Process and Process Variables Ch-3
Process and Process Variables Ch-3
27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
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27 October 2021
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27 October 2021
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• Example
A liquid stream flowing at 100 g/min contains 0.3 mole fraction
benzene (Mw = 78) and the balance 0.7 mole fraction toluene (Mw=92).
Calculate the molar flow rate of each component in the stream.
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Compositions of Streams
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Compositions of Streams
• Example Mole Fractions
A mixture of methanol (CH3OH, Mw =32.04) and ethanol
(C2H5OH, Mw =46.07) is flowing through a circular pipe at
a flow rate of 3.0 m/s. The mixture contains 30.0 wt%
methanol and 70.0 wt% ethanol. The specific gravity of the
mixture is 0.80. If the inside diameter of the pipe is 0.10 m,
what is the flow rate of the mixture in kg/s, kmol/s?
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Compositions of Streams
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Compositions of Streams
• Concentration
Concentrations can be expressed in many ways: weight/weight fraction (w/w),
weight/volume fraction (w/v), molar concentration (M), and mole fraction
The weight/weight concentration is the weight of the solute divided by the total
weight of the solution, and this is the fractional form of the percentage
composition by weight
The weight/volume concentration is the weight of solute divided by the total
volume of the solution
The molar concentration is the number of moles of the solute, expressed in
moles, divided by the volume of the solution.
The mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of the solute to the total
number of moles of all species present in the solution
27 October 2021
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Compositions of Streams
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Compositions of Streams
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Compositions of Streams
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Pressure Measurement
• Pressure is the ratio of force perpendicular to the area on
which the force acts
• Pressure units are force units divided by area units (e.g.,
N/m2 or Pascal (Pa), dyn/cm2, and lbf/in.^2 or psi)
• The pressure at the base of a vertical column of fluid
(nonmoving) of density ρ and height h, called the hydrostatic
pressure, is given by
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Pressure Measurement
Reading Assignment
Atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Vacuum pressure
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Pressure Measurement
• Standard Temperature and Pressure
Reading Assignment
Pressure-Sensing Devices like Bourdon gauge, diaphragm capsule,
and capacitance sensor, column of fluid, manometer, barometer,
silicon diaphragm, and semiconductor strain gauges
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27 October 2021