1

BASIC CONCEPTS & PRODUCT

COST SHEET
Question 1
SV Ltd. Is a manufacturing company which has a sound system
of financial accounting. The management of the company therefore
feels that there is no need for the installation of a cost accounting
system. Prepare a report to the management bringing out the
distinction between cost and financial accounting system and the
need for the introduction of a sound cost accounting system.
Answer
The Managing Director,
S.V. Ltd.
New Delhi
Subject : Establishment of a Cost Accounting System
Sir,
During the course of our discussion with you last month, you
mentioned that your company did not require a cost accounting
system as it had a sound financial accounting system. After our
discussion with you, we had an opportunity to study the products,
processes of manufacture, organisation and selling and distribution
methods of your company-which is a manufacturing company. We
have come to the conclusion that your company certainly requires a
cost accounting system. To strengthen further our view-point, we
give our report by bringing the distinctions between the two systems
as below:
The financial accounting system of a company mainly serves as
a useful source of information to owner/shareholders/creditors and
for tax purposes. It does not provide adequate help to the
executives working in the organisation. The information provided by
the financial accounting system serves no useful purpose from the
view-point of planning, control and decision making. The absence of
Cost Accounting
required information renders planning, control and decision making
extremely difficult. On the other hand, cost accounting system was
evolved as a supplementary accounting method mainly to serve the
needs of management. Cost accounting system can provide at a
regular interval, the needed information to the concerned
executives to perform the functions of planning, control and decision
making.
The financial accounting system shows the trading results of the
company as a whole; it does not answer the question why there is
an increase or a decrease in profit or loss. The principle of matching
costs with revenues under a costing system not only indicates the
profit or loss of each product, but would also show the correct value
of closing inventory. Thus costing system helps financial accounting
system too. Under financial accounting system the financial
statements are prepared only at the close of the accounting period.
Such statements do not provide day-to-day cost information for
evaluating the efficiency of the concern. But cost accounting system
can supply every possible cost information to management for
managerial control. Under cost accounting system by using standard
costing the variances between predetermined and actual costs can
be determined. These variations and their causes speaks about the
concerns operating efficiency and inefficiency.
In financial accounting system no attempt is generally made to
record data by jobs, processes, products, departments etc. It only
provides information in terms of income, expenses, assets and
liabilities for the company as a whole. Thus the available information
is not very useful for the ascertainment of price, control of costs,
ascertainment of product profitability etc. Cost accounting system
records data in the manner that helps the ascertainment of price
and profitability and also the control of costs by using variances.
Government in its efforts to protect consumers, often resorts to
statutory price control. Cost accounting system can help by
providing enough cost information which could be utilised to press
upon the government to convince for price and to arrive at a
suitable price before their arbitrary fixation of it.
It is apparent from the above discussion that detailed and
analytical information cannot be had from existing financial
accounting system. We therefore strongly recommend the need for
the introduction of a sound cost accounting system in your concern.
Yours faithfully,
X . Y.& Co.
Chartered Accountants.
1.2
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Question 2
(a) Define the terms cost centre and cost unit.
(b) Given below is a list of ten industries. Give the method of
costing and the unit of cost against each industry.
(i) Nursing Home
(ii) Road Transport
(iii) Steel
(iv) Coal
(v) Bicycles
(vi) Bridge Construction
(vii) Interior Decoration
(viii) Advertising
(ix) Furniture
(x) Sugar company having its own sugarcane fields.
1.3
Cost Accounting
Answer
(a) Cost Centre
The term cost centre is defined as a location, person or an item
of equipment or a group of these for which costs may be ascertained
and used for the purposes of cost control. Cost centres can be
personal cost centres, impersonal cost centres, operation cost
centres and process cost centres.
Cost Unit
The term cost unit is defined as a unit of quantity of product,
service or time (or a combination of these) in relation to which costs
may be ascertained or expressed. It can be for a job, batch, or
product group.
(b)
Industry Method of
costing
Unit of cost
(i) Nursing Home Operating Per Bed per week or per
day
(ii) Road transport Operating Per Tonne Kilometer or
per mile
(iii) Steel Process Per Tonne
(iv) Coal Single Per unit
(v) Bicycles Multiple Each unit
(vi) Bridge
construction
Contract Each contract
(vii) Interior
Decoration
Job Each Job
(viii) Advertising Job Each Job
(ix) Furniture Multiple Each unit
(x) Sugar company
having its own
sugar-cane fields
Process Per Quintal/Tonne
Question 3
Distinguish between
(i) Cost Unit and Cost Centre
(ii) Cost Centre and Profit Centre
1.4
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
(iii) Bill of material from a material requisition note.
1.5
Cost Accounting
Answer
(i) Distinction between Cost Unit and Cost Centre
The term Cost Unit is defined as a unit of quantity of product,
service or time (or a combination of these) in relation to which costs
may be ascertained or expressed. It can be for a job, batch, or
product group.
The term Cost Centre is defined as a location, person or an item
of equipment or a group of these for which costs may be ascertained
and used for the purposes of Cost Control. Cost Centres can be
personal Cost Centres, impersonal Cost Centres, operation cost and
process Cost Centres.
Thus each sub-unit of an organisation is known as a Cost Centre,
if cost can be ascertained for it. In order to recover the cost incurred
by a Cost Centre, it is necessary to express it as the cost of output.
The unit of output in relation to which cost incurred by a Cost Centre
is expressed is called a Cost Unit.
(ii) Cost Centre and Profit Centre
A Cost Centre is the smallest segment of activity or the area of
responsibility for which costs are accumulated. A Profit Centre is
that segment of activity of a business which is responsible for both
revenue and expenses and discloses the profit of a particular
segment of activity.
Important points of distinction between Cost Centre and Profit
Centre are as below:
(a) Cost Centres are created for accounting convenience of
costs and their control. Whereas a profit centre is created
because of decentralisation of operations.
(b) A Cost Centre does not have target costs but efforts are
made to minimise costs, but each profit centre has a profit
target and enjoys authority to adopt such policies as are
necessary to achieve its targets.
(iii) Bill of Material and Material Requisition Note
Bill of Material: It is a comprehensive list of materials with exact
description and specifications, required for a job or other production
units. This also provides information about required quantities so
that if there is any deviation from the standards, it can easily be
detected. It is prepared by the Engineering or Planning Department
in a standard form.
1.6
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Material requisition Note: It is a formal written demand or
request, usually from the production department to store for the
supply of specified materials, stores etc. It authorises the
storekeeper to issue the requisitioned materials and record the
same on bin card.
The purpose of bill of material is to act as a single authorisation
for the issue of all materials and stores items mentioned in it. It
provides an advance intimation to store department about the
requirements of materials. It reduces paper work. It serves as a work
order to the production department and a document for computing
the cost of material for a particular job or work order to the cost
department.
The purpose of material requisition note is to draw material from
the store by concerned departments.
Question 4
(a) Match the following
(i) Total fixed cost 1. What cost should be?
(ii) Total variable cost 2. Incurred cost
(iii) Unit variable cost 3. Increase in proportion to
output
(iv) Unit fixed cost 4. Cost of conversion
(v) Standard cost 5. What costs are expected to be
(vi) Period cost 6. Decreases with rise in output
(vii) Actual cost 7. Remains constant in total
(viii) Labour and overhead 8. Remains constant per unit
(ix) Incremental cost 9. Cost not assigned to products
(x) Budgeted cost 10. Added value of a new
product.
(b) Indicate whether the following statements are True or False:
(i) All costs are controllable.
(ii) Conversion cost is equal to direct wages plus factory
overhead.
(iii) Variable cost per unit varies with the increase or
decrease in the volume of output.
(iv) Depreciation is an out of pocket cost.
1.7
Cost Accounting
(v) An item of cost that is direct for one business may be
indirect for another
(vi) Fixed cost per unit remains fixed.
Answer
(a) Correct matchings are indicated as below:
(i) ----------- (7)
Total fixed cost, remains constant in total.
(ii) -----------(3)
Total variable cost, increases in proportion to output.
(iii) ----------(8)
Unit variable cost, remains constant per unit.
(iv) ----------(6)
Unit fixed cost, decreases with rise in output.
(v) -----------(1)
Standard cost, what cost should be.
(vi) -----------(9)
Period cost, cost not assigned to products.
(vii) -----------(2)
Actual cost, incurred cost.
(viii) -----------(4)
Labour and overhead, cost of conversion.
(ix) ------------(10)
Incremental cost, added value of a new product.
(x) -------------(5)
Budgeted cost, what costs are expected to be.
(b) (i) False
(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) False
(v) True
(vi) False
Question 5
1.8
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
List down any eight factors that you will consider before installing a
costing system.
Answer
The eight factors which must be considered before installing a
Costing System are listed below:
(i) Nature of business: The system of costing to be introduced
should suit the general nature of business.
(ii) Layout aspects: The size and layout of the organisation should
be studied by the system designers.
(iii) Methods and procedures in vogue: The system designers
should also study various methods and procedures for the
purchase, receipts, storage and issue of material. They should
also study the methods of wage payment.
(iv) Managements expectations and policies: The system of
costing should be designed after a careful analysis of the
organisational operations, managements expectation and
the policies of the concern.
(v) Technical aspects: The technical aspects of the business
should be studied thoroughly by the designers. They should also
make an attempt to seek the assistance and support of the
supervisory staff and workers of the concern for the system.
(vi) Simplicity of the system: The system of costing to be installed
should be easy to understand and simple to operate. The
procedures laid down for operating the system should be easily
understood by operating system.
(vii) Forms standardisation: Various forms to be used by the
costing system for various data/information collection and
dissemination should be standardised as far as possible.
(viii) Accuracy of data: The degree of accuracy of data to be
supplied by the system should be determined.
Question 6
Outline the steps involved in installing a costing system in a
manufacturing unit. What are the essentials of an effective costing
system?
Answer
The main steps involved in installing a costing system in a
manufacturing unit may be outlined as below:
1.9
Cost Accounting
(i) The objectives of installing a costing system in a
manufacturing concern and the expectations of the management
