evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3
wk¶v_x©i fvlvq cvi`wk©Zv Dbœqb c×wZ - e¨vKiY

Awa‡ekb 1 : evsjv e¨vKiY: c`cÖKiY, msÁv_©© I

†kªYxwefvM we‡kølY

Awa‡ekb 2 : e¨vKiY: cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q-msÁv, cÖKw…Z,

cÖZ¨q we‡kølY I wPwýZKiY

Awa‡ekb 3 : mwÜ: welqe¯‘ we‡kølY I evsjv fvlvq

mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Awa‡ekb 4 : evK¨ZË¡ : MVb, Askweb¨vm,

†kªYxwefvM I evK¨ cwieZ©b †KŠkj
Awa‡ekb 5 : mvay I PjwZ fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨ : cÖwgZ
PwjZixwZi Abykxjb
Awa‡ekb 6 : e¨vKiY we‡kølY : mgvm
Awa‡ekb 7 : Abyev` wk¶Y
Awa‡ekb 8 : e¨vKiY wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ Ges
c×wZi Abykxjb

83
gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

84
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 1

evsjv e¨vKiY : c` cÖKiY, msÁv I †kªYxwefvM we‡kølY

cÖPwjZ evsjv e¨vKi‡Y c` I c`-mswkó Av‡jvPbv Z_v eY©bv-e¨vL¨v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj
K‡i Av‡Q| wKš‘ G msµvšÍ wk¶v`vb Ges cÖK…Z e¨envi-cvi`k©x AwfÁZv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv
nq bv| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY evsjv e¨vKiY ms¯‹…Z Ges wKQyUv j¨vwUb e¨vKi‡Yi (Bs‡iwRi
gva¨‡g) AbyKi‡Y e„Ëve×| evsjv fvlv-c×wZi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© K‡i GB As‡ki cvV`v‡bi
Afv‡e wk¶v_©x Ges wk¶K Df‡qiB Amyweav †_‡K hvq| fvlvweÁv‡bi aviYv †_‡K GUv
D‡jøL¨ †h, k‡ãi e¨vKiYB Avm‡j cÖ_vMZ evsjv e¨vKiY- †hLv‡b ¸iæZ¡ cvq kãMV‡bi
wewaweavb, †MŠY n‡q hvq evK¨| <A_P, AvaywbK fvlv-‰eÁvwbK wePv‡i evK¨B e¨vKi‡Yi
wfwË; evK¨ Ges ARmª ï× evK¨ Drcv`bB e¨vKi‡Yi AwšÍg D‡Ïk¨|>

AZGe, ev‡K¨i mvgwMÖKZv †_‡KB Ôc`Õ Z_v Ôc` cÖKiYÕ†K †`L‡Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 c` Kx Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i msÁv/msÁv_© MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi c‡`i †kªYxwefvM D‡jøL, we‡kølY I msÁv/msÁv_© cª`vb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 ev‡K¨i D`vniYmn cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi c` wPwýZ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c` cvV`vb †KŠkj AvqË Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ï× c`ms¯’vcb I cwieZ©b K‡i gvZ…fvlv PP©vq cviMZv AR©‡b m¶g n‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-K : c` I c` cÖKiY

c` cÖKiY : e¨vKi‡Yi †h Ask kã I k‡ãi MVb, k‡ãi †kªYx wefvM, c`, c‡`i
cwiPq, cÖZ¨q, ePb, kãiƒc KviK, mgvm, wµqv, wµqvi Kvj, fve, k‡ãi I c‡`i
ey¨rcwË Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K c` cÖKiY e‡j|

c‡`i cwiPq ev msÁv : cÖ_vMZ evsjv e¨vKiY Abymi‡Y ejv nq †h, A_©‡evaK eY© ev
eY©mgwó w`‡q MwVZ †Kv‡bv kã ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡j Zv-B c`| kã ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡jB
Zv‡Z wefw³ hy³ nq| †hgb - wkïiv nv‡m (wkï + iv, nvm& + G)| j¶‡hvM¨ †h, GLv‡b

85
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

`yB iK‡gi fvlve¯‘ ev Dcv`vb (kã I c`) wb‡`©wkZ- †h `y‡qi cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q
ÔevK¨Õ†K wfwË K‡i| A_©vr †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q : kã evK¨-wew”Qbœ, Avi c` ev‡K¨ web¨¯Í
fvlve¯‘|

evsjv ev‡K¨i e¨envi Dc‡hvwMZv wePvi Ki‡j kã I c‡`i cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q
eis Ôc`Õ aviYvwU‡K AwaK ev¯Íem¤§Z I cÖ‡qvMcÖeY g‡b nq|

evK¨ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i c` ev kã‡K †h †kªYxK…Z Kiv hvq bv, GiKg wefvR‡b Zv
we‡ewPZ nq bv| KviY, fvlvi †hmg¯Í kã _v‡K †m¸‡jv ev‡K¨i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b/As‡k e‡mB
wewfbœ A_© cÖKvk K‡i| ZvB kã/c`ivwk‡K A_© I ev‡K¨i ¯’vb Abymv‡iB bvbv †kªYx‡Z
web¨¯Í Kiv DwPZ| GB we‡ePbvq GK ev GKvwaK k‡ãi ¸”Q‡KI Ôc`Õ Awfav †`qv m¤¢e|
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjvn&i g‡Z-- ÔÔev‡K¨i cÖ‡Z¨K A_©wewkó Ask‡K c` e‡jÓ|

c‡`i †kªYx-Dc‡kªYxKi‡Yi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q welqwU †hgb RwUj-RvwjKvi gZ n‡q

I‡V †Zgwb wk¶‡Ki c‡¶I QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K cy‡iv e¨vcviwU †evSv‡bv mnR nq bv| wek
kZ‡K evsjv e¨vKiY iPwqZvMY ms¯‹…Z Abymi‡Y 5 iKg c` ¯^xKvi K‡ib ( we‡kl¨,
we‡klY, me©bvg, Ae¨q I wµqv), wKš‘ c‡`i msÁv I weei‡Y Zvuiv Bs‡iwR e¨vKiY‡KB
AbymiY K‡ib| GB 5 †kªYxi msÁv (ïay Ae¨‡qi msÁv ev‡`) iwPZ nq Bs‡iwR ÔParts of
SpeechÕ-Gi msÁvi Abymi‡Y| Kvjµ‡g evsjvq cÖavb cvuP †kªYxi kã/c` ¯^xK„Z nq|

c‡`i cÖv_wgK cwiPq w`‡Z wM‡q ejv nq †h, c` cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi : bvgc` I wµqvc`|
wefw³hy³ kã‡K bvgc` Ges wefw³ hy³ wµqvi g~j‡K wµqvc` e‡j| Z‡e, cÖ_vMZfv‡e
c‡`i †kªYxwefvM Kiv nq wb‡gœv³fv‡e :

c‡`i †kªYx wefvM QK :

c`

bvg c` wµqv c`
↓

we‡kl¨ we‡klY me©bvg Ae¨q

86
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

G¸‡jvi msw¶ß cwiPq/eY©bv Z_v msÁv_© I D`vniY GB iKg :

1| we‡kl¨ : †h c` w`‡q †Kvb wKQyi bvg †evSvq Zv‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j| †hgb- Kwig,
ingvb, BZ¨vw`|
we‡kl¨ c` Qq cÖKvi :
(1.) bvg we‡kl¨ : e¨w³i bvg †hgb- nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (mvt), hxï, gwiqg, MxZv|
(2.) e¯‘evPK we‡kl¨ : e¯‘ ev c`v_© †hgb- wPwb, ¸o, †jvnv, †mvbv, wcZj|
(3.) RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ : GKRvZxq e¯‘, cÖvYx, GKvwaK I Awbw`©ó bvg| †hgb-
gvbyl, cï, MvQ, b`x, ce©Z|
(4.) mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ : GKRvZxq cÖvYx, e¯‘ I mgwói bvg| †hgb- SvuK, `j,
cvj, ¸”Q|
(5.) ¸YevPK we‡kl¨ : †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’vi bvg, †hgb- `qv, gnË¡, mZZv, ˆah©|
(6.) wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ : wµqvevPK c‡`i bvg| †hgb- kªeY, `k©b, Kl©Y|

2| we‡klY : †h c` w`‡q Ab¨ c‡`i †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY I msL¨v †evSvq Zv‡K
we‡klY c` e‡j| †hgb- jvj, `ytL, myL, nvRvi|
we‡klY wZb cÖKvi:
(1.) bvg we‡klY : (`yó †Q‡j)
(2.) we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY : (AZ¨šÍ fvj †Q‡j)
(3.) wµqv we‡klY : (ax‡i Pj)

3| me©bvg : †h c` bv‡gi cwie‡Z© e‡m Zv‡K me©bvg c` e‡j| †hgb- bvwmgv fvj
†g‡q|
†m wbqwgZ bvgvR c‡o|
me©bvg c`‡K GMvi fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨w³evPK, wb‡`©kevPK, AwbðqZvevPK,
AvZ¥evPK, cÖkœm~PK, ms‡hvMevPK, e¨wóevPK, mgwóevPK, Abvw`evPK, e¨wZnvwiK I
cvi¯úwiK m½wZg~jK me©bvg|

4| Ae¨q : †h c` ev‡K¨ me©Î AweK…Z I AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Zv‡K Ae¨q c` e‡j|

†hgb- AZGe, GUvB wm×všÍ nj| Zzwg wK hv‡e ?
Ae¨q cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi :
(1.) mgy”Pqx ev ms‡hvMg~jK Ae¨q: (I, wKsev, wKš‘, Ges)
(2.) Abš^qx Ae¨q: (I‡Mv, I‡i, Avt, gwigwi)
(3.) c`vš^qx Ae¨q: (webv, n‡Z, †P‡q)

87
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

(4.) AbymM© Ae¨q: (SgSg,KyûKzû, MiMi)

5| wµqvc` : †h c` w`‡q †Kvb wKQy Kiv †evSvq Zv‡K wµqvc` e‡j| †hgb- Avjx
co‡Q| nIqv, LvIqv, _vKv, Lv, GmeI wµqvc`|
wµqvc` `y cÖKvi:
1. mgvwcKv wµqv: (Avgiv †`Šove)|
2. AmgvwcKv wµqv: (c‡_ †h‡Z †`Lv n‡jv)|

mgvwcKv wµqv `y cÖKvi-

K) mKg©K wµqv - Igi fvZ Lvq|
L) AKg©K wµqv - AvwQqv hv‡”Q|

wKš‘ cÖavb c`¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e Dc‡kªYxKiY Kiv nq hv‡Z c‡`i msL¨v e„w×B cvq|
†hgb -
we‡k‡l¨i Av‡iv †kªYx wb‡`©k Kiv hvq :
fveevPK, RvwZevPK, e¯‘evPK, msL¨v ev cwigvYevPK, mgwóevPK, Ae¯’vevPK,
mvgvb¨evPK we‡kl¨ BZ¨vw`|

we‡kl‡Yi Av‡iv †kªYx :

mv¶vr we‡klY, we‡k‡l¨i we‡klY; A_©vbyhvqx : KvjevPK, ¯’vbevPK, cÖK…wZevPK; iƒcMZ
fvM: wefw³hy³, cÖZ¨qhy³, wØiæw³ kã; MVb wePv‡i : Zw×Z cÖZ¨qRvZ, wµqvRvZ,
me©bvgRvZ, Ae¨qRvZ BZ¨vw`|

me©bv‡gi Aby‡kªYxmg~n :
mvKzj¨evPK, cÖwZwb‡`©kK BZ¨vw`|

Ae¨q‡K bvbvbfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv †kªYx-Dc‡kªYx‡Z †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i :

G¸‡jv Qvov GK mgyš^qx Ae¨q ev mgy”Pqx Ae¨q‡KB 17 iKgfv‡e †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
A‡bK †¶‡Î GiKg Ô†kªYxKiY cÖeYZvi D`vniYÕ wbi_©K ev Zvrch©nxbI g‡b nq|
wk¶v_©x mnRfv‡e hZUzKz wb‡Z cvi‡e Zvi IciB wk¶‡Ki hZœevb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

GB c‡e© c` I c`cÖKiY m¤ú‡K© Avcwb Avi Kx-cÖKvi wPšÍvi K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib?

88
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

 ce©-L : evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q

c`cÖKiY Z_v c` m¤úwK©Z wk¶‡Yi cÖK…ó cš’vi †¶‡Î Ôe¨vKiY cvV`v‡bi c×wZiÕ
†gŠwjK bxwZ‡K we‡ePbvq †bqv hvq| Aaybv e¨vKi‡Yi cvV`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx c×wZ †hLv‡b
Ôg‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z c×wZÕ Zvi m‡½ e¨envwiK K‡g©i/Abykxj‡bi mgš^q NwU‡q wk¶v`vb
Ki‡j me©vwaK djjvf m¤¢e| c`cÖKi‡Yi we‡ePbvq Av‡ivnx c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡K
evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©‡q Af¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e|

K. c` wPwýZKiY :
1. iæ‡ej GKwU †gvevBj †dvb wK‡b‡Q| GLv‡b 5wU kã, 3wU c`|
(1.1) iæ‡ej - bvgwe‡kl¨, (1.2) GKwU - msL¨vevPK wb‡`©kK we‡klY, †gvevBj -
¸YevPK we‡klY, †dvb - e¯‘evPK we‡kl¨, (1.3) wK‡b‡Q - wµqvc`|
2. w`‡bi †ejv Kv‡Ri mgq KvR K‡iv| GLv‡b 6wU kã, 4wU c`|
(2.1) w`‡bi †ejv - KvjevPK we‡klY, (2.2) Kv‡Ri mgq - Kg©wb‡`©kK we‡kl¨,
(2.3) KvR - we‡kl¨, (2.4) K‡iv - wb‡`©kK wµqv|
3. Ggb PgrKvi gvbyl nq bv| GLv‡b 5wU kã, 5wU c`|
(3.1) Ggb - we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY, (3.2) PgrKvi - we‡klY, (3.3) gvbyl - e¨w³
evPK we‡kl¨, (3.4) nq - wµqv c`, (3.5) bv - bTv_©K Ae¨q ev DcmM©|

L. c`všÍi †KŠkj :
we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY:
kª~ + AbU = kªeY - kªeY Kiv|
avi +Avj = avivj - avivj Qzwi|
`i` +B = `iw` - `iw` eÜz

we‡klY †_‡K we‡kl¨:

`ye©j +Zv = `ye©jZv - `ye©jZv cwinvi|
PvjvK + B = PvjvwK - PvjvwK Kiv|
wgVv + AvB = wgVvB - gRvi wgVvB|

89
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡kl¨:

mv‡ne + Avbv = mv‡nweqvbv - mv‡nweqvbv nvm¨Ki|
gy‡U + wMwi = gy‡UwMwi - RxweKvi Dcvq gy‡UwMwi|
wgÎ + Zv = wgÎZv - wgÎZv cÖksmbxq|

we‡klY †_‡K we‡klY:

gnr + Zi = gnËi - gnËi Kg©|
e„× + Bô = †R¨ô - †R¨ô åvZv|
wcÖq + Zg = wcÖqZg - wcÖqZg e¨w³|

M. c`-cwieZ©b †KŠkj:
c`‡K wewfbœfv‡e cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g evK¨ MVb K‡i fvlv‡K fve cÖKv‡ki AbyMvgx Kiv
nq| †hgb-
1. we‡k‡l¨i we‡kl‡Y cwieZ©b, cwðg > cwðgv|
2. we‡kl‡Yi we‡k‡l¨ cwieZ©b, mij > mijZv|
3. me©bv‡gi we‡k‡l¨ cwieZ©b, Ang > AnwgKv|
4. me©bv‡gi we‡kl‡Y cwieZ©b, Z`& > Z`xq|
5. RvwZevPK we‡k‡l¨i ¸YevPK we‡k‡l¨ cwieZ©b, cï > cïZ¡

G‡¶‡Î ¯§iY‡hvM¨ †h, cÖZ¨qhy³ n‡q c‡`i iƒcvšÍiB AwaK cwijw¶Z nq|

N. Aweb¨¯Í kã/c` e¨eüZ evK¨

1. †jL c` K‡qKwU cwieZ©‡bi wbqg ï×| (c` cwieZ©‡bi K‡qKwU ï× wbqg
†jL|)
2. `vI K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K D`vniY wZbwU wbq‡gi| (cÖ‡Z¨K wbq‡gi wZbwU K‡i D`vniY
`vI|)
3. iæwU Sjmv‡bv Pvu` c~wY©gvi †hb| (ÔÔc~wY©gvi Puv` †hb Sjmv‡bv iæwUÓ|
4. wZwb n‡jb Avmxb c‡` wk¶‡Ki cÖavb| (wZwb cÖavb wk¶‡Ki c‡` Avmxb
n‡jb|)
5. PwiÎ DbœZ bxwZ †ev‡ai gvby‡li Kvi‡Y nq MwVZ| (gvby‡li bxwZ‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y
DbœZ PwiÎ MwVZ nq|)

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

O. wew”Qbœ kã‡K ev‡K¨ c` iƒ‡c ms¯’vcb Kiv :

1| fviv ivwk nj (ÔÔivwk ivwk fviv fviv/ avb KvUv nj mvivÓ)
ivwk KvUv avb fviv mviv
2| N‡i Avb‡›`i N‡i (ÔÔN‡i N‡i DVj †e‡R/ Avb‡›`i myiÓ)
DVj ‡e‡R myi
3| mvZ b`xi wQj mgy`ª ‡Zi cv‡i ivRv GK
(mvZ mgy`ª †Zi b`xi cv‡i wQj GK ivRv|)

P. Aweb¨¯Í c`‡K we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c‡` mvwR‡q GKwU ï× ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv:
beve, bevex, mv‡ne, †PvivB, beve, †Pvi, KvV, SvuR, Zvgv‡U, Mvu, Kz‡bv, †Kvbv, `vuZ ,
†K‡Rv, cvuK, cvuKvj, Zvgv, †Mu‡qv, †bvbv, cwðg, I Ávb, RMr, RxY©, RwUj, NygšÍ, M„n,
Avgwš¿Z, AvüZ, AaxZ, wn‡gj, mvܨ, kvi`xq, jvf, jq, j¾v (DËi m‡¼Z: we‡kl¨-
beve, we‡klY-bevex)|
Q. ï× c` wPwýZ Kiv:
1| ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z cÖ‡Z¨K kã‡K e‡j- we‡aq, D‡Ïk¨, kã, c`
2| c‡`i †kªYx wefvM 8wU, 10wU, 2wU, 5wU
3| AvZ¥evPK me©bvg- Avwg, †Zvgv‡i, †m Zvnv‡K
4| ¸Y evPK we‡kl¨ †KvbwU? mr, mZZv, ¸”Q, cvj
5| c`vš^qx Ae¨q †KvbwU? mvcwU, webv, jvf, gnx
6| ms‡hvRK Ae¨q †KvbwU? GK, Zxi, Ges, wKsev|

Q. cÖZ¨q †hv‡M kã MVb K‡i ev‡K¨ ms¯’vcb Kiv:

evN, AvKvk, cvuK, dj, wgZv, ¯^cœ, `qv, jNy, ¸iy, bxj (DËi m‡¼Z-evN+Av=evNv|
evK¨ = evNv evNv RIqvb hy‡× civwRZ nj|)

GB ch©v‡q Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ Avcwb QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl¨-we‡kl‡Y Ges we‡klY-

we‡k‡l¨ c`všÍ‡ii Rb¨ KwZcq c‡`i ZvwjKv w`‡Z cv‡ib wK ?

ce©-M : Kg©cÎ (Abykxj‡bi Rb¨)


wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë m‡¼Z¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i c‡`i msÁv MVb Kiæb Ñ
 A‡_©v‡evaK eY©
 A‡_©v‡evaK eY© mgwó
 kã/ A_©‡evaK kãmgwó

91
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

 wefw³
 wefw³hy³ kã
 evK¨
 A_©‡evaK evK¨

D`vniY : (A_©‡evaK cuvPwU ev‡K¨i D`vniY wjLyb)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

evK¨¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i, cÖ‡Z¨KwU evK¨ †_‡K k㸇jv‡K Avjv`v K‡i wjLyb| c‡`i
†kªYxwefvM¸‡jvi bvg wj‡L ‡m¸‡jvi cv‡k k㸇jv‡K wjLyb| k㸇jv w`‡q cybivq
GKwU K‡i evK¨ MVb Kiæb|

D`vniY: wkïiv nv‡m|

1. wkïiv Ñ we‡kl¨ c` Ñ wkïiv †Ljv K‡i|
2. nv‡m Ñ wµqv c` Ñ weRqx wkïiv cyi¯‹vi †c‡q nv‡m|
wb‡Pi QKwU‡Z cÖwZwU c‡`i Dc‡hvMx ev‡K¨i D`vniY MVb K‡i avivevwnKfv‡e wjLyb|
we‡kl¨ we‡klY me©bvg Ae¨q wµqv
1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5. 5. 5.

