Cooling Load Calculations

ASHRAE CLTD/SCL/CLF Method

By

Eng. Chandana Dalugoda,

CEng MIE(SL), FASHRAE, MCIBSE, GCGI (UK), MConsE (SL)

Managing Partner,
Chandana Dalugoda Consultants
Colombo, Sri Lanka

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COOLING LOAD CALCUALTIONS - April 25, 2020

 Purpose of Cooling Load Calculations
Primary objective of the cooling load calculations is to provide data required to design a
HVAC system and to select HVAC equipment.

Rules of Thumb or check figures should not be used to determine the cooling load, since
cooling load poses many variables, that varies building to building. Check figures are
used to verify the accuracy of final cooling load.

Calculations are usually carried out using computer based software programs; ASHRAE
Radiant Time Series (RTS) method, Transfer Function Method. Manual method is
ASHRAE Cooling Load Temperature Deference method (CLTD/SCL/CLF). Advantage is
all calculations are apparent unlike computer programs.

This lecture will be based on ASHRAE CLTD/SCL/CLF method. CLTD is cooling load
temperature difference, SCL is solar cooling load & CLF is cooling load factor
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 External & Internal Loads

• Cooling load is the rate of

energy removal required to
maintain indoor environment at
a desired temperature and
humidity condition.

• The amount of cooling at any

particular time varies widely,
depending on external and
internal factors.

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 Moisture Removal & the Latent Load

• Three primary sources of

humidity within buildings
include People, appliances
and outside air from
ventilation & infiltration.

• To maintain constant level

of humidity within the
space, the cooling system
must remove moisture at a
rate equal to the moisture
addition.

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LOADS IN A TYPICAL AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM

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 Latent load in
SENSIBLE COOLING LOAD & LATENT COOLING LOADS the coil

Cooling load comprises of both Sensible Sensible load

& Latent loads. Actually, only sensible in the room
a i r
heat or the sensible load occurs in the Su p ply
room and Latent Load is not part of the
room.
Latent heat is part of change of state, so
inside the room it appears only as
moisture but no latent heat exist or
transfer. When moisture from the return
air is condensed back to water on the
cooling coil, latent heat of condensation Return air
is absorbed & is called the latent heat
load.
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 Time Delay Effect
Energy absorbed by walls, floor, furniture, etc., contributes to space cooling load only
after a time lag. Some of this energy is still present and re-radiating even after the heat
sources have been switched off or removed, as shown in the figure below

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Heat Transfer Calculations

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 Heat from where?

Most significant heat gain for the majority of

modern buildings is from the sun, SOLAR
heat gain.
To understand the effect of sun has an
influence on the building, we need to
appreciate the principles of solar geometry.

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Seasonal Changes In Solar
Declination

Sun will be directly overhead Tropic of Cancer on June 21st and Tropic of Capricorn on December 21st.
So countries situated between Tropic of Cancer & Capricorn are known as Tropical climates or Tropics.
During December South Pole has 24 hr daylight and during June North Pole has 24 hr daylight.
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 Temperature & RH%

» Comparison between tropics and temperate climate

˃ Figure below shows London outdoor conditions are closer to
standard indoor conditions in summer cooling.

Unit Colombo Chennai Delhi London

dry bulb °C 31.3 38.5 43.8 28.3

wet bulb °C 26 28.3 29.6 19.8

03/03/2012

RH % 66 46 36 52
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 India & Sri Lanka
Replace photo
Replace text
Replace photo Replace text
Tropic of cancer 23.5º

Tropical
weather
03/03/2012

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 Sun Path Diagram

Sun path diagram of

Jayawardanepura,
Sri Lanka, 7ºN

Sun path diagram of

London, UK, 52ºN
03/03/2012

Actual Sun Path Model

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 Solar Angles For Vertical &
Horizontal Surfaces

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 Understanding U-Factor & R-Value
When it is colder on one side of an envelope element, such as a wall, roof, floor or window,
heat will conduct from warmer side to colder side. Heat conduction is driven by temperature
difference and represents a major component of the heating & cooling load calculations.

U-Factor
The U factor is the rate of steady-state heat flow.
In SI units, it is the amount of heat in Watts that
flows through a one square meter area with
one degree Celsius temperature difference.

R-Value
R-value is the thermal resistance to hate flow.

U = 1/R (w/m K)
2

R = R1 + R2 + R3+….Rn

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 Typical Wall U-Factor Calculation
Masonry wall section. This is
an insulated masonry cavity
wall, popular in other countries.

