efficiency of B = 3 unit
days. What is n equal to? Total Efficiency of A + B = 8 unit
UPSC CDS - II (04/09/2022) Note :- For Solving this type of questions , we use reverse
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 12 approach
Solution :-
fficiency of x = 8 unit
E AccordingtothequestionweknowthatBdonetheremaining
Efficiency of y = 9 unit
2
work in 16 days
3
Efficiency of x + y = 17 unit
2 0
5
Note :- For Solving this type of q
uestion we use reverse 16 days = 50 unit ( × 3 = 50)
3
3
approach
ork done by (A + B ) together = 90 - 50 = 40 unit
w
So that ,
40
Time taken to complete 40 units of work by (A + B ) =
8
= 5 days
Exam hall approach :
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Pinnacle WorkandTime
Type - 10
Working on Alternate days
Example:- A can complete a work in 10 days while B can
omplete the same work in 15 days. In howmanydayswill
c
2 0
5 the work be completed if they work alternatively?(Given:A
Work done by B in 16 days = × 3 =50 units
3
3
starts the work)
Remaining work = 90− 50 = 40 units Solution :-
40
A and B work together for = = 5 days
5+3
Mixed
xample:-P,QandRcancompleteaworkalonein12,15and
E
ork done in 2 days = 3 + 2 = 5 units,
W
20daysrespectively.Theystartedtheworktogether.Pleftthe
5 units work = in 2 days
work 8 days before the work was completed and Q leftthe
5 × 6 units work = 2 × 6 = 12 days.
work5daysafterPhadleft.Rcompletedtheremainingwork
alone.Howmanydayswillberequiredtocompletethewhole
work? xample :- To doacertainwork,AandBworkonalternate
E
SSC CHSL 15/03/2023 (4th Shift) days, withBbeginningtheworkonthefirstday.Acanfinish
32 28 25
1
(a) days (b) 10 days (c) days (d) days theworkalonein27days.Iftheworkgetscompletedin9
3
3
3 2
Solution :- ays,thenBalonecanfinish5timesthesameworkwithhalf
d
efficiency in :
Solution:-AsBstartsthework,hewillworkfor5daysandA
1
will work for 4 days,
2
1 9 1
If P do not leave the work then he did the work in 8 days Part of work done by A in 4 days = =
2 2×27 6
= 8 × 5 = 40 1 5
So, Part of work done by B in 5 days = 1 - =
If Q do not leave the work then he did the work in 3 days 6 6
= 3 × 4 = 12 6
Time taken by B to complete the work = 5× = 6 days.
Total work done by P and Q = 40 + 12 = 52 5
0+52
6 12
1 8
2 ime taken by B to finish 5 times the
T
So total work done by P, Q, R = = = days
5+4+3 2
1
3 work with half efficiency = 6× 5 × 2 = 60 days.
28
1
So, will do total works in
3
days (Asefficiencybecomes
2
,numberofdayswillbemultiplied
xam Hall Approach :
E by 2 because efficiency and time are inversely proportional ).
Efficiency of P = 5 unit
Efficiency of Q = 4 unit
Efficiency of R = 3 unit
Type - 11
Note:- For Solving this type of questions , we use reverse
approach MDH Formula
MDHformulaisusedtocomparetheworksofthesamenature
oneattwodifferenttimesusingdifferentmanpower.TheMDH
d
formula can be represented as
here ,
W
ork done by R in 3 days = 3 × 3 = 9 units
W
M→ Number of men/women,
Work done by (Q + R ) in 5 days = 5 × 7 = 35 units
D→ Number of days,
So that , Work done by (P + Q + R ) = 60 – 44 = 16 units
H→ Number of hours in a day,
Therefore, time taken to complete 16 units of work by
6
1
4 E→ Efficiency of 1 man,
(P + Q + R) = = days W→ Part of work done
12 3
4
Therefore, time taken to complete the total work = 3 + 5 +
3 Example :- 16 men can dig a ditch 24 m long in 18 days,
4 8
2 orking 6 hours a day. How many more men should be
w
8 +
=
= days
3
3 engaged to dig a similar ditch 42 m long in 9 days, each man
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Pinnacle WorkandTime
ow working 12 hours per day?
n SC CHSL 02/06/2022(Evening)
S
Selection Post 30/06/2023 (3rd Shift) (a) 86 (b) 80 (c) 84 (d) 82
(a) 14 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 9 Solution :-Time taken to finish the work
Solution :- Let the required number of men be𝑥, then 77 77 77×12
16×18×6 𝑥×9×12 ×2×42
2 =
1 1 1 = 1
1 = = 84 days
+2 +4 11
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥= = 28 men 6 12
24 42 ×1×2
3
Extra required men =28 − 16= 12 men Exam hall approach:
𝑚𝑒𝑛 1
6 men = 2 women,
𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑤
= 3
Example:-Thereare300meninagroup.Theyhavefoodfor 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 2
women = 4 boys,
2
𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠
= 1
0 days. After 10 days, 100 more men joined the group.
3
Remaining food will last for how many days? atio
R - men : women : boy
SSC MTS 04/05/2023 (Afternoon) Efficiency - 1 : 3 : 3
(a) 20 days (b) 10 days (c) 15 days (d) 12 days 2 : 2 : 1
Solution :- According to the question, ---------------------------------
Let the numbers of days =𝑥 Final - 2 : 6 : 3
300 × 20 = (300 + 100) ×𝑥 ⇒ x = 15 days Total work = 2 × 6 × 77 units
2×6×77
Required day =
(2+6+3)
=84 days
xample :- 20 women and 15 men together can completea
E
work in 6 days. It takes 150 days for a single woman to
completethesamework.Inhowmanydayscanasingleman
Type - 13
complete the work?
SSC CGL 25/07/2023 (4th shift) Wages Related Questions
(a) 450 (b) 225 (c) 350 (d) 210
Solution :-Equating the total work :- 1
Efficiency∝Wages∝
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
(20W + 15M) × 6 = (1W) × 150
𝑀 1
90M = 30W ⇒
= I fAcandotheworkin 𝑥 daysandBcandothesameworkin𝑦
𝑊
3
otal work = (1W) × 150 = 3 × 150 = 450 units
T daysandCcandotheworkin𝑧days Iftheyworktogetherand
Requirednumberofdayswhenamancancompletethework total wages is W, then -
1 1 1
alone =
450
= 450 days Ratio of their wages = ratio of their efficiency =
𝑥
: 𝑦 : 𝑧
1
Example:- A,BandCcandoaworkin10days,15days,and
xample :- 4 men and 7 women can do a work in8days.7
E 0 days, respectively. They finished that work together and
2
men and 4 womencandothesameworkin5days.Findthe got ₹2,600 as wages. Find C's wage.
number of days in which 8 women can finish the work. SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (2nd shift)
SSC CHSL 16/03/2023 (1st Shift) (a) ₹550 (b) ₹600 (c) ₹575 (d) ₹625
(a) 60 Days (b) 55 Days (c) 40 Days (d) 45 Days Solution :-
Solution :-Let efficiency of men be M
and women be W
According to the question,
8(4M + 7W) = 5(7M + 4W)
32M + 56W = 35M + 20W
𝑀 2
1
36W = 3M ⇒ efficiency of ( )= ccording to question,
A
𝑊
1
ow, total work → 8(4M + 7W)
N Ratio of efficiency of A, B and C = 6 : 4 : 3
3
= 8(4 × 12 + 7 × 1)⇒ 440 unit Share of C = 2600 × = Rs. 600
6+4+3
440
Then, Time taken by 8 women = = 55 days
8×1
xample:- X, Y and Z completed a work costing ₹3,400. X
E
Type - 12 workedfor5days,Yfor7daysandZfor10days.Iftheirdaily
wages are in the ratio of 4: 5: 3, how much amount willbe
IfAmenorBboysorCwomencandoacertainworkinmdays received by X?
t hen𝑥men,𝑦boys,𝑧women can do the samewok in - SSC CGL 20/07/2023 (4th shift)
𝑚 (a) ₹700 (b) ₹900 (c) ₹800 (d) ₹600
=
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 days Solution :-Ratio of their wages :-
+𝐵 +𝐶
𝐴 X : Y : Z = 4 × 5 : 7 × 5 : 10 × 3
= 20 : 35 : 30
xample :-6 men or 2 women or 4 boys can finish awork in
E 0
2
77 days. How many days will 1 man, 1 woman and 1 boy Wages received by X = × 3400= ₹ 800
85
together take to finish the same work?
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Pinnacle Pipe and Cistern
Example:-TwopipesAandBfilltankin20minand30min.
.P
ipe and Cistern.
1
respectively. If A is kept openforonly thofthetotaltime
5
ndAandBarekeptopenforremainingtime;thenhowmuch
a
ipes and Cisterns are just an application of Time and Work.
P time is taken by both pipes to fill the tank.
Concept wise, it is one and the same. In the previous SSC CPO 15/03/2019 (Evening)
proportionality, Efficiency is replaced by Rate of filling. 5 1 5 1
The equation in this case becomes (a) 16 (b) 13 (c) 13 (d) 16
23 23 23 23
Solution :-
1
ate of filling ∝
R
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Volume of water released or filled = Rate× Time
he concept of the percentage of work done can be used to
T
solve most of the related questions.
A few basic points one needs to know to use the percentage
Let total time taken be 5𝑥.
concept are: When it is said thatsomeonehasdoneawork,it
ccording to question,
A
meanshehasdone100%ofthework.Hence,ifAfinisheswork
0
6
in4days,itmeans-in4dayshewilldo100%ofthework.Hence, 3𝑥
+ (5× 4𝑥
) = 60 ⇒ 23𝑥= 60⇒ 𝑥⇒
23
100
in one day he finishes 25% ( ) of the work. Similarly, in 3 Therefore,
4
0
6 00
3 1
ays he finishes 75 % of the work.
d Total time = 5𝑥= 5× = = 13 minute
23 3
2 23
The completeworkcanalsobeconsideredas1unit.ThenifA
1
takes4daystofinishawork,itmeanshecanfinish thofthe
4
xample :- One - fourth ofatankcanbefilledin3hoursby
E
work in 1 day.
pipeAandone-thirdofthesametankcanbefilledin2hours
bypipeB.Howlongwillittakeforthetanktobefilledifboth
Type - 1 pipes are kept open ?
SSC CPO 14/03/2019 (Morning)
hen two taps A and B can fill a tank in 𝑥 hoursand 𝑦 hours
W
1
respectively, then time taken to fill the tank when opened (a) 5 h (b) 2 h (c) 4 h (d) 2 h
2
together -
1
Solution :-Time taken by A to fil th of tank = 3 hr
Or 4
Time taken by A to fill complete tank = 3 × 4 = 12 hr
wo pipe‘A’and‘B’canemptyatankin‘ 𝑥 ’hourand‘ 𝑦 ’hour
T
1
respectively. Ifbothpipeareopentogether,thentimetakento Time taken by B to fill rd of tank = 2 hr
3
𝑥×𝑦 Time taken by B to fill complete tank = 2 × 3 = 6 hr
empty the tank -
+𝑦
𝑥
xample :- Two pipes X and Y can fill atankin12minutes
E
and 18 minutes, respectively. If both the pipes are opened
simultaneously, how long will it take to fill the tank (in mins) ?
Selection Post 03/08/2022 (4th Shift)
5
1 Let total capacity of tank = 12 unit
(a) 15 (b) (c) 14 (d) 7
36 5 12
Desired time = = 4 hours
Solution :- 1+2
𝑥𝑦 12×18 6
3 1
Required time =
= = = 7 min
𝑥+𝑦 2+18
1
5 5
Type - 2
Exam Hall Approach :
Apipe‘A’canfillatankin‘x’hoursand‘B’canemptythetankin
‘ y’ hours .When both the pipes are opened together then.
𝑥𝑦
Time taken to fill the tank = hours … [ y > x ]
𝑦−𝑥
𝑥𝑦
ime taken to empty the tank =
T hours … [ x > y ]
𝑥−𝑦
xample :- An inlet pipe can fill an empty tank in 51 hours
E
Time taken by (X + Y) to fill the whole tank while an outlet pipe drains a completely-filled tank in 76.5
36 6
3 1 hours.Ifboththepipesareopenedsimultaneouslywhenthe
= = = 7 min
3+2
5 5 tankisempty,inhowmanyhourswillthetankgetcompletely
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Pinnacle Pipe and Cistern
lled ?
fi (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 10 (d) 5
SSC CHSL 08/08/2023 (1st Shift) 5×
10×20
(a) 178.5 (b) 127.5 (c) 102 (d) 153 Solution :-t =
20×10+20×5−5×1
0
Solution :- Time taken to fill the tank 1000 1000
51×76.5
1×76.5
5
= = = 4 hr
00+100−50
2 250
= = = 153hr
6.5
7 −51 5.5
2
Exam Hall Approach :
Exam Hall Approach :
Total efficiency = 4 + 2 + (-1) = 5 unit
Required time to fill the tank by A and B 20
53
1 Total time taken by P, Q, and R to fill the tank = = 4 hours
5
= 153 hours
=
3−2
Type - 5
Type - 3
I f a , b , c …..all the taps are openedtogether,thenthetime
wo pipes A and B can fill a tank in x hours and y hours
T required to fill / empty the tank will be :
respectively . If both the pipes are openedtogether,thenthe 1 1 1 1
timeafterwhichpipeBshouldbeclosedsothatthetankisfull ± ± ±….. =
𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑇
𝑡 here T is the required time.