from such a system should be identified first. The system will be
a simple one in the case of a single objective but will be an
elaborate one in the case of multiple objectives.
(ii) It is important to ascertain the significant variables of the
manufacturing unit which are amenable to control and affect the
concern. For example, quite often the production costs control
may be more important than control of its marketing cost. Under
such a situation, the costing system should devote greater
attention to control production costs.
(iii) A thorough study to know about the nature of business, its
technical aspects; products, methods and stages of production
should also be made. Such a study will facilitate in selecting a
proper method of costing for manufacturing unit.
(iv) A study of the organisation structure, its size and layout etc.,
is also necessary. This is useful to management to determine the
scope of responsibilities of various managers.
(v) The costing system should be evolved in consultation with the
staff and should be introduced only after meeting their
objections and doubts, if any. The co-operation of staff is
essential for the successful operation of the system.
(vi) Details of records to be maintained by the costing system
should be carefully worked out. The degree of accuracy of the
data to be supplied by the system should be determined.
(vii) The forms to be used by foreman, workers, etc., should be
standardised. These forms be suitably designed and must ensure
minimum clerical work at all stages.
(viii) Necessary arrangements should be made for the flow of
information/data to all concerned managers, at different levels,
regularly and promptly.
(ix) Reconciliation of costs and financial accounts be carried
out regularly, if they are maintained separately.
(x) The costing system to be installed should be easy to
understand and simple to operate.
Essential of an effective costing system: The essential features
that an effective costing system should possess are as follows:
(a) Costing system should be tailor made, practical, simple and
capable of meeting the requirements of a business concern.
1.10
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
(b) The method of costing should be suitable to the industry.
(c) Necessary co-operation and participation of executives from
various departments of the concern is essential for developing
good cost accounting system.
(d) The cost of installing and operating the system should justify the
results.
(e) The system of costing should not sacrifice the utility by
introducing meticulous and unnecessary details.
Question 7
Distinguish between the following?
Controllable costs and uncontrollable costs.
(May, 1997, 4 marks)
Answer
Controllable costs and uncontrollable costs:
Costs which can be influenced by the action of a specified
person in an organisation are known as controllable costs. Costs
which remains unaffected by the action of such person are termed
as uncontrollable. In a business organisation heads of each
responsibility centre are responsible to control costs. Costs which
they are able to control are known as controllable and includes
material, labour and direct expenses. Costs which they fail to control
includes fixed costs and all allocated costs.
It may be noted that controllable and uncontrollable cost
concepts are related to the authority of a person in the organisation.
An expenditure which may be uncontrollable by one person may be
controllable by another. Moreover, in the long run all costs might be
controllable.
Question 8
(a) Describe briefly the role of the cost accountant in a
manufacturing organisation.
(b) Distinguish between:
(i) Variable cost and direct cost
(ii) Estimated cost and standard cost.
Answer
(a) Cost accountant in a manufacturing organisation plays several
important roles. He establishes a Cost Accounting department in
1.11
Cost Accounting
his concern. He ascertains the requirement of cost information
which may be useful to organisational mangers at different levels
of the hierarchy. He develops a manual, which specifies the
functions to be performed by the Cost Accounting department.
The manual also contains the format of various forms which
would be utilised by the concern for procuring and providing
information to the concerned officers. It also specifies the
frequency at which the cost information would be supplied to a
concerned executive.
Usually, the functions performed by a Cost Accounting
department includes cost ascertainment, cost comparison, cost
reduction, cost control and cost reporting.
Cost ascertainment, requires the classification of costs into
direct and indirect. Further it requires classification of indirect
costs (known as overheads) into three classes viz, factory
overheads; administration overheads and selling and distribution
overhead. Cost accountant suggests the basis which may be
used by his subordinates for carrying out the necessary
classifications as suggested above.
Cost comparison is the task carried out by Cost Accountant for
controlling the cost of the products manufactured by the
concern. Cost Accountant of the concern establishes standards
for all the elements of cost and thus a standard cost of the
finished product. The standard cost so determined may be
compared with the actual cost to determine the variances. Cost
Accountant ascertains the reasons for the occurrence of these
variances for taking suitable action.
Cost analysis may also be made by Cost Accountant for taking
decisions like make or by and for reviewing the current
performance.
Cost Accountant also suggests suitable techniques for the
purpose of cost reduction/cost control, after carrying out a cost
benefit analysis.
Cost Accountant also plays a key role in the preparation of Cost
reports. These reports help the executives of a business concern
in reviewing their own performance and in identifying the weak
areas, where enough control measure may be taken in future.
In brief, one may say that there is hardly any activity in a
manufacturing organisation with which a Cost Accountant is not
directly associated in some form or the other.
(b) (i) Variable and direct cost:
1.12
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
A variable cost is a cost that changes in total in direct proportion
to changes in the related total activity or volume. Cost of
material is an example of variable cost.
Direct cost is a cost which can be identified either with a cost
centre or with a cost unit. An example of direct cost is the
allocation of direct materials to a department and then to the
various jobs. All variable costs are direct-but each direct cost
may not be variable.
(ii) Estimated cost and standard cost:
Kohler defines estimated costs as the expected cost of
manufacture or acquisition, often in terms of a unit of product
computed on the basis of information available in advance of
actual production or purchase Estimated cost are prospective
costs since they refer to prediction of costs.
Standard Cost means a pre-determined cost. It attempts to show
what the cost should be for clearly defined conditions and
circumstances. Standard costs represent planned cost of a
product. They are expected to be achieved under a particular
production process under normal conditions.
Although pre-determination is the essence of both standard
costs and estimated costs, but they differ from each other in the
following respects:
(i) Difference in computation
(ii) Difference in emphasis
(iii) Difference in use
(iv) Difference in records
(v) Applicability
Question 9
Enumerate the main objectives of introduction of a Cost
Accounting System in a manufacturing organisation.
(Nov, 2002, 3 marks)
Answer
The main objectives of introduction of a Cost Accounting System
in a manufacturing organization are as follows:
(i) Ascertainment of cost
(ii) Determination of selling price
(iii) Cost control and cost reduction
1.13
Cost Accounting
(iv) Ascertainment of profit of each activity
(v) Assisting in managerial decision making
Question 10
Write short notes on any two of the following?
(i) Conversion cost (ii) Sunk cost (iii) Opportunity cost
(May, 2003, 4 marks)
Answer
(i) Conversion cost:
It is the cost incurred to convert raw materials into finished
goods. It is the sum of direct wages, direct expenses and
manufacturing overheads.
(ii) Sunk cost:
Historical costs or the costs incurred in the past are known as
sunk cost. They play no role in the current decision making
process and are termed as irrelevant costs. For example, in the
case of a decision relating to the replacement of a machine, the
written down value of the existing machine is a sunk cost, and
therefore, not considered.
(iii) Opportunity cost:
It refers to the value of sacrifice made or benefit of opportunity
foregone in accepting an alternative course of action. For
example, a firm financing its expansion plan by withdrawing
money from its bank deposits. In such a case the loss of interest
on the bank deposit is the opportunity cost for carrying out the
expansion plan.
Question 11
Write short notes on Cost Centre (May 1995, 4 marks)
Answer
Cost Centre : It is defined as a location, person or an item of
equipment or a group of these for which costs are ascertained and
used for cost control. Cost centres are of two types viz, impersonal
and personal.
A cost centre which consists of a location or an item of
equipment or a group of these is called an impersonal cost centre. A
cost centre which consists of a person or a group of person is known
as a personal cost centre.
1.14
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
In a manufacturing concern there are two type of cost centres
viz., production and service. Production cost centres are those
where production activity is actually carried out whereas service
cost centres are those sections which are ancillary and render
service to production cost centres.
Question 12
Name the various reports (Elaboration not needed) that may be
provided by the Cost Accounting Department of a big manufacturing
company for the use of its executives.
(May, 1998, 5 marks)
Answer
Various reports that may be provided by the Cost Accounting
Department of a big manufacturing Company for the use of its
executives are as under:
(i) Cost Sheets
(ii) Statements of material consumption
(iii) Statements of labour utilisation
(iv) Overheads incurred compared with budgets
(v) Sales effected compared with budgets
(vi) Reconciliation of actual profit with estimated profit
(vii) The total cost of inventory carried
(viii) The total cost of abnormally spoiled work in factory and
abnormal losses in stores
(ix) Labour turnover statements
(x) Expenses incurred on research and development
compared with budgeted amounts.
Question 13
State the unit of cost and method of costing generally used for
accounting purpose in the following cases:
(i) Brick-works (ii) Bi-cycle
(iii) Oil refining mill and (iv) Road transport company
(Nov, 1997, 2 marks)
Answer
1.15
Cost Accounting
Industry/Product Unit of cost Method of Costing
(i) Brick works 1,000 bricks Single or output
(ii) Bi-cycle Each bicycle Multiple
(iii) Oil refining mill Per-Tonne Process
(iv) Road transport
company
Per-tonne-km Operating
Question 14
What is meant by Profit Centre?
(Nov,1997, 4 marks)
Answer
Profit Centre: It is defined as an activity centre of a business
organisation. Chief of such a centre is fully responsible for all costs,
revenues and profitability of its operation. The main objective of
profit centre is to maximise the centres profit. Creation of profit
centres facilitates management control and implementation of the
objectives of responsibility accounting. A profit centre may have a
number of cost centres.
Question 15
What is meant by cost centre? (May, 1997,
Nov.,2002, 4 marks)
Answer
Cost Centre
It is the smallest area of responsibility or segment of activity for
which costs are accumulated. It can be defined as a location; person
or an item of equipment or a group of these for which costs are
ascertained and used for the purpose of cost control. Cost centres
are of two types viz.., personal and impersonal.
Personal cost centre: It is a cost centre which consists of a
person or a group of persons.
Impersonal cost centre: It is a cost centre which consists of a
location or an item of equipment or a group of these.
In a manufacturing concern there are two types of cost centres
viz., production and service cost centres.