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Typical Roof U-Factor Calculation

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 FLAT MASONRY ROOF SECTION

Commercial flat masonry roof

section is shown.
2- corrugated metal deck
3- concrete slab light weight
aggregate 50mm
4- Rigid roof deck insulation
5- Built-up roofing (metal blast)

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 Thermal Prophets of Material

When Resistance is not

available :

Thermal properties of common building materials are given in Table-1, Building and R=x/k
x = thickness (m)
Insulating Materials: Design Values, 2013 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals (SI).
k = conductivity W/mK
This table is arranged into 8 basic families of materials, starting with insulating materials.
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 Thermal Capacitance & Sensible Heat Transfer

Three terms that will be used throughout this course are the thermal capacitance,
sensible energy transfer and latent energy transfer.
Basic equation used to calculate thermal capacitance is;

Q = m Cp ΔT
Where;
Q = Heat transfer, W
m = mass of the material kg
Cp = specific heat, KJ/Kg.ºK
ΔT = temperature change in the material as a result of the heat transfer, ºK

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 Design Conditions & Water Data

Outdoor Design Conditions

When calculating the thermal loads for building, it is very important that the heating & cooling
equipment system be capable of maintaining adequate comfort under all reasonable conditions.

But sizing cooling system for hottest temperature ever recorded will result in an oversized air
conditioner that will more expensive than necessary to buy and often less efficient to operate.

Extensive record of climatic condones for various countries can be found in 1997 ASHAR
Handbook-Fundamentals. 2009 & 2013 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals CD Rom has
additional details for most of the cities which has WMO weather station number.

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 ISHRAE published Sri Lanka Weather Data 2019 book,
which provides weather data for 20 cities in Sri Lanka.
Our sincere gratitude goes to Vishal Garg, Jyotirmay Mathur
& ISHRAE President Vikram Murthy for this grate work.

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Indoor Design Conditions 2017 ASHRAE Handbook

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 LOAD ESTIMATING SPREAD SHEET FOR
CLTD/SCL/CLF METHOD

Load calculation spread sheet, use

(area x U x CLTD) to determine the load in Watts.
U-factor for each composite structure needs to
calculated and all physical dimensions of the
building fabric should be obtain from drawings or
actual measurements. Factors such as SHGF,
CLTD, SC & properties of material could be found
in ASHRAE Handbooks.
Load calculations precedes with building survey
with clearly labelled sketches. All the construction
details, power, water availability, water quality
reports & air quality should be obtain.

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 Roof Load
Roof load can be calculated inclusive of the
ceiling. If so, separate ceiling load need not
be calculated.
CLTD is not general temperature difference,
it consider roof construction, & solar time.

q = U A (CLTD)

A = Area of the roof (m2)

U = U- factor roof (W/m K)
2

CLTD = cooling load temperature difference

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 Wall Load
Wall area should be net area for a particular
orientation, excluding all windows and doors.
Each orientation load is calculated separately.
CLTD is not general temperature difference, it
consider wall construction, & solar time.

q = U A (CLTD)

A = Area of wall (m )
2

U = U- factor wall (W/m2K)

CLTD = cooling load temperature difference

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 Window Load
Glass- Conduction
Glass area is including frame & take all glasses
without considering orientation.
CLTD is not general temperature difference, it is for
heat conduction through glass & consider only
solar time.

q = U A (CLTD)

A = Net Glass Area (m2)

U = U- factor Glass (W/m K)
2

CLTD = cooling load temperature difference

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ASHRAE U-FACTORS FOR
GLASSES

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 Window Load
Glass- Solar
Glass area is including frame for a particular orientation. Each
orientation load is calculated separately.
SC is for single glazing, double glazing and insulated glasses.
SHGF is for particular latitude & orientation.
CLF is based on orientation, room construction and orientation.

q = A . SC . SHGF . CLF

A = Area calculated from building plans, m2

SC = shading coefficient, dimensionless
SHGF= solar cooling load factor, W/ m2
CLF = Cooling Load Factor

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 Solar Heat Gain
Through Glasses

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 Cooling Load Against Type Of Construction

Actual Cooling Load, Solar Heat Gain, Light, Medium and Heavy Construction
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 Heat Storage

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 Cooling Load From Partitions,
Ceiling & Floor