92
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

c‡`i D`vniY msewjZ Abykxjb

wk¶K cvV we‡kølYKv‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i wbR wbR LvZvq cÖ‡Z¨K‡K, cÖ‡Z¨KwU c` AbymiY
K‡i, GKwU K‡i evK¨ wj‡L, c` wPwýZ Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
we‡kl¨ we‡klY
1. XvKv evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx(msÁvevPK 1.bxj AvKv‡k mv`v †gN fvm‡Q
we‡kl¨) (we‡k‡l¨i we‡klY)|
2. gvbyl gvbyl‡K fv‡jvev‡m (RvwZevPK 2. †g‡qwU eo PÂj eo `yišÍ
we‡kl¨) (we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY)|
3. †jvnv †_‡K B¯úvZ nq (e¯‘evPK we‡kl¨) 3. †mB Zywg AvR G‡mQ? ( me©bv‡gi
we‡klY)|
4. mfvq †jvK mgvMg nqwb (mgwóevPK 4. m~h© ax‡i ax‡i DV‡Q (wµqv
we‡kl¨) we‡klY)|
5. `qv GKwU gnr ¸Y (¸YevPK we‡kl¨)
6. gbyl¨Z¡ gvby‡li †kªô ¸Y (fveevPK we‡kl¨)

me©bvg Ae¨q
1. Avwg evwo hvB (cyiælevPK me©bvg)| 1.Avwg Avg Avi Rvg LvB ( Aš^qx Ae¨q)|
2. H¸‡jv †Zvgvi eB ( wb‡`©kK 2. Avnv ! wK my›`i Puv` (Abš^qx Ae¨q)|
me©bvg)|
3. †KD wKQz Rv‡b wK? (Awb‡`©kK 3. ivby A_ev Elv KvRwU K‡i‡Q(we‡qvRK
me©bvg)| Ae¨q )
4. me fv‡jv hvi †kl fv‡jv Zvi 4. Zzwg †Zv Av‡mvwb (evK¨vj¼vi Ae¨q)|
(mvKzj¨evPK me©bvg)|
5. whwb cwikªgx wZwb DbœwZ Ki‡eb 5. bv, Avwg Lvebv ( AbyÁvevPK Ae¨q)
(mv‡c¶ me©bvg)|
6. †Kb Zzwg GKvR Ki‡j?(cÖkœevPK 6. Uzc&Uvc e„wó co‡Q ( AbyKvi Ae¨q)
me©bvg)|

wµqv
1. Avwg eB c‡owQ (mgvwcKv wµqv )|
2. Zzwg P‡j hvI (AmgvwcKv wµqv)|
3. Kv‡b wSgwSg Ki‡Q (wgkª wµqv)|
4. Zviv Mvb Mvq (mKg©K wµqv )|
5. Zviv Lye fvj †Ljv †L‡j‡Q (AKg©K wµqv )|

93
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 1
g~j wkLbxq welq
evsjv e¨vKiY : c`cÖKiY, msÁv I †kªYxwefvM we‡kølY
mvaviYfv‡e, wefw³hy³ kã‡K c` e‡j| KZ¸‡jv c‡`i mgš^‡q GKwU A_©‡evaK evK¨
 MwVZ nq| Gfv‡e wewfbœ ev‡K¨i gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi g‡bi fve‡K fvlvq iƒc †`q| fvlv
gvbeg‡bi Awfe¨w³ I fve cÖKv‡ki cÖavb gva¨g| fvlv cÖKv‡k A_©‡evaK kã, c` I
evK¨ MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ZvB Acwimxg|

c‡`i msÁv : A_©‡evaK eY© ev eY©mgwó w`‡q MwVZ †Kvb kã ev‡K¨ wefw³hy³ n‡q
e¨eüZ n‡j, Zv‡K c` e‡j| †hgb- wkïiv nv‡m, (wkky+iv, nvm&+G)|

c` cÖKiY : e¨vK‡Yi †h Ask kã I k‡ãi MVb, k‡ãi †kªYxwefvM, c`, c‡`i cwiPq,
cÖZ¨q, ePb, kãiƒc, KviK, mgvm, wµqv, wµqvi Kvj, fve, k‡ãi I c‡`i ey¨rcwË
Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K c`cÖKiY e‡j|

c` cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi : bvg c` I wµqv c`| wefw³hy³ kã‡K bvg c` Ges wefw³ hy³
wµqvi g~j‡K wµqvc` e‡j|

wKš‘ c`cÖKiY Z_v c` wb‡q AvaywbK `„wófw½i cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| Z`byhvqx, ev‡K¨i
mvgwMÖKZv †_‡KB Ôc`Õ Z_v Ôc` cÖKiYÕ-†K †`L‡Z n‡e| evK¨ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i c` ev
kã‡K †h †kªYxK…Z Kiv hvq bv-KviY, fvlvi †h mg¯Í kã _v‡K †m¸‡jv ev‡K¨i wewfbœ
¯’v‡b/As‡k e‡mB wewfbœ A_© cÖKvk K‡i| ZvB kã/c`ivwk‡K A_© I ev‡K¨i ¯’vb
Abymv‡iB bvbv †kªYx‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv DwPZ| GB we‡ePbvq GK ev GKvwaK k‡ãi ¸”Q‡KI
Ôc`Õ Awfav †`qv m¤¢e|

cÖ_v Ges c~e©m~wi‡`i Abymi‡Y evsjvq 5 cÖKvi c` ¯^xK…Z : we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg,
Ae¨q I wµqv c`| wKš‘ cÖavb c`¸‡jv‡K bvbv †kªYx-Dc‡kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i c‡`i msL¨v
†ek evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jvi me LuywUbvwU AvqËKiY I wk¶v`vb Lye Kvh©Ki bq, Ges
Zvi cÖ‡qvRbI bvB| eis wk¶v_©xi ch©‡e¶Y I eyw×e„wˇK mwµq K‡i, D`vniY †_‡K c`
cÖKi‡Yi cwiPq Dcjä Kiv‡bvB †kªqZi| Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡K evK¨w¯’Z
c`mg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©‡q Af¨¯Í Kiv‡Z n‡e|

K‡qK ai‡bi D`vni‡Y kã I c‡`i cvi¯úwiKZv ¯úó Kiv hvq :

1. iæ‡ej GKwU †gvevBj †dvb wK‡b‡Q| < 5wU kã, 3wU c` >
2. w`‡bi †ejv Kv‡Ri mgq KvR K‡iv| < 6wU kã, 4wU c` >
3. Ggb PgrKvi gvbyl nq bv| < 5wU kã, 5wU c` >

94
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

 g~j¨vqb:

msw¶ß DËi g~jK cÖkœ :

1. c` Z_v c` cÖKi‡Yi me‡P‡q mnR I Kvh©Ki msÁv/cwiPq Kxfv‡e †`qv hvq?
c` m¤ú‡K© cÖPwjZ aviYv KZUzKy MÖvn¨ Avi KZUzKy Gi m‡½ bZzb †hvM Kiv hvq?
2. evsjvq cÖPwjZ 5 cÖKvi c‡`i Av‡iv Aby-wefvRb Kiv KZUzKy hyw³hy³? Avcwb
wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K mn‡R Kxfv‡e Gi mKj †kªYxi m‡½ cwiwPZ Kiv‡eb?
3. c`cÖKiY Abykxj‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvb-†Kvb w`K¸‡jv Kx-Kxfv‡e Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :

ce©-K :
1. e¨vKi‡Yi Ôc`Õ welqwU m¤ú‡K© cÖ_vMZ a¨vb-aviYv †_‡K DËiY Avek¨K|
2. c`‡K evK¨ga¨w¯’Z Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †m¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i
wfwˇZB wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. †kªYx-Dc‡kªYxi RwUjZv bv evwo‡q eis wk¶v_©xi ch©‡e¶Y I eyyw×e„wˇK
mwµq K‡i D`vniY †_‡K c` cÖKi‡Yi cwiPq Dcjä Kiv‡bv DwPZ|
4. c‡`i cvV`vb †KŠk‡ji †¶‡Î Avcbvi wbR¯^ cwiKíbv ms‡¶‡c e¨³ Kiæb|

ce©-L :
Abykxjb \
1.we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡kl‡Y c`všÍi Kiv :
Avmb, Avnvi, AvNvZ, Av‡`k, Avgš¿Y, AvZ¥v, Avkªq, Avivabv, AveiY, RMr,
Riv|

2.we‡klY †_‡K we‡k‡l¨ c`všÍi Kiv :

D`¨Z, DËß, DcK…Z, Kzjxb, Kw_Z, †K‡Rv, Kvjxb, D”Q¡wmZ, Dw`Z, KwíZ,
†K‡Vv, Kveywj, Me¨, M„nxZ, RwUj, ÁvZ|

95
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 2
e¨vKiY : cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q- msÁv; cÖK…wZ, cÖZ¨q we‡kølY I wPwýZKiY
aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó‡Z A_©mswkøóZv NU‡jB kã MwVZ nq- GK_v ejvB h‡_ó bq| †Kbbv,
k‡ãi MVb evsjvq bvbvfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i| cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨ ixwZi c„_K-c„_K A_ev
wgkªixwZi Abymi‡Y cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q Øviv MwVZ kã‡K cÖavb Av‡jvPbvq Avbv nq| cÖK…wZ-
cÖZ¨‡qi AšÍwb©wnZ ¯^iƒc I Kvh©aviv m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK aviYv wk¶‡Ki bv _vK‡j wZwb †hgb
wb‡R evsjv fvlvi Dci `Lj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, †Zgwb QvÎ-QvÎx‡K fvlv wk¶v`v‡b
cy‡ivcywi mdj n‡Z cv‡ib bv| fvlv-cÖ‡KŠk‡ji Ab¨Zg ÁvZe¨ cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi msÁv cÖ`vb I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv I ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q †hv‡M MwVZ/mvwaZ k‡ãi D`vniY I MVb cÖwµqv we‡kølY
Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
 evsjv ms¯‹…Z I we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †hv‡M k‡ãi D`vniY †_‡K cÖZ¨q wPwýZKi‡Y
m¶gZv jvf Ki‡eb|
 cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kã we‡kølY I MVb †KŠkj AvqË Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-K : cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi msÁv I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb
cÖK…wZ‡K mg¨Kfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Avevi ¯§iY Ki‡Z n‡e k‡ãi/c‡`i †kªYxKiY‡K| 5
cÖKvi c‡`i g‡a¨ wµqvc` wQj m¤ú~Y©B we‡kl ˆewkó¨c~Y©| ïay GK ai‡bi k‡ãB †Kv‡bv
bv †Kv‡bv ÔKvRÕ ev ÔwKQy KivÕ †evSvq| ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ †m¸‡jv‡KB ÔÔwµqvc`Ó ejv
n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡K †evSvi Rb¨ wµqvc‡`i we‡kølY `iKvi|

wµqvc‡`i _v‡K GKUv g~j Ask- avZz, Ges m‡½ _v‡K wefw³| †hgb−
Ki& (avZz) + G(wefw³) =K‡i; wjL& (avZz)+ G(wefw³)=wj‡L| †miKg - ai&+Av=aiv,
Pj&+Av=Pjv

96
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

Avevi, k‡ãi m‡½I e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb ÔeY©mgwóÕ hy³ n‡q bZzb kã n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb -
XvKv (kã)+AvB (eY©mgwó) = XvKvB (mvwaZ kã), R¡j (kã)+ AšÍ (eY©mgwó) = R¡jšÍ
(mvwaZ kã)

Kv‡RB, wµqvc‡`i g~j ev kã- †h `y‡qi m‡½ e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MwVZ
nq, Zv-B cÖK…wZ| wµqvi †¶‡Î ejv nq avZz-cÖK…wZ, k‡ãi †¶‡Î bvg-cÖK…wZ| Ab¨fv‡e
ej‡j, mvwaZ k‡ãi k‡ãi g~j‡K ejv n‡e cÖK…wZ | <mvwaZ kã‡K ZvB we‡kølY ev fvM
Kiv hvq; wKš‘ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, avZz‡K Avi fvOv hvq bv|>

Ab¨ w`‡K, cÖZ¨q wKš‘ wb‡R-wb‡R cÖKvwkZ nq bv| KviY, cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h e¨vKiwYK
Dcv`vb (kãLÐ, eY© ev eY©mgwó/eY©¸”Q) hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv-B cÖZ¨q |
†hgb -
√Pj& (g~j wµqvc`) + Av (cÖZ¨q) = Pjv; XvKv (g~j kã) + AvB (cÖZ¨q) = XvKvB|

cÖZ¨q 2 iKg Ges Kx ev †Kvb iKg cÖZ¨q Zv wba©vwiZ n‡e avZz ev g~jkã A_©vr ÔcÖK…wZÕ
wePvi K‡i| Z‡e m~² wePv‡i cÖZ¨q 5 cÖKvi| c„_K `yB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GUv †`Lv hvq:

cÖ_gwU GiKg n‡Z cv‡i :

cÖZ¨q

evsjv ms¯‹…Z we‡`wk

K…r Zw×Z K…r Zw×Z Zw×Z

97
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

GwU‡Z we‡`wk cÖZ¨q‡K G‡Kev‡i Avjv`v GK †kªYx‡Z †djv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cÖPwjZfv‡e Zv
Kiv nq bv| g~jZ 2 †kªYxi cÖZ¨q we‡ePbv K‡i we‡`wk cÖZ¨q‡K GKwU Dc-†kªYx‡ZB
aivi ixwZ cÖPwjZ| Zv Avevi, Gfv‡eI n‡Z cv‡i :
cÖZ¨q
↓
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
↓ ↓
K„Z cÖZ¨q (avZz cÖZ¨q) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q (kã cÖZ¨q)
↓ ↓
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
ms¯‹…Z evsjv ms¯‹…Z evsjv we‡`wk
K…Z cÖZ¨q K…Z cÖZ¨q Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

Giƒc cÖavb wefvRb QvovI cÖZ¨‡qi ms¯‹…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx iƒc wb‡qI †kªYxKiY n‡Z
cv‡i| LuvwU evsjv kã †hme cÖZ¨q Øviv MwVZ †m¸‡jv‡K LvuwU evsjv cÖZ¨q ejv DwPZ :
G‡¶‡Î (1) LvuwU-evsjv K…rcÖZ¨q Ges (2) LvuwU-evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
†hgb-
√Kvu`&+ A (I) = Kvu` (Kvu‡`v); †evb+AvB = †evbvB
wj½ wfwˇZI wj½ cÖZ¨q n‡Z cv‡i|

GKB m‡½ we‡ewPZ nq we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q− k‡ãi m‡½ we‡`wk cÖZ¨q ‡hv‡M hv MwVZ
nq|
†hgb- Mwie+Avbv=Mwievbv; mI`v+Mi=mI`vMi (m`vMi); bRi+e›`=bRie›` |
(1) ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q : ms¯‹…Z avZzi c‡i ms¯‹…Z K…rcÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j Zv‡K ms¯‹…Z K…Z
cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb - Ze¨ `„k+Ze¨=`ªóe¨, Abxq K…+Abxq=KiYxq, AbU& (Ab) mœv +
AbU& =mœvb, w³(wZ) bx+wZ=bxwZ, NT(A) cP& +NT=cvK/ hyR&+NT=†`L BZ¨vw`|
(2) evsjv K…rcÖZ¨q : evsjv avZzi c‡i hLb evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q hy³ nq ZLb Zv‡K evsjv
K…rcÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb-
Ab& bvP+Ab=bvPb, Av Lv+Av=LvIqv, Bqv nvm+Bqv= nvwmqv, AvB
ay+AvB=†avqvB, B‡q †Lj+B‡q=†Lwj‡q BZ¨vw`|

98
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

(3) ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi c‡i ms¯‹…Z cÖZ¨q †hvM n‡j Zv‡K ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z
cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb -
Zv mr+Zv= mËv, Zi-Zg e„nr+Zg=e„nËg/ wcÖq+Zi=wcÖqZi, Bqm-Bô
e„×+Bqm=eaxqm/e„×+Bô=†R¨ô, Z¡ cÖfy+Z¡=cÖfyZ¡ BZ¨vw`|

(4) evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : evsjv k‡ãi c‡i evsjv cÖZ¨q †hvM n‡j Zv‡K evsjv Zw×Z
cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb -
wg cvK+wg=cvKvwg, Avwb bvK+Avwb=bvKvwb, AvB †Pvi+AvB=†PvivB, cbv
`yišÍ + cbv=`yišÍcbv , Lvbv gyw`+Lvbv=gyw`Lvbv, Avwg cvMj+Avwg=cvMjvwg,
wUqv/†U fvov+wUqv=fvovwUqv/ fvov+†U=fvov‡U BZ¨vw`|

(5) we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : we‡`wk k‡ãi c‡i we‡`wk cÖZ¨q †hvM n‡j Zv‡K we‡`wk
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb-
Avbv bRi+Avbv=bRivbv, wMwi †Kivbx+wMwi=†KivbxwMwi, mB
wUc+mB=wUcmB, ¯Ívb ¸j+¯Ívb=¸wj¯Ívb, Pv evM+Pv=evwMPv BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨q wbY©‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡Q| GLb Avcwb Gi wKQy mnR I ¯§Z©e¨ D`vniY w`‡Z
cv‡ib wK?

ce©-L : wewfbœ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M kã we‡kølY I mvwaZ kã‡hv‡M evK¨ MVb


GB c‡e© cÖwk¶v_©x wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ wKQy Kvh©Ki I msw¶ß mnvR mviYx Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡”Q hv
†_‡K Zvuiv e¨vKi‡Yi GB welqwU‡K `¶Zvi m‡½ †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ`Ë
mviYx¸‡jv wk¶K wbweofv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡eb, cÖ‡qvR‡b †bvU †b‡eb Ges wb‡Ri Rb¨
GKUv Kg©cš’v w¯’i K‡i wk¶v`v‡b AMÖmi n‡eb| Z‡e, GB D`vniY¸‡jvB †kl K_v bq,
cwiw¯’wZ mv‡c‡¶ wKwÂr cwiewZ©Z cš’vI MÖnY Kiv hvq|

wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ evsjv, ms¯‹…Z I we‡`wk cÖZ¨‡qi mg¨K cwiwPwZ Zy‡j aiv AZ¨vek¨K| G
cÖm‡½ Zvui c‡¶ ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb k‡ãi we‡kølY c×wZ| Gi Rb¨ wZwb wewfbœ
cÖZ¨q wb®úYœœ mvwaZ kã ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡eb (cÖ‡qvR‡b †cv÷vi †ccv‡i ZvwjK evwb‡q
wb‡q, Zv †ev‡W© Szwj‡q), Zv †_‡K kãmg~n wPwýZ K‡i cÖZ¨q wew”Qbœ Ki‡eb|

†hme cÖZ¨q wb®úYœ k‡ãi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡`i †ewk Amyweav nq †m¸‡jvi wbgœiƒc `yÕ GKUv
ZvwjKv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

99
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

K. evsjv, ms¯‹…Z K…Z cÖZ¨q I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q msµvšÍ ZvwjKv :

evsjv K…rcÖZ¨q ms¯‹…Z K…rcÖZ¨q evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ms¯‹…Z K…rcÖZ¨q

evsjv cÖZ¨q: A, D, ms¯‹…Z cÖZ¨q: evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q: ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨qt
I, AvZ, AZv, Ab, Bòz, AbU&, kZ…, AwUhv>†U, AvB, Agv AT>Ab&,Y, wò,+ˆ,
Abv, Awb, Iqv, Ar, eZK, AK&, ADqv, Avm, Avwg, BZP&>BZ, Bb&, weZj>
AvB, Avb, Avwb, NT, kvbP&-kvb, Avi, Dwe, Aviv, Bj, òxq>Cq, Zbl>Zb,
Avwi, Dqv, ABqv hr, b¨r, K¨c Avj, Avjv, B, C, Zv-Z¡, l¨Y, hr
BZ¨vw`| BZ¨vw`| Bqv, DK, cbv, cviv|

mvwaZ kã: mvwaZ kã: mvwaZ kã: mvwaZ kã:

√Pj& + Av = Pjv √Pj+Bòz= Pwjòy †Nvjv+AwUqv>†U = wke+AT>A = ˆke|
√Szj&+Av = Szjv √e„a+Bòz= ewa©òz mvwaZ kã= †Nvjv‡U `ki_+wò&&>B= `vkiw_|
√QyU& + Av = QyUv √K… + ³ = K…Z wgVv +AvB = wgVvB b¨vq+ wòK>BK=ˆbqvwqK
√mvR&+Av= mvRv √a + ³ = a„Z Pvg+Avi= Pvgvi cjøe+BZP&>BZ=cjøweZ|
√Kvu`& + A(I) = √‰M + ³ = MwZ Kvumv+Avwi= Kvumvwi
√Kvu` √gn&+ ³ = gÜ †Rvi+Av‡jv=‡Rvovj
evwo+Ajv=evwoAjv
√XvK& + Abv = √kÖæ+AbU = kªeY
XvK+C=XvKv
√XvK&bv √Pj&+Ar= Pjr>
nvwj+Bqv=nvwjqv
√gvb& + AZ = Pjb
mvZvi+D= mvZviæ
√gvbZ √fvm& + kvbP>
dm©v+cvbv= dm©vcvbv
√QvuK&+Awb= QvKwb kvb = fvmgvb
√Qv+Dwb= QvDwb √K…+w³b>wZ=
√Pj&+AšÍ = PjšÍ K…wZ
√Pvn&+Iqv=√PvIqv √e„r+kve>gvb =
eZ©gvb

100
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

L. Zw×Z I K…r cÖZ¨q hy³ kã ZvwjKv :

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ( evsjv) K…r cÖZ¨q ( evsjv)
†`vKvbx = †`vKvb + C Nyi = Nyi& + A
Rvwjqv/ †R‡j = Rvj+ Bqv cov = co& + Av
Xvjy = Xvj + D Pvjvb = Pj& + Avb
`vZvj = `vZ + Avj Wzeyix = Wze& + Avwi/ Dwi
fvov‡U/ fvovwUqv = fvov + AvwUqv gvZvj = gvZ& + Avj
†gNjv = †gN + jv enZv = en& + Zv
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ( ms¯‹…Z) K…r cÖZ¨q ( ms¯‹…Z)
KzmywgZ = Kzmyg + BZ bqb = †b + AbU&
bxwjgv = bxj + Bgb& cwVZ = wcV& + ³
Mwiô = ¸iæ + Bô MwZ = wMg& + w³
Ávwbb = Ávb + Bb KiYxq = K… + Abxq
eÜzZ¡ = eÜz + Z¡ †`q = †`& + h
†gavex = †gav + web (ex) ¶q = w¶ + AP&
¸Yevb = ¸Y + eZzc bgª = wbg& + i

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ( we‡`wk)

KvwiMi = Kvwi + Mi
RyZmB = RyZ + mB
Mv‡ovqvb = Mvwo + Iqvb
†Q‡jcbv = †Q‡j + cbv
weweqvbv = wewe + Avbv

M. mvwaZ kã Ges Zv w`‡q MwVZ evK¨-D`vniY

K…rcÖZ¨q wb®úYœ/
√co+AšÍ=cošÍ
evK¨: †Q‡jwU cošÍ we‡K‡j evwo wdij|

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wb®úYœ

Ni+AvKzqv>Dqv>Iqv=N‡ivqv evK¨: N‡ivqv cwi‡e‡k †g‡qwU Rb¥w`b cvjb Kij|

Dch©³
y iƒc D`vn‡Y †kªYx-Abykxjbx Kiv‡bv hvq|

101
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

 ce©-M: Kg©cÎ : cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q-msÁv, cÖK…wZ cÖZ¨q we‡kølY I wPwýZKiY

cÖwk¶v_©x wk¶KMY cÖ_g wb‡R-wb‡R, wb‡Pi QKwU‡Z cÖ`Ë k㸇jvi cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q
wbY©q Ki‡eb Ges cÖZ¨‡qi bvg wjL‡eb| cieZ©x ch©v‡q, Abyiƒc mnR I Kvh©Ki msw¶ß
QK wZwb †kªYx-cÖ¯‘wZ DcKiY wn‡m‡e ˆZwi K‡i, †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i Abykxjb Kiv‡eb|

cÖ`Ë kã cÖK„wZ + cÖZ¨q cÖZ¨‡qi bvg

mgªvU ----------- ----------
KviK ---------- ----------
†R‡j ---------- ----------
PovI ---------- ----------
†Q‡jwg ---------- ----------
ˆkke ----------- ----------
†hŠwMK ----------- ----------
†evgviæ ---------- ----------
w`kvix --------- ----------
WvKvZ ----------- ----------
Pvn&wb ----------- ----------
PgK ----------- ----------
†bZv ----------- ----------
`šÍ¨ ----------- ----------
euvkx ----------- ----------
mwc©j ----------- ----------
†`wLqvwQ ----------- ----------
†`vjbv ----------- ----------
RxqšÍ ----------- ----------
wgVvB ----------- ----------
ivbœv ----------- ----------
Svob ----------- ----------
RuvK ----------- ----------
emwZ ----------- ----------
IKvjwZ ----------- ----------
fvwR ----------- ----------
†g‡qwj ----------- ----------
Pvjywb --------- ----------
Zvgv‡U ----------- ----------

G¸‡jvi DËi wk¶v_©x‡`i Kxfv‡e wjwce× Kiv `iKvi e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?