Question 16
1.16
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
How does a production account differ from a cost sheet
(May, 2000, 3 marks)
Answer
The following are the points of difference between a production
account and a cost sheet.
(i) Production Account is based on double entry system whereas
cost sheet is not based on double entry system.
(ii) Production Account consists of two parts. The first part shows
cost of the component and total production cost. The second
part shows the cost of sales and profit for the period. Cost Sheet
presents the elements of costs in a classified manner and the
cost ascertained at different states such as prime cost; works
cost; cost of production; cost of goods sold; cost of sales and
total cost.
(iii) Production Account shows the cost in aggregate and thus
facilitates comparison with other financial accounts. Cost sheet
shows the cost in a detailed and analytical manner which
facilitates comparison of cost for the purpose of cost control.
(iv) Production Account is not useful for preparing tenders or
quotations. Estimated cost sheets can be prepared on the
basis of actual cost sheets and these are useful for
preparing tenders or quotations.
Question 17
Discuss cost classification based on variability and
controllability. (Nov, 2004, 4 marks)
Answer
Cost classification based on variability
Fixed cost These are costs, which do not change in total despite
changes of a cost driver. A fixed cost is fixed only in relation to a
given relevant range of the cost driver and a given time span. Rent,
insurance, depreciation of factory building and equipment are
examples of fixed costs where the final product produced is the cost
object.
Variable costs These are costs which change in total in proportion
to changes of cost driver. Direct material, direct labour are
examples of variable costs, in cases where the final product
produced is the cost object.
1.17
Cost Accounting
Semi-variable costs These are partly fixed and partly variable in
relation to output e.g. telephone and electricity bill.
Cost classification based on controllability
Controllable costs Are incurred in a particular responsibility center
and relate to a defined time span. They can be influenced by the
action of the executive heading the responsibility center e.g. direct
costs.
Uncontrollable costs Are costs are influenced by the action of the
responsibility center manager e.g. expenditure incurred by the tool
room are controllable by the foreman in charge of that section, but
the share of tool room expenditure which are apportioned to the
machine shop are not controllable by machine shop foreman.
Question 18
Discuss the essential of a good cost accounting system?
(May, 2004, 2 marks)
Answer
Essentials of a good cost accounting system:
It should be tailor-made, practical, simple and capable of meeting
the requirements of a business concern.
The data used by the system should be accurate, otherwise it
may distort the output of system.
Cost of installing & operating the system should justify the
results.
Cost accounting system should have the support of top
management of the concern.
The system should have the necessary support from all the users
departments.
Question 19
Explain:
(i) Sunk Costs
(ii) Pre-production Costs
(iii) Research and Development Costs
(iv) Training Costs (Nov, 2000, 2
x 4 = 8 marks)
Answer
1.18
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
(i) Sunk Costs: These are historical costs which are incurred in
the past. These costs were incurred for a decision made in the
past and cannot be changed by any decision that will be made in
future. In other words, these costs plays no role in decision
making, in the current period. While considering the replacement
of a plant, the depreciated book value of the old plant is
irrelevant, as the amount is a sunk cost which is to be written off
at the time of replacement.
(ii) Pre-production Costs: These costs forms the part of
development cost, incurred in making a trial production run,
preliminary to formal production. These costs are incurred when
a new factory is in the process of establishment or a new project
is undertaken or a new product line or product is taken up, but
there is no established or formal production to which such costs
may be charged. These costs are normally treated as deferred
revenue expenditure (except the portion which has been
capitalised) and charged to the costs of future production.
(iii) Research and Development Costs: Research costs are the
costs incurred for the discovery of new ideas or processes by
experiment or otherwise and for using the results of such
experimentation on a commercial basis. Research costs are
defined as the costs of searching for new or improved products,
new applications of materials, or improved methods, processes,
systems or services.
Development costs, are the costs of the process which begins
with the implementation of the decision to produce a new or
improved product or to employ a new or improved method and
ends with the commencement of formal production of that
product by that method.
(iv) Training Costs: These costs comprises of wages and salaries
of the trainees or learners, pay and allowances of the training
and teaching staff, payment of fees etc, for training or for
attending courses of studies sponsored by outside agencies and
cost of materials, tools and equipments used for training. Costs
incurred for running the training department, the losses arising
due to the initial lower production, extra spoilage etc. occuring
while providing training facilities to the new recruits.
All these costs are booked under separate standing order
numbers for the various functions. Usually there is a service cost
centre, known as the Training Section, to which all the training
costs are allocated. The total cost of training section is
thereafter apportioned to production centers.
1.19
Cost Accounting
Question 20
Enumerate the factors which are to be considered before
installing a system of cost accounting in a manufacturing
organization. (Nov, 1999, 5 marks)
Answer
Factors which are to be considered before installing a system of
cost accounting in a manufacturing organization are:
(i) The objectives of installing a system of cost accounting should
be defined, that is whether the system is meant for control of
cost or for price fixation
(ii) The organization of the company should be studied to
understand the authority and responsibilities of the managers.
(iii) The technical aspects and flow process should be taken into
consideration.
(iv) The products to be manufactured should be studied.
(v) The marketing set up to be looked into for devising suitable
control reports.
(vi) The possibility of integrating cost accounting system with
financial accounting system should be examined.
(vii) The procedure for collection and verification of reliability of
the information should be studied.
(viii) The degree of details of information required at each level of
management should be examined.
(ix) The maximum amount of information that would be sufficient
and how the same should be secured without too much clerical
labour, especially the possibility of collection of data on a
separate printed form designed for each process; also the
possibility of instruction as regards filling up of the forms in
writing to ensure that these would be faithfully carried out.
(x) How the accuracy of the data collected can be verified?
Who should be made responsible for making such
verification with regard to each operation and the form of
certification that should be given indicate verification that
he has carried out.
(xi) The manner in which the benefits of introducing Cost
Accounting could be explained to various persons in the concern,
specially those incharge of production department and an
1.20
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
awareness created for the necessity of promptitude, frequency
and regularity in collection of costing data.
Question 21
You have been asked to install a costing system in a
manufacturing company. What practical difficulties will you expect
and how will you propose to overcome the same?
(May, 2004, 4 marks)
Answer
The practical difficulties with which a Cost Accountant is usually
confronted with while installing a costing system in a manufacturing
company are as follows:
(i) Lack of top management support: Installation of a costing
system do not receive the support of top management. They
consider it as an interference in their work. They believe that
such, a system will involve additional paperwork. They also have
a misconcept in their minds that the system is meant for keeping
a check on their activities.
(ii) Resistance from cost accounting departmental staff: The staff
resists because of fear of loosing their jobs and importance after
the implementation of the new system.
(iii) Non cooperation from user departments: The foremen,
supervisor and other staff members may not cooperate in
providing requisite data, as this would not only add to their
responsibilities but will also increase paper work of the entire
team as well.
(iv) Shortage of trained staff: Since cost accounting systems
installation involves specialised work, there may be a shortage
of trained staff.
To overcome these practical difficulties, necessary steps required
are:
To sell the idea to top management To convince them of the
utility of the system.
Resistance and non cooperation can be overcome by behavioral
approach. To deal with the staff concerned effectively.
Proper training should be given to the staff at each level
1.21
Cost Accounting
Regular meetings should be held with the cost accounting staff,
user departments, staff and top management to clarify their
doubts / misgivings.
Question 22
Distinguish between controllable & uncontrollable costs?
(Nov, 2001, 2 marks)
Answer
Controllable costs and Uncontrollable costs:
Controllable costs are the costs which can be influenced by the
action of a specified member of the undertaking. Controllable costs
incurred in a particular responsibility centre can be influenced by
the action of the executive heading that responsibility centre.
Uncontrollable costs are the costs which cannot be influenced by
the action of a specified member of an undertaking.
Question 23
Define Explicit costs. How is it different from implicit costs?
(May, 2001, 2 marks)
Answer
Explicit costs: These costs are also known as out of pocket costs.
They refer to those costs which involves immediate payment of
cash. Salaries, wages, postage and telegram, interest on loan etc.
are some examples of explicit costs because they involve immediate
cash payment. These payments are recorded in the books of
account and can be easily measured.
Main points of difference: The following are the main points of
difference between explicit and implicit costs.
(i) Implicit costs do not involve any immediate cash payment. As
such they are also known as imputed costs or economic costs.
(ii) Implicit costs are not recorded in the books of account but
yet, they are important for certain types of managerial decisions
such as equipment replacement and relative profitability of two
alternative courses of action.
Question 24
(a) What are the essentials of a Cost Accounting System?
(May, 1996, (6 marks)
(b) Narrate the essential factors to be considered while designing
and installing a Cost Accounting System.
(May, 1996, 10 marks)
1.22
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Answer
(a) Essentials of a Good Cost Accounting System
The essential features of a good Cost Accounting system are as
follows:
(i) The Cost Accounting System should be tailor made, practical,
simple and capable of meeting the requirements of a
business concern.
(ii) The method of costing should be suitable to the industry and
serve its objectives.
(iii) The Costing System should receive co-operation and
participation of executives from various departments.
(iv) The cost of installing and operating the system should justify
the results.
(v) The system of costing should not sacrifice the utility by
introducing meticulous and unnecessary details.
(vi) The system should consider the organisational structure of
the business and it should be designed as a sub-system of
the overall organisation.
(vii) There should be a harmonious relationship between
costing and financial accounts departments. Unnecessary
duplication should be avoided. A single integrated