W
in t hours = [𝑦(1- )]ℎ𝑟
𝑥 Note :-Positive result = to fill the tank
Negative result = to empty the tank
Example :- Two pipes A and B can fill atankin27minutes
nd 36 minutes, respectively. If both the pipes are opened
a Example:-ThreepipesA,BandCcanfillatankin5hours,8
simultaneously, after how much time shouldBbeclosedso oursand12hours,respectively.Ifallthepipesareopenedat
h
that the tank is full in 21 minutes? the same time, then the time taken to fill the tank is:
DDA JE (Civil) 29/03/2023 (Evening) RRC Group D 05/09/2022 (Morning)
(a) 9 minutes (b) 7 minutes (c) 6 minutes (d) 8 minutes 2
2 22 22 22
(a) 4 hour (b)2 hour (c)5 hour (d) 3 hour
𝑡 49 9
4 9
4 49
olution :-Required time = [𝑦(1- )]
S
𝑥 Solution :-
21
2
=[36(1 - )] = 36 × =8 min
27 9
Exam Hall Approach :
120
Time taken by pipe (A + B + C) to fill the tank =
49
ork done by Pipe A in 21 min. = 21 × 4 = 84 units
W 2
2
Remaining work = 108− 84 = 24 units = 2 hours
49
24
Required time = = 8 min.
3
Example:- Three Pipes,D,EandF,canfillatankin6min,8
in and 12 min, respectively. All the pipes are opened
m
Type - 4 simultaneously.AndthenpipesDandEareclosed3minutes
beforethetankisfull.Inhowmuchtime(inmin)willthetank
If pipe A can fill a cistern in X hours, pipe B can fillthesame
be full ?
istern in Y hours, and pipe C can empty the full cistern in Z
c
SSC MTS 07/07/2022 (Evening)
hours,thenthetimetakentocompletelyfillthecistern,ifPipes
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 4
𝑋𝑌𝑍
A, B and C are opened together. = Solution :-
𝑌𝑍+𝑍𝑋−𝑋𝑌
Example:-Pcanfillatankin5hours.Qcanfillthesametank
in 10 hours. R can empty the same tank in 20 hours. How
much time (in hrs) will all the three take together to fill the
same tank ?
SSC CHSL 13/03/2023 (2nd Shift) Since, the pipes D and E are closed 3 min before then, at that
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Pinnacle Pipe and Cistern
t ime only pipe F is opened. Example:- Apipecanfillatankin30hours.Duetoaleakage
So, work done by pipe F to fill the tank atthebottom,itisfilledin50hours.Howmuchtime(inhrs)
= 2 × 3 = 6 unit ill the leakage take to empty the completely filled tank?
w
Remaining work = 24 - 6 = 18 unit SSC CGL 24/07/2023 (2nd shift)
Now, the time taken by D, E, F together to (a) 60 (b) 85 (c) 70 (d) 75
18
complete the remaining work = = 2 min Solution :-
9
herefore, the time taken to fill the whole tank
T
= 2 min + 3 min = 5 min
Example :- Pipes A, B and C canfillatankin20,30and60
ours, respectively. PipesA,BandCareopenedat7a.m.,8
h
Efficiency of leakage = 5− 3 = 2 units
a.m.,and9a.m.,respectively,onthesameday.Whenwillthe
150
tank be full? Time taken by the leakage to empty the filled tank =
2
SSC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)
= 75 hours
(a) 4:40 p.m. (b) 5:40 p.m. (c) 6:20 p.m. (d) 7:20 p.m.
Solution :-
Example:- Two pipes can fill a cistern in 12 hours and 16
ours,respectively.Thepipesareopenedsimultaneouslyand
h
it is found that due to leakage at the bottom, it takes 90
minutes more to fill the cistern. How much time will the
leakage take to empty the completely filled tank?
SSC CPO 04/10/2023 (3rd Shift)
3
1 29 15 10
ank filled by A alone till 9 am = 2× 3 = 6 units
T (a) 39 h (b) 36 h (c) 37 h (d) 38 h
49 49 49 49
Tank filled by B alone till 9 am = 1× 2 = 2units
Solution :-
Total tank filled 9 am = 6 + 2 = 8 units
Remaining tank to be filled = 60 – 8 = 52 units
Time taken by A, B and C together
52 2
= = 8 hrs = 8 hrs 40 minutes
3+2+1 3
So, the tank will be full at = 9 am + 8 hrs 40 min. = 5:40 p.m.
Type - 6 According to the question,
48 48 3
If a pipefillatankinxhoursbutittakes‘t’morehourstofillit −
= ⇒ 32𝑥=7(7 − 𝑥)
(7−𝑥)
7
2
duetoleakageintank.Ifthetankiscompletelyfilled,thentime 49
Efficiency of Leakage (𝑥) = unit
required to empty (due to leakage) the tank ? 39
𝑥( 𝑥
+𝑡 ) 48 48×39 0
1
= Hence, required time = = = 38 days
𝑡 49 49 49
39
Example:-Acisterncanbefilledin9hours.Butduetoaleak,
ittakesonehourmore.Ifthecisternisfull,inwhattimewillit
become empty due to the leak ? Type - 7
RRB JE 01/06/2019 (Evening)
(a) 60 hours (b) 30 hours (c) 90 hours (d) 75 hours IftwopipesAandBwhichcanfillatank,suchthatefficiencyof
Solution :- Time required to take empty the fullcistern isxtimesofBandtakestminless/morethanBtofillthetank
A
𝑥( 𝑥
+𝑡 ) 9(9
+1) 𝑥𝑡
= = = 90 hr , then time taken to fill the tank by both pipe together =
𝑡 1 2
(𝑥 −1)
Exam Hall Approach :Tank filler pipe = P, leakagepipe = Q
Example :- Pipe A is 3 times faster than pipeB.Bothpipes
t ogetherfillatankin36min.HowmuchtimewillpipeAalone
take to fill the tank ?
RRC Group D 25/08/2022 (Morning)
(a) 80 min (b) 100 min (c) 156 min (d) 48 min
Solution :-
3×𝑡
36 = ⇒ t = 96 minutes (timedifference)
(9−1)
So, Leak( Q) can empty 1 unit in 1 hour .
90 : B = 3 : 1 (efficiency )⇒ A : B = 1 : 3 (time)
A
Time taken by Leak( Q) to empty the tank = = 90 hours 2 = 96⇒ (A)1 = 48minutes
1
Exam Hall approach:-
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Pinnacle Pipe and Cistern
fficiency of A : B = 3 : 1
E 0 minutes, respectively. Pipe C, attached to the tank , can
3
Total work = (3 + 1) × 36 = 144 drain off 125 litres of water per minute. If all the pipes are
Time taken by pipe A alone to fill the tank = 144 ÷ 3 = 48 min openedtogether,thetankisfilledin45minutes.Thecapacity
of the tank in litres, is:
SSC MTS 14/10/2021 (Evening)
Type - 8 (a) 1500 (b) 1375 (c) 1875 (d) 2000
Solution :-
If the pipes move alternately :-
Example:-TherearetwoinletsAandBconnectedtoatank.
andBcanfillthetankin32hand28h,respectively.Ifboth
A
thepipesareopenedalternatelyfor1h,startingwithA,then
in how much time (inhours,tonearestinteger)willthetank
be filled ?
SSC CGL Tier II (03/03/2023)
(a) 22 ( b) 30 (c) 36 (d) 24 Efficiency of C = 5 + 3 - 2 = 6 unit
Solution :- 90
So, C can empty entire tank in = = 15 minutes
6
ater drain by C in 1 minute = 125 litres
W
Water drain by C in 15 minute = 125× 15 = 1875litres
Capacity of tank = 1875 litres
Example:-Twopipes,AandB.canfillatankof1000litresin
A and B pipes are opened alternately for 1 h hoursand6hours,respectively.Iftheyareopenedtogether,
5
Work done in 2 hour = 7 + 8 = 15 units how many hours will they take tofillanemptytankof1800
Similarly, work done in 29 hour = (15× 14) + 7= 217 units litres ?
In the 30th hour , work will be completed. RRC Group D 24/08/2022 (Evening)
5
2 4
5 5
4 2
5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11
Type - 9
Solution :-Pipe A can fill 1000 litres in 5 hours
It will fill 1800 litres tank in 9 hr
MDH Formula Pipe B can fill 1000 litres in 6 hours
It will fill 1800 litres tank in 10.8 hr
DHformulaisusedtocomparetheworksofthesamenature
M
doneattwodifferenttimesusingdifferentmanpower.TheMDH
formula can be represented as
here,
W
M = denotes the number of men/women,
1000 1100
D = denotes the number of days, Efficiency of A and B =200+ =
6 3
H = denotes the number of hours in a day,
1800×3 54
E = denotes the efficiency of 1 man, ipe A and Pipe B will fill the tank in
P = ℎ𝑟
1100 1
1
W = denotes part of work done
xample:- 6 pipes, working 10 hours a day, can empty a
E xample:-Therearethreetapsofdiameter2cm,3cmand4
E
cisternin3days.Howmanyhoursadaymust9pipesworkto cm,respectively.Theratioofthewaterflowingthroughthem
empty the cistern in one day? is equal to the ratio of the square of their diameters. The
Delhi Police H.C.M. 17/10/2022 (Morning) biggest tap can fill an empty tank alone in81min.Ifallthe
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 12 (d) 22 taps are opened simultaneously, thenhowlongwillthetank
Solution :- Let the required time be x take (in min) to be filled?
ATQ, SSC CGL Tier II (02/03/2023)
× 10 × 3 = 9 × 1 × x
6 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2
(a) 34 (b) 64 (c)54 (d) 44
180 29 29 29 29
80 = 9x ⇒ x =
1 20
= Solution :-According to question ,
9
fficiency of three tapsα square of the diameterof the pipe
E
2 2 2
Ratio of efficiency =(2) :(3) :(4)
Type - 10
= 4 : 9 : 16
Example1:-PipesAandBcanfillatankin18minutesand
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Pinnacle Pipe and Cistern
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Total time taken by all three tap together =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
1296 296
1 20
= = = 44 minute
(4+9+16) 9
2 9
2
Type - 11
xample:- Pipe K can fill a watertankin10hours.PipeKis
E
openedalonewhenthewatertankisempty.Whenhalfofthe
water tank isfilledbypipeK,then4moreidenticalpipesare
opened. What will be the total time taken to fill the water tank?
RRC Group D 07/10/2022 (Evening)
(a) 6 hours 15 minutes (b) 7 hours 15 minutes
(c) 6 hours 45 minutes (d) 6 hours
Solution :-Let the total capacity of tank = 20 units
0
2
Efficiency of Pipe K = = 2
10
10
Time taken to fill the half tank = = 5 hours
2
emaining capacity = 20 – 10 = 10 units
R
Total efficiency with 4 more identical pipes
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 10
0
1
Time taken by all 5 pipes to fill remaining tank = = 1 hour
10
Total time = 5 + 1 = 6 hours
xample:- Nine pipes are attached toatank,ofwhichsome
E
areemptyingpipesandsomearefillingpipes.Eachfillingpipe
can filltheemptytankin24hours,whileeachemptyingpipe
canemptythefullyfilleduptankin18hours.Ifthetankisfull
and all the pipes are opened simultaneously, the tank is
emptied after 9 hours. The number of emptying pipes is:
UP Constable 26/10/2018 (1st Shift)
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
Solution :-
ATQ ,
s tank is whole filled that is 72 units
A
Now both the pipes are opened
And it is emptied in 9 hours
72 + [(3 × n) - 4(9 - n)] × 9 = 0,
[(3 × n) - 4(9 - n)] × 9 = - 72
[3n - 36 + 4n] = - 8 ⇒ 7n = - 8 + 36⇒ 7n =28 ⇒ n = 4
The number of emptying pipes = 9 - n = 9 - 4 = 5
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
𝐷 00
3
∴𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑇)= = =6ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Speed, Time and Distance.. 𝑆 0
5
Some Important Cases
Speed is defined as the distance travelled in unit time.
1
Case 1 :-If Distance→ constant then Speedα
Distance = Speed× Time 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Case 2 :-If speed→ constant then Distanceα time.
Case 3 :-If time→ constant then Distanceα Speed .
Unit Conversion
km/h to m/s Example:- Forthesamedistance,speedinoutwardjourney
nd returnjourneyis50km/hand60km/h.Findtheratioof
a
the time taken.
5
i.e.90 km/h = 90× m/s = 25m/s Solution :-Here, the distance isconstant
18
1
So, Speedα
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
m/s to km/h
So, the required ratio
1 1 6 5
= :
= : = 6 : 5
18 50 6 0 00 3
3 00
i.e.25 m/s= 25× m/h = 90 km/h
k
5
xample :-Iftheratioamongthetimetakenbythreecarsto
E
Note:-
travelacertaindistanceis2:3:5,thentheratioofspeedsof
1 Hr = 60 min = 3600 sec
these cars will be:
1 yard = 3 ft
SSC MTS 11/09/2023 (1st Shift)
1 mile = 1. 609 km ( a) 10 : 6 : 15 (b) 15 : 9 : 8 (c) 10 : 15 : 8 (d) 15 : 10 : 6
Solution :-
xample :-Abullettravelsadistanceof90min0.2sec.Find
E Ratio of time taken = 2 : 3 : 5
its speed in km/hr. 1
As we know:- time ∝
RRB ALP Tier - II (23/01/2019) Morning 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
(a) 125 (b) 1,620 (c) 162 (d) 1,250 1 1 1
ence, ratio of speeds = : : = 15 : 10 : 6
H
90 2 3 5
Solution :- Speed of bullet =
.2
0
18
= 450 m/s = 450 × = 1620 km/h
5 Example :- In the same time, find the ratio of thedistance
t ravelled by A and B at a speed of 6 km/h and 8 km/h
● hen usingtheunitofspeedinkm/h,keepinmindthat
W respectively.
theunitoftimeshouldalsobeinhours.Whentheunitof Solution :-Here, time→ constant then Distanceα Speed.
speed is used in m/s, the unitoftimeshouldalsobein Speed→ 6 : 8
seconds. That is, the units of speed and time are the Distance→ 6 : 8
same. Hence, the required ratio = 6 : 8 = 3 : 4
Example :- The speed of a car is 90 km/h. The distance Average speed
overed by the car in 7 Seconds will be:
c
SC MTS 05/09/2023 (1st Shift)
S
(a) 172 metres (b) 175 metres (c) 170 metres (d) 180 metres a.)When different distance is travelled each timethen,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Solution :-Required distance 𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
5
= 90× × 7 = 175 meters
18
i.e.