102
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
e¨vKiY : cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q- msÁv; cÖK…wZ, cÖZ¨q we‡kølY I wPwýZKiY

k‡ãi MVb evsjvq bvbv fv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i; cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q wb®úYœ kã Zvi Ab¨Zg
 D`vniY| ZvB, fvlv-cÖ‡KŠk‡ji Ab¨Zg ÁvZe¨ cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q| G`y‡qi cvi¯úwiKZv
Abyaveb wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ AZ¨vek¨K|

kã I avZz : A_©hy³ eY© ev eY© mgwó‡K kã e‡j| k‡ã mvaviYZ bvg, ¸Y BZ¨vw`
†evSvq| kã hLb wµqvevPK wKQy‡K †evSvq ZLb Zv‡K avZz e‡j|

cÖK…wZ : mvwaZ k‡ãi g~j‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j| bvg c‡`i g~j Ask‡K bvg cÖK…wZ e‡j|

cÖZ¨q : †h eY© ev eY© mgwó avZzi ci/DËi hy³ n‡q we‡kl¨ cÖf„wZ bvg kã MVb K‡i
A_ev bvg-kã ev Ae¨‡qi ci/DËi hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| cÖZ¨q
2 cÖKvi− K…r cÖZ¨q I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q| Z‡e m~² wePv‡i cÖZ¨‡qi Av‡iv wefvRb nq;
Z`bymv‡i cÖZ¨q †gvU 5 fv‡M ewY©Z n‡Z cv‡i|

K…r-cÖZ¨q: †h cÖZ¨q avZzi c‡i hy³ nq Zv‡K K…rcÖZ¨q e‡j| h_v= †Lj+Av, K…r cÖZ¨q
Avevi 2 cÖKvi| evsjv K…rcÖZ¨q I ms¯‹…Z K…rcÖZ¨q|
K…`šÍ k‡ãi g~j †evSv‡Z ÔÕ wPý e¨eüZ nq| †hgb= wej&+Av= ejv|

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q: †h cÖZ¨q we‡kl¨ ev bvg k‡ãi ev Ae¨‡qi ci hy ³ nq Zv‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
e‡j| h_v- †ivM+Av = †ivMv, XvKv+Bqv= XvKvBqv|

evsjv wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î cÖZ¨q wbY©‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡Q| Gi Rb¨ cÖK…ó Dcvq wewfbœ
cÖZ¨q †hv‡M kã we‡kølY I mvwaZ kã‡hv‡M MwVZ evK¨ †_‡K cÖZ¨q wbY©q Abykxjb|

ZvB, wk¶K‡K †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e evsjv, ms¯‹…Z I we‡`wk cÖZ¨‡qi mg¨K cwiwPwZ Zy‡j
aivq| GcÖm‡½ Zvui c‡¶ cÖ_‡gB AZ¨vek¨K ms‡¶‡c k‡ãi we‡kølY c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiv|
Gm‡ei wKQy bgybv GiKg n‡Z cv‡i:

103
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

Zw×Z I K…r cÖZ¨qhy³ kã we‡kølY:

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ( evsjv) K…r cÖZ¨q ( evsjv)
`uvZvj = `uvZ + Avj Wzeyix = Wze& + Avwi/ Dwi
fvov‡U/ fvovwUqv = fvov + AvwUqv gvZvj = gvZ& + Avj
†gNjv = †gN + jv enZv = en& + Zv

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q (ms¯‹…Z) K…r cÖZ¨q (ms¯‹…Z)

eÜzZ¡ = eÜz + Z¡ †`q = †`& + h
†gavex = †gav + web (ex) ¶q = w¶ + AP&
¸Yevb = ¸Y + eZzc bgª = wbg& + i

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q (we‡`wk)

Mv‡ovqvb = Mvwo + Iqvb
†Q‡jcbv = †Q‡j + cbv
weweqvbv = wewe + Avbv

K…rcÖZ¨q wb®úYœ/mvwaZ kã
D³ = √eP& + ³
¯§iY = √¯§„ + AbU&
†`Lv = √†`L& + Av
nvwm = √nvm& + B|

Zw×Z I K…r cÖZ¨qhy³/kãhy³ evK¨ †_‡K cÖZ¨q wbY©q : †kªYx Abykxjb

 g~j¨vqb:
1. cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi cwiPq wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q me‡P‡q mn‡R Kxfv‡e †`qv hvq?
2. cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q we‡kølY I wPwýZKi‡Y Avcwb Kx ai‡bi †KŠkj e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvb ?
3. we‡`wk cÖZ¨q‡K wK Avjv`v †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨q wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv, bvwK Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qiB
GKwU we‡kl iƒc wn‡m‡e †`Lv DwPZ?

104
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-K : cÖK…wZ cÖZ¨q cÖZ¨qMwVZ kã cÖZ¨‡qi bvg
√R + A Rq ms¯‹…Z K…rcÖZ¨q
bi + Avqb bvivqY ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
XvKv + AvB XvKvB Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
√ivua + Abx ivuaybx (ivuaywb) evsjv K…ZcÖZ¨q
wbg + AvB wbgvB evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Pkg + †Lvi Pkg‡Lvi we‡`kx cÖZ¨q
VvKzi + AvBb VvKzivBb wj½ cÖZ¨q (¯¿x cÖZ¨q)

ce©-L : †kªYx Abykxjbxi Kg©-ZvwjKv wk¶K ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

ce©-M :
cÖ`Ë kã cÖK…wZ+ cÖZ¨q cÖZ¨‡qi bvg
mgªvU mg&+ivU Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
XvKb XvK&+ Ab K…r cÖZ¨q

105
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 3

mwÜ: welqe¯‘ we‡kølY I evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

mwÜ k‡ãi A_© wgjb| e¨vKi‡Y aŸwbi ms‡M aŸwbi wgjb n‡j mwÜ nq| `ywU aŸwb GKB
c‡` ev mwbœwnZ `yB c‡` cvkvcvwk _vK‡j `ªyZ D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j †mB `ywU aŸwbi g‡a¨
AvswkK ev c~Y©fv‡e wgjb nq| mwbœwnZ aŸwbi Giƒc wgjb ev †jvc wKsev cwieZ©b‡K mwÜ
e‡j|

ZvovZvwo K_v ejvi mgq GKwU k‡ãi †kl aŸwb Avi GKwU k‡ãi cÖ_g aŸwb Avgiv
me©`vB wgwj‡q GK K‡i w`‡q _vwK| †hgb- wng Ges APj kã `ywU `ªæZ D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j
n‡q hvq wngvPj| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, D”PviY cÖK…wZB mwÜi g~j| †kªYxK‡¶ mwÜi
welqe¯‘ cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K GB D”PviY cÖK…wZi w`KwUB ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv
Kiv Avek¨K|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wewfbœ cÖKvi mwÜi ¯^i~c e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi mwÜ mva‡bi cuvPwU K‡i wbqg we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªYx‡Z mwÜ cVb-cvV‡bi Dc‡hvMx c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-K : mwÜi ¯^i~c I cÖKvi‡f`
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, iex›`ª (iwe+B›`ª), wngvjq (wng+Avjq) Ges wPb¥q (wPr+gq)-- mwÜmvwaZ
GB kã wZbwUi D”PviY cÖK…wZ †Lqvj Kiæb| †`Lv hv‡e cÖ_gwUi †¶‡Î ÔBÕ aŸwbi mv‡_
ÔBÕ aŸwb wgwjZ I iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q ÔCÕ aŸwb n‡q‡Q| wØZxqwUi †¶‡Î ÔAÕ aŸwbi mv‡_ ÔAvÕ
aŸwb wgwjZ nIqvi d‡j ÔAÕ aŸwb †jvc †c‡q‡Q| Z…ZxqwUi †¶‡Î c~e©c‡`i r weK…Z n‡q
ÔbÕ n‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j ejv hvq, mwÜ n‡”Q `ªæZ D”PviYRwbZ Kvi‡Y aŸwbi iƒcvšÍi, †jvc ev
weK…wZ|

106
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

mwÜ g~jZ `yB cÖKvi-- ¯^imwÜ I e¨ÄbmwÜ| wemM© mwÜ bv‡g Av‡iK cÖKvi mwÜ Av‡Q|
Avm‡j Zv e¨ÄbmwÜiB iKg‡di| Z‡e e¨vKi‡Yi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K G‡K ¯^Zš¿ Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`Iqv
nq| †mB A‡_© ejv hvq mwÜ wZb cÖKvi|

¯^ie‡Y©i mv‡_ ¯^ie‡Y©i wgj‡b nq ¯^imwÜ; ¯^ie‡Y©i mv‡_ e¨ÄbeY© ev e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_
e¨ÄbeY© wg‡j nq e¨ÄbmwÜ, Avi ¯^i ev e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_ wem‡M©i wgj‡b nq wemM© mwÜ|

wcÖq wk¶v_©x, Gevi Avmyb Avgiv ï‡f”Qv, we`¨vjq, w`MšÍ, D”Q¡vm, bg¯‹vi, bxie- GB QÕwU
k‡ãi aŸwbms‡hvM cÖwµqv we‡ePbvq †i‡L wZb fv‡M mvRvB Ges wZb cÖKvi mwÜi msÁv
ˆZwi Kwi|

¯^imwÜ e¨ÄbmwÜ wemM© mwÜ

D`vniY: D`vniY: D`vniY:

msÁv: msÁv: msÁv:

ce©-L : mwÜ mva‡bi wbqg

 ¯^i, e¨Äb I wemM© GB wZb cÖKvi mwÜB wKQz mywbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b mvwaZ nq|
wbqg¸‡jv‡K ms‡¶‡c wbgœi~‡cI †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
¯^imwÜ: A/Av+A/Av = Av A_©vr A Kvi wKsev Av Kv‡ii ci A Kvi
A/Av+ F = (Ai -© ) wKsev Av Kvi _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j Av Kvi
nq|
e¨ÄbmwÜ: Z/`+ P/Q = ”P/”Q
g+hijeklmn = s
wemM© mwÜ: t + A = I
t +h/i/j/e/n = I Kvi

107
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

wcÖq wk¶v_©x, Avmyb Gevi wbgœewY©Z D`vniY¸‡jv m~‡Îi wb‡P wb‡P emvB| c‡i m~θ‡jv
eY©bv AvKv‡i LvZvq/ †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjwL|
†`e+Avjq = †`evjq giæ+ D`¨vb = giƒ`¨vb †`e+Fwl = †`ewl©
m~h©+D`q = m~‡h©v`q mg&+ev` = msev` cwi+C¶v = cix¶v
wbt + Pq = wbðq ZZt + AwaK = Z‡ZvwaK Dr+†Q` = D‡”Q`
bgt + Kvi = bg¯‹vi gbt+ni = g‡bvni ïf+B”Qv = ï‡f”Qv
cwi+Q` = cwi”Q` w`K&+AšÍ = w`MšÍ mr+Rb = m¾b

¯^imwÜ: e¨ÄbmwÜ: wemM© mwÜ:

A/Av+A/Av= Av e‡M©i 1g aŸwb+¯^iaŸwb=e‡M©i t + K/L = ¯‹/ö/®‹

3q aŸwb

A/Av+B/C = C ¯^iaŸwb + Q = wØZ (”Q) A+ t + A = I

A/Av+D/E = I Z/` + P/Q = ”P/”Q t + P/Q, U/V, Z/_ =

wkmaŸwb

A/Av+ F=Ai (-) Z/`+ R/S = ¾/À t +h/i/j/e/n = I Kvi

B/C +B/C = C g&+h j e i k l m n = s

108
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

m~Îmg~n- (eY©bv AvKv‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b LvZvq wjLyb): ¯^imwÜ:

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

 ce©-M : mwÜ cvV`v‡bi c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj

†kªYx‡Z e¨vKiY cVb cvV‡bi `xN© w`‡bi eûj cÖPwjZ c×wZ n‡”Q- Av‡ivn, Ae‡ivn Ges
Av‡ivn-Ae‡ivn c×wZ| GB wZbwU c×wZ g~jZ m~Î I D`vni‡Yi ch©vqµwgK Dc¯’vcb
mswkøó| e¨vKiY †h‡nZz fvlvi wbqg/m~Î, k„•Ljv Ges m~Îmswkøó D`vni‡Yi wePvi-we‡kølY
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K ZvB G welqwU cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î Dch©y³ c×wZmg~‡ni
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †Kvbw`bB Kg‡e bv| Z‡e e¨vKiY cvV`vb‡K Av‡iv Kvh©Ki, AskMÖnYg~jK
I A_©c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Dch©y³ c×wZmg~‡ni mv‡_ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZmg~‡ni wewfbœ
Kjv‡KŠk‡ji mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq| †hgb- †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶K mwÜ cvV`v‡bi Dc¯’vcb
As‡ki GKwU kx‡l©i (wk‡ivbv‡gi) wbgœewY©Z KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

109
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

wcÖq wk¶v_©x, KvR¸‡jv GLv‡b ch©vqµwgKfv‡e mvwR‡q †`Iqv nq wb| †`Lv hvK, Avcwb
wb‡R wPšÍv K‡i ch©vqµwgKfv‡e mvRv‡Z cv‡ib wK bv|

D`vniY we‡kølY 1.

m~ÎMVb 2.

wk¶v_x©i Abykxjb 3.

djveZ©b 4.

D`vniY Dc¯’vcb 5.

†kªYx‡Z cVb cvV‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K Ges wk¶v_©x Df‡qiB mywbw`©ó wKQz KiYxq i‡q‡Q|
†hgb Dc‡i ewY©Z Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki g~j KvR n‡”Q wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv I
Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| Avi wk¶v_©xi KvR n‡”Q wk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx KvR Kiv I
cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv PvIqv| wKš‘ wk¶K Kxfv‡e wb‡`©kbv w`‡eb, Kxfv‡e D`vniY
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb, Kxfv‡e D`vniY we‡kølY Ki‡eb, Kxfv‡e djveZ©b w`‡eb- †m meI
¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq| Avmyb wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avgiv †m me we‡ePbv gv_vq †i‡L ¯^imwÜi
wZbwU wbqg †kLv‡bvi †¶‡Î †kªYx‡Z wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi KiYxq m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ w`‡q wb‡Pi
QKwU c~iY Kwi Ges c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mswkøó As‡ki mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbR wbR
Dˇii h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kwi|

kxl© - K : ¯^imwÜi 3wU wbqg -------------------------------------- 20 wg.

Kv‡Ri bvg wk¶‡Ki KiYxq wk¶v_x©i KiYxq mgq
1.D`vniY Dc¯’vcb

2. D`vniY we‡kølY

3. m~ÎMVb

4.wk¶v_x©i Abykxjb

5. djveZ©b

110
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 3
g~j wkLbxq welq

mwÜ: welqe¯‘ we‡kølY I evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

mwÜ : K_v ejvi mgq cvkvcvwk `yÕ‡Uv k‡ãi ev kãvs‡ki `y‡Uv KvQvKvwQ aŸwb mn‡R
 D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j wgwjZ n‡q D”PvwiZ nq| aŸwbi G ai‡bi wgj‡bi bvgB mwÜ| A_©vr
cvkvcvwk `y‡Uv aŸwbi wgjb‡K mwÜ e‡j| †hgb- wng+Avjq = wngvjq|

evsjv mwÜ `y iK‡gi : ¯^imwÜ I e¨ÄbmwÜ| Z‡e ms¯‹…‡Z (Zrmg) ¯^i, e¨Äb QvovI
wemM© mwÜ bv‡g Av‡iK cÖKvi mwÜ Av‡Q| †mB A‡_© mwÜ †gvU wZb cÖKv‡ii|

1) ¯^imwÜ : ¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwbi wgj‡bi bvg ¯^imwÜ|

†hgb- wng+Avjq = wngvjq
2) e¨Äb mwÜ : ¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ e¨ÄbaŸwbi A_ev e¨ÄbaŸwbi mv‡_ e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgj‡b †h
mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨ÄbmwÜ e‡j| †hgb- cwi+Q` = cwi”Q`
3) wemM© mwÜ : wem‡M©i mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwbi wKsev e¨ÄbaŸwbi †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K wemM© mwÜ
e‡j| †hgb- ZZt+AwaK = Z‡ZvwaK; wbt+Pq = wbðq

mwÜ mva‡bi wbqg:

wewfbœ cÖKvi mwÜ mva‡bi wbq‡g wewfbœZv i‡q‡Q| †hgb- ¯^imw܇Z ¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_
¯^iaŸwbi wgjb N‡U| e¨Äbmw܇Z ¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ e¨ÄbaŸwbi A_ev e¨ÄbaŸwbi mv‡_
e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgjb nq| Avi wemM© mw܇Z wem‡M©i mv‡_ ¯^i wKsev e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgjb N‡U
_v‡K| wewfbœ cÖKvi mwÜ mva‡bi Dc-wbqg¸‡jv‡K ms‡¶‡c wbgœiƒ‡c †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

mwÜi bvg mva‡bi wbqg

A/Av+A/Av = Av : †`e+Avjq = †`evjq
A/Av+B/C = C : ïf+B”Qv = ï‡f”Qv
¯^imwÜ A/Av+D/E = I : m~h©+D`q = m~‡h©v`q
A/Av+ F = (Ai-) : †`e+Fwl = †`ewl©
B/C +B/C = C : cwi+C¶v = cix¶v

111
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

e‡M©i 1g aŸwb+ ¯^iaŸwb = e‡M©i 3q aŸwb : w`K+AšÍ = w`MšÍ

¯^iaŸwb+Q = wØZ¡ (”Q) : cwi+Q` = cwi”Q`
e¨ÄbmwÜ Z/`+ P/Q = ”P/”Q : Dr+†Q` = D‡”Q`
Z/` + R/S = ¾/R¡ : mr+Rb = m¾b
g+hijeklmn = s : mg&+ev` = msev`
t + K/L = ¯‹/ö/®‹ : bgt+Kvi = bg¯‹vi
t+A=I : ZZt + AwaK = Z‡ZvwaK
wemM© mwÜ t + P/Q, U/V, Z/_ = wkk aŸwb : wbt+Pq = wbðq
t + h/i/j/e/n = I Kvi : gbt + ni = g‡bvni

mwÜ cvV`vb c×wZ : evsjv e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb As‡ki GKwU
mvaviY ch©vqµg i‡q‡Q| ch©vqµgwU wbgœi~c-

D`vniY Dc¯’vcb
D`vniY we‡kølY
m~Î MVb
wk¶v_x©‡`i Abykxjb
wk¶‡Ki djveZ©b

cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K Zuvi wb‡Ri myweav Ges welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L wewfbœ
Kjv‡KŠkj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Kjv‡KŠkj wZwb hv-B wbe©vPb Kiæb bv †Kb,
†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb H Kjv‡KŠk‡ji ga¨w`‡q Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwZwU wk‡ivbv‡gi c~‡e©
DwjøwLZ ch©vqµ‡gi cÖ‡qvM nq|

GKwU cv‡Vi Dc¯’vcb Ask‡K wk¶K ïiæ‡Z K‡qKwU wk‡ivbv‡gi fvM K‡i †b‡eb|
†hgb- cvVwU hw` ÔmwÜÕ nq Z‡e Gi kxl©¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i (1) mwÜi msÁv (2) mwÜi
cÖKvi (3) ¯^imwÜi A/Av Kvi m¤úwK©Z wbqg (4) ¯^imwÜi B/C Kvi m¤úwK©Z wbqg-
cÖf„wZ|

112
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

cÖwZwU wk‡ivbv‡g wk¶K Zvi myweavgZ Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡M wbgœewY©Z KvR¸‡jv cv‡k¦©
DwjøwLZ mg‡qi AbycvZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©‡`i Ki‡Z
ej‡Z cv‡ib|

kxl©- K : ¯^imwÜ mva‡bi wbqg ---------------------------- mgq 20wg.

Kv‡Ri bvg wk¶‡Ki KiYxq wk¶v_x©i KiYxq mgq
1. D`vniY wk‡ivbvg-mswkøó KwZcq wk‡ivbvg-mswkøó D`vniY
Dc¯’vcb D`vniY wb‡R D‡jøL Kiv/ D‡jøL Kiv I †ev‡W© wjwLZ 2 wg.
wk¶v_x©‡`i D‡jøL Ki‡Z Z_¨ LvZvq ‡jLv|
ejv I †ev‡W© wjLv|

2. D`vniY Dc¯’vwcZ D`vniY¸‡jvi we‡køwlZ ¯^iƒc/cÖK…wZ

we‡kølY ¯^i~c/cÖK…wZ, †evW©/†cv÷vi Abyaveb Kiv| 3 wg.
†ccv‡ii gva¨‡g we‡kølY
Kiv|
3. m~ÎMVb wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K we‡køwlZ ¯^i~c msÁv/m~Î LvZvq ‡jLv| 4 wg.
Dcjwä K‡i msÁv/m~Î
wjL‡Z ejv|
4. wk¶v_x©‡`i M„nxZ wm×všÍ/m~Î/msÁvi wm×všÍ/m~Î/msÁvi wewfbœ
Abykxjb cÖ‡qvMg~jK Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k cÖKvi cÖ‡qvMg~jK KvR 8 wg.
cÖ`vb| `jxq/GKK/†Rvovq Kiv|
5. wk¶‡Ki wk¶v_x©‡`i Abykxjbg~jK wk¶‡Ki djveZ©‡bi mv‡_
djveZ©b Kv‡Ri djveZ©b cÖ`vb| wgwj‡q ÎæwU ms‡kvab K‡i 3 wg.
†bIqv|

113
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:

ce©-K: mwÜi ¯^i~c I cÖKvi‡f`

¯^imwÜ e¨ÄbmwÜ wemM© mwÜ

¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwbi ¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ e¨ÄbaŸwbi A_ev wem‡M©i mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwbi
wgj‡bi bvg ¯^imwÜ | e¨ÄbaŸwbi mv‡_ e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgj‡b wKsev e¨ÄbaŸwbi †h
†h mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨ÄbmwÜ e‡j| mwÜ nq Zv‡K wemM©
mwÜ e‡j|
ï‡f”Qv = ïf+B”Qv w`MšÍ = w`K&+AšÍ bxie = wbt+ ie
we`¨vjq = we`¨v+Avjq D”Q¡vm = Dr+k¦vm bg¯‹vi = bgt+Kvi

ce©-L: mwÜ mva‡bi wbqg

m~ÎwfwËK D`vni‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ web¨vm wbæi~c n‡e-

A/Av+A/Av = Av : †`e+Avjq = †`evjq
A/Av+B/C = C : ïf+B”Qv = ï‡f”Qv
¯^imwÜ A/Av+D/E = I : m~h©+D`q = m~‡h©v`q
A/Av+ F = (Ai -© ) : †`e+Fwl = †`ewl©
B/C +B/C = C : cwi+C¶v = cix¶v
e‡M©i 1g aŸwb + ¯^iaŸwb = e‡M©i 3q aŸwb : w`K+AšÍ = w`MšÍ
¯^iaŸwb+Q = wØZ¡ (”Q) : cwi+Q` = cwi”Q`
e¨ÄbmwÜ Z/`+ P/Q = ”P/”Q : Dr+†Q` = D‡”Q`
Z/` + R/S = ¾/R¡ : mr+Rb = m¾b
g+hijeklmn = s : mg&+ev` = msev`
t + K/L = ¯‹/ö/®‹ : bgt+Kvi = bg¯‹vi
wemM© mwÜ t+A=I : ZZt + AwaK = Z‡ZvwaK
t + P/Q, U/V, Z/_ = wkkaŸwb : wbt+Pq = wbðq
t + h/i/j/e/n = I Kvi : gbt + ni = g‡bvni

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU -3 Awa‡ekb -4

evsjv e¨vKiY
evK¨ZË¡ : MVb, Askweb¨vm, †kªYxwefvM I evK¨ cwieZ©b †KŠkj
e¨vKi‡Yi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv n‡jv evK¨ZË¡| e¨vKi‡Yi mKj D‡`¨vM-Av‡qvRbB
evK¨ Z_v evK¨ZË¡‡K wN‡i| GKw`K †_‡K †`L‡j ÔevK¨ZË¡Õ-B cÖK…Z e¨vKiY| ZvB
evK¨ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv bv _vK‡j GKw`‡K fvlv Abyaveb Ges e¨envi †hgb
Kvh©Ki nq bv, †Zgwb Ab¨ w`‡K fvlvwk¶v`v‡bI mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv hvq bv| e¨vKi‡Yi
AwšÍg D‡Ïk¨ ARmª ï× evK¨ Abyaveb I Drcv`b| †mB Drcv`-†hvM¨ Ges Abyaveb-
†hvM¨ evK¨B evK¨Z‡Ë¡ wek` fv‡e D‡b¥vwPZ nq|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 evK¨Z‡Ë¡i msÁv MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv_©K ev‡K¨i D`vniY †_‡K Gi Ask¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv_©K ev‡K¨i ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL K‡i Zvi D`vniY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv_©K evK¨ MV‡bi wbqg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 ev‡K¨i †kªYxwefvM D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb I D`vniY m‡gZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi evK¨ cwieZ©b Kivi †KŠkj AvqË K‡i fvlvPP©vq `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-K : evK¨Z‡Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYvi cwiPq
K. evK¨ZË¡ : evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi †h Ask evK¨, ev‡K¨i mwVK MVb, Askweb¨vm, ˆewkó¨,
†kªYxweb¨vm, we‡kølY I mv_©K e¨envi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K evK¨ZË¡ e‡j| Gi cÖavb
KvR n‡”Q ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ ÔDcv`vbÕ (kã/kãvsk, cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q, wefw³ BZ¨vw`)-Gi web¨vm
wb‡`©k Kiv| ¯^fveZB, evK¨ msMVb Ges ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Dcv`v‡bi µg msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv
cÖavb welq n‡q I‡V|

