PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 08 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: SCIENCE MAX. MARKS: 80
CLASS : X DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instruction:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A-E.
2. Section A has 20 MCQs carrying 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 questions carrying 02 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 questions carrying 03 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 questions carrying 05 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 case based integrated units of assessment (04 marks each) with sub-parts of the
values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 5 marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks
and 2 Questions of 2 marks has been provided. An internal choice has been provided in the
2marks questions of Section E
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take π =22/7 wherever required if not stated.
SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 20 carry 1 mark each.
1. Study the diagram given alongside and identify the gas formed in the reaction.

(a) Carbon dioxide which extinguishes the burning candle.

(b) Oxygen due to which the candle burns more brightly.
(c) Sulphur dioxide which produces a suffocating smell.
(d) Hydrogen which while burning produces a popping sound.
Ans: (d) Hydrogen which while burning produces a popping sound.
The reaction is Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Hydrogen gas is formed which burns with a pop sound.

2. A scientist in a chemistry lab wants to make salt of pH 5.5 using acid and base. The table shows
the acid and base present in the lab.
1 HCl
2 NaOH
3 H2CO3
4 NH4OH
5 CH3COOH
Which of the acid and base he should use for the reaction?
(a) CH3COOH and NaOH (b) HCl and NaOH (c) HCl and NH4OH (d) H2CO3 and NaOH
Ans: (c) HCl and NH4OH
The salt having pH 5.5 is acidic. So, to prepare an acidic salt, a strong acid (HCl) and a weak
base (NH4OH) is required.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 1 -
3. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans: (c) (i) and (ii)
(i) n−butane and (ii) iso−butane are structural isomer of butane.
(iii) and (iv) are cycloalkanes which have different molecular formulas and Hydrogen is making
two bonds which is not possible therefore, these are not isomers of butane.

4. Which of the following statements about transmission of nerve impulse is incorrect?

(a) Nerve impulse travels from dendritic end towards axonal end
(b) At the dendritic end electrical impulses bring about the release of some chemicals which
generate an electrical impulse at the axonal end of another neuron
(c) The chemicals released from the axonal end of one neuron cross the synapse and generate a
similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of another neuron
(d) A neuron transmits electrical impulses not only to another neuron but also to muscle and
gland cells
Ans: (b) At the dendritic end electrical impulses bring about the release of some chemicals
which generate an electrical impulse at the axonal end of another neuron
Chemicals or neurotransmitters are released at axonal end not on dendritic end. Hence statement
(b) is incorrect

5. A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. She finds the image of her head bigger, the
middle portion of her body of the same size and that of the legs smaller. The following is the
order of combinations for the magic mirror from the top.
(a) Plane, convex and concave (b) Convex, concave and plane
(c) Concave, plane and convex (d) Convex, plane and concave
Ans: (c) Concave, plane and convex
When the object is between Focus, F and Pole, P of concave mirror enlarged image is formed
behind the mirror. Hence child can see her head bigger in a concave mirror. She can see her
body size of the same size because the plane mirror gives an image of the original size. Convex
mirror gives diminished images and babies legs appear smaller.

6. The image shows the transport of gases in body through heart and lungs.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 2 -

 Which option correctly shows the transport of oxygen to the cell?
(a) Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body cells.
(b) Lungs → pulmonary artery → right atrium → right ventricle → vena cava → body cells.
(c) Lungs → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left ventricle → vena cava → body cells.
(d) Lungs → pulmonary vein → right atrium → right ventricle → aorta → body cells.
Ans: (a) Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body cells.

7. A cell, a resistor, a key and ammeter are arranged as shown in circuit diagrams.

The current recorded in the ammeter will be

(a) maximum in (i) (b) maximum in (ii) (c) maximum in (iii) (d) same in all three circuits
Ans: (d) same in all three circuits
On rearranging the elements connected in series, there is no change in current in the circuit.
Thus, current will be same in all the three circuits.

8. The path of a ray of light coming from air passing through a rectangular glass slab is traced by
four students shown as A, B, C and D in the figure. Which one of them is correct?

Ans: (b)
9. A student was asked to write a stepwise procedure to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is
necessary for photosynthesis. He wrote the following steps. The wrongly worded step is:

(a) Both potted plants are kept in dark room for at least three days.
(b) Bottom of the bell jars is sealed to make them air tight.
(c) Both potted plants are kept in sunlight after the starch test.
(d) A leaf from both the plants is taken to test the presence of starch.
Ans: (c) Both potted plants are kept in sunlight after the starch test.