𝑑1+𝑑2+𝑑3
xample:-AmantravelsfromDelhitoChandigarhataspeed
E 𝐴 𝑣𝑒. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑= 𝑑1 𝑑 𝑑
of 50 km/h covering a distance of 300 km. Find the time + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3
𝑣1
taken? 2 3
olution :- Here, we are given, Distance(D) = 300 km and
S Example :- A car covers the first210kmataspeedof70
Speed(S) = 50 km/h. m/h. It covered the next 170 km at a speed of 85 km/h.
k
What is its average speed ?
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
SC CHSL 08/08/2023 (4th Shift)
S peed, he takes one hour less than B to cover the same
s
(a) 72 km/h (b) 76 km/h (c) 74 km/h (d) 68 km/h distance. What is the speed (in km/h) of B?
210+170 380 SSC CGL 04/06/2019 (Afternoon)
Solution :-Average speed = 210 170 = = 76 km/h
1
1
+ 85 5
70 (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 5
2 2
Solution :-
Let the speed of A and B be a and b respectively,
xample :- Apersoncovers11kmataspeedof3km/h,21
E 15 15 1
kmataspeedof5km/hand37kmataspeedof10km/h. ATQ: - = ---- (i)
𝑎
𝑏 2
Find the average speed for the entire journey. 15 5
1
and, − =1 ---- (ii)
Selection Post 28/06/2023 (4th Shift) 𝑏 2𝑎
35
3 35
2 15 3
(a) 5 m/h
k (b) 5 m/h
k Adding (i) and (ii) = ⇒ 𝑎 = 5
347 247 2𝑎
2
347 135 Putting the value of a in eq (i), we get
(c) 5 km/h (d) 5 km/h
335 347 15 1
3 − ⇒ 𝑏 = 6𝑘 𝑚/ℎ
=
Solution :- 𝑏
2
𝑡 𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 11+21+37
Average speed = = 1 1 21 37
Exam Hall approach :-
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 + +
3 5 10 ere , Distance is constant , so
H
9×30
6 070
2 335 Ratio of speed (A) = 1 : 2
=
= = 5 km/hr.
10+126+111
1 47
3 347 Then ratio of time(A) = 2 : 1
3
Here time difference 1 unit = hours,
2
.) When an object travels the same distance with different
b t hen taken time by A = 2 units = 3 hours
speeds a and b, then Now time taken by B = 2.5 hours
2𝑎
𝑏 15
𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = , where a and b arespeed Hence speed of B = = 6 km/h
𝑎+𝑏 .5
2
xample :- A person travels from point A to point B at a
E Type - 2
speed of 30 km/h and comes back ataspeedof20km/h.
What is his average speed? and B started their journeys from X to Y and Y to X ,
A
Solution :-Here, distance travelled is same, respectively.Aftercrossingeachother,AandBcompletedthe
remaining part of the journey in ‘a’ hours and ‘b’ hours ,
2×30×20 200
1
So, average speed = = = 24 km/h respectively. If the Speed ofAisxkm/hrandspeedofBisy
30+20 0
5
km/hr then
𝑥
𝑏
henanobjecttravelsthesamedistancewithdifferentspeeds
W =
𝑦 𝑎
a b and c, then
3𝑎
𝑏𝑐
𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑= , where a,b and c are speed xample :- Two motorists travelling in opposite directions
E
𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑎𝑐
meetatthesamepointinbetween.Afterthistheytake9and
16 hours to reach their respective destinations. What isthe
Example:-GopaltravelsfromAtoBatthespeedof5km/h, ratio of their speeds?
f romBtoCat10km/h,andfromCtoDat15km/h.IfAB= RRB JE 28/05/2019 (Morning)
BC = CD, then find Gopal’s average speed. (a) 5 : 4 (b) 4 : 7 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 3
SSC CHSL 09/06/2022 (Afternoon) 1
2
2
2
2 Solution :-We know that→ speed∝
𝑇
(a) 8 (b) 70 (c) 60 (d) 9
11 11 11 11
𝑆1
𝑇2 𝑆1 16
Solution :- = ⇒ =
2
𝑆 𝑇1 2
𝑆 9
3𝑥𝑦𝑥 𝑆1
4
When distance is sameAverage speed = = =
𝑥×𝑦+𝑦×𝑧+𝑧×𝑥 𝑆2
3
Average speed of Gopal in the entire journey
3×5×10×15 2250 250
2
=
= =
×10+10×15+15×5
5 0+150+75
5 75
2 Type - 3
90 2
= = 8 km/hr
11 11
hen Distance is constant and two speed is given with total
W
time or difference of time :-
Type - 1
The difference between time can be solved by some trick
Example :- A takes 30 minutes more than B to cover a Early , early case ‘ - ‘
istance of 15 km at a certain speed. But if A doubles his
d
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
Late , late case ‘ - ‘ Required distance
45×40 (3+1) 800
1 4
= × =
× = 24 km
5−40
4 0
6
5 0
6
Early , late case ‘ + ’
Exam Hall approach :-
Late , early case ‘ + ’
4 1
Time difference = 1 + 3 = 4 min = hr=
60 15
a). Total distance travelled when a man covers a certain 𝐷 𝐷 1 45−40 1 40×3
istancewiths1 km/hrandcomesbackwiths2 km/hr.Hetakes
d - = ⇒ D× = ⇒ D = 24km
=
40 45 15 40×4
5 15 5
‘t’ hr to complete the whole journey is :
Type - 4
and B started their journeys from X to Y and Y to X ,
A
respectively . After crossing each other at point C , A and B
𝑆1 ×𝑆2 completed the remaining partofthejourneyin‘a’hoursand‘b’
Distance = × total time hours , respectively.
𝑆1 +𝑆2
Time when they meet at point C (T) = 𝑎× 𝑏
xample:-Amantravelacertaindistancebytrainattherate
E
of25km/hrandwalkbackattherateof3km/hr.Thewhole
journey took 5 hr 36 min. What distance did he travel by train ?
25×3 8
2
Solution :-D = ( ) × = 15km
5+3
2
5
Example :-AandBstartedtheirjourneysat9a.mfromXtoY
). The total distance covered when a persontravelsacertain
b ndYtoX,respectively.AftercrossingeachotheratpointC,
a
distancewiths1 km/handhereturnswithaspeedofs2 km/h.If A and B completed the remaining part of thejourneyin‘16’
it takes 't' more hours to return than it takes to go: min and ‘36’ min, respectively. Find outthetimewhenthey
meet at C ?
Solution :-T = 16× 36= 24 Min
eeting time at C = 9:24 Min
M
𝑆1 ×𝑆2
Distance = × differenceof time
𝑆1 −𝑆2 Example :- AandBstartedmovingatthesametimetowards
achotherfrompointsXandY,respectively.Aftermeetingon
e
xample :-Amandrovefromhometoatownatthespeedof
E the way, A andBtook5.4hoursandphours,respectivelyto
60 km/hr andonhisreturnjourney,hedroveatthespeedof reach Y and X, respectively. If the speed of B is 50% more than
30 km/hr andalsotookanhourlongertoreachhome.What that of A, then what is the value of p?
distance did he cover each way ? RRC Group D 02/09/2022 ( Afternoon )
SC CHSL 17/03/2023 (1st Shift)
S (a) 2.7 (b) 1.8 (c) 2.4 (d) 3.6
(a) 75 km (b) 55 km (c) 60 km (d) 80 km Solution :-
Solution :- A : B
Speed → 2 : 3
𝑥𝑦
Distance(D) = ( ) t km
𝑥−𝑦 ₁
𝑆 𝑡 ₂
After meeting, =
60×3
0 𝑆₂ 𝑡₁
= ( )× 1hr = 60 km
0−30
6 𝑝 2
4
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑝= 5. 4 ⇒ 𝑝= 2. 4ℎ𝑟.
×
Exam Hall approach :- 5.4
3 9
Speed = 60 : 30
ime = 1 : 2(whendistanceissamethentimeisinversely
T
Type - 5
proportional to the speed) 1 unit = 1 hour
Distance = speed × time⇒ 60 × 1 = 60 km
When actual speed is given :-
Apersoncoversacertaindistance,ifheincreaseshisspeedby
1km/hr thenhetakes 𝑡1 minutelesstimebutifhereduceshis
𝑆
xample:-Apersondrivingatthespeedof45km/hreaches
E
office 1 minute early while she reaches 3 minutes late if speedby𝑆2k
m/hrthenhowmuchdelaywillhereachifhisactual
driving at 40 km/hr. What isthedistance(inkm)thatsheis speed is S Km/hr.
covering?
RB ALP Tier - I (21/08/2018) Afternoon
R
xample :- A person covers a certain distance atacertain
E
(a) 24 (b) 30 (c) 32 (d) 28
speed. If he increases his speed by5km/h,hecanwalk12
Solution :-
min early . If he reaches first and reduces his speed by 5
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
m/h, then how late will he reach? If his actualspeedis20
k so distance travelled on bicycle = 47 – x
Km/h. 𝑥 47−𝑥 2𝑥
2( 4
7−𝑥)
RRB NTPC CBT 2 Level -6 ( 9 May 2022 ) 6 = 13 + 17 ⇒ 6 = +
3
1 17
2 2
(a) 36 minutes (b) 50 minutes (c) 30 minutes (d) 20 minutes
2𝑥
4−2𝑥
9 34𝑥+1222−26𝑥
Solution :-According to the question ⇒ 6 = + ⇒ 6 =
3
1 7
1 221
1
The distance is constant so,s∝ ⇒ 1326 = 8x + 1222⇒ 8x = 104 ⇒ x = 13 km
𝑡
xam Hall approach:-
E
Using alligation method
Now,
ere 3 unit = 6 hours
H
That person will arrive 20 minutes late. So time taken on foot = 1 unit = 2 hours
Hence distance covered on foot
13
Type - 6 = 2 × = 13 km
2
Apersoncoversacertaindistanceifheincreaseshisspeedby
1km/hr then he takes 𝑡1 min less time but if he reduces his
𝑆 Type - 8
speedby 𝑆2k m/hrthenhetakes 𝑡2 minmoretimethenFindout
Speed with stoppage:-
the actual speed (S ) ?
Without stoppage , the average speed of atrainis‘u’andwith
toppage average speed of train is ‘v’ .
s
Then stoppage time per hour
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 −𝑣
𝑢
= =
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑢
Example :- A person covered a certain distance at some Example :-The speed of a train including stoppages is 75
peed.Ifhemoves6km/hrfaster,hetakes30minutesless.If
s mph and excluding stoppages, the speed of the train is 90
k
heslowsdownby4km/hr,hetakes30minutesmore.Whatis kmph. For how many minutes does the train stop per hour?
his original speed (in km/hr)? SSC CHSL 13/03/2023 (3rd Shift)
Delhi Police Constable 02/12/2020 (Shift 2) (a) 10 minutes (b) 15 minutes (c) 20 minutes (d) 11 minutes
(a) 21 (b) 24 (c) 28 (d) 36 olution :-
S
Solution :- Formula :-Stoppage time per hour
𝑆×(𝑆
+𝑆1 ) 𝑡1 𝑆×(𝑆
−𝑆2 ) 𝑡2 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒−𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒
D = × = × =
𝑆1 60 𝑆2 60 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑆×(𝑆 +6) 30 𝑆×(𝑆
−4) 30 90−75 1
⇒ × = × ⇒ hr = × 60 = 10 min.
6 60 4 60 90 6
𝑆+ 6 𝑆−4
⇒ = ⇒ 4S + 24 = 6S- 24⇒ 2S = 48⇒ S = 24
6 4
Example :-Acarstartsrunningataninitialspeedof60km/h,
ith its speed increasing every hour by10km/h.Howmany
w
Type - 7 hours will it take to cover a distance of 1210 km?
Selection Post 30/06/2023 (2nd Shift)
Distance travelled by different medium :- (a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 11
olution :-
S
Example :- A man travelledadistanceof47kmin6hours.
Distance traveled in 1st hour = 60 km.
1
Hetravelledpartlyonfootattherateof6 km/handpartly According to question,
2
Series of Distance will be covered = 60, 70, 80….
1
on bicycle at the rateof8 km/h.Thedistancetravelledon ⇒ 60 + 70 + 80 +…. = 1210
2
𝑛
f oot is: Sum of A.P,(𝑆𝑛) = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
SSC MTS 11/10/2021 (Afternoon)
420 =10𝑛[ 12 + 𝑛 − 1]
2
(a) 13 km (b) 15 km (c) 12 km (d) 16 km
242 =𝑛[ 𝑛 + 11]
Solution :-
242 =11× [ 11 + 11] ⇒ 𝑛= 11
Let the distance travelled on foot = x,
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
So, it will take 11 hours to cover a distance of 1210 km
xample :-Twomendothesamejourneybytravellingatthe
E
speedof18km/hand24km/h,respectively.Ifonemantakes
20 minutes more than the other man, then the distance (in Time is equal in both the cases
km) of the total journey is: 𝐷𝐷 𝑆𝐷 4
2 2
1
SSC CHSL 04/08/2023 (1st Shift) = = =
𝐷𝑐 𝑆𝑐 10
5
(a) 24 (b) 20 (c) 18 (d) 21
Difference of distance = 12 - 5 = 7 unit
Solution :-
7 unit = 280 m
Ratio = 1st person : 2nd person
Distance of cat = 5 unit
Speed = 18 : 24
280
Time = 24 : 18 = × 5 = 200𝑚= 0.2 km
7
Difference in time (6 units) = 20 min. 0.2
1 60
Final time (18 units) = 1 hour Time = = ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = =1. 2𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
10 50 50
Total journey time = 24 × 1 hour = 24 km
Exam hall approach;-
Relative Speed Relative speed b/w dog and cat = 24 -10 =14 km/h
5 70
(i).Same Direction :- 14×
= m/sec
18 8
1
280
Time = 0
7 = 4× 18 = 72 sec =1. 2𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
18
i.e.AandBaregoingtothesamepointZatspeedsof80km/h xample:-Twocyclistsstartatthesametimefromopposite
E
and 60 km/h respectively. ends of a 200kmlongstraightroad.Onecyclisttravelsata
Relative speed of A with respect to B will be speedof20km/handtheotherataspeedof30km/h.How
= 80 – 60 = 20 km/h. long will it take them to meet?