115
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

L. evK¨: ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ wKQy kã GKÎ n‡q GKwU m¤ú~Y© I m½Z A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j
Zv‡K evK¨ e‡j| †hgb− iwng ej †L‡j‡Q| evK¨wU‡Z g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q| hw` Ôiwng ejÕ GUzKz Ask ejv nZ Zv n‡j e³vi g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y© cÖKvk †cZ
bv| †L‡j mgvwcKv wµqv †hvM Kivq fve I A_© m¤ú~Y© nj| wKš‘ Ôiwng ejÕ evK¨wU hw`
G ch©šÍ _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi A_© m½wZ nq bv| gvbyl ej n‡Z cv‡i bv, GUv A_© Am½wZ|

M. ev‡K¨i MVb I web¨vm : ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ k㸇jv‡K Ôc`Õ e‡j| G¸‡jv‡Z wefw³ wPý
hy³ _v‡K|
M-1 : MV‡bi w`K †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K ev‡K¨i `yBwU Ask _v‡K| (1) D‡Ïk¨ (2) we‡aq|
ev‡K¨i Õe³vÕ D‡Ïk¨ I ÕmgvwcKv wµqvÕ we‡aq c`| †hgb- KvK WvK‡Q| KvK (KZ©v)
D‡Ïk¨ c`, WvK‡Q (mgvwcKv wµqv) we‡aq c`|
M-2: A‡_©i w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j evK¨ MV‡bi 3wU ˆewkó¨ j¶‡hvM¨| G¸‡jv‡K
ev‡K¨i AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¸Y e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| (1) AvKv•¶v (2) †hvM¨Zv I (3)
AvmwË|

AvKv•¶v:
ev‡K¨i A_©MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU c‡`i ci Ab¨ c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv R‡b¥ Zv‡K AvKv•¶v
e‡j| †hgb- Ôiwng ejÕ G ch©šÍ ej‡j ‡kvbvi B”Qv ev AvKv•¶v wbe„Ë nq bv, evK¨wUI
h_vh_ nq bv| iwng ej †L‡j− GB ev‡K¨ e‡ji ci †L‡j kãwU †kvbvi B”QvB GLv‡b
ÕAvKv•¶vÕ|

†hvM¨Zv:
ev‡K¨i A_©-†evSv‡Z n‡j c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ci¯úi m¤^Ü _vKvi bvgB †hvM¨Zv| A_©vr A_©
cÖKvkK c` †KvbwUi m‡½/c‡i †KvbwU emvi †hvM¨Zv Zv wba©viY Kiv| †hgb- iwng ej
Lv‡”Q− ej‡j KZ©v I mgvwcKv wµqvc` _vK‡jI A_© m½wZ †bB| GLv‡b †Lj‡Q c`wUB
h_vh_ †hvM¨Zvag©x c`|

AvmwË:
A‡_©i m½wZ i¶v K‡i c`¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi myweb¨vm ev ˆbKU¨ cª`vb Kivi bvgB AvmwË|
†hgb, Ôbvk&Zv †_‡K D‡V Nyg LvIÕ -- G ev‡K¨ c`¸‡jv myweb¨¯Í bq e‡j A_© m½wZI
†bB| wKš‘ hw` ejv nq, Nyg †_‡K DV bvk&Zv LvI, Zvn‡j c`¸‡jvi ms¯’vcb myweb¨¯Í nq
Ges evK¨iƒc jvf K‡i|

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

A‡_©i w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv K‡iB evK¨ MV‡bi GB 3wU ˆewkó¨ j¶‡hvM¨| ZvB G¸‡jv‡K
ev‡K¨i AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¸Y e‡jB we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

M-3 : ev‡K¨i MVb I web¨vm wePvi

ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Dcv`b mKj G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e cÖhy³ nq bv| kãmg~n ev‡K¨ µg (order)
Abyhvqx myk„•Ljfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| evsjvq mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g KZ©v (Subject) _v‡K,
KZ©vi ci Kg© (Object) Ges ev‡K¨i †k‡l wµqv (Verb) _v‡K| Dc‡ii evK¨ evsjv
fvlvq ev‡K¨i k㵇gi (word order) D`vniY| fvlvweÁv‡b evsjv‡K ejv nq S-O-V
(Subject-Verb-Object) msMV‡bi fvlv| evK¨ MVb Ki‡Z n‡j c‡`i µg i¶v K‡i Zvi
h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM Acwinvh©|

c`µ‡gi wbqgvewj :
ev‡K¨i AšÍf©y³ c`¸‡jv Dchy³ ¯’v‡b emv‡bvB c`-ms¯’vcb µg| G‡KB Ab¨fv‡e c`µg
ejv nq|

GK \ ev‡K¨ c`¯’vc‡bi ev c`µ‡gi †ekwKQy wbqg Av‡Q|

1| ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g KZ©„c` I me‡k‡l mgvwcKv wµqvc` e‡m| wµqv mKg©K n‡j, Kg©c`
wµqvc‡`i c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb- wcZv cy·K wZi¯‹vi Ki‡jb|
2| wØKg©K n‡j †MŠYKg© (e¨w³evPK Kg©) gyL¨ K‡g©i e¯‘evPK K‡gi© Av‡M e‡m| †hgb-
Zzwg Avgv‡K K_v w`‡qwQ‡j|
3| AmgvwcKv wµqv mgvwcKv wµqvi c~‡e© e‡m Ges mKg©K n‡j Zvi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb-
wZwb G K_v ï‡b wei³ n‡jb|
4| KiY, m¤cÖ`vb I Acv`vb c` KL‡bv KL‡bv Kg©c‡`i c~‡e© e‡m, c‡iI e‡m| †hgb-
ivLvj evjK jvwV w`‡q Miæ‡K cÖnvi Ki‡Q| Avwg dzjwU Avgvi gv‡K w`‡qwQ|
5| AwaKiY c` A‡bK ¯’v‡b KZ©„c‡`i c~‡e©, c‡i ev wµqvi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb- ivRv
`ytLx‡`i‡K Z©x_©‡¶‡Î A_©`vb Ki‡Qb|
6| c‡`i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z m¤^Üc` Zvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e‡m Ges Zv mvaviYZ ÔiÕ aŸwb hy³
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- ivRvi evwo, Kyqvi cvwb|

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

7| m‡¤^vab c` ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g ev †k‡l e‡m| †hgb- Avjøvn&, mrKv‡R †hb Avwg KL‡bv
weiZ bv nB| Z‡e KweZvq G ixwZ me©Î Abym„Z nq bv|
8| cªkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ Gme wbq‡gi KL‡bv e¨wZµg n‡q hvq| †hgb: †K †Mv Zzwg †kvbvI
Mvb|

ev‡K¨ c` ms¯’vc‡bi DwjøwLZ µg AbymiY Kiv n‡jI Gi e¨wZµgI N‡U| KweZvq

†ewki fvM Ges bvU‡Ki A‡bK †¶‡Î G cÖKvi e¨wZµg eûj cÖPwjZ| Z‡e, M‡`¨I
mvaviYZ `yfv‡e c`ms¯’vcb N‡U _v‡K− m¤§yLb Ges c`-wech©q|
K. m¤§yLb : Lye Kg †¶‡ÎB †`Lv hvq `yB cÖR‡b¥i gvby‡li g‡Zi HK¨|
> `yB cÖR‡b¥i gvby‡li g‡Zi HK¨ Lye Kg †¶‡ÎB †`Lv hvq|

L. c`-wech©q : Zvui wcZv DMÖfv‡e mgvR‡`ªvnx wQ‡jb|

> Zvui wcZv wQ‡jb DMÖfv‡e mgvR‡`ªvnx|
j¶¨‡hvM¨ †h, mvaviY ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g m¤cÖmviKmn D‡Ïk¨ (ev KZ©v) Ges ev‡K¨i †k‡l
m¤cÖmviKmn we‡aq (ev wµqvc`) em‡e| †hgb -
gb‡hvMx QvÎivB ixwZgZ cov‡kvbv K‡i|
(m¤cÖmviK) (KZ©„c`) (m¤cÖmviK) (wµqvc`)

`yB \ m‡¤^vab c` ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g e‡m : I‡n kwd, Kv‡Q G‡mv| > kwd Kv‡Q G‡mv >
Kv‡Q G‡mv kwd| Avevi : kwd, †`L ! Kx KvÛ K‡i‡Q †m|
wZb \ we‡aq we‡klY me mgq we‡k‡l¨i c‡i e‡m : †jvKUv Lye fv‡jv| Zzwg †h †evKv
GUv †Zvgvi
Rvbv †bB|
Pvi \ †h me kã ÔAvwkªZ LÐev‡K¨iÕ cÖ_‡g Av‡Q †m¸‡jv mvaviYZ ÔcÖavb LÐev‡K¨Õi
Av‡M e‡m :
hw` Zzwg Av‡mv Zvn‡j Avwg hve| hLb †Zvgvq WvKjvg ZLb †h G‡j bv !
cvuP \ wKQy kã ÔAvwkªZ LÐev‡K¨Õi cÖ_‡g _vK‡j †m¸‡jv ÔcÖavb LÐev‡K¨Õi c‡i e‡m : †m
Rv‡b bv Avwg KLb hve| Biv Rv‡b nxiv †Kv_vq †M‡Q|
Qq \ Dc‡ii k㸇jv Avevi AvwkªZ LÐev‡K¨i Av‡M bv e‡m Zvi D‡Ï‡k¨i c‡iI em‡Z
cv‡i : Avwg †`L‡Z PvB †m Kxfv‡e KvRUv K‡i|

118
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

mvZ \ AmgvwcKv wµqv mgvwcKv wµqvi Av‡M e‡m : Avgvi ejvi wKQy wQj bv| Kx Rvb‡Z
PvI?
AvU \ ev‡K¨ bv-†evaK Ae¨q wewfbœ fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i : ZzB KvR cviwe bv, KvR
Kwim †b| bv cvi‡j †Kb †Póv K‡iv? †`‡Lv †hb fyjUv bv nq| eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j
Avgv‡K e‡jv| bv eyS‡Z cvi‡j K‡iv bv| Zywg bv †evKv bv PvjvK| Avwg bv Avi
ej‡Z cvi‡ev bv| Zzwg GLb eyS‡j bv? GKUz Av‡M bv ej‡j eyS‡j?
GLb Avcwb Gai‡bi Av‡iv wKQy D`vniY w`b?

ce©-L : ev‡K¨i †kªYxwefvM D`vniY I we‡kølY


evK¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †m¸‡jv‡K K‡qKwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ev‡K¨i
†kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv bv _vK‡j wk¶K †hgb wb‡R `¶Zvi m‡½ evK¨ e¨envi
Ki‡Z I we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, †Zgwb wk¶v_©x‡K wk¶v`v‡bI mdj n‡Z cv‡ib bv|

ev‡K¨i †kªYxKiY bvbvfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i ev nIqv DwPZ−Gwb‡q fvlvwe`‡`i g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨
j¶ Kiv hvq| Zey, mvaviYfv‡e D‡Ïk¨, A_© I MVb Abymv‡i ev‡K¨i †kªYxwefvM Kiv
nq|
GK \ D‡Ïk¨ ev A_©vbymv‡i evK¨ `yB †kªYxi
(K) wb‡`©kK evK¨: †h ev‡K¨ †Kvb NUbv, Ae¯’v ev fv‡ei wee„wZ mvaviYfv‡e _v‡K Zv‡K
wb‡`©kK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb - m~h© cwðg w`‡K A¯Í hvq| wb‡`©kK evK¨ Avevi `yB iKg,
A¯Í¨_©K evK¨ I b¨¯Í_©K evK¨| A¯Í¨_©K ev‡K¨ †Kvb NUbv Ae¯’v ev fve wee„wZi gva¨‡g
¯^xK…Z ev cÖwZwôZ nq|
†hgb− Avjøvn me©kw³gvb|
b¨¯Í_©K ev‡K¨ †Kvb NUbv, Ae¯’v ev fve wee„wZi gva¨‡g A¯^xK…Z nq| †hgb− ¯^vaxbZvi
kÎæiv G‡`‡k KL‡bv cÖwZôv cv‡e bv|

(L) cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨: †h evK¨ Øviv †Kvb cÖkœ Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb-
Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, gyw³hy× fy‡j hvevi welq?
GQvovI Av‡eMm~PK, AbyÁvevPK, B”Qv ev cÖv_©bvm~PK evK¨, Kvh©KviYvZ¥K evK¨ I
m‡›`n‡`¨vZK bvgK evK¨ i‡q‡Q|
`yB \ MVb Abymv‡i evK¨ 3 cÖKvi -
1. mij evK¨ 2. †hŠwMK evK¨ 3. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨

119
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

†h ev‡K¨ GKwU gvÎ mgvwcKv wµqv _v‡K Zv‡K mij evK¨ e‡j| †hgb- †m ¯‹z‡j
wM‡q‡Q| AvRxeb G K_v g‡b ivLe|
†h ev‡K¨ ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ `yB ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk evK¨, †Kvb ms‡hvRK ev we‡qvRK Ae¨q
Øviv mshy³ nq, Zv‡K †hŠwMK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb- †m ¯‹z‡j wM‡q‡Q Ges Avwg †eov‡Z
†Mjvg| †Zvgvi cov‡kvbvq †j‡M _vK‡Z n‡e, Z‡eB cix¶vq fvj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†h ev‡K¨ GKwU cÖavb evK¨vsk Ges GK ev GKvwaK A½xf~Z AcÖavb evK¨vsk _v‡K Zv‡K
RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ e‡j, †hgb - hv‡`i eyw× †bB, ZvivB G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡e|
GQvovI we‡kl¨ ¯’vbxq bvg we‡klYxq I fve we‡klYxq evK¨ i‡q‡Q|

wZb \ ev‡K¨i ˆewkó¨ -

K. mij evK¨ - GKwU KZ©v (D‡Ïk) I GKwU gvÎ mgvwcKv wµqv (we‡aq) _v‡K|
L. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ - GKwU cÖavb evK¨vsk _v‡K|
- GK ev GKvwaK A½xf~Z cÖavb evK¨vsk _v‡K|
- GKwU evK¨ Qvov Ab¨wUi A_©‡eva Rb¥vq bv|
M. †hŠwMK evK¨ Ñ ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ `yB ev Zvi †ewk evK¨ w`‡q MwVZ|
- ms‡hvRK ev we‡qvRK Ae¨q _vK‡e|
- Ae¨q w`‡q evK¨¸‡jv hy³ _vK‡e|
D`vniY : mij evK¨ − cvwL AvKv‡k I‡o|
(D‡Ïk¨) (we‡aq)

RwUj ev wgkª evK¨− †h GLv‡b G‡mwQj, †m Avgvi eÜz|

†h cwikªg K‡i, †m wbðqB myL jvf K‡i|
(civaxb Ask) (cÖavb Ask)
†hŠwMK evK¨− Pzc K‡i †kv‡bv, bZzev P‡j hvI|
Avwg gi‡ev, Zey `qv wf¶v Ki‡ev bv|
hw` eviY Ki, Z‡e Mvwne bv|
(ms‡hvRK Ae¨q)
ÔÔAšÍtcy‡i †g‡qiv AZ¨šÍ Am‡šÍvl cÖKvk Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb, wKš‘ g½j Av‡jv‡K
Avgvi ïf Drme D¾¡j nBqv DwVj|Ó (iex›`ªbv_, KveyjxIqvjv)

GB ch©v‡q Avcwb mij, RwUj I †hŠwMK ev‡K¨i D`vniY Øviv K‡qKwU wb‡`©kK I
cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wK?

120
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

ce©-M : ev‡K¨i iƒcvšÍi : GK †kªYxi evK¨ †_‡K Ab¨ †kªYxi ev‡K¨


cwieZ©b

ev‡K¨i iƒcvšÍi ev cwieZ©b Kx Zv fvj K‡i ey‡S †bqv `iKvi| ev‡K¨i iƒcvšÍi n‡jv :
GK †kªYxi evK¨‡K Ab¨ †kªYx‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv| Gi gva¨‡g fvlv e¨env‡i `¶Zv e„w×
cvq, AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki †¶Î m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| G‡Z evK¨ ms‡kølY I ms‡hvRb cªwµqvq, fvlvi
A_© †`¨vZbv I e¨Äbv e„w× cvq| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv †_‡K e¨vcviwU †evSv hv‡e|
ev‡K¨i iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvi D`vniY:
mij evK¨ RwUj evK¨ †hŠwMK evK¨
1. †Zvgvi g‡bvevÃv c~Y© 1. Zzwg g‡b g‡b †h Kvgbv 1. Zzwg g‡b g‡b cÖv_©bv Ki‡j
†nvK| K‡iQ Zv c~Y© †nvK| Ges me Avgv‡K Ly‡j
ej‡j|
2. eyw×gvb e¨w³ KLbI 2. hvi eyw× Av‡Q †m 2. †m eyw×gvb e‡U, Z‡e †m
G KvR Ki‡e bv| KL‡bv G KvR Ki‡e myLx bq|
bv|
3. mZ¨K_v ejv‡Z Zzwg 3. hvi mZZv Av‡Q †m 3. Zzwg mZ¨ K_v e‡jQ GRb¨
wb®‹„wZ †c‡j| KL‡bv kvw¯Í cv‡ebv| wb®‹…wZ †c‡j|
4. wZwb weØvb n‡jI 4. Zvi we`¨v Av‡Q, ïay 4. wZwb weØvb wKš‘ KvÐÁvb
KvÐÁvb k~b¨| KvÐÁvb wkL‡Z n‡e| nxb|

mij evK¨ †hv‡M MwVZ Aby‡”Q`

GKRb wk¶‡Ki GKwU we`¨vjq w©Qj| we`¨vjqwU Zuvi wb‡Ri ZË¡veav‡b wQj| wZwb Zvui
K¬vm wb‡R wb‡Zb bv| Ab¨ wk¶K‡`i‡K Zv‡`i B”Qvbyhvqx K¬vm Ki‡Z w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡Z
we`¨vj‡qi mybvg w`b w`b Lvivc n‡Z jvMj| we`¨vj‡qi QvÎmsL¨v k~‡b¨ G‡m `vuovj|
Ae‡k‡l wZwb FYMÖ¯Í n‡jb| ZLb wZwb we`¨vjqwU evRvi KwgwUi Kv‡Q eÜK ivL‡jb|

RwUj evK¨ †hv‡M MwVZ Aby‡”Q`

Avgvi ¯§iY Av‡Q, G ¯’v‡b Avwg m~‡h©i cÖPÐ DËv‡c K¬všÍ n‡j, Avcwb Avcbvi nv‡Zi
Zv‡ji e„šÍ Avgvi g¯Í‡Ki Dci aviY K‡i, DËvc wbeviY K‡iwQ‡jb|

121
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

†hŠwMK ev‡K¨ cwiYZ K‡i MwVZ Aby‡”Q`

GKRb wk¶K wb‡Ri ZË¡veav‡b GKwU we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ Zuvi wk¶KZvi
KvR wb‡R bv K‡i Ab¨vb¨ wk¶K‡K, Zv‡`i B”QvgZ K¬vm Ki‡Z w`‡qwQ‡jb| myZivs
we`¨vj‡qi gvb w`b w`b Lvivc n‡q QvÎmsL¨v k~‡b¨ †b‡g G‡mwQj Ges wZwb Ae‡k‡l
FYMÖ¯Í n‡q, we`¨vjqwU evRvi KwgwUi wbKU eÜK ivL‡jb|

†hŠwMK evK¨‡K RwUj ev‡K¨ cwieZ©b :

†hŠwMK evK¨ : Zvui A‡bK we`¨v I ¸Y Av‡Q, Rvwni K‡ib bv|
†Q‡jwU †`L‡Z my`k©b, wKš‘ KvRK‡g© Ac`v_©|
RwUj evK¨ : hw`I Zvui A‡bK ¸Y Av‡Q wKš‘ wZwb Zv Rvwni K‡ib bv|
†Q‡jwU †`L‡Z my`k©b n‡j wK n‡e KvRK‡g© G‡Kev‡i Ac`v_©|

GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡jB †evSv hv‡e †h, evK¨ cwieZ©‡b cª‡qvRb nq k‡ãi cwieZ©b Ges
KL‡bv ev bZyb kã †hvMKiv ev eR©bKiv| Avi †hme Dcv‡q evK¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Zvi
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv: evK¨‡K ms‡KvwPZ Kiv, m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv Ges ev‡K¨i MVbMZ
cwieZ©b Kiv|

GB m‡½ ejv hvq †h, Dc‡ii wZb Dcv‡qi g‡a¨I Avevi m~² A‡_© Av‡iv K‡qKwU Dc-
†KŠk‡jI evK¨‡K cwiewZ©Z Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb− K„r cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M : Rb¥ †_‡K †h AÜ
= Rb¥vÜ, Zw×Z cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M : †ng‡šÍi †h dmj = ˆngwšÍ, mgvme× kã ‡hv‡M : K~‡ji
mgx‡c=DcK‚j, wfbœ k‡ãi cÖ‡qv‡M : ev`kvnx wb‡`©kbvgv = digvb BZ¨vw`|

Avcbvi fvlvÁvb †_‡K evsjvi Avi Kx-Kx ai‡bi ev‡K¨i D`vniY D‡jøL Kiv hvq
†h¸‡jvi GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