accounting system may be designed.
(viii) The system should provide adequate checks on ordering,
receipts, stocking, issuing and recording of materials. The
pricing method and the issue of materials should be efficient.
(ix) The costing system should ensure proper recording of
workers time and their wages. Wages should be determined
from wage analysis sheets. Proper attention should be paid
in preparing payrolls and in the payment of wages. The
treatment of idle time, over-time and holiday-pay should not
be overlooked.
(x) The cost accounting system should ensure that overheads
are collected, accumulated, allocated and apportioned
suitably.
(b) Essential factors for designing a cost accounting system
The essential factors to be considered while designing a Cost
Accounting System are as follows:
1.23
Cost Accounting
(i) A thorough understanding of Organisational structure;
manufacturing procedure, and process; selling and
distribution procedure; and type of cost information required.
(ii) Selection of a suitable costing technique (Standard or actual,
marginal or absorption)
(iii) Pricing method suitable, for the material, to be issued to
production.
(iv) Method suitable for booking labour cost on jobs.
(v) A sound plan should be devised for the collection, allocation,
apportionment and absorption of overheads.
(vi) Deciding on ways of treating waste, scrap and idle time.
(vii) Designing of suitable forms to be used for collecting and
dissemination of Cost data/information.
(viii) Introduction of budgetary control technique so that
actual performance may be compared with budgetary
figures, for measuring efficiency or performance.
Essential factors for installing a Cost Accounting System.
The essential factors for installing a Cost Accounting System are
listed as below:
(i) The objectives of installing a Costing System and the
expectations of the management from the system should be
identified first. The system will be a simple one in the case of a
single objective but will be an elaborate one in the case of
multiple objectives.
(ii) It is important to ascertain the significant variables of the
manufacturing unit which are amenable to control and affect the
concern. For example, quite often the production costs control
may be more important than control of its marketing cost. Under
such a situation, the costing system should devote greater
attention to control production cost.
(iii) A thorough study of the nature of business, its technical
aspects, products, methods and stages of production should be
made. This will help in selecting a proper method of costing.
(iv) A Study of the organisation structure, its size and layout etc.,
is also necessary. This is useful to management to determine the
scope of responsibilities of various managers.
(v) The costing system should be evolved in consultation with the
staff and should be introduced only after meeting their
1.24
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
objections and doubts, if any. The co-operation of staff is
essential for the successful operation of the system.
(vi) Details of the records to be maintained by the costing
system should be carefully worked out. The degree of
accuracy of the data to be supplied by the system should
be determined.
(vii) The forms to be used by foreman, workers etc., should be
standardised. These forms be suitably designed and must ensure
minimum clerical work at all stages.
(viii) Necessary arrangements should be made for the flow of
information/data to all concerned managers, at different levels,
regularly and promptly.
(ix) Reconciliation of costs and financial accounts be carried out
regularly, if they are maintained separately.
(x) The costing system to be installed should be easy to
understand and simple to operate.
Question 25
What are the main objectives of Cost Accounting?
(May, 2001, 2 marks)
Answer
The main objectives of Cost Accounting are as follows:
(i) Ascertainment of cost.
1.25
Cost Accounting
(ii) Determination of selling price.
(iii) Cost control and cost reduction.
(iv) Ascertainment of profit of each activity.
(v) Assisting management in decision making.
Question 26
Explain controllable and non-controllable costs with illustrations.
(May, 2001,2 marks)
Answer
Controllable and non-Controllable costs
Controllable costs: These are the costs which can be influenced by
the action of a specified person in an organisation. In every
organisation, there are a number of departments which are called
responsibility centres, each under the charge of a specified level of
management. Costs incurred in these responsibility centres are
influenced by he action of the incharge of the responsibility centre.
Thus any cost that an organisational unit has the authority to incur
may be identified as controllable cost.
Non-controllable costs: These are the costs which cannot be
influenced by the action of a specified member of an undertaking.
For example, expenditure incurred by the Tool Room is controllable
by the Tool Room Manager but the share of Tool Room expenditure,
which is apportioned to the Machine Shop cannot be controlled by
the manager of the Machine Shop.
However, the distinction between controllable and non-controllable
costs is not very sharp and is sometimes left to individual judgment
to specify a cost as controllable or non-controllable in relation to a
particular individual manager.
Question 27
Discuss the four different methods of costing alongwith their
applicability to concerned industry?
(Nov, 1999, 4 marks)
Answer
Four different methods of costing along with their applicability to
concerned industry have been discussed as below:
1. Job Costing: The objective under this method of costing is to
ascertain the cost of each job order. A job card is prepared for
1.26
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
each job to accumulate costs. The cost of the job is determined
by adding all costs against the job it is incurred. This method of
costing is used in printing press, foundries and general
engineering workshops, advertising etc.
2. Batch Costing: This system of costing is used where small
components/parts of the same kind are required to be
manufactured in large quantities. Here batch of similar products
is
1.27
Cost Accounting
treated as a job and cost of such a job is ascertained as
discussed under 1, above. If in a cycle manufacturing unit, rims
are produced in batches of 2,500 units each, then the cost will
be determined in relation to a batch of 2,500 units.
3. Contract Costing: If a job is very big and takes a long time for its
completion, then method used for costing is known as Contract
Costing. Here the cost of each contract is ascertained
separately. It is suitable for firms engaged in the construction of
bridges, roads, buildings etc.
4. Operating Costing: The method of Costing used in service
rendering undertakings is known as operating costing. This
method of costing is used in undertakings like transport, supply
of water, telephone services, hospitals, nursing homes etc.
Question 28
Distinguish between:
Marginal Costing and Differential Costing
Answer
Marginal Costing and Differential Costing
Marginal Costing is defined as the Ascertainment of marginal
costs and of the effect on profit of changes in volume or type of
output by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs.
Differential Costing is defined as the technique of costing which
uses differential costs and/or differential revenues for ascertaining
the acceptability of an alternative. The technique may be termed as
incremental costing when the difference is increase in costs and
decremental costing when the difference is decrease in costs. The
main points of distinction between marginal costing and differential
costing are as below:
(a) The technique of marginal costing requires a clear distinction
between variable costs and fixed costs whereas no such
distinction is made in the case of differential costing.
(b) In marginal costing, margin of contribution and contribution ratio
are the main yard sticks for performance evaluation and for
decision making whereas under differential costs analysis,
differential costs are compared with the incremental or
decremental revenue (as the case may be) for arriving at a
decision.
1.28
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
(c) Differential cost analysis is possible in both absorption costing
and marginal costing, where as marginal costing in itself is a
distinct technique.
(d) Marginal cost may be incorporated in the cost accounting system
whereas differential costs are worked out separately.
Question 29
Specify the methods of costing and cost units applicable to the
following industries:
(i) Toy making
(ii) Cement
(iii) Radio
(iv) Bicycle
(v) Ship building
(vi) Hospital (Nov, 1998,
3 marks)
Answer
Industry Method of costing Unit of cost
(i) Toy making Batch Per batch
(ii) Cement Unit Per tonne or per bag
(iii) Radio Multiple Per Radio or per
batch
(iv) Bicycle Multiple Per Bicycle
(v) Ship building Contract Per Ship
(vi) Hospital Operating Per Bed per day or
Per patient per day
Question 30
How does a Production Account differ from a Cost Sheet
(Nov, 1998, 3 marks)
Answer
The following are the points of difference between a Production
Account and a Cost Sheet.
(i) Production Account is based on double entry system whereas
cost sheet is not based on double entry system.
1.29
Cost Accounting
(ii) Production Account consists of two parts. The first part shows
cost of the components and total production cost. The second
part shows the cost of sales and profit for the period. Cost sheet
presents the elements of costs in a classified manner and the
cost is ascertained at different stages such as prime cost; works
cost of production; cost of goods sold; cost of sales and total
cost.
(iii) Production account shows the cost in aggregate and thus
facilitates comparison with other financial accounts. Cost
sheet shows the cost in detail and analytical manner which
facilitates comparison of cost for the purpose of cost
control.
(iv) Production accounts is not useful for preparing tenders or
quotations. Estimated cost sheets can be prepared on the basis
of actual costs sheets and these are useful for preparing tenders
or quotations.
1.30
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Question 31
A factory uses a job costing system. The following cost data are
available from the books for the year ended 31
st
March, 1989:
Rs.
Direct Material 9,00,00
0
Direct Wages 7,50,00
0
Profit 6,09,00
0
Selling and Distribution
Overhead
5,25,00
0
Administrative Overhead 4,20,00
0
Factory Overhead 4,50,00
0
Required
(a) Prepare a Cost Sheet indicating the prime cost, works cost,
production cost, cost of sales and sales value.
(b) In 1989-90, the factory has received an order for a number of
jobs. It is estimated that the direct materials is would be Rs.
12,00,000 and direct labour would cost Rs. 7,50,000. What
would be the price for these jobs if the factory intends to earn
the same rate of profit on sales, assuming that the selling and
distribution overhead has gone up by 15%. The factory recovers
factory overhead as a percentage of direct wages and
administrative and selling and distribution overheads as a
percentage of works cost, based on the cost rates prevalent in
the previous year.
Answer
(a) COST SHEET
For the jobs carried out by the concern for the year ending on 31
st
March, 89
Rs.
Direct Material 9,00,000
Direct Wages 7,50,000
1.31
Cost Accounting
PRIME COST 16,50,000
Factory Overhead 4,50,000
WORKS COST 21,00,000
Administrative Overhead 4,20,000
PRODUCTION COST 25,20,000
Selling and Distribution
Overhead
5,25,000
COST OF SALES 30,45,000
Profit 6,09,000
SALES VALUE 36,54,000
(b) COST SHEET
For the Jobs carried out during the year 1989-90
Rs.
Direct Material 12,00,000
Direct Labour 7,50,000
PRIME COST 19,50,000
Factory Overhead
(Refer to Working Note-1)
4,50,000
WORKS COST 24,00,000
Administrative Overhead
(Refer to Working Note-2)
4,80,000
PRODUCTION COST
1
28,80,000
Selling and Distribution
Overhead
(Refer to Working Note-3)
6,90,000
COSTS OF SALES 35,70,000
Profit
(Refer to Working Note-4)
7,14,000
SALES VALUE 42,84,000
1
Production Cost here is a misnomer, infact Works Cost itself is the
Production Cost.
1.32
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Working Notes
1. Factory Overhead = Percentage of direct
wages
(to be charged during 1989-90)
=
100
wages Direct
89 1988 of overhead Factory