SSC MTS 11/09/2023 (1st Shift)
(ii)Opposite direction :- (a) 5 hours (b) 4 hours (c) 5.5 hours (d) 4.5 hours
Solution :-
Relative speed = 20 + 30 = 50 km/h
200
So, required time = = 4 hour
50
i.e.AismovingtowardspointZat60km/handBisgoingaway
f rom point Z at 80 km/h. ( 1) When the distance is constant :-
Relative speed of A with respect to B (2) When the speed is constant :-
= 60 + 80 = 140 km/h. (3) When time is stable :-
(4) When no value is constant :-
Example :-Apolicemanseesathieffromadistanceof185
. The thief starts running away andthepolicemanchases
m xample :-ThespeedofBis12.5%morethanthespeedof
E
him.Thethiefandthepolicemanrunatspeedsof8m/sand A. They walk for 5 hours and 4 hours respectively. If A will
9m/srespectively.Whatisthedistancebetweenthemafter2 walk 20km more than B then find the distance covered by B.
minutes?
Solution :-
SSC MTS 05/09/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a) 65 m (b) 92 m (c) 120 m (d) 130 m
Solution :- Relative speed = 9 - 8 = 1 m/s
1 second = 1 meter
2 minute (120 second) = 120 meter
Required distance = 185 - 120 = 65 meter
Example :- Adogsawacatatadistanceof280m.Thecat 2
9
tonceranwiththespeedof10km/handthedogalsoranto
a Example :-onepersontotaltrip partbyrail, partby
15 20
catch it with the speed of24km/h.Howmuchtimewillthe bus and the remaining 10 km. Covers distance on foot. then
dog take to catch the cat ? find the total distance
RRB NTPC CBT - I 04/02/2021 (Evening)
Solution :-
(a) 1.3 min (b) 1.2 min (c) 1.4 min (d) 1.5 min
Solution :-
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
elativespeedofpersonwhentravelinginoppositedirection
R
= 5 + 3 = 8 km/hr
Distance covered by both person = 5 × 6 = 30 km
30
Time of meeting = = 3 hr 45 min
ere ,
H 8
LCM (total distance) of 15 and 20 = 60 units o, both person will meet each other at 11 : 45 am i.e.
S
Distancecoveredbyfoot=Totaldistance–(Distancecovered (8 + 3:45)
by train bus) = 60 – 35 = 25 units Exam hall approach :-
Now ,
25 units = 10 km
Hence, 60 units = 24 km
Example :- A person starts his journey in the morning. He
tarted the journey at 10:00 am He covers
s Relative speed = 5 + 3 = 8
30 5
1 3
3 time to meet = = = 3 hr (3.45hr)
partsandonthesamedayat12:10hecovers80%ofthe 8
4 4
7
o, both person will meet each other at 11 : 45 am i.e.
S
journey then find the starting and ending time of the journey.
(8 + 3:45)
Solution :-
xample :-AnilandTirathdrovebetweentwopointsAandB
E
192 km apart. Anil started the journey from point A at8:20
a.m.; drove at a speed of 64 km/h; reached point B and
immediately returned to A atthesamespeed.Tirathstarted
thejourneyfrompointAat9:50a.m.;droveataspeedof96
km/h; reached point B and immediately returnedtoAatthe
samespeed.AtwhattimedidAnilandTirathfirstmeeteach
3 units = 130 minutes
1
other?
Therefore, 7 units = 70 minutes = 1 hour 10 m.
And 15 units = 150 minutes = 2 hours 30 m. SC CGL 21/07/2023 (4th shift)
S
Hence, starting time of journey = 07 : 30 AM (a) 11 : 38 a.m. (b) 11 : 28 a.m. (c) 11 : 43 a.m. (d) 11 : 33 a.m.
Last time of journey = 13 : 20 PM Solution :-
192
Time taken by Anil to reached point B = = 3 hours
64
When two objects start movingfromafixedplaceatdifferent o, Anil reached B at = 8 : 20 + 3 = 11:20 a.m.
S
t imes 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 and with different speeds 𝑠 1 and 𝑠 2 Now, distance covered by Tirath till
r espectively, then find- 11 : 20 a.m. = 1.5 × 96 = 144 km
1.At what time will the two objects meet each other? so , the distance between Anil and Tirath at 11:20 a.m.
2.At what distance will the two objects meet eachother = 192− 144 = 48 km
Relative speed of Anil and Tirath
For solution:- = 64 + 96 = 160 km/hr
tep 1:- We will firstfindthedistancecoveredbytheobjectin
S Required time of meeting
the given interval of time. 48
= ×60= 18 minute
Step 2:- By the time the second object starts moving at its 160
scheduled time, the first object will have covered some distance. Time at which they meet = 11 : 20 + 18 min = 11 : 38 a.m.
Hence the second object will cover this distance only.
xample :-ThedistancebetweentwoplacesAandBare140
E
xample :- Ram starts from point A at 8 a.m. and reaches
E km. Two cars x and y start simultaneously from A and B,
point B at 2 p.m. on the same day. On the same day, Raju respectively. If they move in the same direction, they meet
startsfrompointBat8a.m.andreachespointAat6p.m.on after 7 hours. If they move towards each other, they meet
the same day. Both points A and B are separated byonlya after one hour. What is the speed (in km/h) of car y if its
straight line track. At what time they both meet? speed is more than that of car x?
SC CGL 12/12/2022 (3rd Shift)
S SC CGL Tier II (03/02/2022)
S
(a) 11:45 a.m. (b) 9:42 a.m (c) 10:42 a m. (d) 12:42 p.m. (a) 60 (b) 100 (c) 80 (d) 90
Solution :- Solution :-
Time taken by Ram = 6 hrs Let the speed of car𝑥= p km/h
Time taken by Raju = 10 hrs and speed of car y = q km/h
The ratio of the speed of Ram and Raju According to the question,
1 For same direction case,
= 10 : 6 = 5 : 3 (speed∝ )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 140
q – p = = 20 …….(1)
7
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Pinnacle Speed, Time and Distance
For opposite direction case, 35
Distance covered by B per jump = = 7 meters
140 5
+ p =
q 140 …...(2)
=
1 ow, A jump 8 times : B jump 6 times
N
n solving equation (1) and (2), we get
O Speed of A = 8 × 5 = 40
q = 80 km/h Speed of B = 7 × 6 = 42
So, speed of car y = 80 km/h Required Ratio :- 20 : 21
Example :-AjitSinghleftfromplacePat9:30amforplace Example :- An airplane took off from the starting point 45
,andDavidRajleftplaceQat1:30forplaceP.Thedistance
Q inutes later than the scheduled time. The destinationwas
m
betweenthemis416km.IfAjitSingh’sspeedis44km/hand 2100 kmawayfromthestartingpoint.Toreachontime,the
DavidRaj’sspeedis52km/h,thenatwhattimewilltheymeet pilot had to increase the speed by 40% of its usual speed.
each other? What was the increased speed (in km/h)?
SC CHSL 11/08/2021 (Afternoon)
S SSC MTS 22/10/2021(Morning)
(a) 4.30 pm (b) 5 pm (c) 6 pm (d) 4 pm (a) 1870 (b) 2520 (c) 2940 (d) 1120
Solution :- Solution :-
2
0% =
5
,let initial speed
= 5 units, then increased speed = 7 units
Initial : New
istance travelled by Ajit in first 4
D Ratio of speed = 5 : 7
hours(from 9:30 to 1:30) Ratio of time = 7 : 5
= 44× 4 = 176 km Clearly, 2 units of time will cover the delay of 45 minutes.
Remaining distance = 416 - 176 = 240 km 45
Relative speed = 44 + 52 = 96 km/h So, 5 units of time = × 5minutes
2
240 New or increased speed
Time = = 2.5 hours
96 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2100×60×2
1 : 30 + 2.5 hours = 4 pm = ⇒ = 1120
𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 45×5
Miscellaneous xample :-Amonkeyclimbsa12metershighslipperypillar.
E
Inhisfirstminute,heclimbs2metersandinthenextminute,
he slipsonemeterdown.Inthisway,howmuchtimewillhe
Example :- A bus starts from a bus station after every 30
take to reach the top of the pillar?
inutes in thesamedirection.Thespeedofeachbusisthe
m
UPPSC CSAT 2020
same.Zisridingabikeintheoppositedirectionataspeedof
25km/h.Zmeetseachbusin20minutes.Whatisthespeed ( a) 10 min (b) 21 min (c) 12 min (d) 11 min
of each bus? Solution :-
SSC MTS 19/07/2022 (Evening) On first minute monkey climb = 2 m
(a) 50 km/h (b) 75 km/h (c) 30 km/h (d) 60 km/h On the second minute it slips = 1 m
Solution :-let the speed of the bus be x km For every two minute, it climbs 1 m
According to question, So, average speed = 1 m/2 min
Distancetravelledbybusin(30-20)min.=10min.=distance For 10 meters = 20 min.
travelled by Z in 20 min. For the last 2 m jump add 1 min
0
1 So time taken 20 + 1 = 21 min
Distance covered by bus in hour
60 Monkey takes 21 minutes to reach the top of the pole.
20 10 0
2
= distance travelled by Z in hour⇒ ( )𝑥=
25 ×
60 60 60
500
⇒ 𝑥= =50𝑘 𝑚/ℎ.
10
Example :- A is chasing B in the same interval of time. A
jumps 8 times, while B jumps 6 times. But the distance
coveredbyAin7jumpsisthesameasthatofBin5jumps.
The ratio between the speeds of A and B is ________.
SSC CGL 08/12/2022 (1st Shift)
(a) 32 : 24 (b) 30 : 56 (c) 20 : 21 (d)28 : 36
Solution :- Distance covered by A in 7 jumps is equal to
d istance covered by B in 5 jumps .
Let the distance be 35 meters.
According to Questions ,
35
Distance covered by A per jump = = 5 meters
7
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Pinnacle Boat and Stream
Solution:-Speed of boat in still water
Boat and Stream 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑+𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 48+32
= =
2 2
= 40 km/hr.
Important Terms
). Still Water Speed : Speed of a thing in water which is not
1 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
flowing. b) Speed of the current=
2
2).Speed of stream:The speed at which water isflowing.
3). Downstream speed : Speed of athing,movinginthesame
direction as that of the stream . Example:- A person can row downstream 49 km in7hours
nd upstream 36 km in 9 hours. What is the speed of the
a
Downstreamspeed=speedofboatinstillwater + Speedof
current?
tream
s
Selection Post 02/08/2022 (2nd Shift)
(a) 1.5 km/h (b) 2 km/h (c) 2.5 km/h (d) 3 km/h
4). Upstream Speed : Speed of a boat, moving in opposite 49
Solution:-Downstream speed = = 7 km/hr
irection as that of the current.
d 7
36
pstream speed = speed of boat in still water - Speed of
U Upstream speed = = 4 km/hr
9
stream
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Speed of the current=
2
7−4
xample:- The speedofaboatinstillwateris15km/h,and
E =
2
= 1.5 km/hr
the speed of the current is 5 km/h, in how much time (in
hours)willtheboattraveladistanceof60kmupstreamand
the same distance downstream?
SSC CPO 25/11/2020 (Evening) Type - 2
(a) 12 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 20
Solution:-speed of a boat in still water = 15 km/h a)Ifaboattakesequaltimetotravel‘x’kmdownstreamand‘y’
speed of the current = 5 km/h m upstream then ,
k
Downstream speed = 15 + 5 = 20 km/h 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 (𝑥+𝑦)
=
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 (𝑥−𝑦)
Upstream speed = 15 - 5 = 10 km/h
0
6
Time for downstream = = 3hr
20
Example:-Amantakeshalftimeinrowingacertaindistance
0
6
Time for upstream = = 6hr ownstreamthanupstream.Whatistheratioofthespeedin
d
10
still water to the speed of current?
Total time = 3 + 6 = 9 hr
UPSC CSAT (04/10/2020)
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
Solution:- Let the time taken to row a certain distance
upstream be 2x. So, time taken to row a certain distance
downstream = x.
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑥+𝑦) 2𝑥
+𝑥 𝑥
3
=
= = = 3 : 1
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑥−𝑦) 𝑥
2 −𝑥
𝑥
b) If the time taken by the boat to row same distance in
downstreamis 𝑇1 andinupstreamis 𝑇2.thentheratioofspeed
of the boat to the speed of stream :-
𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡
𝑆
=
(𝑇 +𝑇 )
2 1
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
(𝑇 −𝑇 )
2 1
Type - 1 Example:- A boat covers a certain distance against the
tream in 9 hours 36 min and it covers the same distance
s
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑+𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 alongthestreamin6hours.Whatistheratioofthespeedof
(a) Still water speed=
2 the boat in still water to that of the stream ?
SSC CGL 12/12/2022 (2nd Shift)
xample:-Thespeedofaboatwhentravellingdownstreamis
E (a) 13 : 3 (b) 9 : 2 (c) 11 : 6 (d) 8 : 5
48 km/h, whereas when travelling upstream it is 32 km/h. Solution :- Let the speed of the boat in still water and the
What is the speed of the boat in still water? peed of stream be x and y respectively.
s
Selection Post 28/06/2023 (2nd Shift) ownstream speed (D) = (x + y) km/hr
D
(a) 80 km/h (b) 30 km/h (c) 40 km/h (d) 20 km/h Upstream speed (U) = (x - y) km/hr
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Pinnacle Boat and Stream
1 2 2
As we know, Time ∝ (when distance is constant) 𝑇(𝐵
−𝑆 )
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 Distance between the two places =
2𝐵
D : U 2 2
1(1 8 −6 ) 288
Time→ 6 :
48
= 5 : 8 =
2×18
= 2×18 =8 km
5
Speed→ 8 : 5
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑥+𝑦 8
= =
𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑥−𝑦 5 Type - 4
𝑥 8+5 13
= = (using componendo and dividendo)
𝑦 8−5 3
Required ratio = 13 : 3 Average Speed
48
Exam hall approach:T1 = 9hr 36min =
5
, T2 = 6 hr
Averagespeedwhenaboatcoveracertaindistanceandreturn
48 2 2
+6 (𝐵 −𝑆 ) (𝐵+𝑆)(𝐵
−𝑆)
𝑥 5 8
7 3
1 to the starting point = = km/hr
= 48 =
= 𝐵 𝐵
𝑦 −6 18
3
5
Or
Type - 3 2×𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑×𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
average speed = km/hr
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚+𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
Note:-(In the following formulas B = speed of boatand
S = speed of stream)
Example:- A boat in a still flowing river travels a certain
) If it takes T hours more to go to a point upstream than
a istancedownstreamataspeedof12km/handthencovers
d
downstream for the same distance. Then thesamedistanceintheoppositedirectionataspeedof24
2 2
𝑇(𝐵
−𝑆 ) km/h. Find the average speed for the total journey.
