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Section 2: Instructions To Follow

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7 views

Section 2: Instructions To Follow

Uploaded by

baoquanbaoquan9088
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 2

Instructions to follow

• You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 12-25 which are based on Reading
Passage 2.

Measuring Human Behaviour

A. Psychological Testing is the measurement of some aspect of human behavior by


procedures consisting of carefully prescribed content, methods of administration, and
interpretation. The test may address any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning,
including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Interpretation
is based on a comparison of the individual's responses with those previously obtained to
establish appropriate standards for the test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests
depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the
probability person's responses or performance, tests aid making a variety of decisions.

B. The primary drive behind the development of the major tests used today was the need
for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was
prepared in 1905 by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The two
developed a 30- item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris
school system without formal examination. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis
Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon scale to provide
comparison standards for Americans from age three to adulthood. The test was further
revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford Binet remains one of the most widely
used intelligence tests.

C. The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two
group intelligence tests - Army Alpha and Army Beta. To help detect soldiers who might
break down in combat, the American psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the
Personal Data Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory. During the 1930s
controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the Wechsler-
Bellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability
but also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests
now extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent
as the Stanford-Binet.

D. As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two
important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious
motivation: the Rorschach or Inkblot test developed by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann
Rorschach-using a series of inkblots on cards, and a story-telling procedure called the
Thematic Apperception Test developed by the American psychologists Henry A. Murray
and C. D. Morgan. Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary
personality assessment.

E. In educational settings, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to


assess individual accomplishment and to improve instruction and curriculum planning.
Elementary schools use kindergarten and first grade screening procedures to determine
readiness for reading and writing programs. Screening tests also identify developmental,
visual, and auditory problems for which the child may need special assistance. If the
child's progress in school is unusually slow, or if he or she shows signs of a learning

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