=
000 , 50 , 7 . Rs
000 , 50 , 4 . Rs
100
= 60% of Direct Wages of 1989-
90.
= 60% of Rs. 7,50,000
= Rs. 4,50,000.
2. Administrative Overhead = Percentage of Works
Cost
(to be charged during 1989-90)
=
89 1988 of t cos Works
89 1988 of overhead istrative min Ad

=
000 , 00 , 21 . Rs
000 , 20 , 4 . Rs
x 100
= 20% of works cost of 1989-90
= 20% of Rs. 24,00,000
= Rs. 4,80,000
3. Selling and Distribution Overhead = Percentage of Works
Cost
(to be charged during 1989-90)
Selling and Distribution
=
89 1988 of t cos Works
89 1988 of Overhead

x
100
=
000 , 00 , 21 . Rs
000 , 25 , 5 . Rs
x 100
= 25% of Works Cost of 1989-90
= 25% of Rs. 24,00,000
1.33
Cost Accounting
= Rs. 6,00,000
Total Selling and Distribution Overhead including 15% increase
=Rs. 6,00,000+15% of
Rs. 6,00,000 = Rs. 6,90,000.
4. Profit (for 1989-90)
At the rate of profit of 1988-89
=
value Sales
ofit Pr
x 100
=
000 , 54 , 36 . Rs
000 , 09 , 6 . Rs
x 100
1.34
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Rs. 36,54,000
= 16.67% of Sales Value
= 20% of Cost of Sales
= 20% of Rs. 35,70,000 = Rs.
7,14,000
Question 32
The books of Adarsh Manufacturing Company present the
following data for the month of April, 1992.
Direct labour cost Rs. 17,500 being 175% of works overheads.
Cost of goods sold excluding administrative expenses Rs. 56,000.
Inventory accounts showed the following opening and closing
balance:
April 1 April 30
Rs. Rs.
Raw materials 8,000 10,600
Works in progress 10,500 14,500
Finished goods 17,600 19,000
Other data are : Rs.
Selling expenses 3,500
General and administration expenses 2,500
Sales for the month 75,000
You are required to
(i) Compute the value of materials purchased
(ii) Prepare a cost statement showing the various elements of
cost and also the profit earned.
Answer
(i) Computation of the value of materials purchased
Rs.
Cost of goods sold 56,000
Add: Closing stock of finished goods 19,000
Less: Opening stock of finished goods
75,000
17,600
1.35
Cost Accounting
Cost of goods manufactured 57,400
Add: Closing stock of works-in-progress 14,500
71,900
Less: Opening stock of work-in-progress
Works Cost
10,500
61,400
Less: Factory Overhead:
,
_