Distance between the two places =
2𝑆
RRB ALP Tier - II (23/01/2019) Morning
(a) 20 km/h (b) 15 km/h (c) 18 km/h (d) 16 km/h
Example:-Thespeedofaboatinstillwateris20km/h,while
2×𝑆1
×𝑆2
t heriverisflowingataspeedof8km/handthetimetakento Solution:-average speed =
𝑆1
+𝑆2
cover a certaindistanceupstreamis6hmorethanthetime
2×12×24 2×12×24
taken to cover the same distance downstream. Find the = = 16
12+24 36
distance.
Therefore, the average speed for the journey = 16 km/h
SSC CPO 03/10/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 126 km (b) 125 km (c) 120 km (d) 336 km
Solution:-Let the covered distance = x km
Type - 5
Speed of the boat = 20 km/hr
Speed of the water = 8 km/hr
According to question, Time Related Question
𝑥
𝑥 16𝑥
12
- 28
= 6⇒
12×28
= 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 126𝑘 𝑚
Example:- The speed of a boatinstillwateris30km/hand
Exam hall approach :-
2 2 t hespeedofthestreamis7.5km/h.Whatisthetimeinhours
𝑇(𝐵
−𝑆 )
Distance between the two places = taken by the boat in thestreamtogofrompointAtoBand
2𝑆
then back to A covering a total distance of 90 km ?
2 2
6( 2
0 −8 ) 6( 4
00−64) 6×336 SSC MTS 05/09/2023 (1st Shift)
= 2×8
= 2×8
= 2×8
=126 km
(a) 3.2 (b) 2.8 (c) 3.4 (d) 3.0
Solution :-Let total time taken is T hours
45 45
)IfthetotaltimetakenbytheboattorowadistanceofDand
b T = +
0+7.5
3 30−7.5
reach back to its initial points is T then 45 45
2 2
⇒ + = 1.2 + 2 = 3.2 hours
𝑇(𝐵
−𝑆 ) 37.5
22.5
Distance between the two places =
2𝐵
xample:- The ratioofthespeedoftheboatinstillwaterto
E
xample:-Apersonissailinginariverat12km/hragainstthe
E thespeedofthestreamis8:3andtheboatcantravel22km
flowofariverwhichisflowingat6km/hr.Ifittakesonehour downstreamin24minutes.Then,howmuchtimewilltheboat
to reach back on its starting point then find one way distance? take to cover 50 km upstream ?
AFCAT 12/02/2022 (1st Shift) SSC CHSL 13/03/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a) 8 km(b) 9 km (c) 10 km (d) 11 km (a) 3 hrs (b) 4 hrs (c) 2.5 hrs (d) 2 hrs
Solution:-Speed of upstream (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 12 km/h Solution :-Let the speed of boat in still
Speed of current (𝑦) = 6 km/h water and stream = 8x and 3x
Then, speed of boat in still water (𝑥) = 12 + 6= 18 km/h respectively
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Pinnacle Boat and Stream
Speed of the boat to travel 22 km downstream in 24 min et the speed of the boat be x km/hour and Speed of the
L
22 current be y km/hour
⇒ (8x + 3x) = 4
2 = 11x = 55 km/h = x = 5 km/h Let the time for the boat to return from C to A be ‘t’ minute
60
ThehatstartedfloatingbackfromBtoA.12minutesbefore
hen, speed of boat in still waterandstream=40km/hand
T the boat turned back,
15km/h respectively so the hat's return took (12minut + t).
50 DistanceBC=TimetakenbyboatupstreamxSpeedofboat
therefore , boat take to cover 50 km upstream =
40−15
upstream BC = 12(x - y)
= 2 hours
Similarly,
Distance AC = t(x + y)
Distance AB = (t + 12)y
xample:- Aboatcantravel20kmdownstreamin50min.If
E
Distance AB + BC = distance AC
the speed of water is 20% of the speed of the boat
(t + 12)y + 12(x - y) = t(x + y) Time, t = 12
downstream,howmuchtime(inmin)aboatwilltaketotravel
As the hat's return took (12 minutes + t). Total time 24 min
120 km upstream?
4
2 2
SBI PO Mains (02/01/2022) = hours
=
60
5
(a) 450 (b) 675 (c) 240 (d) 500 (e) None of these
3
Solution :-speed of boat in downstream Speed = 2 = 7.5 km/hour
0
2 ( 5 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 60= 24 km/h
×
50 Exam hall approach:
20
Speed of current (𝑦) = 24 × = 4.8 km/h
100
peed of boat in still water (𝑥) = 24 - 4.8 = 19.2km/h
S
Then, speed of upstream (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 19.2 - 4.8 = 14.4km/h
Now, time taken by boat to travel 120 km
120
upstream = × 60= 500 minute istance from starting point to the point where cap fell
D
4.4
1
= 3 km.
2
Time will be twice = 2× 12 = 24 minutes or hour.
Type - 6 5
3
Speed 2 = 7.5 km/hour
( 5 )
Return Based Question
Example:- A ship is208kmawayfromthecoast.Thereisa
oleinitthroughwhich6litersofwaterisfilledin5minutes.
h
Theshipalsohasawatertapwhichout60litersofwaterper
hour.Thenfindthespeedoftheship.Ifarescueshipcoming
towards the s hip ataspeedof7km/hcanreachitbeforeit
sinks? 156 liters of water is enough to sink ship.
Solution :-ship speed =𝑥km/h
5 min = 6 liter⇒ 60 min = 72 liter
out water from ship in 1 hour = 60 liter
Then , filled water in 1 hour = 12 liter
12 liter = 1 hr⇒ 156 liter = 13 hr
Distance b/w both ship = 208 km,
Speed of rescue ship = 7km/h
Relative speed of both ship =(𝑥 + 7) km/h
208
(𝑥 + 7) = ⇒ (𝑥
+ 7) = 16 ⇒ 𝑥= 9km/h
13
xample:-suddenlyhercapflewoffand startedflowingwith
E
the current. The boat continued tomoveagainstthecurrent
for12minutes.WhenSakshirealizedthathercaphadblown
off,sheturnedtheboatandstartedsailingtowardthecap.He
caughtthecapatthesameplacewherehestartedwalking.If
hiscapflewatadistanceof3kmfromthestartingpoint,then
find the speed of the stream.
Solution:-
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Pinnacle Train
= 330 + 710 = 1040 m
Train
1040
Required time = = 52 seconds
20
Distance = Speed× Time
e justneedtorememberthisformula.Iftwovaluesaregiven
W Type - 2
the third can be found easily.
Relative Speed in same direction
Unit Conversion
(a) Train crossing another train moving in the same direction :-
I n such cases the distance covered by one train to cross the
km/h to m/s other train will be equal to the sum of lengths of the two trains.
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=
5 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
i.e.90 km/h = 90× /s = 25m/s
m
18
xample: Atraintravelingat80km/hcrossesanothertrain
E
m/s to km/h
travelinginthesamedirectionat26km/hin30seconds.What
is the combined length of both the trains ?
18 SC CHSL 08/08/2023 (4th Shift)
S
i.e.25 m/s= 25× km/h = 90 km/h
5 (a) 400 m (b) 450 m (c) 550 m (d) 350 m
Solution :-Relative speed = 80− 26 = 54 km/h
Note:-1 Hr = 60 min = 3600 sec According to question,
5 1+𝐿2
𝐿
1 yard = 3 ft 54 × =
18 0
3
1 mile = 1. 609 km L1 + L2 = 15 × 30 = 450 m
Type - 1
(b) When two train start their journey at different times:-
Train Crossing One Man/Pole/Platform/Tunnel/Train Example: TwotrainsstarttheirjourneyfromChandigarhat
:30 AM and 9:00AM.Theirspeedis60Km/hand75Km/h
8
respectively. Then find out at what time both the trains will
( a) Train crossing a person or pole :- meet each other and at what distance from Chandigarh. .
In such cases the length of the person or pole is taken to be Solution :-
negligible. To cross the person the train has to cover a distance
equal to its length.
Example : What is the time taken by a 450 m long train
r unning at 54 km/h to cross a man standing on a platform ?
TPC CBT II (09/05/2022) 1st Shift
N
(a) 25 seconds (b) 32 seconds
1
(c) 28 seconds (d) 30 seconds Now, time = hours, speed = 60 Km/h
2
5
1
Solution :-Here, Speed = 54 km/h = 54 × m/s = 15 m/s. Hence, distance covered by the first train = × 60 = 30 km
18 2
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 50
4 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30
Required time = = = 30 seconds Meeting time =
= = 2 hours
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 5
1 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 5−60
7
oth trains will meet each other at 11:00 am (9:00 + 2hr)
B
Total time = 2.5 hr
Distance = 2.5 × 60 = 150 km
(b) Train crossing a platform or tunnel :-
In such a case the distance covered by train to cross the
latform will be equal to sum of length of train and platform.
p (c) When a train crosses a running person/man :-
Example :-A train 228 meters long is running at a speedof
25km/hr.Inhowmuchtime(inseconds)willthistraintake
1
xample:Lengthofatrainis330metresanditismovingat
E tocrossapersonrunningataspeedof17km/hrinthesame
thespeedof72km/hr.Inhowmuchtimewillittakescrossa direction in which it is moving?
platform of length 710 metres? SSC MTS 14/09/2023 (3rd Shift)
SC CGL Tier II (08/08/2022)
S (a) 9.2 (b) 7.6 (c) 6.2 (d) 8.5
(a) 52 seconds (b) 56 seconds 5
Solution:-Relative speed = (125− 17) = 108× = 30 m/s
(c) 72 seconds (d) 64 seconds 18
5 228
Solution:-Here,Speed = 72 km/hr= 72 × = 20 m/s Time required = = 7.6 seconds
18 30
Distance = Length of train + Length of platform
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Pinnacle Train
( d) Train crossing a man sitting in another train moving in the
Their relative speed = 65 + 35 = 100 km/hr.
same direction :-
30
1
I n such a case, the distance covered bythetraintocrossthe Time taken to meet = = 1.3 hr or 1 hr. 18 min.
100
man will be equal to the length of the train. Time at which they meet = 5:00 pm + 1 hr. 18 min. = 6 : 18 pm
The length of the second train will not be considered :-
Find distance :-
Example:Twotrainsaremovinginthesamedirectionatthe xample :- The distance between two stations A and B is
E
peedof36km/hrand48km/hr.Thetimetakenbythefaster
s 200km.AtrainrunsfromAtoBataspeedof75km/hr,while
traintocrossamansittingintheslowertrainis33seconds. another train runsfromBtoAataspeedof85km/hr.What
What will be the length of the faster train? will be thedistancebetweenthetwotrain(inkm)3minutes
SC CGL 07/12/2022 (4th Shift)
S before they meet?
(a) 770 metres (b) 90 metres SSC CGL 21/04/2022(Morning)
(c) 110 metres (d) 180 metres (a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 ( d) 6
Solution :-Let the length of the train be𝑥m olution :- Relative speed oftwotrainissumoftheirspeed
S
𝑥 8
1 𝑥
3 because they are running towards each other
× = 33⇒ = 33⇒ 𝑥= 110
48−36
5 10
Relative speed = 75 km/h + 85 km/h = 160 km/h
So, the length of the train is 110 metres.
3
Time = 3 minutes = hours
60
Relative Speed in Opposite direction 3
Distance = speed × time = 160 ×
60
= 8𝑘𝑚
(a) Train crossing another train moving in the opposite direction:-
I n such a case the distance covered byonetraintocrossthe
( c) Train crossing a man sitting in another train moving in
other train will be equal to the sum of lengths of the two trains.
opposite direction :-
In such a case the distance covered by the traintocrossthe
xample : Two trains that are 125 metres and99metresin
E
an will be equal to the length of the train.
m
length, respectively, are running inoppositedirectionsatthe
speeds of 40 km/h and 32 km/h,respectively.Inhowmuch
Length of the second train will not be considered :-
time will they be completely clear of each other from the
moment they meet? Example : Renu was sitting inside train (A), which was
SC CHSL 17/08/2023 (1st Shift)
S t ravelling at 50 km/h. Another train, B, whose length was
(a) 10.2 sec (b) 11.2 sec (c) 9.2 sec (d) 12.2 sec three times the length of A crossed her in the opposite
Solution :- Here, Relative speed of firsttrainwithrespectto directionin15seconds.IfthespeedoftrainBwas58km/h,
5 then the length of train A (in m) is :
second train = (40 + 32) km/h = 72× = 20 m/s
18
SC CGL Tier II (12/09/2019)
S
Distance = Length of first train + Length of second train (a) 210 (b) 180 (c) 160 (d) 150
= 125 + 99 = 224 meters Solution :-Let the length of train A = L
224 ⇒ the length of train B = 3L
Required Time = = 11.2 seconds
20 Relative speed of the trains = (50 + 58) km/h
According to the question
( b)Whentwotrainstarttheirjourneyfromtwodifferentplaces 3𝐿
5 = 15⇒ 3L = 15 × 30⇒ L = 150 m
towards each other :- (50+58)×18
Find Time when they meet :-
xample:S1 andS2 aretwostationswhichare195kmapart.