122
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 4
g~j wkLbxq welq
evK¨ZË¡ : MVb, Askweb¨vm, †kªYxwefvM I evK¨ cwieZ©b †KŠkj
fvlvq `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j Gi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖKvwkZ-iƒc Z_v fvlvi
 e„nËg/AwšÍg †h GKK evK¨, †m m¤ú‡K© fvlvZvwË¡K aviYv my¯úó nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi
Rb¨ ev‡K¨i †h w`K¸‡jv Riæwi †m¸‡jv GB Awa‡ek‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
MVb : myMwVZ evK¨ Qvov fvlv-cÖKvk h_v_© nq bv| c„w_exi mKj fvlvi ev‡K¨i gZB
evsjv evK¨ cÖavb `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ− D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq; cÖ_g As‡k KZ©v (Subject)
Ges wØZxq As‡k Kg© (Object) I wµqv (Verb) _v‡K| GB wePv‡i evsjv ev‡K¨i MVb
s-v-o|
Ask web¨vm : evsjv ev‡K¨i MV‡b c`-ms¯’vc‡b GB µg mvaviY n‡jI fvlvi KviæKvR,
ˆewPΨ, †mŠ›`h© ea©‡b Ges we‡kl K‡i KweZv I bvU‡K Gi mycªPzi e¨wZµg N‡U| ev‡K¨i
Ask‡K bvbvfv‡eB web¨¯Í Kiv hvq; Ab¨Zg n‡jv : m¤§yLb I c`-wech©q †KŠkj| GK
c`-wech©qB Kg K‡i 12 iKg n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ïay Ôbv/†bÕ Ae¨qB 8
iKg fv‡e web¨¯Í nq| Z‡e ev‡K¨i Ask-web¨v‡m wKQy mvaviY wbqg AbymiY Ki‡ZB nq|
†kªYx wefvM : evK¨-†mŠKh© AvqË Kivi Rb¨ Gi †kªYx wefvM Abyaveb AZ¨vek¨K|
D‡Ïk¨, A_© I MVb Abymv‡i ev‡K¨i †kªYx wefvM n‡q _v‡K| D‡Ïk¨ ev A_©vbymv‡i evK¨−
wb‡`©kK I cÖkœ‡evaK nq| wb‡`©kK− m~h© cwð‡g A¯Í hvq| wb‡`©kK evK¨ `yB iK‡gi−
A¯Í¨_©K I b¨¯Í_©K evK¨| A¯Í¨_©‡K - †Kv‡bv wKQy wee„wZi gva¨‡g ¯^xK…Z ev cÖwZwôZ
†evSvq, †hgb− Avjøvn& me©kw³gvb| b¨¯Í_©K ev‡K¨ wee„wZi gva¨‡g wKQy A¯^xK…Z nq|
†hgb− Acivax KL‡bv cvi cv‡e bv| cÖkœ‡evaK− G‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖkœ Kiv nq, †hgb−
gyw³hy× wK fy‡j hvevi welq?
GQvov Av‡eMm~PK, AbyÁvevPK, B”Qv ev cÖv_©bvm~PK, Kvh©vKviYvZ¥K Ges m‡›`n‡`¨vZK
evK¨I i‡q‡Q|
MVb Abymv‡i evK¨ 3 cÖKvi− mij evK¨, RwUj ev wgkªevK¨ I †hŠwMK evK¨| mij−
†Q‡jiv ¯‹z‡j hvq| RwUj− hw` eviY Ki, Z‡e Mvwne bv| †hŠwMK− Avwg gi‡ev, Zey
KiæYv wf¶v Ki‡ev bv|
evK¨ cwieZ©b : fvlv e¨env‡ii `¶Zvi Rb¨ evK¨ cwieZ©b †KŠkj AvqË Ki‡Z nq|
G‡Z GK ‡kªYxi evK¨‡K Ab¨ †kªYx‡Z cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Z nq, hv‡Z evK¨ ms‡kølY I
ms‡hvRb cÖwµqvq fvlvi A_© †`¨vZbv I e¨Äbv e„w× cvq| evK¨ cwieZ©bI bvbvfv‡e n‡Z
cv‡i| mij †_‡K RwUj : avwg©‡Kiv myLx > hviv avwg©K Zvuiv myLx| RwUj †_‡K mij :

123
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

†Q‡jwU Mixe wKš‘ †gavex > Mixe †Q‡jwU †gavex| mij †_‡K †hŠwMK : `k wgwbU ci
†Uªb G‡jv > `k wgwbU cvi n‡jv Ges †Uªb G‡jv| †hŠwMK †_‡K mij : nq KvR Ki, bq
e‡m c‡ov > KvR bv Ki‡j e‡m c‡ov| RwUj †_‡K †hŠwMK : hw`I wZwb abx, Z_vwc
wZwb AmyLx > wZwb abx e‡U, wKš‘ AmyLx| †hŠwMK †_‡K RwUj : †m Kvj Avm‡e Ges
Avwg hve > hw` †m Kvj Av‡m, Z‡e Avwg hve| G¸‡jv QvovI Aw¯ÍevPK-†bwZevPK
wfwˇZ †hgb cvi¯úwiK evK¨-cwieZ©b m¤¢e, †Zgwb Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxi evK¨I cwieZ©b
m¤¢e| evK¨ cwieZ©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e (K) evK¨-ms‡KvPb (L) ev‡K¨i m¤cÖmviY Ges (M)
ev‡K¨i MVbMZ cwieZ©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

g~j¨vqb:
 1| evK¨ZË¡ ej‡Z ev‡K¨i †Kvb-†Kvb w`K Av‡jvPbvq Av‡m? ms‡¶‡c wee„Z Kiæb|
2| ev‡K¨i MVb Kx-Kxfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq? evK¨ MV‡b †Kvb-†Kvb we‡kl w`‡Ki Dci
†Lqvj ivL‡Z nq?
3| evsjv evK¨ mvaviYZ Kq †kªYxi n‡Z cv‡i? wK‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i †kªYx-Dc‡kªYx
wefvRb Kiv hvq? D`vniY w`b|
4| wewfbœ cÖKvi ev‡K¨i iƒcvšÍi Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq? cÖavb KqwUi D`vniY w`b|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-K :
m¤§yLb - bvbv cwÐZ evK¨ m¤ú‡K© bvbv gZ ‡`b| > evK¨ m¤ú‡K© bvbv cwÐZ bvbv gZ
†`b| c`-wech©q - Gme Av‡jvPbvi Avmj K_v bq| > Av‡jvPbvi Avmj K_v Gme bq|
AvwkªZ LÐev‡K¨ m¤úK©h³ y c‡`i e¨envi - †hB dwosUv ai‡Z †Mjvg Agwb Zv D‡o
†Mj| wbZ¨ m¤^Ühy³ c‡`i e¨envi - †hgb Kg© †Zgb dj| weKí †evSv‡Z ÔbvÕ e¨envi -
ej‡Z bv PvI, wKQyUv Avfvm `vI|
ce©-L :
wb‡`©kK : mij evK¨ − †Q‡jiv GLb K¬v‡k hvI|
RwUj evK¨ − †h KvRwU Ki‡Z PvI, †m KvRwU K‡i †dj|
†hŠwMK evK¨ − fv‡jv K‡i KvR K‡iv, bZzev P‡j hvI|
cÖkœ‡evaK : mij evK¨ − Zzwg wK hv‡e?
RwUj evK¨ − Ab¨ mevB hw` hvq, Zzwg wK hv‡e?
†hŠwMK evK¨ − gb w`‡q cov‡kvbv Ki‡e, bvwK Ggwb K‡i AvÇv †g‡i njøv
K‡iB mgq bó K‡i †h‡Z _vK‡e?
ce©-M :
K. Aw¯ÍevPK L. †bwZevPK M. AbyÁvm~PK N. cÖv_©bvm~PK O. we¯§qm~PK Q. mskqvZ¥K
R. Dw³i cwieZ©bMZ ( cÖZ¨¶/c‡iv¶ )

124
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU -3 Awa‡ekb 5

mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨ : cÖwgZ PwjZixwZi Abykxjb

fvlv g~jZ `yfv‡e e¨eüZ nq- †gŠwLK Ges wjwLZ| gy‡Li fvlv A¯’vqx, †jLvi fvlv ¯’vqx|
gy‡Li fvlv evPb wbf©i, ZvB AÂj‡f‡` wewfbœ| g‡bi K_v‡K ïay gy‡L cÖKvk K‡i bq,
wjwci gva¨‡g ¯’vqx iƒc †`evi j‡¶¨ GKwU me©RbMÖvn¨ gvwR©Z iƒ‡ci cÖ‡qvRb Abyf~Z nq|
GB D‡Ï‡k¨B fvlvi wjwLZ iƒ‡ci D™¢e I weKvk N‡U‡Q|

fvlvi †gŠwLK iƒcwU‡K PwjZ Ges wjwLZ iƒcwU‡K mvay e‡j AwfwnZ Kivi cÖeYZv eû
cyivZb| wKš‘ mgq cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ G aviYv AvR e`‡j hv‡”Q| KviY evsjv M‡`¨i
wjwLZ iƒ‡c GLb mvay Ges PwjZ iƒ‡ci mnve¯’vb Pj‡Q| fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv GKw`b PwjZ
ixwZB †jL¨ fvlvi g~j Aej¤^b n‡e e‡j Avkvev` e¨³ Kiv hvq|

fvlv wk¶K‡K mvay I PwjZ GB `yÕixwZi ˆewkó¨ I MwZaviv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z n‡e|
mvayfvlvq iwPZ m¤ú` Zv‡K welqÁv‡b mg„× Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZw`‡bi cvV`v‡bi Kv‡R
PwjZ ixwZi myôz e¨envi cvV‡K kw³ I MwZ `vb Ki‡e| ZvB Dfq ixwZi mg¨K Dcjwäi
Rb¨ Zvi mhZœ Abykxjb cÖ‡qvRb|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 evsjv mvayfvlvi ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv PwjZfvlvi ¯^i~c wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mKj †¶‡Î PwjZfvlv e¨env‡ii `¶Zv e„w×i †KŠkj kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªYxK‡¶ evsjv mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZ cVb-cvV‡bi c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-K : evsjv mvay fvlvixwZ
Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv fvlvi †h wjwLZ iƒc M‡o I‡V Zvi bvg †`Iqv nq ÔmvayfvlvÕ| ms¯‹…Z
eyrcwËm¤úbœ gvby‡li fvlv‡K ÔmvayfvlvÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| †m
mg‡qi A‡bK mvwnwZ¨K GB mvayfvlvq Zv‡`i mvwnZ¨KxwZ© cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| mvwnwZ¨K
GB mvayfvlvq ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi cvkvcvwk Ams¯‹…Z kãI A‡bK e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
we‡klfv‡e j¶Yxq n‡”Q AmgvwcKv, mgvwcKv wµqv I me©bvg c‡`i we¯Í…Z iƒc| †hgb-
†`wLqv, hvB‡Z‡Q, Zvnvi cÖf„wZ| G Qvov hy³v¶ihy³ I mgvme× k‡ãiI we‡kl ixwZwm×
e¨enviI G fvlviƒ‡c j¶Yxq|

125
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Gevi wbgœewY©Z Aby‡”Q` `yÕwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co–b Ges G¸‡jvi wb‡P wee„Z
mvay fvlvixwZi cÖwZwU w`‡Ki `ÕywU K‡i D`vniY wbe©vPb K‡i cv‡k wjLyb|
ÔÔevjKw`‡Mi m`©vi dwUK PµeZx©i gv_vq PU Kwiqv GKUv bZzb fv‡ev`q nBj| b`xi
av‡i GKUv cÖKvÛ kvjKvô gv¯‘‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nBevi cÖZx¶vq cwoqvwQj; w¯’i nBj, †mBUv
mK‡j wgwjqv MovBqv jBqv hvB‡e|
†h e¨w³i Kvô, Avek¨KKv‡j Zvnvi †h KZLvwb we¯§q, weiw³ Ges Amyweav †eva nB‡e,
ZvnvB Dcjwä Kwiqv evj‡Kiv GB cÖ¯Ív‡e m¤ú~Y© Aby‡gv`b Kwij|Ó

Zrmg kã -
mgvme× kã -
hy³v¶ihy³ kã -
mgvwcKv wµqv -
AmgvwcKv wµqv -
me©bvg c` -
we‡klY c` -
we‡kl¨ c` -
ÕjÕ avZzRvZ wµqv-
RwUj evK¨ -
wcÖq wk¶v_©x, GB cvV †k‡l Dch©y³ Kv‡Ri m¤¢ve¨ DËi †`Iqv Av‡Q| cÖ`Ë Dˇii mv‡_
Avcbvi DËi wgwj‡q wbb Ges c‡i D`vniY¸‡jvi we‡ePbvq evsjv mvay fvlvixwZi
ˆewkó¨mg~n wbR wbR LvZvq ch©vqµ‡g wjLyb|

 ce©-L: evsjv PwjZ fvlvixwZ

c~‡e© ms¯‹…Zeûj ÔmvayfvlviÕ eûj cÖPj‡bi d‡j evsjv M`¨ wbQK cwÐwZ M‡`¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q c‡o Ges Zvi d‡j Gi MwZkw³ wkw_j I gš’i n‡Z _v‡K| ZvB †m hy‡Mi †Kvb
†Kvb M`¨wkíx GB cwÐwZ M‡`¨i weiy‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i Avcvgi RbZvi ÔK_¨fvlvÕi
X‡O evsjv M`¨ iPbvq eªZx nb| Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© ïiæ nIqv fvlvi GB bZzb iƒ‡ci
bvgB ÔPwjZ ixwZÕ ev ÔPwjZ fvlvÕ|

126
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡j‡Qb, Ò`w¶Y-cwðg e‡½ fvMxi_x b`xi ZxieZ©x ¯’v‡bi
f`ª I wkw¶Z mgv‡Ri e¨eüZ †gŠwLK fvlv, mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡ki wkw¶Z mgvR KZ©…K †kªô
†gŠwLK fvlv ewjqv M„nxZ nBqv‡Q| GB †gŠwLK fvlv‡K we‡klfv‡e ÔPwjZ fvlvÕ ejv
nqÓ|
PwjZ fvlvq gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlvi gvwR©Z iƒc‡K mnR, mij I PUzj fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq
Ges wµqv, me©bvg I bT_©K Ae¨q c‡`i msw¶ßiƒc e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: Ôhv‡K Zv‡K hv
Zv †Zvgvi †kLv‡Z hvIqv DwPZ nqwbÕ|
†m hv †nvK, Avmyb wk¶v_x eÜziv, PwjZ fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv jv‡fi
Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Avgiv ce© K -Gi Aby‡”Q`wU‡K PwjZixwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i wb‡Pi duvKv¯’v‡b
wjwL| cieZ©xKv‡j GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv PwjZ fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n ch©vqµ‡g D‡jøL
Kwi Ges cvV‡k‡l cÖ`Ë m¤¢ve¨ DËi I g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q ÎæwU ms‡kvab
Kwi |

m¤¢ve¨ iƒcvšÍi:

PwjZ ixwZi ˆewkó¨:

ce©-M: PwjZ fvlvixwZi e¨envi `¶Zv


†h †Kvb fvlvq `¶Zv AR©b e¨envi mv‡c¶| fvlvi e¨envi hZ eûgvwÎK n‡e Zvi Dci
`¶Zv ZZ †ewk AwR©Z n‡e| ZvB evsjv PwjZ fvlvixwZi mg¨K Dcjwä I Zvi mv_©K
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨I Gi e¨envwiK w`‡Ki Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î †kªYxK‡¶
wewfbœ ai‡bi †gŠwLK I ˆjwLK Abykxj‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv mn wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v_©x eÜziv, cÖ_‡g wbR¯^ wPšÍvi cÖ‡qv‡M wb‡Pi Q‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi †gŠwLK
I ˆjwLK Abykxj‡bi †¶Î I Kjv‡KŠkjmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb| c‡i Avcbvi DËi g~j
wkLbxq wel‡qi mswkøó As‡ki mv‡_ wgwj‡q ms‡kvab K‡i wbb|
127
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

†gŠwLK Abykxj‡bi †¶Î: ˆjwLK Abykxj‡bi †¶Î:

Kjv‡KŠkjmg~n:

128
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

 ce©-N : mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi cVb-cvVb

B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, †kªYx‡Z e¨vKiY cVb cvV‡bi `xN© w`‡bi eûj cÖPwjZ
c×wZ n‡”Q- Av‡ivn, Ae‡ivn Ges Av‡ivn-Ae‡ivn c×wZ| GB wZbwU c×wZ g~jZ m~Î I
D`vni‡Yi ch©vqµwgK Dc¯’vcb mswkøó| cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î Dch©y³ c×wZmg~‡ni
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †Kvbw`bB Kg‡e bv| Z‡e fvlv cvV`vb‡K Av‡iv Kvh©Ki, AskMÖnYg~jK I
A_©c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Dch©y³ c×wZmg~‡ni mv‡_ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZmg~‡ni wewfbœ
Kjv‡KŠk‡ji mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq| †hgb †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶K mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi
cVb-cvVb cvV`v‡bi Dc¯’vcb As‡ki GKwU kx‡l©i wbgœewY©Z KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib--
hvi cÖ‡qvM GB gwWD‡ji BDwbU 3, Awa‡ekb 2 Gi mwÜ cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| wcÖq wk¶v_©x, KvR¸‡jv GLv‡b ch©vqµwgKfv‡e mvwR‡q †`Iqv nq wb| †`Lv hvK
Avcwb wb‡R wPšÍv K‡i ch©vqµwgKfv‡e mvRv‡Z cv‡ib wK bv|

D`vniY we‡kølY 1.

m~ÎMVb 2.

wk¶v_x©i Abykxjb 3.

djveZ©b 4.

D`vniY Dc¯’vcb 5.

†kªYx‡Z cVb-cvV‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K Ges wk¶v_©x Df‡qiB mywbw`©ó wKQz KiYxq i‡q‡Q|
†hgb Dc‡i ewY©Z Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki g~j KvR n‡”Q wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv I
Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| Avi wk¶v_x©i KvR n‡”Q wk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx KvR Kiv I
cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv PvIqv| wKš‘ wk¶K Kxfv‡e wb‡`©kbv w`‡eb, Kxfv‡e D`vniY
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb, Kxfv‡e D`vniY we‡kølY Ki‡eb, Kxfv‡e djveZ©b w`‡eb− †m meI
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avmyb wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avgiv †m me we‡ePbv gv_vq †i‡L mvay I PwjZ
fvlvixwZi cVb-cvV‡bi †¶‡Î †kªYx‡Z wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi KiYxq m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ w`‡q

129
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kwi Ges c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mswkøó As‡ki mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbR wbR
Dˇii h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kwi|

†KŠk‡ji bvg wk¶‡Ki KvR wk¶v_©xi KvR

cvV¨cy¯ÍK
we‡kølY:

†cv÷vi
Dc¯’vcb:

wgjKiY:

‰elg¨
AbymÜvb:

ÎæwU
kbv³KiY:

ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘ZKiY:

eøvK‡evW©
mvims‡¶c:

Z_¨QK ˆZwi:

130
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 5

g~j wkLbxq welq

mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨ : cÖwgZ PwjZixwZi Abykxjb

c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j wewfbœ fvlvfvlx gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlvi m‡½ †jLvi fvlvi Kg †ewk
 cv_©K¨ N‡U| Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv evsjvi †¶‡ÎI e¨vcviwU cÖ‡hvR¨| G fvlvi wjwLZ(mvay
ixwZ) I †gŠwLK i~‡c (PwjZ ixwZ) wewfbœ w`‡Ki wfwˇZ A‡bK cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq|
†‡hgb-

aib/Pvj: mvayfvlv K…wÎg, ¸iæM¤¢xi Ges †cvkvKx fvlv; Ab¨w`‡K PwjZfvlv AK…wÎg,
nvj&Kv Pv‡ji Ges AvU‡cŠ‡i fvlv|
e¨envi: mvayfvlv mvayR‡bi gy‡L e¨eüZ fvlv| GwU wjwLZ iƒ‡ci fvlv e‡j wPiKv‡ji
cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq| PwjZfvlv †gŠwLK iƒ‡ci fvlv e‡j ¶YKv‡ji cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq|
kãiƒc: mvayfvlvq Zrmg, mgvme× I hy³v¶ihy³ kã e¨eüZ nq| PwjZfvlvq Z™¢e,
†`wk, we‡`wk, MÖvg¨ I AvÂwjK kã e¨eüZ nq|
c`iƒc: mvayfvlvq c‡`i we¯Í…Ziƒc e‡m; PwjZfvlvq msw¶ß I ¯^Zš¿ iƒc e‡m| †hgb:
Kwiqv- K‡i, Z`byiƒc- †mB g‡Zv, Dcw¯’Z- nvwRi, Z_vwc- Zey|
evK¨ MVb: mvayixwZ‡Z evK¨-MVb ixwZ mywbw`©ó| G‡Z eo I RwUj evK¨ e‡m| PwjZ
fvlvq evK¨-MVb ixwZ Awbw`©ó| G‡Z †QvU, mij I †hŠwMK evK¨ e‡m|
avZziƒc: Dfq fvlvq avZziƒ‡cI iƒcvšÍi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb: mvayfvlvq ÔjÕ avZz iƒcwU
PjwZfvlvq ÔbÕ avZz iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| jq- †bq, jB‡e-wb‡e, jB‡j-wb‡j|
MwZgqZv: aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi wbqg mvayfvlvq Abym„Z nq bv e‡j GwU ¯’wei fvlv, cyKyi ev
`xwNi mv‡_ Zzjbxq| Ab¨w`‡K PwjZfvlv aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi wbqg †g‡b wbZ¨
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq e‡j GwU SY©vi g‡Zv Pwjòz fvlv|
eqm: mvayfvlv cy‡iv‡bv fvlv| ivg‡gvnb, we`¨vmvMi hy‡M GwU c~Y©Zv †c‡q‡Q| PwjZ fvlv
A‡c¶vK…Z bZzb fvlv| cÖg_ †PŠayixi mg‡q Z_v Ebwesk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS
G‡m GwU ùzwZ© jv‡fi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡q‡Q|

131
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

wkí im: mvayfvlv K…wÎg e‡jB Mí, KweZv, Dcb¨v‡m GwU wkíim m„wó‡Z me©Î mv_©K bq|
wKš‘ PwjZfvlv AK…wÎg, ZvB wkíim m„wói mnvqK|
msnwZ i¶v: mvayfvlvi AvÂwjK ˆewPΨ †bB; ZvB mviv †`‡ki msnwZ i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‘ PwjZfvlv G‡KK A‡j GKK iKg e‡j †`‡ki msnwZ i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|
Awf‡hvRb: mvayfvlv Ab¨ fvlvi kã‡K wb‡Ri K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ PwjZfvlv Ab¨
†h †Kvb fvlvi kã MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
`¶Zv AR©b: mvayfvlvi e¨envwiK `¶Zv AR©b wk¶v mv‡c¶| wKš‘ PwjZ fvlvq `¶Zv
AR©b e¨envi mv‡c¶|
mvay fvlvi D`vniY :
ÒZvnvi N‡i †Mjvg| †m Avgv‡K ¶zavZziv †`wLqv MvBwU `ywnqv GKUz `ya LvB‡Z w`j| †m
g‡nkcyi wPwbZ| Zvnv‡K Avwg ewjjvg †h, Ô†Zvgv‡K UvKv †`IqvBe− Zzwg Avgv‡K
†mLv‡b ivwLqv AvBm|Õ Zvnv‡Z †m Kwnj †h, ÔAvgvi Ni msmvi †dwjqv hvBe wK cÖKv‡i?
ZLb ‡m †h c_ ewjqv w`j, Avwg †mB c‡_ †Mjvg|Ó
Òevj¨Kv‡ji w`‡K hLb ZvKvBqv †`wL, ZLb mK‡ji †P‡q ¯úó Kwiqv g‡b c‡o ZLbKvi
el©vi w`b¸wj| evZv‡mi †e‡M R‡ji Quv‡U eviv›`v G‡Kev‡i fvwmqv hvB‡Z‡Q| mvwi mvwi
N‡ii mg¯Í `iRv eÜ nBqv‡Q|Ó

PwjZ fvlvi D`vniY :

Ò†KD nq‡Zv cÖ_‡gB wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, evsjv fvlv Kv‡K e‡j? evOvjxi gy‡L G cÖkœ
†kvfv cvq bv| G cÖ‡kœi mnR DËi wK GB bq †h, †h fvlv Avgiv mevB Rvwb, ïwb I
eywS, †h fvlvq Avgiv fvebv-wPšÍv, myL-`ytL, webv Avqv‡k, webv †K¬‡k, eûKvj n‡Z cÖKvk
K‡i AvmwQ Ges m¤¢eZ AviI eûKvj ch©šÍ cÖKvk Kie, †m fvlvB Avgv‡`i cÖv‡Yi fvlv,
Avgv‡`i evsjv fvlv|Ó

Ò¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K hLb ïb‡Z †cZvg, Ò exi evOvjx A¯¿ ai, evsjv‡`k
¯^vaxb Ki,Ó A_ev Ò†gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPve e‡j hy× Kwi, †gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPve
e‡j A¯¿ awiÓ, ZLb AvgivI hy‡×i g‡š¿ DÏxwcZ n‡q mg¯^‡i †M‡q DVZvg, ÒAvgvi
†mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm, wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm Avgvi cÖv‡Y
evRvq euvwk|Ó

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

PwjZixwZ e¨env‡ii `¶Zve„w×i †KŠkj : gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K gy‡Li K_vq