Partitions : a partition is a wall adjacent to unconditioned area

Ceiling : could be part of the roof-U calculations. N/A
Floors : Floor on grade does not count for heat transfer.

q = U . A . TD

U = design heat transfer coefficient (U-factor) W/(m².K)

A = Area calculated from building plans, m2

TD = ta - tr
ta = temp. of adjacent space, °C
tr = room design temp., °C

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 Occupancy Load

People

Sensible q sensible = N F d q shg (CLF)

N = number of people in space
F d = diversity factor
q shg = sensible heat gain per person, W/person
CLF = cooling load factor by hour of occupancy
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 Occupancy Load

People
Latent q latent = N F d q lhg

N = number of people in space

Fd = diversity factor
q lhg = latent heat gain per person, W/person
CLF = cooling load factor by hour of occupancy
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Heat Gain From People

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 Lighting Load

Load from Lighting

Lights q el= INPUT . Ful Fsa (CLF)

INPUT = watts input from electrical plans, W
Ful = lighting use factor
Fsa = lighting special allowance factor
CLF = cooling load factor based on total hours of operation & time
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 Appliances Sensible Load

Appliances

Sensible q sensible = HEAT GAIN . (CLF)

heat gain= sensible heat gain per appliance, W

q lhg = latent heat gain per appliance, W
CLF = cooling load factor

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 Appliances Latent Load

Appliances

Latent q latent = HEAT GAIN

heat gain= latent heat gain per appliance, W

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 Load From Motors

Power q p= 2545 P EF (CLF)

P = horse power ratings from electrical plans

EF = efficiency factor
CLF = cooling load factor by hour of occupancy
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 Infiltration
Infiltration contribute sensible & latent heat to the thermal
load of commercial buildings. It is practically impossible
to accurately predict infiltration on theoretical grounds.
There are two main forces driving infiltration;
1. Prevailing wind
2. Natural draft
Prevailing wind causes high pressure on one side of the
structure and a slight negative pressure on the opposite
side. Providing air lock or air curtains at entrances
reduces the infiltration.
Natural draft is due to stack effect, hot air rises through
the building and escapes through cracks in the top of the
building.

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 Infiltration Air Flow
Two methods to estimate infiltration rates have been developed;
1. Air Change method (ACH)
2. Effective leakage area method

ACH method
For residential & small commercial buildings ACH method is used.
Usually 0.5 ACH is used, assuming good construction practices
are used. Area x hight x ACH gives infiltration rate in m3/h.

Construction ACH
Tight 0.3
Medium 0.6
Loose 0.9
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 Infiltration Load

Infiltration Load
Infiltration of air
Sensible q s= 1.23 (ύ) (to-tr)

ύ = volume flow rate of infiltrating air, L/s

to = outdoor temp. °C
tr = room design temp. °C

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 Infiltration Load

DB °C WB °C w Kg/Kg

OUTDOOR 32 27 0.0206

INDOOR 24 17 0.0093

DIFFE 8 10 0.0113

Infiltration Load
Latent q l= 3.0 (ύ) (wo-wr)

ύ = volume flow rate of infiltrating air, m3/s

wo = moisture content for outdoor air, kg/kg
wr = moisture content for room air, kg/kg

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Ventialtion Load

Ventilation Load

Ventilation air
Sensible q s= 1.23 (ύ) (to-tr)

ύ = volume flow rate of ventilation air, L/s

to = outdoor temp. °C
tr = room design temp. °C
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 Ventialtion Load

Ventilation Load

Latent q l= 3.0 (ύ) (wo-wr)

DB °C WB °C w Kg/Kg
ύ = volume flow rate of ventilation air, L/s
OUTDOOR 32 27 0.0206 wo = moisture content for outdoor air, kg/kg
INDOOR 24 17 0.0093
DIFFE 8 10 0.0113
wr = moisture content for room air, kg/kg
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 Ventialtion
Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow.