Cost Labour Direct of

175
100

10,000
Prime Cost 51,400
Less: Direct Labour 17,500
Raw materials consumed 33,900
Add: Closing stock of raw materials 10,600
Raw materials available 44,500
Less: Opening stock of raw materials 8,000
Value of materials purchased 36,500
(ii) Cost Statement Showing the various elements of Cost
and Profit Earned
Rs.
Raw material consumed 33,900
(Refer to Statement (I) above)
Direct labour cost 17,500
Prime Cost 51,400
Add: Factory Overheads 10,000
Works Cost 61,400
Add: Opening Work-in-progress 10,500
71,900
Less: Closing Work-in-progress 14,500
Cost of goods manufactured 57,400
Add: Opening stock-of finished goods 17,600
75,000
Less: Closing stock of finished goods 19,000
Cost of Goods Sold 56,000
Add: General and administration expenses 2,500
1.36
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Add: Selling expenses 3,500
Cost of Sales 62,000
Profit (Balance figure Rs. 75,000 Rs. 62,000) 13,000
Sales 75,000
Question 33
Popeye Company is a metal and wood cutting manufacture,
selling products to the home construction market. Consider the
following data for the month of October, 2004.
Rs.
Sandpaper 5,000
Material-handling costs 1,75,000
Lubricants and Coolants 12,500
Miscellaneous indirect
manufacturing labour
1,00,000
Direct manufacturing labour 7,50,000
Direct materials, October 1, 2004 1,00,000
Direct materials, October 31,
2004
1,25,000
Finished goods, October 1, 2004 2,50,000
Finished goods, October 31,
2004
3,75,000
Work in-process, October 1,
2004
25,000
Work-in-process, October 31,
2004
35,000
Plant-leasing costs 1,35,000
Depreciation-plant equipment 90,000
Property taxes on plant
equipment
10,000
Fire insurance on plant
equipment
7,500
Direct materials purchased 11,50,000
Sales revenues 34,00,000
Marketing promotions 1,50,000
1.37
Cost Accounting
Marketing salaries 2,50,000
Distribution costs 1,75,000
Customer-service costs 2,50,000
Required
(i) Prepare an income statement with a separate supporting
schedule of cost of goods manufactured.
(ii) For all manufacturing items, indicate by V or F whether each is
basically a variable cost or a fixed cost (where the cost object is
a product unit). (Nov, 2004, 6+2=8 marks)
Answer
(i) Popeye company Schedule for cost of
goods manufactured
for the month ending Oct 2004
Rs. Rs.
Direct materials
Beginning Inventory 1,00,000
Purchase of Direct Materials 11,50,000
Cost of direct materials available for use 12,50,000
Ending inventory 1,25,000
Direct materials used 11,25,000(
V)
Direct manufacturing labour 7,50,000(V
)
Indirect manufacturing costs
Sand Paper 5,000(V)
Material-handling cost 1,75,000(V)
Lubricants and coolants 12,500(V)
Misc. indirect mfg labour 1,00,000(V)
Plant leasing cost 1,35,000(F)
Depreciation-plant & equipment 90,000 (F)
Property tax-plant & equipment 10,000 (F)
Fire insurance-plant & equipment 7,500 (F) 5,35,000
Manufacturing cost incurred during the 24,10,000
1.38
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
month of October, 2004
Add: Op. work-in-progress 25,000
24,35,000
Less: Cl. Work-in-progress 35,000
Cost of goods manufactured (to income
statement)
24,00,000
1.39
Cost Accounting
(ii) Popeye Company : Income Statement for the month
ending Oct 31,2004
Rs. Rs.
Revenues 34,00,000
Cost of goods sold:
Beginning finished goods 2,50,000
Cost of goods manufactured 24,00,000
Cost of goods available for sale 26,50,000
Ending finished goods 3,75,000 22,75,000
Gross Margin 11,25,000
Marketing, Distribution and Customer
Service Costs:
Marketing promotions 1,50,000
Marketing salaries 2,50,000
Distribution costs 1,75,000
Customer service cost 2,50,000 8,25,000
Operating Income 3,00,000
Question 34
A fire occurred in the factory premises on October 31, 2003. The
accounting records have been destroyed. Certain accounting
records were kept in another building. They reveal the following for
the period September 1, 2003 to October 31, 2003.
(i) Direct materials purchased Rs. 2,50,000
(ii) Work in process inventory, 1.9.2003 Rs. 40,000
(iii) Direct materials inventory, 1.9.2003 Rs. 20,000
(iv) Finished goods inventory, 1.9.2003 Rs. 37,750
(v) Indirect manufacturing costs 40% of conversion
cost
(vi) Sales revenues Rs. 7,50,000
(vii) Direct manufacturing labour Rs. 2,22,250
(viii) Prime costs Rs. 3,97,750
(ix) Gross margin percentage based on
revenues
30%
1.40
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
(x) Cost of Goods available for sale Rs. 5,55,775
1.41
Cost Accounting
The loss is fully covered by insurance company. The insurance
company wants to know the historical cost of the inventories as a
basis for negotiating a settlement, although the settlement is
actually to be based on replacement cost, not historical cost.
Required
(i) Finished goods inventory, 31,10,2003
(ii) Work-in-process inventory, 31.10.2003
(iii) Direct materials inventory, 31.10.2003 (November,
2003, 3+3+2 = 8 marks)
Answer
Working notes
1. Direct material inventory cost (used during the month):
= Prime cost Direct manufacturing labour cost
= Rs. 3,97,750 Rs. 2,22,250 = Rs. 1,75,500
2. Conversion and indirect manufacturing cost:
Conversion cost = (Direct manufacturing cost + Indirect
manufacturing cost)
But Indirect
manufacturing cost
= 40% of conversion cost
Or Conversion cost = Direct manufacturing cost + 40% of
conversion cost
Or 0.60 conversion cost = Direct manufacturing cost
Or Conversion cost
=
60 . 0
t cos ing manufactur Direct
=
60 . 0
250 , 22 , 2 . Rs
= Rs. 3,70,417
Or Indirect
manufacturing cost
= 40% x Rs. 3,70,417
= Rs. 1,48,167
3. Cost of goods manufactured
Rs.
Cost of goods available for sale 5,55,775
Less: Finished goods 1.9.2003 37,750
1.42
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Cost of goods manufactured 5,18,025
1.43
Cost Accounting
(i) Finished goods inventory, 31.10.2003
Rs.
Sales revenue 7,50,000
Less: Gross margin 2,25,000
(30% of revenue)
Cost of goods sold: (a) 5,25,000
Cost of goods available for sale: (b) 5,55,775
Finished goods inventory, 31.10.2003: {(b)
(a)}
30,775
(ii) Work-in-process inventory, 31.10.2003:
Rs.
Prime cost 3,97,750
Add: Indirect manufacturing cost 1,48,167
(Refer to working note 2)
Add: Opening work-in-process, 1.9.2003 40,000
Manufacturing cost to account for 5,85,917
Less: Cost of goods manufactured 5,18,025
Work-in-process inventory, 31.10.2003 67,892
(iii) Direct material inventory, 31.10.2003
Rs.
Direct materials inventory, 1.9.2003 20,000
Add: Direct materials purchased 2,50,000
2,70,000
Less: Direct material inventory (used during the
month)
1,75,500
(Refer to working note 1)
Direct material inventory, 31.10.2003 94,500
Question 35
A Company manufactures radios, which are sold at Rs. 1,600 per
unit. The total cost is composed of 30% for direct materials, 40% for
direct wages and 30% for overheads. An increase in material price
by 30% and in wage rates by 10% is expected in the forthcoming
1.44
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
year, as a result of which the profit at current selling price may
decrease by 40% of the present profit per unit. You are required to
prepare a statement showing current and future profit at present
selling price.
How much Selling Price should be increased to maintain the
present rate of profit?
(May, 2001, 4 marks)
Answer
Let X be the cost, Y be the profit and Rs. 1,600 selling price per
unit of radio manufactured by a company. Hence
X + Y = 1,600 ------- (I)
Statement of present and future Cost of a radio
Present cost Increase in Anticipated
Particulars cost future cost
Rs. (Rs.) (Rs.)
(a) (b) (c) = (a) + (b)
Direct material 0.3 X 0.09 X 0.39 X
Direct labour 0.4 X 0.04 X 0.44 X
Overheads 0.3 X -- 0.30 X
Total X 0.13 X 1.13 X
An increase in material price and wage rates resulted into a
decrease in current profit by 40 percent at present selling price;
therefore we have:
1.13 X + 0.6 Y = 1,600 -----------------(ii)
On solving (I) and (ii) we get:
X = Rs. 1,207.55
Y = Rs. 392.45
Current profit Rs. 392.45 or 32.5% of cost
Future profit Rs. 235.47
Statement of revised selling price to maintain
the present rate of profit
Rs.
Direct material cost 470.94
1.45
Cost Accounting
(0.39 x Rs. 1,207.55)
Direct labour cost 531.32
(0.44 x Rs. 1207.55)
Overheads 362.27
(0.30 x Rs. 1.207.55) _______
Total cost 1,364.53
Profit 443.47
(32.5% of total cost) _______
Revised selling price 1,808.00
Question 36
In an engineering company, the factory overheads are recovered
on a fixed percentage basis on direct wages and the administration
overheads are absorbed on a fixed percentage basis on factory cost.
The company has furnished the following data relating to two
jobs undertaken by it in a period:
Job 101 Job 102
Rs. Rs.
Direct Materials 54,000 37,500
Direct Wages 42,000 30,000
Selling Price 1,66,650 1,28,250
Profit Percentage on total cost 10% 20%
Required:
(i) Computation of percentage recovery rates of factory
overheads and administrative overheads.
(ii) Calculation of the amount of factory overheads,
administrative overheads and profit for each of the two jobs.
(iii) Using the above recovery rates fix the selling price of job
103. The additional data being.
Direct Materials Rs. 24,000
Direct Wages Rs. 20,000
Profit Percentage on Selling
Price
12-1/2%
(May, 1995, 16 marks)
1.46
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Answer
(i) Let factory overhead recovery rate, as percentage of
direct wages be F and administrative overheads recovery
rate, as percentage of factory cost be A.
1.47
Cost Accounting
Factory Cost of Jobs:
Job 101 = Rs. 96,000 + Rs. 42,000F
Job 102 = Rs. 67,500 + Rs. 30,000F
Total Cost of Production of Jobs:
Job 101 = (Rs.96,000 + Rs.42,000F) + (Rs.96,000 +
Rs.42,000F)A= Rs.1,51,500
Job 102 = (Rs.67,500+ Rs.30,000F) + (Rs.67,500 +
Rs.30,000F)A = Rs.1,06,875
(Refer to Working Note)
On solving above relations:
F = 0.60 and A = 0.25
Hence percentage recovery rates of factory overheads and
administrative overheads are 60% and 25% respectively.
Working Note:
Job 101 Job 102
Total cost of production
(Rs.)
1,51,300 1,06,875
) profit of Percentage % 100 (
price Selling
+
(Rs.
1,66,650/110%)
(Rs.
1,28,250/120%)
(ii) Statement of jobs, showing amount of
factory
Overheads, administrative overheads and profit
Job 101 Job 102
Rs. Rs.
Direct Materials 54,000 37,500
Direct Wage 42,000 30,000
Prime Cost 96,000 67,500
Factory Overheads
60% of Direct Wages 25,200 18,000
Factory Cost 1,21,200 85,500
Administrative Overheads
25% of Factory Cost 30,300 21,375
Total Cost 1,51,500 1,06,857
Profit (difference figure) 15,150 21,375
1.48
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Selling Price 1,66,650 1,28,250
1.49
Cost Accounting
(iii) Selling price of Job 103
Rs.
Direct Materials 24,000
Direct Wages 20,000
Prime Cost 44,000
Factory overheads (60% of Direct Wages) 12,000
Factory Cost 56,000
Administrative Overheads (25% of Factory Cost) 14,000
Total Cost 70,000
Profit Margin (difference figure) 10,000
Selling Price
1
]
1

% 5 . 87
t cos Total 80,000
Question 37
Distinguish between Controllable and Uncontrollable costs.
(May, 2003, 2 marks)
Answer
Controllable costs and Uncontrollable costs: Direct costs
comprising of direct labour, direct material, direct expenses and
some of the overheads are generally controllable by shop floor
management.
Uncontrollable costs are those costs which cannot be influenced
by the action of a specified member of an undertaking e.g. share to
tool room expenditure which is apportioned to machine shop is not
to be controlled by the machine shop foreman.
Question 38
A manufacturing company has an installed capacity of 1,20,000
units per annum. The cost structure of the product manufactured is
as under:
Rs.
(i) Variable cost per unit -
Materials 8
Labour (Subject to a minimum of Rs. 56,010 per
month)
8
1.50
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Overheads 3
1.51
Cost Accounting
(ii) Fixed overheads Rs. 1,68,750 per annum
(iii) Semi-variable overheads Rs. 48,000 per annum at 60%
capacity, which increase by Rs. 6,000 per annum for
increase of every 10% of the capacity utilisation or any
part thereof, for the year as a whole.
The capacity utilisation for the next year is estimated at 60% for
two months, 75% for six months and 80% for the remaining part
of the year. If the company is planning to have a profit of 25%
on the selling price, calculate the selling price per unit. Assume
that there are no opening and closing stocks.
(Nov, 1997, 12 marks)
Answer
Statement of Selling Price and Profit
Rs.
Material 7,12,000
89,000 units x Rs. 8 p.u.
(Refer to working note 1)
Labour cost 7,28,000
(Refer to working note 2)
Variable overheads 2,67,000
(89,000 units x Rs. 3)
Semi-variable overheads 60,000
(Refer to working note 3)
Fixed overheads 1,68,750
Total cost 19,35,750
Add: Profit @ 25% of selling price or
33-1/3% on cost 6,45,250
Total sales value 25,81,000
Selling price per unit 29.00
(Rs. 25.81.000/89,000 units)
Working notes
1. Capacity utilisation (for the next year)
60% of capacity for first two months = 2 months6,000
units = 12,000 units
1.52
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
75% capacity for next six months = 6 months
7,500 units = 45,000 units
80% of capacity for the remaining four months = 4 months
8,000 units = 32,000 units
Total capacity utilisation
89,000 units
Capacity utilisation =
100
units 000 , 20 , 1
units 000 , 89