I †jLvi fvlvq PwjZixwZ e¨env‡i cvi½g K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wk¶K wbgœewY©Z
†KŠkjmg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 †gŠwLK Abykxjb : e³„Zv, Mí ejv, Ave„wË, Abyôvb cwiPvjbv|
 ˆjwLK Abykxjb : iPbv, fve-m¤cÖmviY, mvivsk, Kw_Kv, †`qvj cwÎKv cÖf„wZi
Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 kÖæZwjwci Abykxjb|
 †kªYx‡Z PwjZ ixwZ‡Z K‡_vcK_b|
 Av`k© I mie cvV‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv |
 Avjv`v K‡i D”PviY ‡kLv‡bv|
 e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ w`‡Ki h_v_© Abykxjb : †hgb- kãi~c, c`i~c, evK¨i~c, avZzi~c
cÖf„wZ|
 PwjZ ixwZ e¨env‡i Drmvn cÖ`vb|
 Dfq ixwZi †gŠj-cv_©K¨ we‡kølY|
 fvlvi aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiv|
 wk¶v_x©‡`i fvlv-ixwZi wgkªYRwbZ ÎæwU wbôvi mv‡_ ms‡kvab K‡i †`Iqv|

mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi cVb-cvVb : wk¶K ‡kªYxK‡¶ mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZ cvV`v‡bi
‡¶‡Î AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZi wbgœ-ewY©Z †KŠkjmg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| g‡b ivL‡Z
n‡e Gme †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡`i KvRB †ewk| wk¶K †Kej wk¶v_©x‡`i
Kv‡Ri Z`viwK Ki‡eb, cÖ‡qvRbxq w`Kwb‡`©kbv ‡`‡eb Ges Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU As‡ki
Avek¨K djveZ©b †`‡eb|

 cvV¨cy¯ÍK we‡kølY  ÎæwU kbv³KiY

 †cv÷vi Dc¯’vcb  ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘ZKiY
 wgjKiY  eøvK‡evW© mvi-ms‡¶c
 ˆelg¨ AbymÜvb  Z_¨QK ˆZwi .........cÖf„wZ

133
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-K- mvayfvlvi ˆewkó¨
Zrmg kã - w¯’i mgvme× kã - fv‡ev`q
hy³v¶ihy³ kã - cÖKvÐ mgvwcKv wµqv - Kwij
AmgvwcKv wµqv - Kwiqv me©bvg c` - Zvnvi
we‡klY c` - cÖKvÐ
we‡kl¨ c` - Kvô
j avZzRvZ wµqv- jBqv
RwUj/`xN© evK¨ - ‡h e¨w³i Kvô, Avek¨KKv‡j Zvnvi †h KZLvwb we¯§q weiw³ Ges
Amyweav †eva nB‡e, ZvnvB Dcjwä Kwiqv evj‡Kiv GB cÖ¯Ív‡e m¤ú~Y© Aby‡gv`b
Kwij|
mvay fvlvixwZ K…wÎg, ¸iæM¤¢xi I †cvkvKx fvlv|
 wjwLZiƒ‡c Gi e¨envi †ewk|
 Gi evK¨ MVbixwZ mywbw`©ó|
 G fvlvi aŸwb AcwieZ©bxq; ZvB G fvlviƒc A‡bKUv e× cyKyi ev `xwN gZ
¯’wei| G fvlvi AvÂwjK ˆewPΨ †bB|
G fvlvi Awf‡hvRb ¶gZv Kg| Ab¨fvlvi kã‡K G fvlvixwZ mn‡R wb‡Ri K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡i bv|

ce© L- evsjv PwjZ fvlvixwZ

†Q‡j‡`i m`©vi dwUK PµeZx©i gv_vq PU K‡i GKwU bZzb fve †R‡M DVj| b`xi av‡i
GKwU eo kvjKvV gv¯‘j evbv‡bvi Rb¨ ivLv wQj| wVK n‡jv, †mUv mevB wg‡j Mwo‡q
wb‡q hv‡e|
hvi KvV, cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq Zvi Lye Amywe‡a n‡e| †m wew®§Z I wei³ n‡e| GK_v †f‡eB
†Q‡jiv G Kv‡R cy‡ivcywi ivwR nj|

mshy³ djveZ©b (m¤¢ve¨ w`K) :

 PwjZ ixwZ K…wÎgZvewR©Z, nvjKv Pv‡ji, AvU‡cŠ‡i fvlv|
 g~jZ †gŠwLK iƒ‡c Gi e¨envi †ewk|
 G fvlv cwieZ©bkxj fvlv| ¯^i‡jvc, ¯^im½wZ, AwfkÖæwZ, mgxfeb, ¯^ivMg cÖf„wZ
cÖwµqvq G fvlvi kã wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj|
 mgq we‡ePbvq G fvlv bZzb|
 wkíim m„wó‡Z G fvlvixwZ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK|
 G fvlvi Awf‡hvRb ¶gZv Lye †ewk| †h †Kvb fvlvi kã‡K †m wb‡Ri K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|

134
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 6
e¨vKiY-we‡kølY: mgvm

Pjgvb cÖwµqvq iƒcvšÍwiZ I cwikxwjZ nIqvB fvlvi mnRvZ ag©| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB

kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i ARmª kã G‡m‡Q evsjv fvlvi kãfvÐv‡i| evsjv fvlvi bZzb kã
MV‡bi cÖavb wZbwU cÖwµqvi GKwU n‡”Q mgvm| Ab¨ `ywU cÖZ¨q I DcmM©| mgv‡mi
Av‡jvPbv Avevi evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi iƒcZ‡Ë¡i AšÍf©y³| iƒcZ‡Ë¡i KvR n‡”Q k‡ãi MVb
cÖwµhv we‡kølY Kiv| mgv‡mi Av‡jvPbv‡ZI †`Lv hv‡e A_© m¤^Ühy³ GKvwaK kã
GKm‡½ hy³ n‡q Kxfv‡e GKwU eo kã MVb K‡i; GKvwaK c` Kxfv‡e GKc‡`
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq; e³e¨, welq Kxfv‡e msw¶ß nq; kã-wgjb Avm‡j Kxfv‡e mvwaZ nq−
cÖf„wZ cÖwµqvi we‡kølYB Gi g~j DcRxe¨|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 mgv‡mi msÁv I Gi cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi mgv‡mi ¯^iƒc wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªYx‡Z mgvm cvV`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx c×wZ I †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©-K: mgvm Kx Ges †Kb

mgvm k‡ãi A_© ms‡¶c ev †QvU| `xN© evK¨ A‡bK mgq ïb‡Z I co‡Z fvj jv‡M bv,
ZvB A‡bK mgq evK¨‡K kÖæwZgayi I my›`i Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K msw¶ß Ki‡Z nq| ev‡K¨i
wfZ‡i †hmKj c` ci¯úi A_© m¤úK©hy³ †m¸‡jv‡K GKc‡` cwiYZ Ki‡j evK¨
¯^fveZB †QvU n‡q hvq| GB cÖwµqv‡K mgvm ejv nq| mgvm GKwU cÖwµqvi bvg| GB
cÖwµqvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ w`K ev bv‡gi GKwU D`vniY wb‡P wPwýZ nj|

wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb; GLv‡b-

e¨vmevK¨= wmsn wPwýZ Avmb
mg¯Íc`= wmsnvmb
mgm¨gvb c`= wmsn, wPwýZ Ges Avmb
c~e©c`= wmsn
cic`= Avmb

135
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Dc‡ii Z_¨mg~n we‡ePbvq †i‡L Gevi wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kiæb I Q‡Ki
wb‡P cÖ`Ë w`K¸‡jvi msÁv wjLyb| †jLv †k‡l g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mswkøó As‡ki mv‡_
wgwj‡q Avcbvi AR©b cix¶v Kiæb|

kã e¨vmevK¨ c~e©c` cic` mgm¨gvbc` mg¯Íc`

wPimyL
bxjvKvk
RjPi
msÁv wjwL-
e¨vmevK¨:

c~e©c`:

cic`:

mgm¨gvbc`:

mg¯Íc`:

mgvm:

 ce©-L: mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv mgvm cÖavbZ Qq cÖKvi| h_v- Ø›Ø, Kg©aviq, Zrcyiæl, eûeªxwn, wظ Ges
Ae¨qxfve| ˆewk‡ó¨i wewfbœZvB GB †kªYxfv‡Mi g~j wfwË| †m‡¶‡Î cÖwZwU mgv‡mi ¯^Zš¿
¯^iƒc Abyave‡bi Rb¨ wbgœewY©Z w`Kmg~n we‡ePbvq †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i:

136
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

mgv‡mi bvg ‰ewkó¨ D`vniY

Ø›Ø cÖ‡Z¨KwU mgm¨gvb c‡`i A‡_©i Zvj-Zgvj, gv-evc, †`Lv-†kvbv
cÖvavb¨ _v‡K|
Kg©aviq we‡klY c‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl¨ c‡`i bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ , hv KvuPv
mgvm nq Ges cic‡`i (we‡k‡l¨i) Zv-B wgVv = KvuPvwgVv
A_©B cÖavb¨ cvq|
Zrcyiæl c~e©c‡`i wØZxqvw` wefw³i †jvc cvq gay‡Z gvLv = gaygvLv
Ges ci c‡`i A_© cÖavbfv‡e
‡evSvq|
eûiªxwn mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †KvbwUi A_© bv `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb (iveY),
eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kvb Z…Zxq e¨w³ ev nv‡Z Lwo †`Iqv nq †h Abyôv‡b
e¯‘‡K eySvq| = nv‡ZLwo|
wظ mgvnvi ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK wZb Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj,
k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i mgvm nq kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi = kZvãx
Ges mgvmwb®úbœ c`wU we‡kl¨ nq|
Ae¨qxfve c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úYœ nq Ges Rvby ch©šÍ jw¤^Z = AvRvbyjw¤^Z
Ae¨‡qiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K| Blr bZ= AvbZ

wcÖq wk¶v_©x, Dc‡i ewY©Z Z_¨mg~n we‡ePbvq †i‡L wbgœewY©Z D`vniY¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ we‡kø-
lY K‡i ai‡bi AwfbœZvi wfwˇZ Q‡Ki D`vniY Kjv‡g mvwR‡q wjLyb Ges
D`vniY¸‡jvi ˆewkó¨ I mgv‡mi bvg D‡jøL Kiæb:
nvZ I cv = nvZ-cv wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ
¸iæ‡K fw³ = ¸iæfw³ AvqZ †jvPb hvi = AvqZ‡jvPb
cÂe‡Ui mgvnvi = cÂeUx fvj I g›` = fvj-g›`
KÚ ch©šÍ = AvKÚ Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl
†h kvšÍ †mB wkó = kvšÍwkó my›`ix †h jZv = my›`ijZv

137
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

b`x gvZv hvi = b`xgvZ…K kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi = kZvãx

D`vniY ‰ewkó¨ mgv‡mi bvg

Avmyb wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Gevi Av‡iKwU QK c~iY Kwi-

D`vniY e¨vmevK¨ mgv‡mi bvg

b`xgvZ…K

mvZ mgy`ª

†mZvi

`v-Kzg‡ov

nv‡Z Lwo

Avcv`g¯ÍK

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

 ce©-M: †kªYx‡Z mgvm cvV`vb

†kªYx‡Z e¨vKiY cVb-cvV‡bi `xN© w`‡bi eûj cÖPwjZ ‡hme c×wZ - Av‡ivn, Ae‡ivn
Ges Av‡ivn-Ae‡ivn c×wZ, Zvi wZbwUB g~jZ m~Î I D`vni‡Yi ch©vqµwgK Dc¯’vcb
mswkøó| e¨vKiY cvV`vb‡K Av‡iv Kvh©Ki, AskMÖnYg~jK I A_©c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³
c×wZmg~‡ni mv‡_ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZmg~‡ni wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji mgš^q mvab Kiv
hvq| †hgb †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶K mgvm cvV`v‡bi Dc¯’vcb As‡ki GKwU kx‡l©i wbgœewY©Z
KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wcÖq wk¶v_©x, KvR¸‡jv GLv‡b ch©vqµwgKfv‡e mvwR‡q †`Iqv nq wb| †`Lv hvK Avcwb
wb‡R wPšÍv K‡i ch©vqµwgKfv‡e mvRv‡Z cv‡ib wK bv|
D`vniY we‡kølY 1.
m~ÎMVb 2.
wk¶v_x©i Abykxjb 3.
djveZ©b 4.
D`vniY Dc¯’vcb 5.

†kªYx‡Z cVb cvV‡bi †¶‡Î Av‡M †hgb `ywU Awa‡ek‡b †`Lv‡b n‡q‡Q, Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZwU
†¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki g~j KvR n‡”Q wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv I Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

Avmyb wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avgiv †m me we‡ePbv gv_vq †i‡L mgvm cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î †kªYx‡Z
wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi KiYxq m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ w`‡q wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kwi Ges c‡i g~j
wk¶bxq wel‡qi mswkøó As‡ki mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbR wbR Dˇii h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kwi|
†KŠkj wk¶‡Ki KiYxq
1. †kªYxKiY

2. cvV¨cy¯ÍK we‡kølY

3. †cv÷vi Dc¯’vcb

4. Zzjbvg~jK ˆelg¨
AbymÜvb

5. mZ¨-wg_¨v

6. ÎæwU kbv³KiY

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 6
g~j wkLbxq welq
e¨vKiY we‡kølY-mgvm

 mgvm: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡`i GKc`xKiY‡K mgvm ejv nq| †h c`¸‡jvi GKxKiY
Kiv nq, ‡m¸‡jv‡K e‡j mgm¨gvb c` , mgvme× c`‡K e‡j mg¯Íc` Ges †h evK¨vs‡ki
mvnv‡h¨ mgvm‡K we‡kølY Kiv nq ‡mwU‡K e‡j e¨vmevK¨| †hgb- wmsn wPwýZ Avmb =
wmsnvmb, wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myL= wPimyL, R‡j P‡i †h/hv= RjPi
GLv‡b- (cÖ_g D`vni‡Y)

mgm¨gvb c` = wmsn, wPwýZ Ges Avmb; A_©vr mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ †h KÕwU c`‡K msw¶ß
Kiv nq Zv‡`i meKÕwUB Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e mgm¨gvb c`| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU‡K e‡j
c~e©c` Ges cieZ©x c`/c`¸‡jv‡K e‡j cic`|

mg¯Íc` = wmsnvmb; A_©vr mgvmwb®úbœ c`wUi bvg mg¯Íc`|

e¨vmevK¨ = wmsn wPwýZ Avmb; A_©vr mgvme× c`wU‡K we‡kølY Kivi Rb¨ †h ev‡K¨i
ev evK¨vs‡ki cÖ‡qvRb nq; Zv‡K e¨vmevK¨ e‡j|

mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f` : mgvm cÖavbZ Qq cÖKvi | h_v- Ø›Ø, Kg©aviq, Zrcyiæl, eûeªxwn, wظ
Ges Ae¨qxfve|

(1) Ø›Ø mgvm : †h mgv‡m mgvb wefw³wewkó GKvwaK we‡kl¨c` Giƒ‡c wgwjZ nq †h,
cÖ‡Z¨KwU mgm¨gvb c‡`i A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K, Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb− Zvj-
Zgvj, gv-evc, †`Lv- †kvbv, `qv-gvqv|

(2) Kg©aviq : †hLv‡b we‡klY ev we‡klYfvevcbœ c‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨fvevcbœ

c‡`i mgvm nq Ges cic‡`i (we‡k‡l¨i) A_©B cÖavbi~‡c cÖZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K
Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb- bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ , hv KvuPv Zv-B wgVv =
KvuPvwgVv| Kg©aviq mgv‡m mvaviYZ we‡klY c` Av‡M e‡m| Kg©aviq mgvm wewfbœ
cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v-
 ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq : cj (gvsm) wgwkªZ Ab¨= cjvbœ
 Dcgvb Kg©aviq : Kzmy‡gi (Dcgvb c`) b¨vq †Kvgj ( mvaviY ag©evPK kã) =
Kzmyg‡Kvgj
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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

 DcwgZ Kg©aviq : PiY (DcwgZ) Kg‡ji (Dcgvb) b¨vq = PiYKgj

 iƒcK Kg©aviq : `ytL iƒc Abj = `ytLvbj

(3) Zrcyiæl : c~e© c‡`i wØZxqvw` wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m ci c‡`i
A_© cÖavbfv‡e eySvq Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
†hgb- gay‡Z gvLv = gaygvLv
Zrcyiæl mgvm wbgœewY©Z bq cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K-
 wØZxqv Zrcyiæl : wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ
 Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl : gay w`‡q gvLv = gaygvLv
 PZz_©x Zrcyiæl : we‡qi Rb¨ cvMj = we‡qcvMj
 cÂgx Zrcyiæl : Rb¥ †_‡K AÜ = Rb¥vÜ
 lôx Zrcyiæl : c‡_i ivRv = ivRc_
 Dcc` Zrcyiæl : R‡j P‡i †h = RjPi (RjPi GKwU Dcc`; KviY Rj
GKwU c`, Pi& GKwU avZz Ges G GKwU cÖZ¨q)
Kjg †c‡l †h = Kjg-†clv (GLv‡b Kjg-‡clv GKwU Dcc`; KviY Kjg
GKwU c`, †cl& GKwU avZz Ges Av GKwU cÖZ¨q)
 bT Zrcyiæl : bvB ( bT_©K Ae¨q) wgj = Awgj
 AjyK Zrcyiæl : mv‡c KvUv = mv‡c-KvUv

(4) eûiªxwn mgvm : †h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †KvbwUi A_© bv eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kvb
Z…Zxq e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K eySvq Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb- `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb
(iveb), nv‡Z Lwo †`Iqv nq †h Abyôv‡b = nv‡ZLwo| eûeªxwn mgv‡mi †kªYxfvM
wbgœiƒc:
 mgvbvwaKiY : †cvov (we‡klY) gyL (we‡kl¨) hvi = gyL‡cvov
 e¨waKiY: exYv (we‡kl¨) cvwY‡Z ( we‡kl¨) hvi = exYvcvwb
 e¨wZnvi: nv‡Z nv‡Z †h hy× = nvZvnvwZ ( GKB c‡`i wØZ¡Zv Ges
cvi¯úwiK wµqv eySv‡”Q)
 ga¨c`‡jvcx: P‡›`ªi b¨vq e`b hvi = P›`ªe`bv
 bT_©K: bvB j¾v hvi = wbj¾
 AjyK: Mv‡q njy` †`Iqv nq †h Abyôv‡b = Mv‡q-njy`
 msL¨vevPK : `k MR (we‡kl¨) cwigvY hvi = `kMwR (we‡klY)
 cÖZ¨qvšÍ : GK w`‡K †PvL hvi = GK‡PvLv (†PvL + Av)

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

(5) wظ mgvm : mgvnvi ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq
Zv‡K wظ mgvm e‡j| wظ mgv‡m mgvmwb®úbœ c`wU we‡kl¨ c` nq| †hgb- wZb
Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj, kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi = kZvãx |

(6) Ae¨qxfve mgvm : c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m hw` Ae¨‡qiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨
_v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j |
†hgb- Rvby ch©šÍ jw¤^Z = AvRvbyjw¤^Z |
Blr bZ- AvbZ, Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl |

mgvm cvV`vb c×wZ : evsjv e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb As‡ki GKwU
mvaviY ch©vqµg i‡q‡Q| ch©vqµgwU wbgœi~c:

D`vniY Dc¯’vcb, D`vniY we‡kølY, m~ÎMVb, wk¶v_x©‡`i Abykxjb, wk¶‡Ki

djveZ©b

†kªYx‡Z mgvm cvV`v‡bi †¶‡ÎI wk¶K cÖwZwU K¬v‡mi wba©vwiZ welqe¯‘ Dch©y³ ch©vqµg
AbymiY K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †Kej Zv-B bq, cy‡iv K¬v‡mi welqe¯‘i LwÛZ
Ask/ce© Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶‡ÎI H ch©vqµg Abym„Z n‡Z cv‡i|

Dch©y³ ch©vqµ‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e mgvm cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K wb¤§ewY©Z †KŠkjmg~nI
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

†KŠkj wk¶‡Ki KiYxq

†kªYxKiY  cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i Kv‡Q G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e wgwkªZ GK¸”Q Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
 †Rvovq/ `‡j wPšÍv K‡i G¸‡jv‡K †kªYxKiY Ki‡Z ejv|
cvV¨cy¯ÍK  wewfbœ cÖKvi mgv‡mi D`vniY Avni‡Yi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
we‡kølY wfZ‡i AbymÜvb Ki‡Z ejv |
†cv÷vi  wewfbœ cÖKvi mgv‡mi AwR©Z aviYvmg~‡ni iƒc‡iLv †cv÷v‡i

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

Dc¯’vcb wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejv |

Zzjbvg~jK  `yÕwU mgv‡mi wewfbœ D`vniY wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i
ˆelg¨ AbymÜvb Zzjbv Kiv|
 †Rvovq wPšÍv K‡i D`vniY `yÕ‡Uvi Zzjbv K‡i
ˆelg¨mg~n/cv_©K¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z ejv |
mZ¨-wg_¨v  mgvm m¤úwK©Z wKQymsL¨K wee„wZ wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb
Kiv|
 wee„wZ¸‡jv mZ¨ bv wg_¨v, wg_¨v n‡j †Kb wg_¨v Zv
wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K `‡j wPšÍv K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z ejv|
ÎæwU kbvw³KiY  fyj Z_¨ mwbœ‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡Q mgvm m¤úwK©Z
wKQy Dc¯’vcbv Zz‡j aiv|
 wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K ÎæwU¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z Ges ms‡kva‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxq mycvwik Ki‡Z ejv |

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

BDwbU -3 Awa‡ekb -7

Abyev`-wk¶Y
kãv‡_©i w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ÔAbyÕ A_© m`„k, Ôev`Õ A_© K_b− ey¨rcwËMZ A_© `vuovq GK
fvlvi K_v m`„kfv‡e Ab¨ fvlvq ejv| cÖK…Z c‡¶ Abyev` ej‡Z eyS‡Z n‡e : †Kv‡bv
fvlv-cÖKvk‡K ev iPbv‡K GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlvq Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv| fvlv e¨enviKvixi
Kv‡Q iPbvi e³e¨ wel‡qi cwieZ©b bv K‡i fvlvMZ cwieZ©bB Abyev` e‡j we‡ewPZ|
ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq : GK fvlvi K_v m`„kfv‡e Ab¨ fvlvq ejvB n‡jv Abyev`|

Abyev` GKwU wkí Kg©, GK fvlvi fve I evYx‡K Ab¨ fvlvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kivi gva¨‡gB
GB Abyev` Kg© m¤úv`b nq|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Abyev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Abyev‡`i ‰ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Abyev‡`i †¶‡Î D™¢zZ mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
 Abyev‡`i ixwZ-c×wZ Abykxjb Kiv|

ce©mg~n
ce©-K : Abyev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Ávb iv‡R¨i †h †Kvb kvLvi Rb¨ Abyev` GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖ‡qvRbxq welq| cÖwZw`b
wewfbœ fvlvq bZzb bZzb iPbvKg© m„wRZ n‡”Q| G mKj iPbvK‡g©i mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi
Ab¨Zg Dcvq Abyev`| Abyev‡`i gva¨‡g wbR¯^ fvlv mvwn‡Z¨i Ávb weÁv‡bi kÖxe„w× I
mg„w× m¤¢e| e¯‘Z Abyev` Ávb-weÁv‡bi gva¨‡g beZi m„wó I µgvwš^Z mg„w×i mnvqK|
Abyev‡`i Ae`vb wn‡m‡eB †kÖô mvwnZ¨m¤ú` eû fvlvfvlxi m¤ú` n‡q D‡V‡Q|
Z_¨ cÖevn A¶zYœ ivLvi †¶‡ÎI Abyev‡`i f‚wgKv Zvrch©c~Y©| wek¦Ry‡o wewPÎ cÖPvi gva¨g
Z‡_¨i wewbgq K‡i P‡j‡Q| B‡jKUªwbK gva¨g I gyw`ªZ DcKiY †h fve-Z_¨ wek¦gq
Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q Zv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Abyev‡`i gva¨‡gB|
c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ fvlv, we‡kl K‡i ms¯‹„Z, Aviwe, dviwm, wnw›` I Bs‡iwR fvlvq iwPZ eû
MÖš’ evsjvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| Abyev‡`i GB cÖ‡Póv my`xN©Kvj †_‡KB Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| cweÎ