The design outdoor airflow required in the breathing zone of the occupiable space or spaces in
a zone, i.e., the breathing zone outdoor airflow (Vbz), shall be determined in accordance with
following Equation

Vbz = (Rp x Pz) + (Ra x Az)

Where:
Az = zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the zone m2, (ft2).
Pz = zone population: the largest number of people expected to occupy the zone during typical
usage. default occupant density listed in Table 6-1.
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined from Table 6-1. Note: These
values are based on adapted occupants.
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined from Table 6-1.
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 Load From HVAC System

Heat gain in air distribution system

q = U As (ta-td)

U = design heat transfer coefficient (U-factor) W/(m².K)

A = outside surface area of duct, m 2

ta = temp. of duct surface, °C

tr = room design temp., °C

NOTE: The heat gains of duct system must be considered when the ducts are not in the
conditioned space. Total heat gain from ducts would be 1 to 2 % of the room sensible
heat gain, when the ducts are not in the conditioned space and insulate.
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 Summary of Cooling Load
1. Roof Load 9563
2. Wall Load
1. NE 1433
2. SE 520
3. NW 278
3. Glass Conduction
1. Windows 1515
2. Doors 107
4. Glass Solar
1. SE 2137
2. NW 2667
5. Partition- Board 699
6. Internal Heat
1. People (sensible) 8960
2. Lights 946
3. Appliances 820
7. Room Sensible Heat 32,527
8. Latent Load
1. People 7200
9. Room Latent Heat 7,200
10. Ventilation
1. Sensible 6452
2. Latent 22303
11. GRAND TOTAL HEAT 68,483
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 Supply Air Volume Flow Rate Calculations

To find the supply air volume in we

can use the following formula
q= m Cp ΔT
qs= v/vs Cp ΔT (mass flow rate
is replaced with density & volume flow rate)
Then; v= qs vs/ Cp ΔT
ΔT= t2 - t5
Volume flow rate
v = 32.5 x 0.854 / [1.02 x (24-12)]
= 2.26 m3 /s

Supply air flow 2.26 m 3 /s

(2,267 L/s, 4,800 CFM) Psychrometric analysis of HVAC cycle neglecting all heat losses & gains
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Air Side System Calculations
With Psychrometric Chart

Single-duct single zone HVAC

system, plot on the
psychrometric chart.

Coil process, fan heat, duct

heat is also shown above.

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 Air Conditioner Specifications
1. Cooling Coil Capacity (Total)

2. Cooling Coil Capacity (Sensible)

3. Coil Conditions (on coil/off coil temperatures DB & WB)

4. Supply Air Volume

5. Outdoor air volume for IAQ

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 Zoning

ZONES
Separating a building into zones enables the temperatures in each zone to be controlled more
accurately, particularly when there are varying heat gains between zones.

Each zone will have its own system or part of the system that cools the area. As an example,
AHU’s serving each zone, or VAV system with VAV terminals for every room or a group of fan
coil for the purpose of cooling only that zone.

ZONE HEAT GAINS

The heat gains to each area needs to be calculated; this will include heat gains through
internal walls if there are temperature within a single building.

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 LOAD CALCULATIONS USING COMPUTER ALGORITHMS

HOURLY COOLING LOADS

The zone loads can be calculated hourly basis.

Plotting the values on a graph enable the peak
simultaneous load to be determined.

It is not essential to calculate and plot all the

zone cooling loads for each and every hour of
the day if the approximate peak time of loads in
the building is known.

For example if the peak time is likely to be 14.00

hr, then checking 13.00 hr and 15.00 hr would be
useful.

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Sample hourly loads for each zones Calculations

By adding the loads for the east & west zone at each hour, the
building load at each hour can be identified.
From these totals, the peak simultaneous load can be found and as
above it is 145 kW
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 OCCUPANCY COOLING LOAD W/m²
(AIR-CONDITIONED AREA)
Apartments, residence
Auditorium
Banks
120
280
175
Cooling Load Check Figures
Hairdresser 215
Beauty Shop 260
Cafeteria 350
Classroom 95
Clinic 190
Clothing store 165 Cooling load check figures are used for verification after
Computer room 480 proper calculations are made.
Conference room 275
Department Store: Basement 125
Main floor 150 Also they use in preliminary estimates during schematic
Upper floors 125 design to size the builders shafts, plant rooms etc..
Factory- Light manufacture 275
Factory- Heavy manufacture 490
Food stores 160 A detailed load estimate based on an accurate survey of
Hotel & Motel rooms 120
Laboratory 130
the space to be carried out to size the HVAC equipment
Library 150
Mall 135
Medical Offices 185
Milk Bars, Fast foods 270
Office- General (Perimeter) 170
Office- General (Interior) 100
Office- Private 180
Post office 180
Restaurant 330
Shoe store 185
Super Market 160
Theatre 260 Copyright 2020 © Eng. Chandana Dalugoda. 59

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Thank you

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