= 74-1/6 %
2. Calculation of labour cost (subject to a minimum of Rs. 56,000
p.m.)
Rs.
Labour cost of first two months
12,000 units x Rs. 8 = Rs. 96,000
But minimum here is 1,12,000
Labour cost of next six months
45,000 units x Rs. 8 = Rs. 3,60,000 3,60,000
Labour cost of last four months
32,000 units x Rs. 8 2,56,000
Total labour cost 7,28,000
3. Calculation of semi-variable overheads (per annum):
Rs.
Semi-variable overheads 48,000
at 60% capacity
Semi-variable overheads for
additional
14-1/6% capacity are the same as
that for
20% of the capacity utilisation for
the whole year
12,000
60,000
Question 39
The following figures are extracted from the Trial Balance of
Gogetter Co. on 30
th
September, 1986:
1.53
Cost Accounting
Rs. Rs.
Inventories :
Finished Stock 80,000
Raw Materials 1,40,000
Work-in-Process 2,00,000
Office Appliances 17,400
Plant & Machinery 4,60,500
Buildings 2,00,000
Sales 7,68,000
Sales Return and Rebates 14,000
Materials Purchased 3,20,000
Freight incurred on Materials 16,000
Purchase Returns 4,800
Direct Labour 1,60,000
Indirect Labour 18,000
Factory Supervision 10,000
Repairs and Upkeep Factory 14,000
Heat, Light and Power 65,000
Rates and Taxes 6,300
Miscellaneous factory expenses 18,700
Sales commission 33,600
Sales Travelling 11,000
Sales Promotion 22,500
Distribution DepttSalaries and
Expenses
18,000
Office Salaries and Expenses 8,600
Interest on Borrowed Funds 2,000
Further details are available as
follows:
(i) Closing Inventories :
Finished Goods 1,15,000
1.54
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Raw Materials 1,80,000
Work-in-Process 1,92,000
(ii) Accrued expenses on
Direct Labour 8,000
Indirect Labour 1,200
Interest on Borrowed Funds 2,000
(iii) Depreciation to be provided
on:
Office Appliances 5%
Plant and Machinery 10%
Buildings 4%
(iv) Distribution of the following costs:
Hear, Light and Power to Factory, Office and Distribution in the
ratio 8:1:1.
Rates and Taxes two-thirds to Factory and one-third to Office.
Depreciation on Buildings to Factory, Office and Selling in the
ratio 8:1:1.
With the help of the above information, you are required to
prepare a condensed profit and loss statement of Gogetter Co.
for the year ended 30
th
September, 1986 along with supporting
schedules of:
(i) Costs of Sales.
(ii) Selling and Distribution Expenses,
(iii) Administration Expenses.
Answer
Profit and Loss Statement of Gogetter Company
for the year ended 30
th
September, 1986
Rs. Rs.
Gross Sales 7,68,000
Less : Returns 14,000 7,54,000
Less: Cost of Sales 7,14,020
Refer to Schedule (i)
1.55
Cost Accounting
Net Operating Profit: 39,980
Less: Interest on Borrowed Funds, 4,000
Net Profit. 35,980
(i) Schedule of Cost of Sales
Rs. Rs.
Raw Material 1,40,000
(Inventory op. Balance)
Add: Material Purchased 3,20,000
Freight on Material 16,000
Less: Purchase Returns 4,800 3,31,200
Less: Closing Raw Material
Inventories 1,80,000
Material used in production 2,91,200
Direct Labour 1,68,000
Factory Overheads
Indirect Labour 19,200
Factory Supervision 10,000
Repairs and Factory Upkeep 14,000
Heat, Light and Power 52,000
Rates and Taxes 4,200
Miscellaneous Factory
Expenses
18,700
Depreciation of Plant 46,050
Depreciation of Buildings 6,400 1,70,550
Gross Works Cost 6,29,750
Add: Opening work-in-process
Inventory
2,00,000
8,29,750
Less: Closing work-in-process
Inventory
1,92,000
1.56
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Works Cost 6,37,750
Add: Administration Expenses
[See Schedule (iii)]
18,870
Total Cost of output 6,56,620
Add: Opening Finished Goods
Inventory
80,000
7,36,620
Less: Closing finished goods
inventory
1,15,000
Cost of production of goods
sold
6,21,620
Add: Selling and Distribution
Expenses
92,400
[See Schedule (ii)]
Cost of Sales 7,14,020
1.57
Cost Accounting
(ii) Schedule of Selling and Distribution
Expenses
Rs.
Sales Commission 33,600
Sales Travelling 11,000
Sales Promotion 22,500
Distribution Deptt.- Salaries and Expenses 18,000
Heat, Light and Power 6,500
Depreciation of Buildings 800
92,400
(iii) Schedule of Administration
Expenses
Rs.
Office Salaries and Expenses 8,600
Depreciation of Office Appliances 870
Depreciation of Buildings 800
Heat, Light and power 6,500
Rates and Taxes 2,100
18,870
Question 40
The cost structure of an article the selling price of which is Rs.
45,000 is as follows:
Direct Materials 50%
Direct Labour 20%
Overheads 30%
An increase of 15% in the case of materials and of 25% in the cost
of labour is anticipated. These increased costs in relation to the
present selling price would cause a 25% decrease in the amount of
profit per article.
Your are required
(1) To prepare a statement of profit per article at present, and
(2) The revised selling price to produce the same percentage of
profit to sales as before.
Answer
1.58
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Working Notes
1. Let x be the total cost and y be the profit for an article whose
selling price is Rs. 45,000
Hence x + y =Rs. 45,000 (A)
1.59
Cost Accounting
2. Statement Showing Present and anticipated
cost per article
Item Present
Cost
Increase Anticipated
cost
Rs. % Rs. Rs.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=(2) +
(4)
Direct Material
Cost
0.5x 15 0.075x 0.575x
Direct Labour 0.2x 25 0.050x 0.250x
Overheads 0.3x -- -- 0.300x
x 0.125x 1.125x
3. The increase in the cost of direct material and direct labour has
reduced the profit by 25 per cent (as selling price remained
unchanged). The increase is cost and reduction in profit can be
represented by the following relation:
1.125x + 0.75y = Rs. 45,000 (B)
4. On solving relations (A) and (B) as obtained under working notes
1 and 3 above we get.
We get
x = Rs. 30,000
y = Rs. 15,000
(a) Present Statement of Profit Per Article
Rs. Rs.
Direct Material Cost 0.5x 15,000
Direct Labour Cost 0.2x 6,000
Overheads 0.3x 9,000
Total Cost 30,000
Profit 15,000
Selling Price 45,000
Note: Profit as a percentage of Cost Price = 50%
(Rs. 15,000/Rs. 30,000) x 100
Profit as a percentage of Selling Price = 33-1/3%
1.60
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
(Rs. 15,000/Rs. 45,000) x 100
1.61
Cost Accounting
(b) Statement of Revised Selling Price
Rs. Rs.
Direct Material Cost 0.575x 17,250
Direct Labour Cost 0.250x 7,500
Overheads 0.300x 9,000
Total Anticipated Cost 33,750
Profit (33-1/3% of selling price) 16,875
Selling Price 50,625
(Rs. 33,750 x 100) 66.66
Question 41
Two workmen, Vishnu and Shiva, produce the same product
using the same material. Their normal wage rate is also the same.
Vishnu is paid bonus according to the Rowan system, while Shiva is
paid bonus according to the Halsey system. The time allowed to
make the product is 100 hours. Vishnu takes 60 hours while Shiva
takes 80 hours to complete the product. The factory overhead rate
is Rs. 10 per man-hour actually worked. The factory cost for the
product for Vishnu is Rs. 7,280 and for Shiva it is Rs. 7,600.
You are required:
(a) to find the normal rate of wages;
(b) to find the cost of materials ;
(c) to prepare a statement comparing the factory cost of the
products as made by the two workmen.
Answer
Working Notes
1. Let X be the Cost of material and Y be the normal rate of wages
per hour.
Factory Cost of Workman Vishnu
Rs.
Material Cost X
Wages 60Y
Bonus 24Y
1
]
1

100
60 x 40
Y
Overheads 600
i.e. X + 60Y + 24Y + Rs. 600 = Rs.
1.62
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
7,280
Or X + 84Y = Rs. 6,680
(i)
Factory Cost of Workman Shiva
Rs.
Material Cost X
Wages 80Y
Bonus 10Y
1
]
1

100
50 x 20
Y
Overheads 800
i.e. X+ 80Y + 10Y + Rs. 800=Rs.
7,600
Or X + 90Y = Rs. 6,800 (ii)
2. On solving the above relations (i) and (ii), the value of X and Y
comes to Rs. 500/- and Rs.20 per hour.
3. Bonus paid to Vishnu = 24Y = Rs. 480
Bonus paid to Shiva = 10Y = Rs. 200
(a) The normal rate of wages comes to Rs. 20/- per hour
(Refer to Working Notes (i) and (ii)
(b) The cost of material comes to Rs. 5,000 on substituting
the value of Y in either of the above relations (i) or (ii).
(c) Comparative Statement of the Factory
Cost of the
product made by the two workmen.
Vishnu Shiva
Rs. Rs.
Material cost 5,000 5,000
Direct Wages 1200
(60 x Rs. 20)
1,600
(80 x Rs.
20)
Bonus 480 200
(Refer to Working Note (3)
Factory overhead 600 800
Factory cost 7,280 7,600
Question 42
1.63
Cost Accounting
A Ltd. Co. has capacity to produce 1,00,000 units of a product
every month Its works cost at varying levels of production is as
under:
Level Works cost
per unit
Rs.
10% 400
20% 390
30% 380
40% 370
50% 360
60% 350
70% 340
80% 330
90% 320
100% 310
Its fixed administration expenses amount to Rs. 1,50,000 and
fixed marketing expenses amount to Rs. 2,50,000 per month
respectively. The variable distribution cost amounts to Rs. 30 per
unit.
It can market 100% of its output at Rs. 500 per unit provided it
incurs the following further expenditure:
(a) It gives gift items costing, Rs. 30 per unit of sale;
(b) It has lucky draws every month giving the first prize of Rs.
50,000; 2
nd
prize of Rs. 25,000 3
rd
prize of Rs. 10,000 and three
consolation prizes of Rs, 5,000 each to customers buying the
product.
(c) It spends Rs. 1,00,000 on refreshments served every month to
its customers;
(d) It sponsors a television programme every week at a cost of Rs.
20,00,000 per month.
It can market 30% of its output at Rs. 550 per unit without incurring
any of the expenses referred to in (a) to (d) above.
Advise the company on its course of action. Show the supporting
cost sheets.
(Nov, 1998, 12 marks)
Answer
Cost Sheet (for the month)
Level of capacity 30% 100%
1.64
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Level of output Produce
(Units)
30,000 1,00,000
Per Unit
(Rs.)
Total
(Rs.)
Per
Unit
(Rs.)
Total
(Rs.)
Works cost 380.00 1,14,00.
000
310,00 3,10,00,
000
Add: Fixed administration
expenses
5.00 1,50,000 1.50 1,50,000
Cost of production 385.00 1,15,50,
000
311,50 3,11,50,
000
Add: Fixed marketing
expenses
8.33 2,50,000 2.50 2,50,000
Add: Variable distribution
cost
30.00 9,00,000 30.00 30,00,00
0
Add: Special cost
Gift items cost 30.00 30,00,00
0
Customers prizes 1.00 1,00,000
Refreshments 1.00 1,00,000
Television programme
sponsorship cost