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

†Kvivb kwid Abyev` K‡i L¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb fvB wMixk P›`ª †mb; cweÎ ag©MÖš’ ivgvqY,
gnvfviZ, evB‡ej BZ¨vw` evsjv fvlvq Abyw`Z n‡q‡Q| wnw›` fvlvq iwPZ gvwjK gyn¤§`
Rvqmxi Ôc`ygverÕ Abyw`Z n‡q‡Q evsjvq ÔcÙveZxÕ bv‡g| Bs‡iwR fvlvq iwPZ wek¦L¨vZ
bvU¨Kvi †k·wcqv‡ii cÖvq meMÖš’B evsjvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Qb †kwj, KxU&m,
IqvW©mIqv_©, evUª©vÛ cÖgyL e‡iY¨ Bs‡iR Kwe-mvwnwZ¨KMYI|
fvlv cÖ‡qvMev‡`i w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ejv hvq : Abyev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ ms‡¶‡c wbgœiƒc
n‡Z cv‡i−
1. ms¯‹…wZ mgš^q 2. fvlv-mgš^q 3. †hvMv‡hvM i¶v 4. Ávb I cÖhyw³ wewbgq 5.
AvšÍR©vwZKZv †ev‡ai weKvk|
†gvU K_v, fvlv wk¶vi †¶‡Î †hgb, gvZ„fvlv wk¶vi †¶‡ÎI Abyev` wk¶v‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨
I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|

GB ch©v‡q Abyev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Avcwb Avi wK †Kv‡bv w`K D‡jøL Ki‡Z cv‡ib? Zv
n‡j Zv Kiæb|

 ce©-L : Abyev‡`i †kªYxwefvM I ˆewkó¨

GK \ †kªYxwefvM : Abyev` mvaviYZ 2 ai‡bi e‡j aiv nq : (K) Av¶wiK Abyev`

(Literary translation) Ges (L) fvevbyev` (Thematic translation)| wb‡Pi `ywU bgybv
ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvK :

(K) ÔÔevMvb †Kej †mŠ›`‡h©i Drm bq, gvby‡li Av‡qi Drm| dz‡ji cÖwZ cÖej
fvjevmvi R‡b¨ gvbyl we‡kl Dcj‡¶ dzj w`‡q Ni mvRvq| dzj †mŠ›`h© I cweÎZvi
cÖZxK e‡j gvbyl dzj fvjev‡m|ÕÕ
‘A garden is not a source of beauty only, it is also a source of income to
men. Men for their great love of flower decorate their homes with them in
occasions. Men love flowers for they are the symbols of beauty and purity.’
(L) ÔÔciw`b wKQz¶‡Yi Rb¨ m‡PZb n‡q dwUK KviI cÖZ¨vkvq d¨vj d¨vj K‡i
N‡ii Pviw`‡K †P‡q †`Lj| wek¦¤¢i Zvi g‡bi fve ey‡S Zvi Kv‡b wdm wdm K‡i ejj,
dwUK, †Zvi gv‡K Avb‡Z cvwV‡qwQ|Ó
‘The next day Fatik became coscious for a short time and looked blankly all
around the room as if expecting someone to come. Bisamber read his
thought and whisphered in his ear, ‘Fatik, I have sent for your mother .’
(m~Î: W. nvqvr gvgy`, fvlvwk¶v)

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cÖ_gwU Av¶wiK Abyev`, wØZxqwU fvevbyev`|

Av¶wiK Abyev‡` kãv_©‡K wek`fv‡e AbymiY K‡i GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ
Kiv nq| Av¶wiK Abyev` wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i wePv‡i DrK…ó bq| KviY Abyev` GLv‡b
kãv_©µ‡gB nq, fvlvi jvwjZ¨, MVb †KŠkj I Kjv‰bcyY¨ ZLb Ae‡nwjZ nq|
fvevbyev‡` g~j welqe¯‘i fve I Zvi we‡kølY wek¦¯ÍZvi m‡½ Abyw`Z nq| Gai‡bi
Abyev‡` g~j As‡ki fvee¯‘ I Zvi we‡kølY Abyw`Z As‡kiI Abyiƒc fv‡e ¯’vb cvq|

G`ywU QvovI Avi GK ai‡bi Abyev‡`i K_v ejv nq− imvbyev` : G‡Z g~j As‡ki im,
aŸwb I e¨Äbv Abyw`Z As‡ki g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ nq| imvbyev`B mvwnZ¨ wePv‡i mv_©K
Abyev`| b›`bZ‡Ë¡i wePv‡iI imvbyev`B me©vwaK MÖnYxq| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB wbR¯^
MVb‰ewPΨ Av‡Q| imvbyev‡`i †¶‡Î Abyw`Z As‡ki g‡a¨I Abyev`‡Ki wbR¯^ iPbv‰kjx,
kãweb¨vm, fvlvMZ ˆewkó¨ _vK‡e, Zvi m‡½ wZwb Ab~w`Z As‡ki g‡a¨ imaŸwb mÂvwiZ
Ki‡eb, mvwnZ¨¸‡Y Zv‡K mg„× K‡i Zzj‡eb|
`yB \ ˆewkó¨ :
1. g~‡ji fve I Dcgv Abyev‡` h_vh_fv‡e dywU‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e| g~‡ji g‡Zv m„Rbagx©
†gŠwjK iPbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡jB Abyev‡`i mv_©KZv| G D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡gœv³
w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb-
evK¨MVbixwZ −cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvlviB wbR¯^ evK¨MVbixwZ ev evKixwZ i‡q‡Q| Abyev‡`i
†¶‡Î wbR¯^ fvlvi MVbixwZ‡KB AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
evMaviv −Abyev‡`i wbR¯^ fvlvi ¯^Kxq ˆewkó¨ iw¶Z n‡e| "Many men many
minds" Gi Abyev` ÔA‡bK gvbyl A‡bK gbÕ bv n‡q n‡e bvbv gywbi bvbv gZ|
kãvejxi cÖ‡qvM −g~‡ji k‡ãi A_© I cÖ‡qvwMK ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv GKvšÍ
cÖ‡qvRb|
msMVb −Abyev‡`i ¯^”QZvi cÖ‡qvR‡b `xN©evK¨ cwinvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
cwifvlv −Abyev‡` h_v_© cvwifvwlK kãvewj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Abyev` †h‡nZz cÖavbZ `yÕiK‡gi ZvB `yB †¶‡Î `yÕiK‡gi ˆewkó¨ eRvq ivL‡Z nq|
Av¶wiK Abyev‡` g~jfvlvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU k‡ãi cÖwZkã e¨eüZ nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î G‡Z
g~‡ji evKixwZI Abymi‡Yi cÖqvm _v‡K| ag©MÖš’ Abyev‡`i †¶‡Î Av¶wiK Abyev‡`i
cÖvavb¨ j¶Yxq|
fvevbyev‡` g~j fvlvi fve h_vh_ †i‡L Aci fvlvi kã, evKixwZ I MVbweb¨vm Abym„Z
nq|

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

Dfq w`K we‡ePbv K‡i ejv hvq : †Kv‡bv iPbv Abyev‡`i mgq Av¶wiK Ges fvevbyev‡`i
K_v g‡b †i‡L, mnR e³e¨ n‡j Av¶wiK Abyev` Ges A‡c¶K…Z Av‡eMc~Y© ev mvwnwZ¨K
e³‡e¨i †¶‡Î fvevbyev‡`i Avkªq †bqv hvq|

Abyev‡`i ˆewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡K Avcwb AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j †Kb g‡b K‡ib? wb‡Pi
Aby‡”Q`wUi GKwU Dchy³ Abyev` Dc¯’vcb Kiæb |
Youth is the best time in our life. We must sow the seeds of industry, truthfulness,
virtue and honesty in this season to reap the harvest of prosperity and happiness.

 ce©-M : Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjvq Abyev`

GK \ mgm¨v I Abym„Ze¨ †KŠkj -

Bs‡iwR‡Z GKwU cÖev` n‡”Q ÔA translator is a traitorÕ- A_©vr GKRb Abyev`K n‡”Qb
wek¦vmNvZK| GK fvlvi evYx I wkí‡mŠ›`h©‡K Ab¨fvlvq ûeû iƒcvšÍi mwZ¨B `yiƒn I
RwUj e¨vcvi| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ iƒc‡mŠ›`h©, aŸwbgvayh©, evKixwZ, cÖKvkfw½ I
wbR¯^ aviv, G¸‡jv eRvq †i‡L Abyev` Kiv mgm¨vi KviY n‡q `uvovq| Z_vwc, GKRb
mv_©K Abyev`K Zvi †gav I †hvM¨Zvi gva¨‡g A‡bKUvB mdj n‡Z cv‡ib| mdj nIqvi
†¶‡Î wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z nq :
K) evsjv evKixwZi m‡½ Bs‡iwR evKixwZi we‡kl †Kv‡bv wgj †bB| evsjv fvlvq wµqvc`
cÖvqB ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g, g‡a¨ I †klfv‡M e‡m; wKš‘ Bs‡iwR‡Z KZ©v AwaKvsk ¯’‡jB cÖ_‡g
e‡m| He gave to his son whatever he wanted − GB ev‡K¨i web¨vmixwZ j¶Yxq|
ûeû Abyev` Ki‡j evsjvq Giƒc `vuov‡e − wZwb w`‡jb Zvui cy·K hv wKQy †m PvB‡jv|
evsjv‡Z GB fv‡e evK¨ iwPZ nq bv, Kw_Z ev cÖKvwkZI nq bv| GwUi Abyev` nIqv
DwPZ − Zvui cyÎ hv wKQy PvB‡jv Zv-B Zv‡K wZwb w`‡jb|
L) Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖKvkfw½ A‡bK †¶‡ÎB evsjv †_‡K wfbœiKg| Will you take a little
tea with me? Gi Abyev` GiKg n‡e bv - Avgvi m‡½ Avcwb Aí Pv †b‡eb ? eis n‡e
− Avgvi m‡½ GKUz Pv Lv‡eb ?
M) Bs‡iwR evMwewa I fve Abyhvqx He first broke the ice evK¨wUi Abyev` ÔwZwbB cÖ_g
eid f½ K‡ibÕ n‡e nvm¨Ki; eis h_v_© Abyev` n‡e− wZwbB cÖ_g bxieZv f½ K‡ib|
†Zgwb A bad workman quarrels with his tools − G evK¨wU‡K ÔbvP‡Z bv Rvb‡j DVvb
evuKvÕ iƒ‡c Abyev` Kivi fvevbyl½ hw` Abyev`‡Ki g‡a¨ bv Av‡m, Z‡e Av¶wiK Abyev`
nvm¨Ki Ae¯’vi m„wó Ki‡e|

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

N) Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjvq Abyev‡` wKQy Avfvm -

Abyev‡`i †¶‡Î me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡jv Abyev`K‡K `ywU fvlviB bvwoi Ávb Lye fvj
_vK‡Z n‡e| GwU hw`I mn‡R ev Aí mg‡q n‡q I‡V bv, Zey PP©v I we‡ePbvi gva¨‡g
G‡Z mvdj¨ jvf Kiv hvq| †ewki fvM †¶‡ÎB wb‡Ri gvZ…fvlv ev cÖ_g (L1) fvlvi Ávb
fvj _vK‡j ‡h fvlv †_‡K gvZ…fvlvq Abyev` Kiv n‡e ( wØZxq fvlv L2 ) ‡mwUi cÖK…wZ
†evSv mnR nq| `yB fvlvi cÖK…wZ Ges †gRvR ey‡SB Abyev‡` mvdj¨ jvf Kiv hvq|
wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ Aek¨ wKQy w`K wb‡`©kbv GB iKg n‡Z cv‡i :
1. cÖPzi evsjv I Bs‡iwR kã AvqË Kiv|
2. GKwU Bs‡iwR k‡ãi me©vwaK evsjv cÖwZkã AvqË Kiv|
3. mnR I mycÖPwjZ kã Pqb Kiv| evsjvq eûj cÖPwjZ we‡`kx k‡ãi Abyev‡`i cÖ‡qvRb
†bB; Z‡e we‡`kx k‡ãi e¨envi h_vh_ I me©Rb †evaMg¨ nIqv evÃbxq|
4. Bs‡iwR cvwifvwlK k‡ãi †¶‡Î h_v_© evsjv cwifvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| h_vh_
evsjv cwifvlv cvIqv bv †M‡j DׄwZwU‡K H k‡ãi Bs‡iwR D”Pvi‡Y †jLv hvq|
5. †h As‡ki Abyev` Zv evievi cov Ges Zvi fve I gg© Abyaveb Kiv|
6. Abyev‡` cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ Dw³ h_vh_ i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. Abyev‡` Abyev`‡K wbR¯^ iPbv, fvlv web¨vm I fvlvMZ ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|

O) fvlvi Af¨šÍixY w`K -

8. Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ Verb Dn¨ _v‡K bv, wKš‘ evsjvq wµqv (hvq, nq, Av‡Q BZ¨vw`) Dn¨
_v‡K| †hgb- Mitun is a good girl -Gi evsjv Abyev` n‡”Q ÔwgZzb fv‡jv †g‡qÕ (is Gi
evsjv ÔnqÕ Dn¨)|
9. evbvb I D”PiYMZ cv_©K¨ bv‡gi wfbœZv Gme e¨vc‡i m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|
Mymensing gqgbwmsn, Jhenidah - wSbvB`n, Jessore - h‡kvi, Soudi Arabia -
†mŠw` Avie| bv‡gi wfbœZv - India - fviZ, The Nile - bxjb` BZ¨vw`|
10. †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i Ask Bs‡iwR‡Z _vK‡j Zv mKj †¶‡Î evsjvq Abyev‡`i cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv| †hgb - He was a teacher of the deparrtment of Bangla− Gi Abyev‡` ÔwZwb evsjv
wefv‡Mi wk¶K wQ‡jbÕ − GLv‡b ÔGKRb ev GKÕ †jLvi `iKvi †bB|
11. Bs‡iwR RwUj evK¨‡K GKvwaK mij ev‡K¨ Abyev` K‡i †bqv fv‡jv| †hgb− Kazi
Nazrul Islam was a great poet who wrote Chokrobak− Gi e½vbyev` `ywU mij ev‡K¨
Kiv hvq : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg weL¨vZ Kwe wQ‡jb| wZwb PµevK iPbv K‡ib|
12. g~j fvlvi kãfvÛvi, evKixwZ, cÖKvkfw½, †gRvR BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z
n‡e|

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Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjvq Abyev‡`i cÖavb mgm¨v Kx e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? Gi mgvavb
Kxfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

 ce©-N : Abyev` wk¶`vb

Avm‡j Abyev` wk¶v`v‡bi KvRwU mnR bq| mv_©K Abyev‡` `ywU fvlviB `Lj _vK‡Z nq
e‡j `yB fvlviB Áv‡bi GKwU wewkó ch©v‡q DcbxZ nIqv ch©šÍ Abyev` wk¶v`vb ïiæ Kiv
DwPZ bq| Abyev` wk¶v`v‡bi K‡qKwU ch©vqµg AbymiY Kiv hvq :
K. Míejv I †kvbv − c~e© cÖ¯‘wZi cÖ‡qvR‡b †`‡ki I we‡`‡ki iƒcK_v, Mí cÖf„wZ cvV
Ki‡Z n‡e| Mí‡kvbvi AvMÖn‡K AwZ mšÍc©‡Y Abyev‡`i w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z nq| wkïi
Ae‡PZb g‡b gvZ…fvlv I we‡`wk fvlvPP©vi ¯ú„nv †R‡M I‡V|
L. cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K Abyev` − Gch©v‡q wk¶v_©xiv cÖ_‡g wewfbœ k‡ãi Abyev` K‡i Zvi
cÖwZkã Rvb‡e Ges k‡ãi cÖZxKx-†`¨vZbv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡e| c‡i †QvU †QvU evK¨vsk
I evK¨ Abyev` K‡i `ywU fvlvi MVb cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Zzjbvg~jK aviYv M‡o †b‡e| Abyev`
K‡g©i cÖ_g AvoóZv Gfv‡e KvwU‡q IVv hvq|
M. cwÎKv ¯^qs-msKjb − Abyev‡` Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †`qvj cwÎKv, ¯^qs-msKjb,
e‡iY¨ mvwnwZ¨K I wPšÍvwe`‡`i evYx-msKwjZ †`qvj cÎ BZ¨vw`i mvnvh¨ †bqv hvq|

G¸‡jv Qvov wk¶v‡K we‡kl wKQy wel‡q hZœ wb‡Z n‡e :

1. Abyev‡` wbe©vwPZ Ask wk¶K K‡qKevi c‡o †`‡eb Ges Zvi fvee¯‘ Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|
2. KwVb k‡ãi A_©, evMaviv I cÖev`-cÖeP‡bi wewkó A_© I Z`byiƒc evM&aviv, mgy”PvwiZ
k‡ãi A‡_©i cv_©K¨, †UKwbK¨vj k‡ãi A_© cwifvlv, wewfbœv_©K k‡ãi A_© Ges g~j
wel‡qi KwVb As‡ki A_© wk¶K †ev‡W© wj‡L †`‡eb|
3. †h mKj †¶‡Î kvwãK Abyev` A_©nxb nq, †mLv‡b fvevbyev` Kivi civgk© wk¶K
†`‡eb|
4. gv‡S gv‡S wewkó †jLKK…Z Abyev` †kªYx‡Z c‡o †kvbv‡eb Ges Ask we‡kl †ev‡W©
wj‡L †`‡eb|
5. c~e©Áv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i Abyev` ïiæ Kiv‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq GKv‡R wk¶v_©xiv weiƒc
n‡q DV‡e|

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

6. wk¶v_©x‡`i †h Bs‡iwR cy¯ÍKwU cvV¨ †mwU †_‡K Abyev` Kv‡h©i m~Pbv Ki‡Z n‡e;
Zvici Abyev‡`i †KŠkj wKQyUv AwR©Z n‡j Ab¨vb¨ m~Î †_‡K Abyev` Kiv‡bv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki Abyiƒc mnR I wPËvKl©K Bs‡iwR iPbvi Askwe‡kl †_‡K
Abyev` Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|
7. Abyev` Kv‡R †gvUvgywU `¶Zv AwR©Z n‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i mvwnZ¨-imm¤úbœ welq Abyev`
Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| G †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K we‡kl mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. Abyev` wk¶`v‡b Awfav‡bi e¨envi Acwinvh©| GRb¨ Awfavb cVb/e¨envi c×wZ I
Abyev‡`i mgq Awfavb w`‡Z n‡e|
9. wk¶K wk¶v_©xi Abyev`Kg© ms‡kvab I g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb hZœ mnKv‡i|
10. c~e©cÖYxZ cvV-cwiKíbv Abymi‡Y Abyev` wk¶v w`‡Z n‡e|

mv_©K Abyev‡`i Rb¨ Abykxj‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí bvB|

Abyev` wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki †KŠkj Kx ev Kx-Kx n‡Z cv‡i? eY©bv Kiæb|

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BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 7
g~j wkLbxq welq
Abyev`-wk¶Y

1. Abyev` GKwU wkíKg©, GK fvlvi fve I evYx‡K Ab¨ fvlvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kivi bvgB
 Abyev`| fvlv `¶Zvi †¶‡Î Abyev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Avevi, Ávbiv‡R¨i †h †Kvb
kvLv I ms‡¶‡ci Rb¨ Abyev` GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖ‡qvRbxq welq| cÖwZw`b wewfbœ
fvlvq bZyb bZzb iPbvKg© m„wRZ n‡”Q| G iPbvK‡g©i mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi Ab¨Zg
Dcvq Abyev`| Abyev‡`i gva¨‡g wbR¯^ fvlv mvwn‡Z¨i Ávb weÁv‡bi kªxe„w× I mg„w×
m¤¢e|

2. Abyev` cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU mnR e¨vci bq| Bs‡iwR‡Z GKwU cÖev` n‡”Q ‘A translator
is a traitor’ -- A_©vr GKRb Abyev`K n‡”Qb wek¦vmNvZK| GK fvlvi evYx I

wkí‡mŠ›`h©‡K Ab¨fvlvq ûeû iƒcvšÍi Kiv `yiƒn I RwUj e¨vcvi| †Kbbv, cÖ‡Z¨K
fvlvi i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ iƒc‡mŠ›`h©, aŸwbgvayh©, evKixwZ, cÖKvkfw½, wbR¯^ aviv− hv
Abyev` Kiv Abyev`‡Ki Rb¨ me mgq mgm¨vi KviY n‡q `uvovq| Zey GKRb mv_©K
Abyev`K Zvi †gav I †hvM¨Zvi gva¨‡g A‡bKUvB mdj n‡Z cv‡ib|

3. Abyev‡`i †¶‡Î Av¶wiK Abyev‡`i †P‡q fvevbyev` DËg| g~j fvlvi cÖwZ h_vh_
AbyMZ †_‡K g~j e³e¨‡K wbR fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ g~j fvlvi
kãfvÛvi, evKixwZ, cÖKvkfw½ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| g~j fvlv evM&aviv, cÖev`
cÖePb, eywj m¤ú‡K©I aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb-Black and White mv`v Kv‡jv bq-
eis n‡e: ÔwjwLZfv‡eÕ| GQvov bv‡gi wfbœZv m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡Z n‡e| †hgb wgki:
Egypt, India : fviZ BZ¨vw`| mv_©K Abyev‡`i Rb¨ Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb, Gi
†Kv‡bv weKí bvB|

4. Abyev` wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki wKQy we‡kl we‡eP¨ I KiYxq Av‡Q| †h¸‡jvi w`‡K
we‡kl †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv n‡j :

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 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

K. Abyev‡`i †kªYx wefvM I ˆewkó¨ L. Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjvq Abyev` M. mgm¨v I

AbymiYxq †KŠkj N. fvlvi Af¨šÍixY w`K O. Abyev` wk¶`vb| Gi g‡a¨ †k‡lv³wUi
Rb¨ Míejv I †kvbv, cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K Abyev`, cwÎKv ¯^qs-msKjb BZ¨vw` Kvh©Ki
†KŠkj n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e we‡kl fv‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, `yB fvlvi †gRvR I ixwZ-c×wZ `yB iKg; Zvi
m‡½ cÖKvkfw½ I mvs¯‹…wZK-mvgvwR-†fŠ‡MvwjK cv_©K¨I _v‡K| ZvB cÖ_‡g cÖ‡qvRb
`ywU fvlviB GKUv m‡šÍvlRbK `Lj/cvi`wk©Zv| Gi Rb¨ Dfq fvlvi KwVb k‡ãi
A_©, evMaviv I cÖev`-cÖeP‡bi wewkó A_© I Z`byiƒc evM&aviv, mgy”PvwiZ k‡ãi
A‡_©i cv_©K¨, †UKwbK¨vj k‡ãi A_© / cwifvlv, wewfbœv_©K k‡ãi A_© Ges g~j
wel‡qi KwVb As‡ki wkLb I wk¶v`vb Riæwi|
5. mKj †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K mnvqZv Ki‡ZB n‡e|
6. ms‡¶‡c Abyev‡`i ixwZ-c×wZ :

 g~j AskUzKz evievi c‡o g~jfve ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e|