10. Four cells each of emf 1.5V and the internal resistance 0.5 Ω are connected in series but one cell
is wrongly connected as shown in figure.

The net voltage and net internal resistance between A and B is

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 3 -
 (a) 6 V, 2 Ω (b) 4.5 V, 1.5 Ω (c) 3V, 1 Ω (d) 3V, 2 Ω
Ans: (d) 3V, 2 Ω
Cells are connected in series.
So, Enet = 1.5 – 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 3V
rnet = 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 2 

11. Electrical impulse travels in a neuron from

(a) Dendrite → axon → axonal end → cell body
(b) Cell body → dendrite → axon → axonal end
(c) Dendrite → cell body → axon → axonal end
(d) Axonal end → axon → cell body → dendrite
Ans: (c) Dendrite → cell body → axon → axonal end
Stimulus is received by dendrites which are transmitted to cyton through axon. Stimulus reaches
the terminal branches called as axonal end from where they are transmitted to another neuron.

12. Which of the following occurs during oxygen shortage in muscle cells?

(a) Only X (b) Only Y (c) Only Z (d) Any of them - X, Y or Z

Ans: (b) Only Y
Lactic acid is produced during oxygen shortage in muscle cells.

13. Anand took four colourless solutions P, Q, R and S, and performed the following tests. What is
the definite conclusion that Anand can reach?
Solution P Solution Q Solution R Solution S
With methyl No change in Turns red No change in No change in
orange colour colour colour
With No change in No change in No change in Turns pink
phenolphthalein colour colour colour
With red litmus No change in No change in No change in Turns litmus
colour colour colour blue
With blue litmus No change in Turns litmus red No change in No change in
colour colour colour
(a) Both P and S are salt solutions. (b) Both Q and S are basic solutions.
(c) Both Q and R are salt solutions. (d) Both P and R are neutral solutions.
Ans: (d) Both P and R are neutral solutions.
Since there is no change in the colour of solution P and R with any of the indicators so they are
neutral solutions.

14. When a 4V battery is connected across an unknown resistor there is a current of 100 mA in the
circuit. The value of the resistance of the resistor is:
(a) 4 Ω (b) 40 Ω (c) 400 Ω (d) 0.4 Ω
Ans: (b) 40 Ω
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 4 -
 V 4
R   40
I 100 103

15. In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at the fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what
will be the energy available at the producer level?
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk
(a) 5 kJ (b) 50 kJ (c) 500 kJ (d) 5000 kJ
Ans. (d) 5000 kJ

16. Disposable plastic plates should not be used because:

(a) they are made of materials with light weight
(b) they are made of toxic materials
(c) they are made of biodegradable materials
(d) they are made of non-biodegradable materials
Ans. (d) they are made of non-biodegradable materials
Disposable plastic plates should not be used because they are made of nonbiodegradable
materials that cannot be broken down into its base simpler compounds by micro-organisms. So
they are an environmental concern as they become pollutants and create disposal problems.

DIRECTION: In the question number 17 and 20, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Ans: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of assertion (A)

17. Assertion (A): A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire. The deflection of the
compass needle decreases when the magnitude of an electric current in the wire is increased.
Reason (R): Strength of a magnetic field at a point near the conductor increases on increasing
the current.
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.
The deflection of the compass increases when current increases.

18. Assertion (A) : A convex mirror is used as a rear view driver's mirror.
Reason (R) : Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. They also
give an erect, although diminished image.
Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of the (A).
Since the image formed is highly diminished in convex mirror, we can see the full image of
faraway objects, which is otherwise not possible in concave and plane mirrors.

19. Assertion(A): The sex of a child in human beings will be determined by the type of
chromosome he/she inherits from the father.
Reason(R): A child who inherits ‘X’ chromosome from his father would be a girl (XX), while a
child who inherits a ‘Y’ chromosome from the father would be a boy (XY).
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)

20. Assertion (A) : The energy of charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field does not
change.
Reason (R) : Work done by magnetic field on the charge is zero.
Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 5 -
 The force on a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field always acts in direction
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the charge. As work done by magnetic field on the
charge is zero, so the energy of the charged particle does not change.