20.00 20,00,00
0
Cost of sales 423.33 1,27,00,
000
396.00 3,96,00,
000
Profit 126.67 23,00,00
0
104.00 1,04,00,
000
Sale revenue 550.00 1,50,00,
000
500.00 5,00,00,
000
Advise to the company about the course of action to be taken.
The profit of A Ltd. Co. is more by Rs. 81 lacs (Rs. 104 lacs Rs.
23 lacs), if uses its capacity to produce 1,00,000 units of a product
per month. Hence, it is advisable to the Company to produce
1,00,000 units and incur the special costs for the marketing of its
100% output.
Question 43
Conversion Cost and Added Value.
1.65
Cost Accounting
Answer
Conversion cost is the production cost excluding the cost of
direct material (but including the cost resulting fro variations in
direct material, weight or volume) of producing partly or fully
finished products. In other words, conversion cost of finished
product or work in-progress is comprised of direct labour and the
manufacturing overhead.
Added value means the charge in market value resulting from an
alteration in the form, location or availability of a product of service,
excluding the cost of bought out materials or services. Unlike
conversion cost, it includes profit.
Question 44
A re-roller produced 400 metric tons of M.S. bars spending Rs.
36,00,000 towards materials and Rs. 6,20,000 towards rolling
charges. Ten percent of the output was found to be defective,
which had to be sold at 10% less than the price for good production.
If the sales realization should give the firm an Overall profit of
12.5% on cost, find the selling price per metric ton of both the
categories of bars. The scrap arising during the rolling process
fetched a realization of Rs. 60,000.
(6 Marks)
Answer
Computation of Selling Price
Rs.
Cost of Materials 36,00,00
0
Less: Scrap 60,000 Rs. 35,40,00
0
Rolling charges 6,20,000
Total cost 41,60,00
0
Add Profit (12.5% on cost) 5,20,000
Sales value Rs. 46,80,00
0
1.66
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Output (effective)
360 tons +
10
9
40 tons = 396 tons
Selling price per MT of good output
= Rs. 46,80,000/396
= Rs. 11,818.18
Selling price of defective per MT
= 0.9 Rs. 11,818.18 = Rs. 10,636.36
Question 45
XYZ Auto Ltd. is in the business of selling cars. It also sells
insurance and finance as part of its overall business strategy. The
following information is available for the company.
Physical
Units
Sales Value
Sales of Cars 10,000
Cars
Rs. 30,000 lacs
Sales of Insurance 6,000
Policies
Rs. 1,500 lacs
Sales of Finance 8,000
Loans
Rs. 19,200 lacs
The Revenue earnings from each line of business before
expenses are as follows:
Sale of Cars 3% of Sales value
Sale of Insurance 20% of Sales value
Sale of Finance 2% of Sales value
The expenses of the company are as follows:
Salesman salaries Rs. 200 lacs
Rent Rs. 100 lacs
Electricity Rs. 100 lacs
Advertising Rs. 200 lacs
1.67
Cost Accounting
Documentation cost per insurance policy Rs. 100
Documentation cost for each loan Rs. 200
Direct sales expenses per car Rs. 5,000
Indirect costs have to be allocated in the ratio of physical units
sold.
Required:
(i) Make a cost sheet for each product allocating the direct and
indirect costs and also showing the product wise profit and
total profit.
(ii) Calculate the percentage of profit to revenue earned from
each line of business.
(6 + 8 = 14 marks)
Answer
Product Cost Sheet
Tota
l
Cars Insurance Finance
Sales units 10,000 6,000 8,000
Sales value (Rs in
lakhs)
30,000 1,500 19,200
Revenue earnings 3% 20% 2%
Revenue earned (Rs in
lakhs)
1584 900 300 384
Direct costs (Rs in
lakhs)
522 500(5000
10000)
6(100
6000)
16 (200
8000)
Indirect costs
(allocated in the ratio
of physical units sold)
0.4167:0.25:0.3333
Salesman salaries (Rs
in lakhs)
200
Rent (Rs in lakhs) 100
Electricity (Rs in lakhs) 100
Advertising (Rs in
lakhs)
200
1.68
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
600 250 150 200
Total costs 1122 750 156 216
Profits (Revenue
Total cost)
462 150 144 168
% of Profits to revenue
earned
29.1
7%
16.67% 48% 43.75%
Question 46
A Manufacturing Company has an installed capacity of 1,50,000
units per annum. Its cost structure is given below:
Rs.
(i) Variable cost per unit
Materials 10
Labour (subject to a minimum of Rs. 1,00,000 per
month)
10
Overheads 4
(ii
)
Fixed overheads per annum 1,92,300
(iii
)
Semi-variable overheads per annum at 75%
capacity (It will increase by Rs. 4,000 per annum
for increase of every 5% of the capacity utilisation
or any part thereof)
60,000
The capacity utilisation for the next year is budgeted at 75% for
first three months, 80% for the next six months and 90% for the
remaining three months.
Required:
If the company is planning to have a profit of 20% on the selling
price, calculate the selling price per unit for the next year.
Answer
Working Notes:
(i) Installed capacity per month
12
000 , 50 , 1
=12,500 units
(ii) Capacity utilisation 75% 80%
90%
Production per month 9,375 10,000 11,250
1.69
Cost Accounting
(units)
Total production
(units)
3 9,375 =
28,125
10,000 6 =
60,000
11,250 3 =
33,750
Total 1,21,875 units
(iii) Calculation of labour cost:
Capacity 75% 80% 90%
Production per
month (units)
9,375 10,000 11,250
Labour @ 10
(subject to
minimum 1,00,000)
93,750 i.e. minimum
1,00,000
1,00,000 1,12,500
Total labour cost 3 1,00,000
= 3,00,000
6
1,00,000
= 6,00,000
3
1,12,50
0
=
3,37,500
Total Rs 12,37,500
(iv) Calculation of semi variable overheads:
75% 80% 90%
Semi
variable
Overhead
per month
60,000
=5,000
12
60,000+4,000
=5333.66
12
60,000+12,000
=6,000
12
Total Semi-
variable
Overhead
3 5,000
= 15,000
6 5333.66
= 32,000
3 6,000
= 18,000
Total Rs. 65,000
Calculation of selling price per unit:
Rs.
Material costs 1,21,875 @ 10 12,18,750
Labour cost 12,37,500
Overheads 1,21,875 @ 4 4,87,500
Semi-variable Overheads 65,000
1.70
Basic Concepts & Product Cost Sheet
Fixed Overheads 1,92,300
Total cost 32,01,050
Profit 20% on selling price i.e., 25% on
cost
8,00,262.50
Sales 40,01,312.50
Selling price/unit =
875 , 21 , 1
50 . 312 , 01 , 40

Rs. 32.83
Question 47
Answer any the following:
(i) Explicit and Implicit Costs (May 2007, 2 marks)
(ii) Period Costs and Discretionary Costs (May, Nov, 2007, 2
marks)

Answer
(i) Explicit and Implicit cost:
Explicit costs, which are also known as out of pocket costs, refer
to costs involving immediate payment of cash. Salaries, wages,
interest on loan etc. are examples of explicit costs. They can be
easily measured.
The main points of difference between explicit and implicit costs
are:
Implicit costs do not involve immediate cash payment.
They are not recorded in the books of account.
They are also known as economic costs.
(ii) Period and Discretionary costs
There are the costs, which are not assigned to the products but
are charged as expenses against the revenue of the period in
which they are incurred. All non-manufacturing costs such as
general and administrative expenses, selling and distribution
expenses are period costs.
Such costs are not tied to a clear cause and effect relationship
between inputs and outputs. They arise from periodic decisions
regarding the maximum outlay to be incurred. Examples are
advertising, public relations, training etc.
1.71
Cost Accounting
Question 48
Explain Profit centres and investment centres. (Nov, 2008, 2 Marks)
Answer
Profit Centres and Investment Centres:
Centres which have the responsibility of generating and maximizing
profits are called profit centres.
Those centres which are concerned with earning an adequate return
on investment are known as Investment centres.
1.72