THEORY FILE : Internet of Things .

(FULL NOTES: BY SAHIL RAUNIYAR) .

SUBJECT CODE: UGCA: 1933

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

MAINTAINED BY: TEACHER’S /MAM’:

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Sahil Kumar Prof.

COLLEGE ROLL NO: 226617

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO: 2200315

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

BABA BANDA SINGH BAHADUR ENGINEERING

COLLEGE FATEGARH SAHIB

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Program BCA ➖➖
Course Name ➖
Semester 5th.
Internet of Things (Theory).

UNIT ➖01
● Definition and Need of IoT, Characteristics of IoT, Physical Design of IoT – IoT
Protocols, Logical Design of IoT, IoT Enabled Technologies – Wireless Sensor

➖
Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics, Communication Protocols,
Embedded Systems, IoT Levels and Templates :

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# Definition and Need of IoT
Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies to collect and exchange data over the internet. The
need for IoT arises from the desire to automate processes, enhance efficiency, improve
decision-making, and create new business models across various sectors, including healthcare,
agriculture, manufacturing, and smart cities.

# Characteristics of IoT ➖
II.
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I. Connectivity: Ensures devices can communicate with each other and the cloud.

Intelligence: Uses data analytics and AI to process information and make decisions.

III. Dynamic Nature: Adapts to changing environments and user needs in real-time.
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IV. Scalability: Accommodates the addition of more devices without compromising
performance.

V. Diversity: Supports a wide range of devices and applications.

VI. Security: Implements robust security measures to protect data and devices.

# Physical Design of IoT – IoT Protocols ➖

Physical Design refers to the hardware components of an IoT system, such as sensors,
actuators, and communication devices. IoT Protocols are essential for device communication and
data exchange.

Key IoT(Internet of Things) protocols include: ➖

I. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Lightweight, ideal for constrained
devices and low-bandwidth environments.

II. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Designed for simple electronic devices with
limited resources.
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III. HTTP/HTTPS: Standard web protocols used for transferring data over the internet.

IV. LoRaWAN: Long-range, low-power wireless communication protocol.

V. Zigbee: Low-power, short-range communication protocol suitable for home automation.

# Logical Design of IoT ➖

Logical Design involves the abstract and functional components of an IoT system, such as
architecture, data flow, and processing algorithms.

Key elements include: ➖

I. Data Acquisition: Collecting data from sensors.

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II. Data Processing: Analysing and processing the collected data.

III. Data Storage: Storing data in databases or cloud storage.

IV. Data Analysis: Applying analytics and machine learning to derive insights.

V. Data Visualization: Presenting data in a user-friendly format for decision-making.

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# IoT (Internet of Things) Enabled Technologies
I. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Networks of sensors that monitor and record physical
conditions, communicating the data to a central system.

II. Cloud Computing: Provides scalable and flexible storage and processing resources for IoT
data.
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III. Big Data Analytics: Techniques for analysing large volumes of data to uncover patterns and
insights.

IV. Communication Protocols: Protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP facilitate data exchange
between IoT devices.

V. Embedded Systems: Specialised computing systems within larger devices, performing

dedicated functions with real-time constraints.

# IoT Levels and Templates ➖

IoT Levels describe the stages of IoT system complexity:
I. Level 1: Device connectivity and basic data collection.

II. Level 2: Enhanced data processing and basic analytics.

III. Level 3: Advanced analytics and automated decision-making.

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IV. Level 4: Integration with external systems and data sources.

V. Level 5: Full automation with self-learning and self-healing capabilities.

IoT Templates provide standardised models for designing and implementing IoT(Internet of
Things) solutions, including predefined device configurations, data processing workflows, and
analytics models, ensuring consistency and speeding up deployment across various applications.

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UNIT ➖ 02
● Domain Specific IoTs – Home, City, Environment, Energy, Retail, Logistics,

➖
Agriculture, Industry, health and Lifestyle.M2M Applications, Software Defined
Networks, Network Function Virtualization

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# Domain-Specific IoTs (Internet of Things)
1. Home
I. Smart Home: Devices such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, and
appliances that can be controlled remotely or automate tasks based on user behavior.

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II. Home Automation: Integration of various home devices to create a cohesive automated
environment, improving convenience and energy efficiency.

2. City ➖
I. Smart City: Use of IoT to manage city resources efficiently, including smart traffic
management, waste management, and public safety systems.

II.
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Urban Mobility: Intelligent transportation systems that include real-time public transport
tracking, smart parking solutions, and electric vehicle charging stations.