SECTION – B
Questions 21 to 26 carry 2 marks each.

21. 21. Identify the substances oxidised and the substances reduced in the following reactions.
(i) ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn + CO(g)
(ii) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
Ans: (i) C is oxidised and ZnO is reduced.
(ii) Na is oxidised and O2 is reduced.

OR
Which among the following changes are exothermic or endothermic in nature?
(i) Decomposition of ferrous sulphate
(ii) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(iii) Dissolution of sodium hydroxide in water
(iv) Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water
Ans: (i) is endothermic as heat is absorbed in these changes.
(ii) is exothermic as heat is released in these changes.
(iii) is exothermic as heat is released in these changes.
(iv) is endothermic as heat is absorbed in these changes.

22. ‘Variations are beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual’. Justify.
Ans: Variations refers to the differences in traits among the individuals of a species.
Variations are beneficial to the species and not necessarily for the individual because
(1) It gives better chance of survival to some organisms in changing environment as they may
have favourable variations.
(2) It forms the basis for heredity.
(3) It ultimately leads to formation of new species.

23. Draw a ray diagram to explain the term angle of deviation.

Ans:

∠δ is the angle of deviation.

OR
Write about power of accommodation of human eye. Explain why the image distance in the eye
does not change when we change the distance of an object from the eye?
Ans: Ability of the eye lens to focus nearby as well as distant objects on the retina by changing
the curvature or focal length of the eye lens is known as power of accommodation. Image
distance in the eye is the distance between the eye lens and the retina and it is fixed. As the
object approaches from infinity towards the eye, the focal length of the eye lens decreases (or
vice-versa) so as to maintain the same image distance.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 6 -

24. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night”. Do you agree with
this statement? Give reason.
Ans: During day time, as the rate of photosynthesis is more than the rate of respiration, the net
result is evolution of oxygen. At night there is no photosynthesis, so they give out carbon
dioxide due to respiration.

25. Give one example of an organic compound present in biogas. Draw electron dot structure of this
compound.
Ans: Example of organic compound which is present in biogas is methane (CH4).
Electron dot structure of methane (CH4):

26. Ibrahim applied sodium hydroxide to the lustrous, divalent element M. In the reaction mixture,
he saw bubbles beginning to form. When hydrochloric acid was used to treat this element, he
recorded the same findings. Tell him how to recognise the gas that was produced. For both
reactions, write chemical equations.
Ans: The gas that is released is hydrogen gas, to be precise. Bring a burning matchstick close to
the gas being evolved to check for the presence of hydrogen gas; if the matchstick burns with a
pop sound, the gas is present. It demonstrates how hydrogen gas has evolved.
Reaction with NaOH:
M + 2 NaOH → Na2MO2 + H2
Reaction with HCl;
M+ 2HCl— MCl2 + H2

SECTION – C
Questions 27 to 33 carry 3 marks each.
27. 27. Identify the acid and the base from which sodium chloride is obtained. Which type of salt is
it? When is it called rock salt? How is rock salt formed?
Ans: Sodium chloride is obtained by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (base) and hydrochloric
acid. It is a neutral salt as it is formed by the reaction of a strong acid and a strong base. The salt
obtained from seas contains impurities thus appear brown in colour. This is known as rock salt.
Beds of rock salt formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. It is mined like coal.

28. 28. An element A burns with golden flame in air. It reacts with another element B, atomic
number 17 to give a product C. An aqueous solution of product C on electrolysis gives a
compound D and liberates hydrogen. Identify A, B, C and D. Also write down the equations for
the reactions involved.
Ans: A – Na; B – Cl2; C – NaCl; D – NaOH
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

29. Rakesh performed the experiment to study the dispersion of light by a glass prism and drew the
following figure.
(a) The colour at position marked 3 and 5 are similar to the colour of the sky and the colour of
gold metal respectively. Is the above statement made by the student correct or incorrect? Justify.
(b) Which of the above shown positions correspond approximately to the colour of:
(i) a solution of potassium permanganate?
(ii) danger or stop signal lights?
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 7 -
 Ans: A beam of white light falling on a glass prism gets split up into seven colours as shown in
the diagram:

(a) The colours at position marked 3 and 5 are yellow and blue respectively whereas the student
identified them as blue and yellow. Hence, the statement made by the student is incorrect.
Different colours of light bend through different angles with respect to the incident ray, as they
pass through the prism. The red light bends the least while the violet the most.
(b) (i) Position 7 is the position of violet colour, which corresponds to the colour of a solution of
potassium permanganate.
(ii) Position 1 is the position of red colour, which corresponds to the colour of 'danger' or stop
signal lights.
OR
Refractive indices of media A, B, C and D are given:
Media: A B C D
Refractive Index: 133 144 152 165
In which of these four media is the speed of light () Minimum and (ji) Maximum?
Give reasons. Find the refractive index of medium A with respect to medium B.
Ans: The speed of light is minimum in medium D and maximum in A. This is because the
refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that
medium. So, refractive index of a medium is inversely proportional to the speed of light. As
refractive index of D is the maximum, speed of light in D will be minimum.
Similarly, as refractive index of A is minimum, speed of light will be maximum in A. Refractive
index of medium 2 with respect to nl medium 1 is given by n21 =n1/n2
Therefore, refractive index of A with respect to B is given by nBA = 0.92

30. A cross was carried out between pure breed tall pea plant with pure dwarf pea plant and F1
progeny was obtained. Later, F1, progeny was selfed to obtain F2 progeny. Answer the following
questions:
(a) What is the phenotype of the F1 progeny and why?
(b) Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 progeny.
(c) Why is F2 progeny different from the F1 progeny?
Ans: (a) Tall because it is a dominant trait whereas dwarf is a recessive trait.
(b) 3 : 1 is ratio between tall to dwarf.
(c) In F2 generation, recessive genes are also expressed in homozygous condition.

31. How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?
Ans: (1) Carbohydrates: The human saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which
digests starch (carbohydrate) present in food into sugar. Thus, the digestion of carbohydrate
begins in the mouth.
In the duodenum, pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes like pancreatic amylase
breaks down the starch (carbohydrate). It is further digested in the jejunum by the intestinal
juice.
(2) Protein: In the stomach, proteins are digested by gastric juices, in the duodenum by
pancreatic juices and in the jejunum by intestinal juices.
(3) Fats: In the duodenum and jejunum fats are digested by pancreatic juices aided by bile salts.
OR
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 8 -
 What are the adaptations of leaf for photosynthesis?
Ans: (i) Leaves provide large surface area for maximum light absorption.
(ii) Leaves are arranged at right angles to the light source in a way that causes overlapping.
(iii) The extensive network of veins enables quick transport of substances to and from the
mesophyll cells.
(iv) Presence of numerous stomata for gaseous exchange.
(v) The chloroplasts are more in number on the upper surface of leaves.

32. You have been selected to talk on “ozone layer and its protection” in the school assembly on
‘Environment Day’.
(a) Why should ozone layer be protected to save the environment?
(b) List any two ways that you would stress in your talk to bring in awareness amongst your
fellow friends that would also help in protection of ozone layer as well as the environment.
Ans: (a) Ozone layer is a rich zone of ozone found in upper atmosphere. It helps in shielding the
Earth from the harmful UV radiations coming from the Sun. If ozone layer gets depleted, UV
radiations can directly reach the Earth’s surface and drastically affect the life on Earth. For
instance, UV radiations coming from the Sun causes skin cancer. So, it is very important to
protect the ozone layer so as to save our environment and the planet Earth.
(b) Some of the ways to help protect and stop the depletion of the ozone layer include: Not
buying products in aerosol cans, maintaining air-conditioning filters and units.
In order to halt the depletion of the ozone layer, countries around the world have banned the use
of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. These compounds produce
chlorine and bromine atoms high in the atmosphere, and these atoms react with ozone,
destroying it.
By reducing the use of fluorescent lights.
By minimising the use of vehicles to limit the emission of harmful gases that cause damage to
the ozone layer, we can contribute to its protection

33. Study the following circuit and answer the questions that follows:

(a) State the type of combination of two resistors in the circuit.