E Miscellaneous
A train starts fromS1 at4:00pmandmovestowardsS2 at
thespeedof65km/h.AnothertrainBstartsfromS2 at5:00
pm andmovestowardsS1 atthespeedof35km/h.Atwhat xample:-Alocomotiveenginewithoutanywagoncangoat
E
time will the two trains meet? a speed of 50 km per hour and its speed diminishes by a
SSC CGL 21/07/2023 (3rd shift) quantity which varies as the square root of the number of
(a) 6 : 06 p.m (b) 6 : 30 p.m (c) 6 : 15 p.m. (d) 6 :18 p.m wagons attached.If with 25 wagons its speed is 35 km per
Solution :- hour,thenwhatisthegreatestnumberofwagonsthatcanbe
attached, if the speed is NOT to fall below 11 km per hour?
RRB NTPC CBT - I 07/04/2021 (Morning)
(a) 169 (b) 144 (c) 196 (d) 225
Solution:-Speedoftheenginewhennowagonisattachedis
50 km/h
The rate of diminishes (50 - S)α √N
istance travelled by train A in 1 hour = 65 × 1= 65 km
D N is the number of wagon attached to the engine or 50 - S
Remaining distance = 195− 65 = 130 km = K √N
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Pinnacle Train
5
1
When N = 25 , S = 35 km/h ⇒ 50 - 35 = K 25⇒ K = = 3
5
If the speed S = 11 km/h
hen , (50 - 11 ) = 3 × 𝑁
T
A/Q
⇒ (50 - 11 ) = 3 × 𝑁 ⇒ 39 = 3 × 𝑁
2
⇒ 13 = 𝑁 ⇒ N = 13 = 169
xample :- A train service got disrupted due to anaccident
E
afteratravelof30km.Thespeedwasreducedtofour-fifthto
the original speed. This caused it a delay of 45 min. If the
accident had happened 18 km farther, it would have been
running late for 36 min. What was the originalspeedofthe
train?
RRB NTPC CBT - I 02/02/2021 (Evening)
(a) 30 km/h (b) 60km/h (c) 50km/h (d) 40km/h
Solution :-
otal time saved = 45 - 36 = 9 minutes
T
For 18 km distance
Distance in both cases are equal = 18 km
𝑆1 𝑇2
4
⇒ = =
𝑆2 𝑇1 5
Difference of time = 1 unit = 9 minutes
6
3 3
𝑇2 = 4𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 36𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠= = ℎ
60
5
𝐷 18
Speed = = × 5 = 30𝑘 𝑚/ℎ
𝑇
3
Example :- Twogunsarefiredfromtherailwaystationatan
interval of 8 minutes. A police officer sitting in the train
reaching the station noticed that there was an interval of 7
minutes between the sounds of two guns. If the velocityof
sound is 350 m/sec. At what speed (km/h) was the train
coming to the station?
(a) 162 (b) 90 (c)120 (d)180
Solution:-Timeinterval=8minutes–7minutes=1minutes
(60 seconds)
As we know,
Distancecoveredbytrainin7minutes=Distancecoveredby
sound in 60 seconds = 350× 60
7 minutes = (7× 60 )seconds
350×60 18
Speed of train =
7×6
0
× 5
= 180 km/hr
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Pinnacle Linear/Circular Race
So , amarjeet beat dinesh by (1610− 1274) = 336 m
Linear/Circular Race
●In a race of 1 km, A gives B a start of 10 sec :-
Important terms used in race :-
Linear race :- it is a straight path such that the starting and
nishing point don’t coincide with each other.
fi
Circular race :- it is a circular path such that the starting and
finishing point coincide with each other.
A will start 10 seconds after B starts from the starting point.
Dead Heat or Deadlock :- A dead heat situation is when all
oth A and B will reach the finishing point at the same time.
B
participants reach the finishing point at the same time.
Head-start :- when a racer gets a start ahead of the starting xample:-AgivesBahead-startof10secondsina1500m
E
point .It is called head start. race and both finish the race at the same time. What isthe
Trail:-whenaracer startstheracebehindthestartingpointor timetakenbyA(inminutes)tofinishtheraceifthespeedofB
start the race behind the other racer. is 6 m/s ?
SSC CPO 11/11/2022 (Afternoon)
● Some cases of linear race :- (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 5
In a 1 km race, A gives a start of 300 meters to B. Solution :-Speed of B = 6 m/s
1500
Time taken by B to complete the race = = 250 sec
6
o, time taken by A to complete the race
S
= 250 - 10 = 240 sec or 4 minutes
●I n a race of 1 km, A wins over B by 10 sec :-
starts the race from the starting point, whereas, B starts300
A
metres ahead of A .
Tocoveraraceof1000metresinthiscase,Awillhavetocover
1000 metres whileBwillhavetocoveronly(1000-300)=700
metres.
● When the same race ends in a dead heat. :- Here, time required by B to finish the race is (t + 10) seconds .
●In a race of 1 km, A gives a start of 100 m to Band still
wins over B by 50 sec. :-
Adeadheatsituationiswhenallparticipantsreachthefinishing
oint at the same instant of time.
p
●In a race of 1 km, A wins over B by 300 meter:-
Example:-Inalinearraceof1000m,AbeatsBby50mor5
econds.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthespeeds(inm/s)
s
of A and B ?
SSC CGL 06/12/2022 (3rd Shift)
0
1 0
1 9 9
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
t the same time, A reached the winning point, whereas, B is
A 19 19 19 10
behind A by 300 m. olution:-RatioofdistancecoveredbyAandBrespectively
S
Tocoveraraceof1000metresinthiscase,Ahascovered1000 = 1000 : 950
metres while B has covered only (1000 - 300) = 700 metres. 50𝑚
Speed of B = = 10 m/s
5𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Example:-Ina1610mrace,Amarjeetreachesthefinalpoint imetakenbyBtocover950misequaltotimetakenbyAto
T
in 91 seconds and Dinesh reaches the final point in 115 cover 1000m.
seconds. By how much distance does Amarjeet beat Dinesh? 950
Time (B) = = 95 sec.
Selection Post 30/06/2023 (3rd Shift) 10
(a) 326 m (b) 340 m (c) 336 m (d) 330 m 1000𝑚 200
Now, speed of A =
= /s
m
95𝑠𝑒𝑐. 19
Solution :-Distance covered by Dinesh = 1610 m
200 10
Time taken by Dinesh = 115 seconds Required difference = - 10 = /s
m
19 19
Time taken by Amarjeet to finish the race = 91 sec.
1610
Distance traveled by dinesh in 91 seconds = × 91 xample :-A and B take part in a 100 m race. A runsat 5
E
115
= 14 × 91= 1274 m. km/hr. A gives B a start of 8 m and still beats him by 8
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Pinnacle Linear/Circular Race
econds. Find the speed of B.
s 1200
RRB JE 02/06/2019 (Afternoon) = 5 = 480 second
9×18
(a) 5.15 km/hr (b) 4.14 km/hr (c) 4.20 km/hr (d) 4.25 km/hr
Solution :-According to the question,
Case 2 :-when both racer running in the oppositedirection
100
Time taken by A to complete the 100m race= 5
5×18
72 second
=
Distance covered by B= 100− 8 = 92 m.
Time taken by B= 72 + 8 = 80 sec.
2
9 8
1
Therefore the speed of B= × = 4.14 km/h
80
5
(I). Time taken to meet for the 1st timeatthestartingpoint=
𝐿 𝐿
Circular race concepts LCM of ( , )
1 𝑆
𝑆 2
LetAandBbetworacersrunninginacircularpathoflength
● Example :- In a circular race of 900m length, A and Bstart
of L with speed S1 and S2 respectively. (S1>S2) ithspeeds27km/hrand36km/hrstartingatthesametime
w
Case 1 :when both racer running in the same direction fromthesamepoint.Whenwilltheymeetforthefirsttimeat
the starting point when running in the opposite direction?
Solution :- Time taken by A to reach start point
900
= × 18 = 120 sec
27×5
Time taken by B to reach start point
900
= × 18 = 90 sec.
36×5
LCM of 90 and 120 = 30 × 3 × 4 = 360 sec.
360
(I). Time taken by both racer to meet for the 1st time at the Required time = = 6 min
60
𝐿 𝐿
starting point = LCM of ( , )
1 𝑆2
𝑆
(II).Timetakentomeetforthe1sttimeatanywhereonthetrack
𝐿
xample :- Zeenat andNasreenparticipateinacircularrace
E = ( )
𝑆1 +𝑆2
of 1.2km.Theystarttheraceataspeedof18km/hand27
km/h. respectively, from the same point at the same time.
xample:-Inacircularraceof2500m,amanandawoman
E
After how much time (in minutes) will they meet at the
startfromapointtowardsoppositedirectionswithspeedsof
startingpointforthefirsttime,iftheyarerunninginthesame
37km/hand35km/h,respectively.Afterhowmuchtimefrom
direction ?
the start of the race will they meet for the first time?
SSC CHSL 02/08/2023 (1st Shift)
SSC CHSL 02/06/2022(Morning)
(a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 8
(a) 2 min 40 sec (b) 2 min 30 sec
Solution :-
(c) 2 min 5 sec (d) 2 min 20 sec
Time taken by Zeenat to complete the circular race =
Solution :- Relative speed when both are in opposite
.2
1
× 60 = 4 min. directions = 37 + 35 = 72 km/hr
18
500
2
Time taken by Nasreen to complete the circular race = Total distance = = 2.5 km
1000
.2
1
8
× 60 = m in. .5
2 5 5
27 3 First time when they will meet =
72
= 144 hr = 144
× 60
8
Hence, required time = LCM(4 , ) = 8 min. = 2 min 5 sec
3
(II).Timetakentomeetforthe1sttimeatanywhereonthetrack Example :- A and B arerunningonacirculartrackoflength
𝐿 400metres.ThespeedofAis33m/secandthespeedofB
1
(
= )
𝑆1 −𝑆2
is47m/sec.Theystartfromthesamepointatthesametime
intheoppositedirection.Afterhowmuchtimewilltheymeet
xample:-TwopersonsAandBarerunningaroundacircular
E
for the second time?
trackof1200mlongwithrespectivespeedsof27kmphand
SSC CHSL 17/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
36 kmph. They start from the same point at thesametime
(a) 33 sec (b) 38 sec (c) 35 sec (d) 32 sec
andarerunninginthesamedirection.Whenwilltheymeetfor
Solution :-Total length of circular track = 1400meter
the first time (in seconds) on the track?
Relative speed of A and B = 33 + 47 = 80 m/sec
SSC CHSL 14/08/2023 (2nd Shift)
Time taken to meet for 1st time
(a) 420 (b) 240 (c) 480 (d) 360
1400 5
3
Solution :-Relative speed = (36 - 27) km/h = 9 km/h = = seconds
80
2
The time they met for the first time on the track
Hence, Time taken to meet for 2nd time
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Pinnacle Linear/Circular Race
35 in a race of 600 m, B can beat C by 60 m. By how many
= × 2 = 35 seconds
2 metres will A beat C in a race of 400 m ?
SSC CGL 08/12/2022 (3rd Shift)
(a) 70 (b) 68 (c) 76 (d) 72
Number of meeting points Solution:-TheratioofthedistancecoveredbyAandBinarac
of 500m = 500 : 450 = 10 : 9
• All the distant meeting points are equidistantin a circular path
TheratioofthedistancecoveredbyBandCinaraceof600m
and the same goes for time.
= 600 : 540 = 10 : 9
• It is independent of the length of the track on balancing the above ratio, we have :
• To get the no. of different meeting points, findthe simplest A : B : C
ratio of the two speeds i.e. x : y 10 9 ) × 40
Case 1:- No. of meeting points when two runners running in 10 9) × 36
same direction = x - y __________________________
Case 2:- No. of meeting points when two runners running in 400 : 360 : 324
opposite direction = x + y Clearly, wecanseethatAbeatCinaraceof400mby76m
i.e.400 - 324
Example:-AnjaliandBabitaarerunningonacirculartrackin
pposite directions from same time at same point with
o
speedsof8m/secand6m/sec,respectively.Ifthelengthof xample :- In a race,a competitorhas tocollect6apples
E
the circular track is 960 m, how many times they will meet? which are kept in a straight line on a track and a bucket is
SSC CHSL 09/06/2022 (Evening) placedatthebeginningofthetrackwhichisastarting point.
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 14 Theconditionisthatthecompetitor,çanpickonlyoneapple
Solution:- Numberofdistinctpointsatwhichthey(thebodie atatime,runbackwithitanddropitinthebucket.Ifhehasto
in circular motion) will meet can be determined by findingou dropalltheapplesinthebucket,howmuchtotaldistancehe
the reduced ratios of their speed (a : b) hastorunifthebucketis5metersfromthefirstappleandall
AstheyaremovinginoppositedirectionRatiooftheirspeeds other apples are placed 3- meters apart ?
= 4 : 3 UPSC CSAT (07/08/2016)
So, they will meet at 4 + 3 = 7 distinct points. (a) 40 m (b) 50 m (c) 75 m (d) 150 m
Solution :-
Example :- Two persons started running on a circular track
imultaneouslywithspeedsof20m/sand30m/sinopposite
s
directions.Ifthecircumferenceofthecirculartrackis100m,
then find at how many distinct points they will cross each istance covered by competitor to pick 1st apple
D
other ? = 2 × 5 = 10 m
SSC CGL 19/07/2023 (2nd shift) Distance Covered by competitor to pick 2nd apple
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 5 = 2 (5 + 3) = 16 m
Solution :- According to question, Distance Covered by competitor to pick 3rd apple
Ratios of speed⇒ 2 : 3 = 2 (5 + 3 × 2) = 22 m
No of meeting points when two runner running in opposite Distance Covered by competitor to pick 4th apple
direction = (2 + 3) = 5 = 2 (5 + 3 × 3) = 28 m
Distance Covered by competitor to pick 5th apple
= 2 (5 + 3 × 4) = 34 m
Some Other concept Distance Covered by competitor to pick 6th apple
= 2 (5 + 3 × 5) = 40m
xample:-Ina1500mrace,XbeatsYby100mandXbeats
E So, the total distance covered by competitor =
Z by 240 m. By what distance does Y beat Z in the same race? 10 + 16 + 22 + 28 + 34 + 40 = 150 m
SSC CGL 18/07/2023 (3rd shift)
(a) 160 m (b) 140 m (c) 150 m (d) 200 m
Solution :-
Z : X : Y
1500 : 1400
1260 : 1500
--------------------------------------
126 : 150 : 140
Then, Y beat Z by = (140 − 126) = 14 units
According to the question,
1500
140 units = 1500 = × 14= 150m
140
So, Y beat Z by 150m .