3. Environment ➖
I. Environmental Monitoring: Sensors that monitor air and water quality, weather conditions,
and soil health.
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II. Disaster Management: Early warning systems for natural disasters like floods,
earthquakes, and forest fires.

4. Energy ➖
I. Smart Grid: IoT-enabled grid for efficient energy distribution, real-time monitoring, and
management of energy usage.

II. Renewable Energy: Monitoring and optimising renewable energy sources like solar and
wind power.

5. Retail ➖
I. Smart Retail: Inventory management, customer behaviour analysis, and personalised
shopping experiences using IoT devices.

II. Automated Checkout: Systems that use IoT to streamline the checkout process and reduce
wait times.
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6. Logistics
I. Supply Chain Management: Real-time tracking of goods, fleet management, and
warehouse automation.

II. Cold Chain Monitoring: Ensuring temperature-sensitive goods are maintained at

appropriate temperatures during transportation.

7. Agriculture ➖
I. Precision Farming: Use of IoT sensors to monitor soil health, crop conditions, and
livestock, optimising agricultural practices.

II. Automated Irrigation: Systems that automatically adjust water usage based on soil
moisture and weather conditions.

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8. Industry ➖
I. Industrial IoT (IIoT): Enhancing manufacturing processes, predictive maintenance, and
asset tracking.

II. Smart Factories: Integration of IoT devices to create automated, efficient, and adaptable
manufacturing environments.

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9. Health
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I. Remote Health Monitoring: Wearable devices and sensors that track patient health metrics
and send data to healthcare providers.

II. Smart Medical Devices: Devices that provide real-time data and automated alerts for better
patient care.

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10. Lifestyle
I. Wearables: Fitness trackers, smartwatches, and health monitoring devices that help users
manage their health and fitness goals.

II. Connected Vehicles: Cars with IoT capabilities that provide navigation, diagnostics, and
infotainment services.

# Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Applications ➖

I. Automation: Remote control and automation of industrial equipment and machinery.

II. Telematics: Vehicle tracking, diagnostics, and driver behaviour analysis.

III. Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring and management of medical devices.

# Software Defined Networks (SDN) ➖

I. Network Management: Centralised control of network traffic to improve efficiency and
flexibility.
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II. Dynamic Network Configuration: Real-time network adjustments to optimise performance
and security.

III. Application Awareness: Networks that can prioritise traffic based on application
requirements.

# Network Function Virtualization (NFV) ➖

I. Decoupling Hardware and Software: Virtualizing network functions that traditionally ran on
hardware appliances.

II. Scalability and Flexibility: Easier deployment and scaling of network services.

III. Cost Reduction: Lowering operational and capital expenditures by using standard servers

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and storage.

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UNIT ➖ 03
● Need for IoT System Management, Simple Network Management Protocol, Network

➖
Operator Requirements, NETCONF, YANG, IoT System Management with
NETCOZF-YANG, IoT Design Methodology

# Need for IoT System Management ➖

I. Complexity Management: IoT systems consist of numerous devices and sensors that need
to be managed efficiently to ensure smooth operation.

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II. Security: Proper management helps in securing IoT devices against cyber threats.

III. Data Management: Ensures that data collected from IoT devices is processed and
analysed effectively.

IV. Maintenance: Facilitates regular updates and maintenance of IoT devices to prevent
failures and downtime.

V.
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Scalability: Helps in scaling IoT systems efficiently to accommodate growth.

# Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ➖

I. Overview: A protocol used for network management, allowing network administrators to
manage network performance, find and solve network problems, and plan for network
growth.
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II. Components: Managed devices, agents, and Network Management Systems (NMS).

III. Functions: Includes features like monitoring network-attached devices, altering

configurations, and querying status.

# Network Operator Requirements ➖

I. Reliability: Ensuring continuous and reliable operation of the IoT network.

II. Scalability: Ability to scale the network to accommodate new devices and increased data
traffic.

III. Security: Protecting the network from unauthorised access and cyber threats.

IV. Interoperability: Ensuring that devices from different manufacturers can work together
seamlessly.

V. Performance: Maintaining optimal performance levels for all network devices and services.
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# NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol)
I. Purpose: A protocol used for managing and configuring network devices, allowing for more
sophisticated management compared to SNMP.

II. Features: Supports reading and writing configuration data, state data, and supports
network-wide configuration transactions.

III. Operations: Includes capabilities like retrieving configuration data, editing configuration
data, and locking configuration data to prevent concurrent changes.

# YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) ➖

I. Purpose: A data modelling language used to model configuration and state data
manipulated by NETCONF.

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II. Features: Provides a hierarchical data structure, supports constraints and validation, and is
modular for easy management.