 †h fvlv †_‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e †m fvlvi `yiƒn kã I evK¨vs‡ki A_© Ges ev‡K¨i
MVb‰kjx Rvb‡Z n‡e|

 fvlvi wbR¯^ ixwZ ‡mŠ›`h© i¶v‡_© g~‡ji `xN© evK¨‡K †QvU †QvU ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Kiv
hv‡e|

 g~j bv‡gi D”PviY h_m¤¢e wVK ivL‡Z n‡e|

 cwifvlv Rvb‡Z n‡e; Z‡e cwifvlv bv _vK‡j g~j kãwU evsjv wjwc‡Z e¨envi Kiv
hv‡e|

 g~‡ji cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ Dw³ Abyev‡` eRvq _vK‡e| g~‡j †h evP¨ I wµqvi Kvj
_vK‡e Abyev‡`I †m iKg ivL‡Z n‡e|

 evM&aviv I cÖev` cÖeP‡bi †¶‡Î Ab~w`Z fvlvq cÖPwjZ evM&avivI cÖePb e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb− To carry coal to Newcastle- †Z‡j gv_vq †Zj
†`Iqv−`Everybody's business is nobody's business'− fv‡Mi gv M½v cvq bv|

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 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

 g~j¨vqb:
1| Abyev` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Gi Kx-Kx iKg n‡Z cv‡i? wee„Z Kiæb|
2| Abyev‡`i mgm¨v I cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj Kx cÖKvi? Ge¨vcv‡i KiYxq Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
3| Abyev` wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ Avcwb Kx cÖKvi Kvh©aviv I Abykxjb AbymiY Ki‡Z Pvb?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-K :
K. Abyev` ïay †jLvi †¶‡ÎB bq, ejvi †¶‡ÎI Kvh©Ki|
L. miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖÁvcb, weÁwß, wPwVcÎ, wewfbœ wb‡`©kbvgv BZ¨vw` †¶‡ÎI
Abyev` cÖ‡qvRbxq|
M. ¯^qswµq Abyev` hš¿ ev Kw¤úDUv‡iI AvaywbKKv‡j Abyev` welqwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

ce©-L :
g~‡ji fve h_vh_ fv‡e dywU‡q †Zvjv mv_©K Abyev‡`i AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨| †Kbbv,
Ôg~‡ji g‡Zv m„Rbagx© †gŠwjK iPbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡jB Abyev‡`i mv_©KZvÕ|
cÖ`Ë Bs‡iwR Aby‡”Q‡`i Abyev` :
†hŠeb n‡”Q Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b m‡e©vrK…ó mgq| GB FZz‡Z Avgv‡`i‡K cwikªg, mZ¨evw`Zv,
m`¸Y Ges mvayZvi exR ecb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Avgiv DbœwZ I my‡Li dmj AvniY Ki‡Z
cvwi|

ce©-M :
evsjv I Bs‡iwR evK&ixwZi cv_©K¨ Ges †mB mv‡_ cÖKvkfw½i wfbœZv GB `yB fvlvi
cvi¯úwiK Abyev‡`i cÖavb mgm¨v e‡j g‡b nq| `ywU fvlvi cÖK…wZ I †gRv‡Ri m‡½
h_vh_ cwiwPwZ AR©‡b Gi Kvh©Ki mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i|

ce©-N :
Dfq fvlvi iPbvi m‡½ wk¶v_©x‡`i cwiwPZ Kwi‡q †`IqvB G‡¶‡Î wk¶v`v‡bi me‡P‡q
Kvh©Ki †KŠkj| Gi m‡½ wk¶‡Ki hZœ I cybtcybt Abykxjb h‡_ó Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i|

153
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 8

e¨vKiY wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ Ges c×wZi Abykxjb

e½‡`‡k cÖvq `yÕk eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K evsjv
e¨vKiYMÖš|’ wKš‘ Ny‡i-wd‡i GMy‡jvi meB jvwZb, Bs‡iwR Ges ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi AbyKiY
we‡kl − ¯^fvlv evsjvi ÔAvšÍim~ÎÕ cÖK…Zc‡¶ D˜NvwUZ nq wb| d‡j cÖ_vMZ evsjv
e¨vKiY-KvVv‡gv n‡q c‡o‡Q Bs‡iwR I ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY-KvVv‡gvi Abymvix|
cÖK…Z AbymÜv‡b †`Lv hv‡e †h, evsjv ms¯‹…‡Zi Øviv cÖfvweZ e‡U− ms¯‹…‡Zi †ekwKQz
Dcv`vb, wbqg-bxwZ, e¨vKiY-m~Î Ges wjwc-c×wZi AbymiY K‡i evsjv fvlv| wKš‘
evsjvi i‡q‡Q wbR¯^Zv− ZvB evsjv e¨vKiYI m¤ú~Y© c„_K wKQz| cÖK…Z evsjv e¨vKiY
m¤¢eZ GL‡bv iPbvi A‡c¶vq Av‡Q|
cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY-cÖ‡YZvMY g~jZ iPbv K‡i‡Qb ï× kãMVb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi Abykvmb|
cÖ_vMZ evsjv e¨vKiY‡K ZvB ejv n‡q‡Q Ôk‡ãi e¨vKiYÕ− hv‡Z ¸iæZ¡ cvq kãMV‡bi
wewaweavb (W. ûgvq~b AvRv`)| Aek¨¤¢vex iƒ‡cB evsjv e¨vKiY n‡q c‡o‡Q
ÔÔAvbykvmwbKÓ hv AvaywbK fvlv-ˆeÁvwbK `„wó‡Z ¯^vqËag©x fvlviƒc k„•Ljv Dc¯’vcbv Ges
fvlvi eY©bv I e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Y e¨_© nq| †Kbbv, wbqg-bxwZi †eovRv‡j evsjv e¨vKiY
Ave×| ZvB wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zv fxwZKi| Avevi, †kªYxK‡¶ MZvbyMwZK
cvV`vb ixwZ GwelqwU‡K wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q KwVb K‡i †Zv‡j| wKš‘ wk¶‡Y GKUz hZœevb
n‡jB GB fxwZ `~i K‡i G‡K AvKl©Yxq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB e¨vKiY cvV`vb c×wZ‡K
cÖvÄj I mvejxj K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv GKvšÍ Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q|
e¨vKiY cvV`vb‡K g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z I MwZkxjZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨vKiY wk¶K‡KB AMÖYx
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vKiY m¤ú‡K© wk¶‡Ki ¯^”Q aviYv, AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ
AbymiY Ges wk¶‡Ki cÖvYešÍ I AvKl©Yxq Dc¯’vcb e¨vKiY‡K GKwU bxim welq ‡_‡K
mim wel‡q cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 e¨vKiY wk¶v`vb c×wZi ¯^iƒc we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ‡Z e¨vKiY wk¶v`vb †KŠkj Abykxjb Kiv‡Z cvi‡eb|

154
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

ce©mg~n
 ce©-K : cÖPwjZ c×wZ Ges Dc‡hvwMZv

K. cvV¨cy¯ÍK wfwËK c×wZ − G‡`‡k †kªYxi cvV¨m~Pxi µgvbymv‡i iwPZ e¨vKi‡Y cÖvq
mKj welqB _v‡K| wk¶v_©xiv mvaviYZ wk¶‡Ki wb‡`©‡k Aa¨qb K‡i| m~ÎwfwËK
Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wjwLZ e‡j wk¶KI †mfv‡eB cvV`vb K‡ib| wk¶v_©xiv gyL¯’we`¨vi
Dci †Rvi †`q| d‡j cÖK…Z wk¶v nq bv Ges mvivRxebB Zv bxim I KwVb †_‡K hvq|
L. fvlv wfwËK c×wZ − G‡Z e¨vKiY eB‡qi AbymiY bv K‡i †kªYxK‡¶ wbw`©ó
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki wewfbœ welq (M`¨ I c`¨) Av‡jvPbvq cÖ‡kœvˇi welqe¯‘i mgvavb I AeMwZ
Dc¯’vcb Kiv‡bv nq| d‡j wk¶v_©xi Áv‡bi cwiwa †e‡o hvq| cÖ‡kœvËi I Av‡jvPbvq
mgq jv‡M, Z‡e GwU GKwU DrK„ó c×wZ| eZ©gv‡b gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii eB¸‡jv‡Z e¨vKi‡Yi
cvkvcvwk fvlvwfwËK c×wZ †`Lv hvq|

M. cÖm½µwgK c×wZ − e¨vKi‡Yi †h welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e c×wZ‡Z †m

cÖm‡½i AeZviYv K‡i cvV Dc¯’vcbv Kiv nq| D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †kªYxi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K
mywbw`©ó cÖm½ wbe©vPb K‡i e¨vKi‡Yi ixwZ-c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡bv| GB c×wZ‡Z
e¨vKiY cvV wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q mim I AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡Î e¨vKi‡Yi RwUj
Ask¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv m¤¢e nq bv, me mgq welqvbyM cÖm½ m„wó Kiv wk¶K‡`i Rb¨I m¤¢e
nq bv|
N. Ae‡ivnx c×wZ − g~jZ †Kv‡bv wee„wZ †_‡K ‡mwUi g~j e³‡e¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ M„nxZ
cÖwµqv‡K Ae‡ivnx c×wZ bv‡g MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q (¯§iY Kiæb : BDwbU 2 Awa‡ekb 10)|
GB c×wZ‡Z--
Ôm~Î †_‡K D`vni‡YÕ hvIqv hvq e‡j e¨vKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv m~·K wk¶v_©x‡`i mvg‡b Zz‡j
ai‡j Zviv Zv AvqË K‡i; Zvici †mwU‡K wewfbœ †¶‡Î wewfbœ D`vniY I `„óv‡šÍi g‡a¨
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi wbf©yjZv wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| m~Î -: A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kv‡ii ci A-Kvi
wKsev Av-Kvi _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j Av-Kvi nq, Av-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM :
bxj&(A) + AvKvk // A+Av=Av// bxjvKvk|

155
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

¯^xK…Z wm×všÍ †_‡K we‡kl wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡bv, Z_v mvaviY mZ¨ †_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ
nIqvi GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv cÖ_‡g e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ wel‡qi m~θ‡jv Avq‡Ë Avbvi
†Póv K‡i Ges c‡i wewfbœ D`vni‡Yi g‡a¨ m~θ‡jv cÖ‡qvM K‡i ï×Zv hvPvB K‡i|

G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i †Kv‡bv mwµq f~wgKv _v‡K bv − wbR¯^ eyw×, hyw³ I wPšÍvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi
†Kv‡bv AeKvk _v‡K bv| ZvB g‡bi w`K †_‡K Zviv wbw®Œq nq Ges cvV MÖn‡Y AvKl©Y
†eva K‡i bv| Gfv‡e GwU GKwU ÎæwUc~Y© I Ag‡bv‰eÁvwbK c×wZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|

Aek¨, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î GB c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q| †hgb− fvlv e¨env‡i `¶Zv e„wׇZ
GwU LyeB mnvqK | ZvB e„nËi ‡¶‡Î e¨vKiY cVb-cvV‡b Ae‡ivnx c×wZ mnvqK e‡j
g‡b Kiv nq|

O. Av‡ivnx c×wZ − Av‡MB e¨³ n‡q‡Q †h, GwU Ae‡ivnx c×wZi wecixZ| GwUi g~j
K_v n‡jv Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv, g~Z© †_‡K weg~Z,© mnR †_‡K KwVb, D`vniY †_‡K m~Î,
we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY g‡Z DcbxZ nIqv| G‡Z D`vniY ch©‡e¶Y I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g m~Î
ev msÁv MVb Ki‡Z nq| GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU cÖgvwYZ m~·K MÖnY Kiv nq| cÖv_wgKfv‡e
MvwYwZK †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI evsjv e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bI GB c×wZ djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i|

D`vniY ch©‡e¶Y I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g m~Î ev msÁv MVb Ki‡Z nq Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z
<ÔD`vniY †_‡K m~ÎÕ>| KZ¸‡jv D`vniY fv‡jvfv‡e cix¶v K‡i †m¸‡jv †_‡K hyw³i
mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv †M‡j ev m~Î MVb Kiv †M‡j Av‡ivnx c×wZ Kvh©Ki
nq|

e¨vKiY cv‡V G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q KZ¸‡jv D`vniY Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Zviv wePvi
eyw×i gva¨‡g D`vniY¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó m~‡Î DcbxZ nq| ch©‡e¶Y Ges
we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv m~Î ev msÁv MVb K‡i †mB m~·K Avevi D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Gi wbf©yjZv hvPvB K‡i †`‡L| Gfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^xq
AwfÁZvh m~Î MVb Ges m~Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg-Kvbyb m¤ú‡K©
my¯úó aviYv jvf K‡i Ges fvlv cÖ‡qv‡M AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q I‡V|

cwiwPZ cwi‡ek †_‡K D`vniY evQvB K‡i cv‡V AMÖmi n‡j e¨vKiYcvV mnR, mij,
mim, mv_©K I AvKl©©Yxq n‡q I‡V| GB cÖwµqvq wk¶v_©xiv GKw`‡K †hgb wbw®Œq †kªvZv

156
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

n‡q e‡m _v‡K bv, †Zgwb eywׇK Kv‡R jvwM‡q GKwU bZzb ZË¡ I Z_¨ D˜NvU‡bi Avb›`
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Av‡ivnx c×wZi GKgvÎ Amyweav n‡jv G‡Z mgq †ewk jv‡M| cÖ‡kœvËi I Av‡jvPbvi
cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z cvV`vb GwM‡q P‡j|

P. Av‡ivnx-Ae‡ivnx c×wZ − GB wgkª c×wZ‡Z Dc‡ii `yB c×wZB GKwU AciwUi

cwic~iK wn‡m‡e Abym„Z| Zv‡Z, cÖ_‡g wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wKQy D`vniY DÌvcb Kiv nq,
D‡jøwLZ D`vniY¸‡jv ch©‡e¶Y I we‡kølY K‡i wk¶v_©xMY hyw³ I eyw× cÖ‡qvM K‡i g~j I
msÁv Avwe®‹v‡i g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i| m~Î MVb †k‡l Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM m¤úwK©Z
Abykxjb P‡j|

GB ch©v‡q eZ©gv‡b †Kvb c×wZ‡Z e¨vKiY wk¶v`v‡b mePvB‡Z Dc‡hvMx I mnvqK e‡j
Avcbvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq ?

 ce©-L : e¨vKiY wk¶v`vb †KŠkj

evsjv e¨vKiY wk¶v`vb ev cvV`v‡bi ‡¶‡Î welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb As‡ki GKwU mvaviY
ch©vqµg i‡q‡Q|
ch©vqµgwU wbgœiƒc-
1) D`vniY Dc¯’vcb
2) D`vniY we‡kølY
3) m~ÎMVb
4) wk¶v_x©‡`i Abykxjb
5) wk¶‡Ki djveZ©b

cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K Zuvi welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Kjv‡KŠkj wZwb hv-B wbe©vPb Kiæb bv †Kb, †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb
H Kjv‡KŠk‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwZwU kx‡l© Dc‡i-DwjøwLZ ch©vqµg iw¶Z nq|
wb‡Pi KwZcq bgybv/D`vniY †Lqvj ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i :

kxl©-K : ¯^imwÜ

157
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

1. wb‡Pi cÖwZwU N‡i ¯^imwÜi wbqg Abymv‡i K‡qKwU wbq‡gi wZbwU K‡i D`vniY
†`Iqv Av‡Q| cÖwZwU N‡ii cv‡k cÖ‡hvR¨ wbqg¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|

Aci+Aci =Acivci wbqg:

h_v+A_© =h_v_©

wng+Avjq =wngvjq

h_v+Bó =h‡_ó wbqg:

ïf+B”Qv =ï‡f”Qv
cig+Ck =ci‡gk

Rb+GK =R‰bK wbqg:

gZ+HK¨ =g‰ZK¨
gnv+Hkh© =g‰nk¦h©

2. wb‡P ¯^imwÜi K‡qKwU wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ Giƒc 12wU D`vniY †`Iqv Av‡Q| wbw`©ó
wbqg Abyhvqx G¸‡jv c„_Kfv‡e mvwR‡q wj‡L wb‡P wbqg¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|

c`+A¼ = c`v¼ ci+DcKvi = c‡ivcKvi

¯^+B”Qv = †¯^”Qv wng+Avjq = wngvjq

igv+Ck = i‡gk Pj+ Ewg© = P‡jvwg©

gnv+AN© = gnvN© bi+Ck = b‡ik

h_v+DwPZ = h_vwPZ we`¨v+Avjq = we`¨vjq

gnv+Ewg© = g‡nvwg© h_v+Bó = h‡_ó

1 2 3

158
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

wbqg-1:

wbqg-2:

wbqg-3:

kxl©-L: ¯^imwÜ mva‡bi wbqg

Kv‡Ri bvg wk¶‡Ki KiYxq wk¶v_x©i KiYxq mgq
1) D`vniY kx‡l©i bvg mswkøó KwZcq kxl© mswkøó D`vniY D‡jøL 2 wg.
Dc¯’vcb D`vniY wb‡R D‡jøL Kiv / Kiv I †ev‡W© wjwLZ Z_¨
wk¶v_x©‡`i D‡jøL Ki‡Z ejv LvZvq ‡jLv
I †ev‡W© †jLv|
2) D`vniY Dc¯’vwcZ D`vniY¸‡jvi we‡køwlZ cÖK…wZ Abyaveb 3 wg.
we‡kølY cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Kiv| Kiv
(†evW©/†cvóvi †ccvi e¨envi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i)
3) m~Î MVb msÁv/m~Î wjL‡Z ejv| msÁv/ m~Î LvZvq ‡jLv 4 wg.
4) M„nxZ wm×všÍ/m~Î/ msÁvi wm×všÍ/m~Î/ msÁvi wewfbœ 8
wk¶v_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvMg~jK Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k cÖKvi cÖ‡qvMg~jK KvR wg.
Abykxjb cÖ`vb `jxq/ GKK/ †Rvovq Kiv
5) wk¶‡Ki wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K Abykxjbg~jK wk¶‡Ki djveZ©‡bi mv‡_ 3.
djveZ©b Kv‡Ri djveZ©b cÖ`vb| wgwj‡q ÎæwU ms‡kvab K‡i
†bIqv|
wbgœewY©Z †KŠkjmg~nI wZwb †kªYx‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

159
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

†KŠkj wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i

1) †kªYxKiY  Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
 †Rvovq/ `‡j wPšÍv K‡i G¸‡jv‡K †kªYxKiY Ki‡Z ejv|
2) cvV¨cy¯ÍK  wewfbœ cÖKvi mgv‡mi D`vniY Avni‡Yi Rb¨ cvV-Gi Awc©Z Kvh©
we‡kølY m¤úv`b|
3) †cv÷vi  wewfbœ cÖKvi mgv‡mi AwR©Z aviYvmg~‡ni iƒc‡iLv †cv÷v‡i wj‡L
Dc¯’vcb Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejv|
4) Zzjbvg~jK  `yÕwU mgv‡mi wewfbœ D`vniY wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i Zzjbv
ˆelg¨ Kiv|
AbymÜvb  †Rvovq wPšÍv K‡i D`vniY `yÕwUi Zzjbv K‡i ˆelg¨mg~n/ cv_©K¨¸‡jv
wPwýZ Ki‡Z ejv|
5) mZ¨-wg_¨v  mgvm m¤úwK©Z wKQz msL¨K wee„wZ wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
 wee„wZ¸‡jv mZ¨- bv-wK wg_¨v, wg_¨v n‡j †Kb wg_¨v Zv
wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K `‡j wPšÍv K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z ejv|
6) ÎæwU  fyj Z_¨ mwbœ‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡Q mgvm m¤úwK©Z wKQz
mbv³KiY Dc¯’vcbv Zz‡j aiv|
 wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K ÎæwU¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z Ges ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq
mycvwik Ki‡Z ejv|

GLb wK Avcwb wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ ÔKZ…©KviK I Kg©KviKÕ wfwËK GKwU wmg¨y‡jkb-Kg©cÎ

‰Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib?

160
 evsjv wk¶Y - 2

BDwbU 3 Awa‡ekb 8
g~j wkLbxq welq
e¨vKiY wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ Ges c×wZi Abykxjb

 [ e¨vKiY cvV`vb c×wZ

Av‡ivnx c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g D`vni‡Yi wewkøóiƒc Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, c‡i
mvgwóKiƒc e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|
Ae‡ivnx c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g D`vni‡Yi c~Y©iƒc Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges
c‡i Gi wewkøóiƒc e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|
Av‡ivnx c×wZ welqe¯‘ m¤úwK©Z aviYv MVb‡K mnR I mvejxj K‡i|
AskwfwËK wPšÍv c‡i mvgwóK iƒc cvq| Ae‡ivnx c×wZ wk¶v_x©‡K Ae‡ivnx ev
cÖ‡qvMg~jK wPšÍvi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| A_©c~Y© wkL‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q mvgwMÖK
wkLb| GB mvgwMÖK wkLb Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z n‡q _v‡K|
cÖK…Z cÖ¯Ív‡e e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î DcwiD³ `yÕwU c×wZi mylg mgš^q NUv‡bv
Avek¨K|
e¨vKiY cvV`vb †KŠkj
evsjv e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki wePvi we‡ePbv I cÖhy³ †KŠkj wk¶‡Yi
†¶‡Î h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| bxim e¨vKiY‡K AvKl©©Yxq I AvMÖnx wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡`i
Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡j cvV`vb mdj n‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ wk¶K welqe¯‘i
Dc¯’vcb As‡ki GKwU mvaviY ch©vqµg i‡q‡Q|
ch©vqµgwU wbgœiƒc:
1) D`vniY Dc¯’vcb
2) D`vniY we‡kølY
3) m~ÎMVb
4) wk¶v_x©‡`i Abykxjb
5) wk¶‡Ki djveZ©b
cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K Zvi welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Kjv‡KŠkj wZwb hv-B wbe©vPb Kiæb bv †Kb, †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e H Kjv‡KŠk‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwZwU kx‡l© c~e©-DwjøwLZ
ch©vqµg ‡hb iw¶Z nq |
Gme Kv‡R wk¶K wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i Abykxj‡bi wKQy gwWDj ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

161
 gva¨wgK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y - we GW

 g~j¨vqb:
1| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ msµvšÍ GKwU msw¶ß wee„wZ w`b|
2| e¨vKiY †Kb wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q KwVb ev fxwZcÖ` g‡b nq ? Gi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki KiYxq Kx n‡Z
cv‡i ?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-K :
cÖ`Ë me¸‡jv c×wZ we‡ePbv I ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z e¨vKiY wk¶v`vb
mePvB‡Z Dc‡hvMx, mnvqK I g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z e‡j g‡b nq| Z‡e cÖK…Z cÖ¯Ív‡e
e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î DwjøwLZ `yÕwU c×wZi mylg mgš^q NUv‡bv Avek¨K|
ce©-L :
Kg©cÎ: KZ…©KviK I Kg©KviK (wmgy¨‡jkb)
(K) wµqvc‡`i m‡½ wbgœ‡iL c`¸‡jvi KZ©v/Kg© m¤úK© we‡ePbvq evK¨¸‡jv‡K
`yB Kjv‡g mvRvI (†Rvovq)
(1) gv wkï‡K Pvu` †`Lv‡”Qb| (2) bvwmgv dzj Zzj‡Q| (3) gyljav‡i e„wó
n‡”Q| (4) †Q‡jwU‡K weQvbvq †kvqvI| (5) ivLvj Miæ‡K Nvm LvIqvq| (6)
Lye GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ| (7) ev‡N-gwn‡l GK Nv‡U Rj Lv‡”Q| (8) `ya‡K Avgiv
`y» ewj|

KZ…-© m¤úK© Kg©-m¤úK©

(L) msÁv wj‡L- (GKK KvR)

KZ…©KviK-
Kg©KviK-
(M) Gevi KZ©„Kvi‡Ki D`vniY¸‡jv wjwce× K‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi KZ…©Kvi‡Ki
bv‡gi cv‡k mswkøó D`vniY wjL- (†Rvovq KvR)
gyL¨
KZ©v-
cÖ‡hvRK
KZ©v-
cÖ‡hvR¨
KZ©v-
e¨wZnvi
KZ©v-

162