Example :-In a linear race of 500 m, A can beat Bby 50 m and
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Pinnacle Vedic Math
tep 1 :double the smaller number i.e. 63× 2 = 126
S
Vedic Maths Step 2 :gap between the original number i.e. 71 -63 = 8
Step 3 :Add both the results i.e. 126 + 8 = 134
Vedic Maths is a collection of techniques/formula solving
athematical problem sets in a fast and easy way.
m
xample :-615 + 632
E
Step 1 :double the smaller number i.e. 615× 2 = 1230
Addition Tricks Step 2 :gap between the original number i.e. 632- 615 = 17
Step 3 :add both the results i.e. 1230 + 17 = 1247
Method :- 1
tep1:Findoutthenumberwhichisclosesttothe10smultiple
S
because it is easier to add those numbers. Subtraction Tricks
i.e. 7, 8, 9 close to 10 Method :- 1
21, 22, 23 close to 20 Example :- 357 + 576 - 475
67, 68, 69, close to 70
97, 98, 99, close to 100 ....... and so on.
Step 2 :Add the numbers which are the multiples of10s Method :- 2
hen double digit subtracted from its reversed number :-
W
Step 3 :Add/Subtract the deficiency of numbers.
Step 1 :Find the difference between the digits.
Step 2 :multiply the difference by 9
xample :-Add 38 and 97.
E
Solution :-
Step 1 :38 and 97 are closer to 40 and 100 respectively. xample :- 63 - 36
E
Step 2 :Add 40 and 100 = 140 Step 1 :Find the difference between the digits i.e.6 - 3 = 3
Step 3 :Both numbers have deficiency of 2 and 3 respectively. Step 2 :Multiply the difference by 9 i.e. 3× 9 = 27
So 140 - 5 = 135
Multiplication Tricks
xample :-Add 82 and 167.
E
Solution :- (a) For 2 digit Multiplications :-
Step 1 :82 and 167 are closer to 80 and 170 respectively.
Step 2 :Add 80 and 170 = 250 Method :- 1
Step 3 :82 has 2 extra and 167 has 3 deficiency. xample :- 81× 92
E
So 250 + 2 - 3 = 249 Step 1 :Multiplying vertically the units place
xample :-Add 146 and 467.
E
Solution :-
Step 1 :146 and 467 are closer to 150 and 470 respectively. tep 2 :Multiplying in a cross pattern and addingthe results.
S
Step 2 :Add 150 and 470 = 620 For example, 8 × 2 = 16 and 9 × 1 = 9 and 16 + 9 = 25.
Step3:Bothnumbershavedeficiencyof4and3respectively.
So 620 - 7 = 613
Method :- 2
dd ones with ones, tens with tens, hundreds with hundreds,
A tep 3 :Multiplying the tens digit vertically.
S
thousand with thousand , and so on. For example, 8 × 9 = 72 + 2 (carry) = 74
Example :-357 + 576 + 457
Method :- 3 Example :- 29× 81
ddition When numbers are close to each other :-
A
Step 1 :Double the smaller number.
Step 2 :Find the gap between the original number.
Step 3 :Now add both the results.
Example :- 63 + 71
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Pinnacle Vedic Math
Method :- 2
Example :-36× 74
ultiplication ofTwoNumbersinwhichoneNumberContains
M
only 9 ;-
Step1:Thenumberbeingmultipliedby9’sisfirstreducedby1
and that result will be the 1st part.
Step 2 :subtract the resultant from the number consistingof 9.
Step3 :combine both the numbers.
Example :-423× 999
tep1:Thenumberbeingmultipliedby9’sisfirstreducedby
S
1 and that result will be the 1st part i.e. 423 - 1 =422
Step 2 : subtract theresultantfromnumberconsistof9i.e.
999 - 422 = 577
Step 3 :combine both the numbers i.e. 422,577
Example: -32 × 25
Method :- 3
ultiplying 2 three digit number having zero between them
M
203 × 809 :-
2 × 8 = 16, 2(9) + 3 (8) = 42, 3 × 9 = 27
Now, combining all three outcomes, we get : 164227
(c) Multiplying numbers which are close to powers of 10 :-
Step 1 : Find how much the number is more or less than the
ower of 10 and write it on the right side of the vertical line.
p
Step 2 : Either cross subtract or cross add. This willformthe
first part of the final answer.
Method :- 2 Step 3:Multiplytherightsideoftheverticallineandthisshall
When even number is multiplied by number ending with 5 :- form the right side of the result.
tep 1 :Double the number which ends with 5.
S
Step 2 :Given even number is divided by 2 1). Here base is 100
Step 3 :Now multiplying both the resultants
Example :- 98× 92 Example :- 105× 107
xample :-Find 36 × 65 = ?
E
Step 1 :Double the number which is ending with 5
I.e 65 × 2 = 130
36
Step 2 :Given Even number is divided 2 .so , = 18
2
Step 3 :Multiply both the resultant = 130 × 18 =2340
(b) For 3 digit Multiplications :- 2). Here base is 1000.
Method :- 1
Example :-
(d) Multiplication with 5, 25, 125, 625
10 00
1 000
1 0000
1
5→ , 25→ , 125→ , 625→
2
4
8 6
1
Example :- 341 × 22 1). Multiplication of a Number by 5
10
N × 5 means N ×
2
10
36 × 5 = 36 × = 180
2
10
78 × 5 = 78 × = 390
2
10
128 × 5 = 128 × = 640
2
10
946 × 5 = 946 × = 473
2
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Pinnacle Vedic Math
2). Multiplication of a Number by 25 (7 + 2) = 9
100
s we know that 25 =
A
4 xample :- Find 792÷ 55
E
tep 1 :Divide the number by 4
S Pick the first and last digit of the number and divide by 5
Step 2 :Use (00) with the result . 72
= 14.4
5
Example :-Find 748 × 25
748 xample :- Find 682÷ 77
E
Step 1 :Divide the number by 4 ⇒ = 187
4 Pick the first and last digit of the number and divide by 7
Step 2 :Use (00) with the resultant ⇒ 18700 62
= 8.85
7
3). Multiplication of a Number by 125
N × 125 means N ×
1000 (b) Division of number with 25
8 100
1000 As we know that , 25 =
64 × 125 = 64 × = 8000 4
8
1000
512 × 125 = 512 × = 64000 xample :- Find 35÷ 25
E
8
1000 Just4timethegivennumberandplacedecimalafter2place
48 × 125 = 48 × = 6000
8 from the right hand side
35 × 4 = 140 = 1.4
4). Multiplication of a Number by 625
10000
N × 625 Means by N ×
16
Example :- Find 354÷ 25
10000
64 × 625 = 64 × 40,000
= ust4timethegivennumberandplacedecimalafter2place
J
16
from the right hand side
10000
80 × 625 = 80 × = 50,000 354 × 4 = 1416 = 14.16
16
(e) Multiplying by 101 or 1001 :- (c) Division of number with 5
2 × 101 = 4242
4 10
53 × 101 = 5353 As we know that 5 =
2
87 × 1001 = 87087
92 × 1001 = 92092
123 × 1001 = 123123 xample :- Find47÷ 5 ?
E
456 × 1001 = 456456 Double the number and place the decimal after one place
from the right hand side .
( f) Multiplying an even number by a decimal number 47 × 2 = 94 = 9.4
which is a multiple of 5 :-
3
54 × 1.5 = 54 × = 81 xample :- Find 576÷ 5 ?
E
2
5 Double the number and place the decimal after one place
42 × 2.5 = 42 × = 105 from the right hand side .
2
7 576 × 2 = 1152 = 115.2
86 × 3.5 = 86 × = 43 × 7 = 301
2
9
44 × 4.5 = 44 ×
2
= 198 (d) Division of number with 0.125
1
As we know that 0.125 =
(g) Multiplication of an even number by 15 :- 8
× 15 ⇒ (adding N to half of itself) × 10
N
56 × 15 ⇒ (56 + 28) × 10 = 840 xample :- Find 235÷ 0.125
E
78 × 15 ⇒ (78 + 39) × 10 = 1170 Just 8 times the given number
235 × 8 = 1880
(h) Multiplying a number with twice of itself :-
× 2N = 2N2
N
17 × 34 = 2(17)2 = 2(289) = 578 Example :- Find 28÷ 0.125 ?
21 × 42 = 2(21)2 = 2(441) = 882 ust 8 times the given number
J
28 × 8 = 224
Division
(e) Division of number with 9 , 99 , 999
( a)Divisionwithsamedoubledigitnumber(11,22,33,
If there is one 9 and there is one digit in the given number .
44 etc)
In this type of division , the number arelikewhenweaddfirst Example :- Find (4÷ 9) = 0.44444…….
and last digit of the number , we get the middle number i.e 792
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Pinnacle Vedic Math
If there are two 9 and there are two digits in the given number . ote :-squares of numbers below 50 will always be below 2500
N
so our base for subtraction will be 25.
Example :- Find 53÷ 99 = 0 . 535353…….
( d) Square of any Numbers near 50 and above 50 : -
If there are three 9 and two digits in the given number. Step 1 -Check the difference of 50 from the number.
Step2-Addthedifferencein25andwriteasthefirstpartfrom
Example :- 76÷ 999 = 0 . 076076076…….
left.
Step 3 -Write square of difference as first partfrom right
Tricks for Finding Square
Example :-
(a) Square of Numbers with Unit Digit 5 :
ormula :‘By one more than previous one’
F
2
(𝐴 𝐵) = A × (A +1 ) ending with 25 Here (B =5 Always)
252 = 2 × (2 + 1) …..25= 2 × 3 …… 25 = 625
352= 3 × 4 ….. 25 = 1225
652 = 6 × 7 ….. 25 = 4225
1352 = 13 × 14 ….. 25 = 18225 (e) Square of any Numbers near base 10, 100, 1000 etc :-
2
Example :- (45)
2
tep 1 -For last part simply put (5) = 25
S
Step 2 -Multiply 4 with the next number i.e. 5
So, 45 × 45 = 2025
Note :-This method is applicable to numbers of anysize.
Some more Examples :-
Trick to finding the Cube
Type - 1
3 3 3 2 2
(b) Square of any Numbers : We know that(𝑎 + 𝑏) =𝑎 +𝑏 +3𝑎 𝑏+ 3a𝑏
3 3 2 2 3
(𝑎𝑏) =𝑎 | 3𝑎 𝑏|3a𝑏 |𝑏 write in this form
Note :-While combining them start from the rightend. Type - 2
hen the first digit is 1.
W
( c) Square of any Numbers near 50 and below 50 :
Example :-12 , 13, 14 etc
Step 1 -Check the difference of number from 50
Step2-Subtractthedifferencefrom25andwritethefirstpart
from the left.
Step 3 -Write square of difference as first partfrom right
Example :-
Type - 3
When the last digit is 1.
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Pinnacle Vedic Math
Example :-21 , 31, 41 etc
Type - 4
hen both digits are the same.
W
Example :-22 , 33, 44 etc
Type - 5
ixed number
M
Example :-24 , 26 , 46 etc
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Pinnacle Square Root and Cube Root
Square Root and Cube Root
Square Root
ow we have two values 42 and 48
N
hesquarerootofanumberisavaluethat,whenmultipliedby
T Step 4 : Multiply the smaller number with its successive
itself, gives the original number. number ( a× (a + 1) i.e. 4× 5 = 20
i.e. 36 has two square roots 6 and -6; Now, 20 < 23
62 = 36and−62 = 36, hence we write 36= ±6 Note:iftheproductissmallerthenwewilltakelargernumber
i.e.48 and if the product isgreaterthenwewilltakesmaller
1).Square root by Factorization method :- number i.e. 42
Example:-Find square root of 1089
olution:-First find the factors of 1089.
S
So the answer will be 48.
xample :- 676= ?
E
Solution :-
1089 = 3× 3× 11× 11
1089= 3× 11 = 33
2).Square root by Division method :-
here6liesbetweensquaresof2and3,butweknowthat
W
we always take a smaller number (2).
Example :-Find square root of 2304.
So that , we have two number 24 and 26
olution :-First find the factors of 2304.