III. Usage: Used to define the data sent over NETCONF and other network management
protocols.

# IoT System Management with NETCONF-YANG ➖

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I. Integration: Combining NETCONF and YANG allows for more efficient and flexible
management of IoT systems.

Configuration Management: NETCONF-YANG facilitates detailed and precise configuration

management of IoT devices.

III. Automation: Enables automated configuration and monitoring, reducing manual

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intervention.

IV. Data Consistency: Ensures consistency and integrity of configuration data across devices.

# IoT (Internet of Things) Design Methodology ➖

I. Requirement Analysis: Understanding and documenting the requirements of the IoT
system.

II. System Design: Creating a high-level design that includes architecture, components, and
interactions.

III. Component Selection: Choosing the appropriate hardware and software components.

IV. Prototyping: Developing a prototype to validate the design and test the functionality.

V. Development: Building the IoT system based on the finalised design.

VI. Testing: Conducting thorough testing to ensure reliability, security, and performance.
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VII. Deployment: Deploying the IoT system in the target environment.

VIII. Maintenance and Updates: Regularly maintaining and updating the system to address
issues and incorporate new features.

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UNIT ➖ 04
● Introduction to Raspberry PI-Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C), Introduction to Cloud

➖
Storage Models and Communication APIs Web Server – Web Server for IoT, Cloud
for IoT, Security Management in an IoT System

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# Introduction to Raspberry Pi Interfaces
Serial Interface
I. Purpose: Allows communication between the Raspberry Pi and other devices via serial

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communication.

II. Uses: Commonly used for connecting the Pi to sensors, GPS modules, and other
microcontrollers.

III. Configuration: Uses UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) for serial

communication.

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# SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) :
I. Purpose: Facilitates high-speed synchronous data transfer between the Raspberry Pi and
peripheral devices.

II. Uses: Used for communication with sensors, SD cards, and other microcontrollers.

III. Configuration: Involves a master-slave architecture where the Pi acts as the master.
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# I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) ➖
I. Purpose: Provides a simple way to connect multiple devices to the Raspberry Pi using only
two wires.

II. Uses: Ideal for connecting sensors, displays, and other modules that require minimal
wiring.

III. Configuration: Uses a master-slave protocol, with the Pi usually acting as the master.

# Introduction to Cloud Storage Models and Communication APIs ➖

# Cloud Storage Models ➖
I. Public Cloud: Services provided over the internet by third-party providers. Examples
include Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, and Microsoft Azure.

II. Private Cloud: Dedicated cloud infrastructure for a single organisation, providing greater
control and security.
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III. Hybrid Cloud: Combination of public and private clouds, allowing data and applications to
be shared between them.

# Communication APIs ➖
I. REST ful APIs: Use HTTP requests to GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE data, providing a
simple and flexible way to interact with cloud services.

II. WebSockets: Provide full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection,
ideal for real-time data transfer.

III. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Lightweight messaging protocol for small
sensors and mobile devices, providing low power consumption and minimal bandwidth
usage.

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# Web Server for IoT (Internet of Things) ➖
I. Purpose: Hosts web applications that interact with IoT devices, enabling users to control
and monitor devices remotely.

II. Common Platforms: Apache, Nginx, and Node.js.

III. Features: Provides a user interface for IoT device management, real-time data
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visualisation, and integration with other web services.

# Cloud for IoT (Internet of Things) ➖

I. Purpose: Provides scalable storage, processing power, and analytics capabilities for IoT
data.

II. Benefits: Enables large-scale data collection and analysis, offers remote device
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management, and supports integration with other cloud services.

III. Common Providers: AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, and Microsoft Azure IoT Hub.

# Security Management in an IoT System ➖

I. Device Authentication: Ensuring only authorised devices can connect to the network.

II. Data Encryption: Encrypting data both at rest and in transit to protect against unauthorised
access.

III. Access Control: Implementing strict access control measures to limit who can interact with
IoT devices and data.

IV. Firmware Updates: Regularly updating device firmware to patch security vulnerabilities.

V. Monitoring and Logging: Continuously monitoring IoT devices and networks for suspicious
activity and maintaining logs for forensic analysis.
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By understanding these components, you can effectively design, deploy, and manage secure and
scalable IoT systems.

# Internet of Things (IoT) ➖

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected physical devices that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies with the ability to collect and exchange
data over the internet. These devices range from everyday household objects to sophisticated
industrial tools.

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😀😀
HAPPY ENDING BY : SAHIL RAUNIYAR /
PTU-CODER !

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