(b) How much current is flowing through (i) 10 Ohms and (ii) 15 Ohms resistor?
(c) What is the ammeter reading?
Ans: (a) Resistors in the circuit are connected in parallel combination.
(b) (i) Let I1 be the current flowing through R1 = 10 Ohm
Now, I1R1 = V
⇒ I1 = V/R1 = 5/10 = 0.5 A
(ii) Let I2 be the current flowing through R2 = 15 Ohm
Now, I2R2 = V
⇒ I2 = V/R2 = 5/15 = 0.33 A
(c) Ammeter reading will be 0.83 A, which is the sum of currents flowing through R1 and R2 as
they are connected in parallel. this can also be done like this.
1 1 1 1 1 3 2 5 1
Since resistors are connected in parallel,       
R R1 R2 10 15 30 30 6
V 5
 R  6  I    0.83 A
R 6
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 9 -
 SECTION – D
Questions 34 to 36 carry 5 marks each.

34. A metal carbonate X on reacting with an acid gives a gas which when passed through a solution
Y gives the carbonate back. On the other hand, a gas G that is obtained at anode during
electrolysis of brine is passed on dry Y, it gives a compound Z, used for disinfecting drinking
water. Identify X, Y, G and Z.
Ans: The gas evolved at anode during electrolysis of brine is chlorine (G).
When chlorine gas is passed through dry Ca(OH)2 (Y) produces bleaching powder (Z) used for
disinfecting drinking water.

Since Y and Z are calcium salts, therefore X is also a calcium salt and is calcium carbonate.

OR
An organic compound A on heating with concentrated H2SO4 forms a compound B which on
addition of one mole of hydrogen in presence of Ni forms a compound C. One mole of
compound C on combustion forms two moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O. Identify the
compounds A, B and C and write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
Ans: Since compound C gives 2 moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O, it shows that it has the
molecular formula C2H6 (Ethane). C is obtained by the addition of one mole of hydrogen to
compound B so the molecular formula of B should be C2H4 (Ethene). Compound B is obtained
by heating compound A with concentrated H2SO4 which shows it to be an alcohol. So
compound A could be C2H5OH (Ethanol).

35. What is a solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of (i) a current carrying solenoid
and (ii) a bar magnet. List two distinguishing features between the two fields.
Ans: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a
cylinder is called a solenoid.

Solenoid Bar Magnet

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 10 -

 1. Field disappear on stopping the current. 1. No effect of current on magnetic field.
2. Strength of the field can be changed by 2. Strength cannot be changed.
changing the current.
3. Direction can be reversed by changing the 3. Direction is fixed and cannot be reversed.
direction of current through it.

OR
With the help of a labelled circuit diagram illustrating the pattern of field lines of the magnetic
field around a current-carrying straight long conducting wire. How is the right-hand thumb rule
useful to find the direction of the magnetic field associated with a current-carrying conductor?
Ans: Right-hand thumb rule states that if a current-carrying straight conductor is held in the
right hand with the thumb pointing towards the direction of current, then the fingers will wrap
around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field.

36. (i) Label the endocrine glands given in figure below:

(ii) A hot object has been touched by you. Draw a diagram that shows the steps that result in a
response, such as a hasty hand pullback.
(iii) How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Ans: (i) (a) Pineal gland
(b) Pituitary gland
(c) Thyroid
(d) Thymus

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 37 to 39 carry 4 marks each.
37. Case Study – 1
We know that the characteristics of image formed by a concave mirror depend on the position of
the object with respect to the mirror.
When an object is placed between F and infinity, the image formed is real and inverted. But
when the object is placed between F and mirror it cannot be obtained on the screen. The image
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 11 -
 formed in this case is virtual, erect and magnified. Such image may be seen by looking in the
mirror directly.

When the object is moved from focus towards infinity, the image moves from infinity towards
focus and its size decreases.
When object is placed at 2F image of the same size is formed at 2F, itself.
(i) What will be the nature of image if an object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror of
focal length 20 cm?
(ii) What is the minimum distance between the object and its real image for concave mirror?
(iii) A candle flame 3 cm high is placed at a distance of 3 m from a wall. How far from the wall
must a concave mirror be placed in order that it may form an image of the flame 9 cm high on
the wall?
OR
(iii) Draw a ray diagram when an object is placed near a concave mirror at a distance of one-
fourth the radius of curvature of the concave mirror?
Ans: (i) Concave mirror forms erect and enlarged image when held closer to the cavity.
(ii) The minimum distance is zero as concave mirror forms a real and inverted image at 2F of
the object kept at 2F.