S
Now ( a× (a + 1)) = 2× 3 = 6
Note: iftheproduct(2×3=6)isequaltotheremainingdigit
(6) after elimination then we will take larger number i.e.26
Find the square root of non perfect square number :-
Example :- Find the square root of 171
olution :-
S
Note:-Make group of two digit from right 2304= 48 Step 1 : Break the number with nearest perfect square
number
I.e 171 = 169 + 2
3). Find square root with some tricks :-
Step 2 :As we know 169=13
Exam Hall Approach :-
Example :-Find square root of 2304.
olution :-
S
Step1:Taketheunitdigitofgivennumber,thenwritethose
number whose square have same unit digit as the given
number
⇒ 171= 13 + 0.076 = 13.076
xample :-Find the square root of 395
E
Solution :-
Step 1 : Break the number with nearest perfect square
Step 2 : Now neglect the last two number from right side, number
onsider first two number i.e 23
c i.e 395= 400 − 5
Step 3 : Then write the numbers (4 and 5) whose square
Step 2 :As we know that 400= 20
2 2
ontains 23. i.e.4 < 23< 5
c
Note :Always choose the smaller number
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Pinnacle Square Root and Cube Root
Solution :-By prime factorisation 343
3
= 7 × 7 × 7 = 343 = 73 ⇒ 343= 7
𝑁
3 Unit digit
1
3 1 1
2
3 8 8
⇒ 395=
20 - 0.125 = 19 . 875
3
3 27 7
4
3 64 4
Important Table
5
3 125 5
If any number ends with Square root will end with 6
3 216 6
1 1 or 9 7
3 343 3
4 2 or 8 8
3 512 2
9 3 or 7 9
3 729 9
16 4 or 6
Example :- Find the cube root of 6859
25 5
olution :-
S
Step 1: Neglect last three digit of given number
).Ifanynumberendswith1,itssquarerootwillendwith1or,9,
1
given that the number is a perfect square.
i.e. 81= 9, 121= 11
Step 2: Now find the perfect cube number smaller than 6
).Ifanynumberendswith4,itssquarerootwillendwith2or8,
2 3
given that the number is a perfect square. i.e1 =1
3
i.e. 324= 18, 144= 12 tep 3: 6859= 19
S
(Units digit of resultant number = Thenumber,whoseunit
3). If any number ends with 5, its square root will end with 5, digitoftheperfectcubeisequaltotheunitdigitofthegiven
iven that the number is a perfect square.
g number )
i.e. 225= 15, 625= 25
4). If any number ends with 6, its square root will end with 6,
iven that the number is a perfect square.
g
3
i.e. 256= 16, 676= 26 i.e . 9 = 729so unit digit of resultant value= 9
).Ifanynumberendswith9,itssquarerootwillendwith3or7,
5 Example :- Find the cube root of 19683
given that the number is a perfect square. olution :-
S
i.e. 49= 7, 169= 13 Step 1: Neglect last three digit of given number
6).The unit digit of the square of any number isnot 2, 3, 7 or 8.
7).Therepeatedsumofthedigitsofaperfectsquareisalways Step 2: Now find the perfect cube number smaller than 19
, 4, 7 or 9.
1 3
i.e2 =8
3
tep 3: 19683= 27
S
Cube Root
(Units digit of resultant number = Thenumber,whoseunit
digitoftheperfectcubeisequaltotheunitdigitofthegiven
uberootofanumberisavaluewhichwhenmultipliedbyitself
C
number )
thrice or three times produces the original value.
3
i.e. thecuberootof27,denotedas 27,is3,becausewhenwe
multiply 3 by itself three times we get 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 = 33.
xample :-Find the cube root of 64.
E 3
i.e . 7 = 343so unit digit of resultant value= 7
Solution :- To find the cube root of 64, weneedtousethe
prime factorisation method.
64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 = 43 Example :-Find the cube root of 274625
Now taking the cube root on both the sides, olution :-
S
3
we get ; 64= 4 Step 1 : Neglect last three digit of given number
3
Example :-Find 343
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Pinnacle Square Root and Cube Root
Step2: Nowfindtheperfectcubenumbersmallerthan274 Cubes
3
i.e6 = 216 3 3 3
3
1 = 1 11 = 1331 21 = 9261
Step 3 : 274625= 65 3 3 3
2 = 8 12 = 1728 22 = 10648
( Units digit of resultant number = The number,whoseunit
3 3 3
digitoftheperfectcubeisequaltotheunitdigitofthegiven 3 = 27 13 = 2197 23 = 12167
number ) 3 3 3
4 = 64 14 = 2744 24 = 13824
3 3 3
5 = 125 15 = 3375 25 = 15625
3 3 3
Find the cube root of non perfect cube number :- 6 = 216 16 = 4096 26 = 17576
3 3 3
7 = 343 17 = 4913 27 = 19683
xample :Find the cube root of 345
E 3
8 = 512
3
18 = 5832
3
28 = 21952
Solution : 3 3 3
Step1: Breakthenumberwithnearest perfectcubenumber 9 = 729 19 = 6859 29 = 24389
3 3 3
3 3
i.e 345 = 343 + 2 10 =1000 20 = 8000 30 = 27000
3
Step 2 :As we know 343= 7
Square Roots
1 = 1 5 = 2.236
2 = 1.414 6 = 2.449
3 = 1.732 7 = 2.645
4 = 2 8 = 2.828
3
⇒ 345 = 7 + 0.0136 = 7.0136 Expression ResultExpression Result Expression Result
1 1 1
2 2 3 3 4 4
Square Mirrors 2
2 4 2
3 9 2
4 16
3 3 3
2 8 3 27 4 64
142 + 872 = 782 + 412
●
4 4 4
● 152 + 752 = 572 + 512 2 16 3 81 4 256
● 262 + 972 = 792 + 622 5 5 5
2 32 3 243 4 1024
● 272 + 962 = 692 + 722
6 6 1
2 64 3 729 5 5
Conditions to be a perfect square :- 7
128 7
2187 2
25
2 3 5
.A number should not have 2, 3, 7, or 8 at its unitdigit.
1 8 8 3
2.If the unit digit of a number 5, then the tensdigit of its square 2 256 3 6561 5 125
is always 2. 9
2 512 9
3 19683 4
5 625
3.If a square number ends with zero, then the numberof zeroes 10 10 5
2 2 2 1024 3 59049 5 3125
must be in the multiple of 2. i.e.20 =400 ,100 = 10000
Squares, Cubes and Square roots
Squares
2 2 2
1 = 1 11 = 121 21 = 441
2 2 2
2 = 4 12 = 144 22 = 484
2 2 2
3 = 9 13 = 169 23 = 529
2 2 2
4 = 16 14 = 196 24 = 576
2 2 2
5 = 25 15 = 225 25 = 625
2 2 2
6 = 36 16 = 256 26 = 676
2 2 2
7 = 49 17 = 289 27 = 729
2 2 2
8 = 64 18 = 324 28 = 784
2 2 2
9 = 81 19 = 361 29 = 841
2 2 2
10 = 100 20 = 400 30 = 900
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Pinnacle Number Series
( a) 384 (b) 291 (c) 441 (d) 405
Number Series Solution :-
asicsofSeries-Inthischapteraseriesofnumbersaregiven,
B
inwhichtheyarearrangedunderaparticularrule.Theseseries
are formed in many ways and different rules work in them. Addition / Subtraction of Prime Numbers
Additionally, sometimes oneofthetermsinthisseriesisgiven
incorrectlyanditisnecessarytofindoutwhichtermisincorrect xample :- 21 , 23 , 26 , 31 , 38 , ? , 62
E
in the given question. Solution :- Logic→ Series is based on a prime number .
Types of Series Pattern
Type- 1
(BASED ON)
Multiplication / Division
Addition / Subtraction xample :-5 , 15 , 45 , 135 , ? , 1215 , 3645
E
Solution :- Logic→ Series is based on multiplication
This pattern will be followed if the range of difference is less.
xample :- 5 , 11 , 19 , 29 , ? , 55 , 71
E
Solution :- Logic→ Series is based on addition
xample :-7500 , 1500 , 300 , ? , 12
E
Solution :- Logic→ Series is based on Division
xample :- 84 , 81, 76 , 69 , ?, 49 , 36
E
Solution :- Logic→ Series is based on subtraction
Multiplication And Addition
xample :-6 , 13 , 27, 55 , ? , 223 , 447
E
Solution:-
Logic→ Series is based on multiplication and addition.
Addition / Subtraction of Perfect Square
xample :-. 12 , 21 , 37 , 62 , 98 , 147 , ?
E
Solution :-Logic→ Series is based on a perfect square .
Multiplication And Subtraction
xample :-16 31 76 ? 616 1831 5476
E
SSC MTS 05/09/2023 (2nd Shift)
xample :- 92 91 87 78 62 ?
E (a) 217 (b) 201 (c) 207 (d) 211
SSC MTS 12/09/2023 (3rd Shift) Solution :-
(a) 37 (b) 38 (c) 35 (d) 36
Solution :-
Division And Addition
xample :-1244 , 624 , 314 , ? , 81.5 , 42.75
E
Addition / Subtraction of Perfect Cube SSC CHSL 27/05/2022 (Evening)
(a) 156 (b) 159 (c) 155.5 (d) 157
xample :-227 226 218 191 127 ?
E
Solution :-
SSC MTS 12/09/2023 (2nd Shift)
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
Solution :-
Subtraction And Division
xample :-620 , 308 , 152 , 74, ?
E
Solution :-
xample :-189, 532, 316, ? , 377
E
SSC CGL Tier II (03/03/2023)
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Pinnacle Number Series
Type - 2 xample :-16, 32,14, 19, 37, 21, 22, 42, ?, 25, 47, 35
E
SSC MTS 12/07/2022 (Afternoon)
Perfect Cube Series (a) 34 (b) 26 (c) 32 (d) 28
Solution :-
xample :-1, 4, 27, 16, 125, ?
E
SSC CGL 24/07/2023 (2nd shift)
(a) 216 (b) 36 (c) 343 (d) 49
Solution :-
xample :- 7 , 8 , 12 , 39 , 55 , 180 , 216 , ?
E
SSC CHSL 27/05/2022 (Evening)
(a) 555 (b) 559 (c) 595 (d) 599
Solution :-
More Than One Tier Series
xample :- 31, 37, 46, 60, 81, ?
E
SSC CGL 24/07/2023 (4th shift)
(a) 117 (b) 106 (c) 122 (d) 111
Solution :- xample :-25 , 5 , 49 , 10 , 81 , 20 , 121 , ?
E
SSC CHSL 17/03/2020 (Evening)
(a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 25 (d) 35
Solution :-
xample :-55, 75, 100, 135, 190, ?
E
SSC CPO 10/11/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) 280 (b) 285 (c) 295 (d) 290
Solution :- xample :-74 , 62 , 82 , 78 , 109 ,159 ,173 , ?
E
SSC CHSL 01/06/2022 (Morning)
(a) 223 (b) 375 (c) 415 (d) 295
Solution :-
xample :- 27 , 31 , 42 , 72 , 139 , ?
E
SSC CHSL 06/06/2022 (Morning)
(a) 267 (b) 264 (c) 271 (d) 355
Solution :-
Increasing Power Series
xample :-46, 51, 76, 201, 826, ?
E
SSC CHSL 13/03/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 3757 (b) 3951 (c) 4853 (d) 3631
Solution :-
Alternate Mixed Series
xample :-44, 52, 54, 62, 64, 72, ?
E
SSC MTS 04/05/2023 (Morning)
(a) 96 (b) 79 (c) 74 (d) 85
Solution :- xample :-13, 21, ?, 69, 133
E
Graduate Level 02/08/2022 ( Shift - 3 )
(a) 52 (b) 37 (c) 33 (d) 41
Solution :-
xample :-15, 23,19, 20, 23, 17, 27,14, 31, 11,?
E
SSC MTS 11/05/2023 (Afternoon)
(a) 35 (b) 15 (c) 19 (d) 32
Decimal And Fractional
Solution :-
xample :-0.04, 0.12, 0.42, 1.68, 2.08, 10.4, ?
E
Graduate Level 27/06/2023 (Shift - 4)
(a) 12.3 (b) 12.9 (c) 11.8 (d) 10.9
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Pinnacle Number Series
Solution :- Here , wrong term is 28 , it should be replaced with 26.
Example :- Identify the number that does NOT belong to the
f ollowing series.
1.5, 2, 3, 6, 18, 108, 1964
Example :-Which fraction comes next in the sequence SSC MTS 21/07/2022 (Morning)
3
1 5 7 (a) 108 (b) 6 (c) 18 (d) 1964
, , , , ?
2 4 8 6
1 Solution :- Here the next number is product of last2 numbers
9 10 1
1 2
1
(a)
32
(b) 17
(c) 34 (d)
35
Solution :-
Example :-Inthegivenseriesonenumberisincorrect.Identify
t he INCORRECT number from among the options given.
3, 5, 7, 6, 10, 14, 12, 24, 28, 24, 40, 56
SSC CPO 13/12/2019 (Evening)
(a) 28 (b) 24 (c) 12 (d) 10
3 3 Solution :-Here 4 different series are given.
Example :-96, 12, ,? ,
2 128
SSC CPO 05/10/2023 (2nd Shift)
3
3
3 1 , but
(a)
12
(b) 16 (c) 64 (d)
128 So 24 is wrong here.
Solution :-
Example :- In the following number series,twonumbershave
eenputwithinbrackets.Selectthemostappropriateoptionfor
b
these numbers in relation to their inclusion in the series.
1, 5 , 17, (39) , 65 , 101, (145) , 197
Mixed Series SSC CPO 09/12/2019 (Evening)
(a) The first bracketed number from the left is correct and the
xample :- 172, 175, 184, 211, 292, ?
E Second bracketed number from the left is incorrect.
SSC CHSL 17/08/2023 (1st Shift) (b) Both the bracketed numbers are incorrect.
(a) 535 (b) 537 (c) 534 (d) 532 (c) Both the bracketed numbers are correct.
Solution :- (d) The first bracketed number from the left is incorrect and the
Second bracketed number from the left is correct.
Solution :-
xample :- 5 ,10, 20, 37, 63 ?
E
SSC CHSL 14/08/2023 (3rd Shift)
(a) 100 (b) 105 (c) 95 (d) 90
Solution :- So, 39 is wrong and it should be 37.
o , the first numberinthebracketiswrongandthesecondis
S
right.
Example :- Identify the number that is NOT related to the
Type - 3 f ollowing series .
25, 28, 23, 30, 21, 33
Wrong Number Series SSC CPO 19/12/2019 (Morning)
(a) 21 (b) 30 (c) 23 (d) 33
In this type you will find twonumberswrongbutoncorrecting Solution :-
one the other will automatically get corrected.
xample :-3 , 6 , 9 , 24 , 48 , 96 , 192
E
Solution :- Logic → every number is multiplied by 2 by the
previous number.
Example :- Identify the number that does NOT belong to the
f ollowing series.
104, 108 , 54 , 58 , 29 , 31
Here , wrong term is 9 , it should be replaced with 12. SSC CPO 09/12/2019 (Morning)
(a) 29 (b) 54 (c) 58 (d) 31
xample :-12 , 19 , 28 , 33 , 40 , 47 , 54
E
Solution :-
Solution :- Logic→ every number is added by 7.
Instead of 31 it should be 33.
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