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Linux Commands Documentation.

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1. Introduction to Linux
Linux is an open-source operating system that manages hardware and software
resources on a computer. It provides a user interface and a range of utilities to
perform system tasks.

2. Basic Linux Commands

These commands are fundamental and are used to perform basic operations.

• pwd: Print Working Directory

pwd
• ls: List directory contents
• ls
• ls -l # long format
ls -a # all files including hidden
• cd: Change Directory
• cd /path/to/directory
• cd ~ # home directory
cd .. # parent directory

3. File Management Commands

These commands help in creating, deleting, copying, and moving files.

• touch: Create an empty file

touch filename
• cp: Copy files or directories
• cp source destination
 cp -r source_directory destination_directory
• mv: Move or rename files or directories
• mv old_name new_name
mv source destination
• rm: Remove files or directories
• rm filename
rm -r directory_name

4. Text Processing Commands

These commands are used to manipulate text files.

• cat: Concatenate and display file content

cat filename
• grep: Search text using patterns
grep "pattern" filename
• sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text
sed 's/old/new/g' filename
• awk: Pattern scanning and processing language
awk '{print $1}' filename

5. User Management Commands

Manage users and groups on the system.

• adduser: Add a new user

sudo adduser username
• deluser: Delete a user
sudo deluser username
• usermod: Modify a user
sudo usermod -aG groupname username

6. Network Commands
Commands to manage and troubleshoot network settings.

• ifconfig: Configure a network interface

ifconfig
• ping: Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
ping google.com
• netstat: Network statistics
netstat -an
• ssh: Secure Shell
ssh user@hostname

7. System Monitoring Commands

Monitor system performance and status.
 • top: Display Linux tasks
top
• htop: Interactive process viewer
htop
• ps: Report a snapshot of current processes
ps aux
• df: Report file system disk space usage
df -h
• du: Estimate file space usage
du -sh directory_name

8. Package Management Commands

Manage software packages.

• apt-get: APT package handling utility (Debian-based)

• sudo apt-get update
• sudo apt-get install package_name
sudo apt-get remove package_name
• yum: Package manager (RHEL-based)
• sudo yum update
• sudo yum install package_name
sudo yum remove package_name

9. Disk Management Commands

Commands to manage disk partitions and usage.

• fdisk: Partition table manipulator

sudo fdisk -l
• mkfs: Build a Linux file system
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX1
• mount: Mount a file system
sudo mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
• umount: Unmount file system
sudo umount /mnt

10. Shell Scripting Basics

Automate tasks using shell scripts.

• Creating a simple script

• #!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, World!"

• Running a script

• chmod +x script_name.sh
 ./script_name.sh

• Variables

• name="John"
echo "Hello, $name"

• Conditional Statements

• if [ condition ]
• then
• # commands
fi

• Loops

• for i in {1..5}
• do
• echo "Iteration $i"
done

11. Advanced File Management

Commands for advanced file and directory manipulation.

• find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy

• find /path/to/search -name "filename"
find /path/to/search -type f -size +100M
• locate: Find files by name
locate filename
• ln: Create links between files
ln -s /path/to/original /path/to/symlink
• tar: Archive files
• tar -cvf archive.tar /path/to/directory
• tar -xvf archive.tar
• tar -czvf archive.tar.gz /path/to/directory
tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz
• zip and unzip: Compress and decompress files
• zip archive.zip filename
unzip archive.zip

12. Process Management

Commands to manage running processes.

• kill: Terminate a process by PID

kill PID
• killall: Terminate all processes by name
killall process_name
• pkill: Kill processes by name
pkill process_name
 • bg: Resume a suspended job in the background
bg %job_number
• fg: Resume a job in the foreground
fg %job_number
• nohup: Run a command immune to hangups
nohup command &

13. Permission Management

Commands to manage file and directory permissions.

• chmod: Change file mode (permissions)

• chmod 755 filename
chmod u+x filename
• chown: Change file owner and group
sudo chown owner:group filename
• chgrp: Change group ownership
sudo chgrp group filename

14. Disk Quotas

Commands to manage disk quotas.

• quota: Display disk usage and limits

quota -u username
• edquota: Edit user quotas
sudo edquota -u username
• repquota: Report on disk quotas
sudo repquota /filesystem

15. Backup and Restore

Commands to perform system backups and restores.

• rsync: Remote file and directory synchronization

• rsync -av /source/directory /destination/directory
rsync -avz /source/directory user@remote:/destination/directory
• dd: Convert and copy a file
• dd if=/dev/sdX of=/path/to/backup.img
dd if=/path/to/backup.img of=/dev/sdX

16. System Maintenance

Commands to perform system maintenance tasks.

• fsck: File system consistency check and repair

sudo fsck /dev/sdX
• tune2fs: Adjust tunable file system parameters
 sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdX
• e2fsck: Check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system
sudo e2fsck /dev/sdX

17. Kernel Management

Commands to manage the Linux kernel.

• uname: Print system information

uname -a
• dmesg: Print or control the kernel ring buffer
dmesg | less
• modprobe: Add and remove modules from the Linux kernel
• sudo modprobe module_name
sudo modprobe -r module_name

18. Security Management

Commands to enhance system security.

• ufw: Uncomplicated Firewall

• sudo ufw enable
• sudo ufw status
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24
• iptables: Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering
• sudo iptables -L
• sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT

19. Advanced Text Processing

Further text processing commands for advanced users.

• tr: Translate or delete characters

echo "hello" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
• sort: Sort lines of text files
sort filename
• uniq: Report or omit repeated lines
uniq filename
• wc: Print newline, word, and byte counts for each file
wc filename
20. Miscellaneous Commands
Various useful commands for different tasks.

• alias: Create an alias for a command

alias ll='ls -la'
• uptime: Tell how long the system has been running
uptime
• who: Show who is logged on
who
• date: Display or set the system date and time
date
• cal: Display a calendar
cal
• history: Display the command history
history