(iii) Clearly, the image distance = u + 3

v I (u  3) 9
m     9u  3u  9  6u  9 ⇒ u = 1.5 m
u O u 3
Distance of wall from the mirror = u + 3 = 1.5 + 3 = 4.5 m
OR
(iii)

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 12 -

38. Case Study – 2
The ability of carbon atoms to form chains leads to the existence of a series of compounds that
have same functional group (and hence similar chemical properties) and only differ from each
other by the presence of an additional carbon atom and its two associated hydrogen atoms in the
molecule (which causes the physical properties to change in a regular manner). A series of
compounds related in this way is said to form an homologous series.
The point about chemical properties is best illustrated by the sections that follow, on different
homologous series. The changes in physical properties are a result of the changes that occur in
the strength of van der Waals’ forces with increasing molar mass and in some cases a change in
molecular polarity. The simplest illustration of the effect of chain length on physical properties
is the, variation of the boiling point of the alkanes with the number of carbon atoms in the chain,
as illustrated in figure.

(i) All the members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties. Why?
(ii) In the graph shown, which has the higher boiling point and why?
Hydrocarbon with 3 carbon atoms or hydrocarbon with 6 carbon atoms
(iii) (a) What is the boiling point of heptane as shown in the graph?
(b) Why the curve is initially steep and flattens at the end?
OR
(iii) (a) Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and the 3rd member of the homologous series
whose first member is methane.
(b) Write the next homologue of each of the following: I. C2H4 II. C4H6
Ans: (i) In a homologous series, functional group which is responsible for the chemical
properties is same.
(ii) Hydrocarbon with 6 carbon atoms has higher boiling point because with the increase in
molar mass, the intermolecular forces become stronger and the boiling point increases.
(iii) (a) Heptane means 7 carbon atoms. Its boiling point as shown in the graph is 100°C.
(b) This is because for small molecules, the addition of an extra carbon has a proportionally
larger effect on the molar mass. As the length of the chain increases, the percentage change in
the molar mass is progressively smaller and so the curve flattens.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 13 -
 OR
(iii) (a) Alkane series
2nd member - Ethane - C2H6
3rd member - Propane - C3H8
(b) I. C3H6 II. C5H8

39. Case Study - 3

Have you ever wondered how water reaches the top of tall trees, or for that matter how and why
substances move from one cell to the other? Plants need to move molecules over very long
distances, much more than animals do; they also do not have a circulatory system in place.
Water taken up by the roots has to reach all parts of the plant, up to the very tip of the growing
stem. The photosynthates or food synthesised by the leaves have also to be moved to all parts
including the root tips embedded deep inside the soil. Movement across short distances, say
within the cell, across the membranes and from cell to cell within the tissue has also to take
place. Over small distances substances move by diffusion and by cytoplasmic streaming
supplemented by active transport. Transport over longer distances proceeds through the vascular
system (the xylem and the phloem) and is called translocation.

The table below gives the results of an experiment carried out to study the factors affecting the
rate of transpiration:

Amount of water transpired in 1 Hour (ml)

Normal With Fan With Heater With Lamp
Arrowhead 3.6 7.5 6.6 4
Coleus 0.9 6 3.9 3
Devil's Ivy 2.9 4.6 4.1 3
Dieffenbachia 4.1 7.7 6 3.9
English Ivy 1.8 5.1 3.2 2.1
Geranium 1.2 4.7 5.8 2.4
Rubber Plant 4.9 8.4 6.8 4.3
Weeping Fig 3.3 6.1 4.9 2.5
Zebra Plant 4.2 7.6 6.1 3.2

(a) What do we call the absorption and upward movement of minerals from roots to leaves.
(b) Root pressure is involved in transpiration. Is this statement true?
(c) Effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night. Justify.
OR
(c) What is the function of phloem?

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 14 -

 Ans: (a) The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation and it occurs
in phloem.
(b) Statement is false. Transpiration is a universal process that occurs in all plants. It does not
involve root pressure but the water comes out from a plant in the form of water vapour.
(c) The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night as during the day,
transpiration pull is the major driving force in the movement of water in xylem.
OR
(c) Phloem transports soluble products of photosynthesis in plants. Translocation of food and
other substances takes place in seive tubes. Translocation in phloem is achieved by utilizing
energy.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 15 -